8.Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: 1. It must have been a terrible experience. The earthquake began with strong side-to-side movements which knocked down any person who was standing. Then there were up-and- down movements, a vast rumbling and reverberating noise as of an artillery bombardment or a hundred aeroplanes in the sky, and whter gushed out in innumerable places out of huge fissures and craters and rose to about ten or twelve feet. All this probably lasted for three minutes or a little more, and then it died down; but those three minutes were terrible enough. It is not surprising that many persons who saw this happen imagined that this was the end of the world. In the cities, there was a noise of falling houses, and rushing of waters, and an atmosphere full of dust which made it impossible to see even a few yards. In the rural areas, there was not much dust and one could see a little farther, but there were no calm-eyed spectators. Those who survived lay flat on the ground or rolled about in an agony of terror.2. The city of Monghyr was the last place in our tour. When we saw Monghyr and the absolute destruction of this rich city, we gasped and shivered at the horror of it. 3. All over the earthquake areas there was a very painful absence of self-help among the residents, both in the cities and villages. Probably, the middle classes in the cities were the worst offenders in this respect. They all waited for somebody to take action and help them, either the Government or the non-official relief agencies. Others who offered their services thought that the work meant ordering people about. Part of this feeling of helplessness was no doubt due to the nervous collapse brought about by the terror of the earthquake, and it must have gradually lessened. 4. In marked contrast with this was the energy and capacity of the large numbers of relief workers — who poured in from other parts of Bihar and other provinces. It was wonderful to see the spirit of efficient service of these young men and women and, in spite of the fact that ahost of separate relief organisations were working, there was a great deal of co-operation between them. 5. Of all the non-official relief organisations, the Central Relief Committee, of which Rajendra Prasad was the head, was by far the most important. This was by no means a purely Congress organisation, and it developed into an all-India body representing various groups and the donors. It had, however, the great advantage of having the Congress organisation in the rural areas at its disposal. 6. The Relief Committee availed itself of this fine organisation to reach the peasantry. In the rural areas, no other agency, not even the Government, could be so helpful. And the head of both the Relief Committee and the Bihar Congress Organisation was Rajendra Babu, the unquestioned leader of Bihar. Looking like a peasant, a typical son of the soil of Bihar, he is not impressive at first sight, till one notices his keen frank eyes and his earnest look. One does not forget that look or those eyes, for through them truth looks at you and there is no doubtingthem. His outstanding ability, his perfect straightness, his energy, and his devotion to the cause of Indian freedom are qualities which have made him loved not only in his own province but throughout India. (Jawahar Lai Nehru) (a) Make notes on the passage in any suitable format using recognisable abbreviations. Give a title to your notes. (b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes. Answer: (a) Earthquake in Bihar 1. The quake: 1.1 movem’ts — movem'ts knocked down people 1.2 reverberating noise 1.3 fissures and craters, water gushed out, dust in atmosphere 1.4 terbl. destruction in Monghyr 2. The victims: 2.1 painful absc. of self-help 2.2 waited for govt non-govt agencies to act 2.3 some only ordered others 2.4 quake generated helplessness, nervouscollapse 3. Relief work: 3.1 wkrs from Bihar & other states energetic 3.2 cooperation between different teams 3.3 Central Relief Com’tee headed by Dr Rajendra Prasad 3.3.1 Congress organsn of rural areas at its disposal 3.3.2 most effective in rural areas 4. Rajendra Prasad-unquestioned leader of Bihar: 4.1 head of Bihar Congress & Relief Com’tee 4.2 peasant like looks not impressive 4.3 earnest, truthful 4.4 man of outstanding ability, integrity, devoted to the cause of freedom Key to abbreviations: movem'ts — movements terbl. — terrible absc. — absence wkrs — workers organsn -— organisationcom'tee — committee (b) Summary When earthquake struck Bihar the earth moved sideways as well as up and down. People were knocked down. There was reverberating noise as well as fissures and craters. The destruction of Monghyr city was horrifying. In all this destruction there was a painful absence of self-help. People only waited for government or non-government agencies to help or ordered other people. In contrast, the young relief workers from Bihar and other places were full of energy and spirit of service. There was cooperation among various teams. Of all the teams, Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s team was the most important. It had the support of the Congress Party in rural areas too. Rajendra Babu was the unquestioned leader of Bihar. 9. Read the passage given below and answer thequestions that follow: 1. Leadership is very unique chemistry which happens when the best of everything gets together to create magic. 2. The New Testament says: “As Jesus passed on from there, he saw a man named Mathew sitting at the tax office and said to him, ‘Follow me. So he rose and followed him.” No questions, no arguments, no hesitation. What is that mysterious, intangible, electric elusive quality known as leadership? 3. The inevitable million-dollar question that keeps cropping up is “Are leaders born with a natural capability to lead or do they learn to do so?” And the surprising answer is-both. Organisational capabilities and individual brilliance are something they are born with. But fine points such as patience, humility, and appreciating opinion different from one’s own, are all acquired in time. As G.B. Shaw once remarked, “The golden rule is that there are no golden rules.” One can never pinpoint with absolute accuracy all the traits that a leaderrequires. They change from time to time and situation to situation. 4. The true qualities of a person emerge in the face of adversity. So is it with leaders? Look at any person who has the rare ability to lead, the first thing you find is how cool and self- composed he is even in times of crisis. In the midst of chaos, he sets out in right earnest setting things right, restoring normalcy, and soon things are back to normal. 5. A leader has to be a visionary; he must be able to draw inspiration from the past and envision a future brighter than the present, however difficult that might seem. He has to be very clear about the vision-what he is serving and the mission-what he must achieve. 6. Another distinguishing trait of leaders is their organisational ability, the ability to coordinate together individual efforts into a single one. 7. A leader has the capability of bringing out the best in the people he leads and cultivate a team spirit. He allows others to solve the problemrather than taking it on single-handedly. He has to communicate very well so as to gain the confidence of others so that they feel they are on the right track and then they would be ready to lay down their lives. 8. He has to be patient, to listen to others’ grievances, and hence half the battle is won. 9. A leader has to be a highly efficient manager as well as a coordinator. He might have to set an example before the rest. His individual work has to be flawless. 10. “A leader is a dealer in hope,” said Napoleon. 11. The success of leaders is finally measured not only in terms of how capable they appear, or how well they are able to perform as individuals but how successful they are in leading their team to perform. 12. A leader has the capacity and will to rally men and women to a common purpose. (a) On the basis of your reading of the abovepassage, make notes on it, using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations and give an appropriate title. (b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes. Answer: (a) Leaders And Leadership 1. Ldrs are born as well as dev.: 1.1 born Idrs have organiz'l capabilities & brilliance 1.2 acquired qualities-patience, humility, open mind 2. Qualities of a Idr 2.1 cool in adversity — restores normalcy in chaos 2.2 has a vision 2.3 organiser — can coordinate, effective manager 2.4 can bring out the best in people, patient 3. Conclusion-A good Idr successfully leads his team to perform to achieve a com’n purposeKey to abbreviations Idrs — leaders dev. — developed organiz’l — organizational com’n —- common (b) Summary Are leaders born to be leaders or do they develop into one? Surprisingly both. They have some inborn capabilities as brilliance, organizational abilities but they also develop some qualities like patience, humility, etc. These qualities of a person emerge in advertisity. A leader is cool even in the time of a crisis; he restores normalcy in chaos. The leader has a vision. Inspired by the past, he has a vision for a bright future. A leader has great organizational ability. He can bring out the best in the people, cultivate team spirit, communicate well with people and gain their confidence. He is patient and listens to people. His own work is flawless. A good leader successfully leads his team to achieve acommon purpose. 10. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: 1. The nine-letter word “interview” can cause the most knowledgeable and strong people in the world to perspire. That may be one reason, political leaders and corporate giants normally do not agree for an interview. But the popular ones, or those who want to make an impact, willingly give interviews. In modern times, whether you like interview or not, your prospects depend on its success. So you must know what an interviewer expects from you. 2. First an academic question. What is an interview? It is a discussion in which an interviewer faces a candidate for a short while and asks questions to probe his knowledge and awareness on the subject. This is done to assess the personality of the interviewee. It is a very formal means of interaction with one person facing a group of persons, each of whom is a specialist in his or her field.3. Knowledge is an important component of success in an interview. It has two aspects: range and depth. The former implies that you should know a lot beyond your own specialisation and the latter means an awareness of the various aspects of the topics under discussion. In-depth knowledge is gained through reading and listening. Listening is more important than reading. Be a keen listener, store major facts in your mind, and use them at the appropriate time. 4. Next comes appearance, which means your dress for the interview. You must be elegantly attired for the occasion. Wear a simple outfit that suits your physique and features. Women should wear sarees or any other sober dress. Casuals like kurta-pajama should not feature in your selection of dresses. 5. Conducting yourself in an apt way is equally significant. The way you move, sit on the chair, place your hands, and your briefcase, and talk to the members reflect your behaviour. Walking sloppily, talking loudly or inaudibly, gettingirritated easily, and showing documents insistently are symptoms of bad behaviour. A better way is to enter the room smartly, move forward with dignity, greet the board, sit when asked to, and thank at the end before you leave. 6. Expression is the most important aspect of the interview. It conveys your views and opinions. For good expression, what you need is clarity of mind and speech. Show your balanced thinking to convey your views clearly. 7. Convey your views effectively. In an interview, you may be asked questions where you have to either agree or disagree. Whatever your approach, convince the board that it is unbiased. The board may not agree with your view. Even if you disagree, let not your face show it. Create an impact through your expressions. Give the impression of being a leader. Show that you can cooperate and get the cooperation that you can share views and get people to accept your authority to reach decisions, and implement them. 8. Finally, never consider yourself to be a perfectman. Being a human being makes you susceptible to flaws. However, try to conform to the highest standards and reach as close to perfection as possible. (a) Make notes on the above passage in any suitable format. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary and give a title to the passage. (b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes. Answer: (a) Interview 1. What is an interview? 1.1 formal interaction between one person and a group of experts 1.2 candidate answers questions to show his k’ledge 1.3 panel of experts assesses the pers'lity of the interviewee 2. Knowledge aspect of interview 2.1 range-know beyond your spl'n 2.2 depth-awareness about various aspects 2.2.1 depth acquired by rdg and listng3. Appearance aspect . 3.1 dress should be simple and elegant 3.2 conducting oneself, walk, talk is observed 3.3 expression-clarity of mind & speech- expression should create impact 3.3.1 show that you can lead Key to abbreviations: k’‘ledge — knowledge pers'lity — personality spl'n — specialisation rdg — reading listng — listening (b) Summary An interview usually causes nervousness, but most often, our prospects depend on its success. An interview is formal interaction between one person and a group of experts. The candidate answers questions to show his knowledge. The panel of experts assesses the personality of the interviewed person.Knowledge is an important component of an interview. Your knowledge should have both range and depth. Your appearance too is important. Your dress should be neat and elegant. How you conduct yourself is observed. Most important is the expression of ideas and opinions. Convey your thoughts effectively. Give the impression of being a leader. 11. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: 1. Everyone knows that smoking and chewing tobacco is bad for health, yet 250 million people in India-almost one-fourth of the country’s population-consume some form of tobacco. “People think that they can give up tobacco use whenever they want, but it’s not that easy. Nicotine is an addictive drug,” former health minister Dr Ambumani Ramadoss told the Hindustan Times. 2. The World Health Organisation links smoking to 25 cancers-head and neck, urinary bladder,kidneys, cervix, pancreas and colon, to name just a few. Smoking is also a major risk factor for several other diseases such as chronic bronchitis, heart disease, stroke, impotence and premature death. 3. “Most people link smoking to cancers, but it is the biggest cause of heart disease. Smoking increases the risk of clot formation in the blood, which can block arteries and cause heart attack even in healthy people,” says Dr R.R. Kashiwal, Director, Cardiology, Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre. “Lifestyle changes don't help much if a person continues smoking,” he adds. 4. Smoking causes about 30 percent of all cancer deaths (including 90 percent of lung cancer deaths). According to the Indian Council of Medical Research, one million people die from tobacco use in India every year. Reducing tobacco use is naturally a big priority for the health minister. 5. Despite the cigarettes and other tobacco products (packaging and labelling) rules banning smoking in public places and sale to minors inIndia, the number of smokers is going up each year. “About ten million children under the age of 15 are addicted to tobacco in India,” says Ramadoss. 6. The WHO estimates that of every 1,000 tobacco users today, 500 will die of a tobacco- related disease, 250 of them in their middle age. The current tobacco consumption trend in India indicates a shoot up from 1.4 percent of deaths in 1990 to 13.3 per cent in 2020. 7. A proposal to carry graphic and direct health warnings such as “Tobacco Kills’-on all tobacco packages has been postponed indefinitely because of pressure from the food industry, which claims farmers and poor workers will lose jobs. But thousands of lives will be saved if the new warnings drive home the health hazards of tobacco use more effectively. “The statutory warning currently carried on tobacco products is in English, a language that a majority of the population cannot read or understand,” says Ramadoss, who will start a campaign to make workplaces smoke-free this year to protect non- smokers from second-hand smoke.8. Most people would stop tobacco if they knew what goes into making a cigarette. It has formaldehyde, the chemical used to preserve animals in chemistry labs, cyanamide found in rat poison; and nicotine, which is a powerful insecticide. Studies have shown that bidis are even more harmful than cigarettes. 9. “Tobacco is the second biggest cause of death in the world and kills 5 million people-one in 10 adult deaths each year. If that is not reason enough to stop its use, | don’t know what is,” says Ramadoss. (a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations (minimum four) and give an appropriate title. (b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes. Answer: Tobacco Kills 1. Tobacco harms 1.1 chewing tobacco & smoking are harmful 1.2 tobacco is addictive1.3 5 million deaths in a year 2. Diseases caused by tobacco 2.1 cancer of 25 kinds: million deaths in a year 2.2 heart disease 2.2.1 smkg causes clot form’n 2.2.2 art'ies blocked — heart disease 3. Tobacco addiction: 3.1 10 million addicts under 15 years 3.2 addiction needs to be controlled 3.3 warn’gs should be in a common language 3.4 public places should be smoke-free 4. Composition of tobacco: 4.1 made of deadly chemicals & poisons 4.1.1 formal’hyde used for preserving dead animals 4.1.2 cynanide — rat poison 4.1.3 nicotine — insecticide Key to abbreviations: smkg — smokingform’n — formation art'ies — arteries warn’gs warnings formal’hyde — formaldehyde (b) Summary 250 million people in India use tobacco, knowing fully well that it is harmful. Nearly 5 milllion people die due to tobacco related diseases. Tobacco causes 25 kinds of cancer leading to 1 million deaths. Smoking tobacco causes heart disease by blocking the arteries and helping clots to form in the blood. It causes stroke and impotence too. Tobacco addiction is high among the young. Ten million addicts are under fifteen years of age. Tobacco deaths are likely to shoot up. Tobacco addiction needs to be controlled. Warnings regarding tobacco hazards should be in the commonly spoken language, not in English. Workplaces should be smoke-free. Most people would not smoke if they knew whatgoes into the making of a cigarette. It has formaldehyde used for preserving dead animals, cyanide a poison, and nicotine an insecticide. 12. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: 1. Conflict between people takes the forms of assertiveness, aggression, and violence. It is fuelled by many factors, including greed, selfishness, desire, jealousy, envy, fear, hate, and lust for power. From the perspective of yogic philosophy, these “fuels” for conflict are all caused by a clouding of our perception, called avidya. Because of avidya, we do not recognise our true spiritual kinship with other people, and we are prone to experience those “fuels” of conflict. 2. These “fuels” are widely varied, but have one commonality; experience of any of these emotions or desires is done from an “I” perspective. People who feel these emotions want more (or less) of something for themselves, as compared to what they see inother people. These people do not identify with others, but feel separate from them, left out or isolated. Two powerful tools exist to reduce the effect of these “fuels” within ourselves: cultivating right attitude, and behaving in constructive ways. 3. Some of us feel envious or jealous when we see another who is happy, successful or content. We may feel disgusted or even hatred at the sight of a drifter or a drug addict. In this case, Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras prescribe a change in attitude towards other people, a change that will help us purify our minds and become more peaceful. To become more peaceful, we should practise being pleased when we see another who is happy. We should strive to be compassionate towards those in misery, and joyful to see virtue in another. In cultivating these attitudes, we become more accepting of the world and more peaceful towards others. Non-possessiveness can be practised, as can contentment. 4. Our behaviour-how we act-includes both how we treat others, and how we treat ourselves. Tobecome satisfied in our lives and more peaceful in our treatment of others, we should practise non-violence, truthfulness, and non-stealing, three of the ‘yamas’ from Yoga Sutras. These qualities help us become happier in our lives and less aggressive towards others. Practising meditation is also known to reduce stress and increase happiness. 5. Some people do not want to be less aggressive or happier. They want more power and more control. They don’t want cooperation. They see themselves as separate from others, and responsible for their own success. Their world view assumes that they can and should decide what is proper and that others must conform to their desires. These people will not be swayed by arguments about the happiness that accrues after several years of meditation, or the peace to be found in recognising one's true Self. They want results, and they want them now. Even these people can accept a yoga practice if it is presented to them in a way they value, which usually means, a ‘physical’ practice. ’ (a) On the basis of your reading of the abovepassage make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary, and give it a suitable title. (b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words based on your notes. Answer: (a) To Become Peaceful 1. Causes of conflict: 1.1 greed, selfishness, jeal’sy, fear, hate, lust for power 1.2 according to yoga-these are ‘fuels’ 1.3 ‘fuels’ cloud perception-‘avidya’ 2. The ‘I’ perspective: 2.1 common among all ‘fuels’ 2.2 want things only for themselves 2.3 no ident’cn with others 3. Overcoming the ‘I’ perspective: 3.1. cultivating the ‘I’ not the right atti’de 3.1.1 be pleased for other’s happiness 3.1.2 be compassionate 3.1.3 non-poss’veness & contentment 3.2. behaving in constr’'ve ways3.2.1 non-violence, truthfulness & non-stealing- for others 3.2.2 for ourselves-be less aggressive, practise meditation 4. Yoga can help even those who want power. Key to abbreviations: jeal’sy — jealousy poss’veness — possessiveness ident’cn — indentification atti’de — attitude constr've — constructive (b) Summary Conflict causes people to be violent. The causes of conflict are jealousy, fear, hate, and lust for power. These are “fuel” and “avidya” in yogic language and cloud our perception. The ‘fuels’ issue out of an “I” perspective. People want things only for themselves. The ‘I’ perspective can be controlled by (i) cultivating the right attitude, and (ii) behaving in the right way. We feel jealous if we find someone happy.Patanjali’s yoga sutra says we should cultivate the right attitude, be pleased at another's happiness. We should practise non-violence, truthfulness and non-stealing. Even the aggressive can benefit by ‘yoga practice’.