FORMULA BOOKLET
Further Pure Mathematics
Topics
1. Surds, Indices, Logarithm
2. Algebra
3. Quadratic Equation
4. Alpha Beta
5. Coordinate Geometry
6. Binomial Expansion
7. A.P. G.P.
8. Calculus
9. Area & Volume
10. Trigonometry
11. Equation Graph
12. Vector
13. Kinematics
Prepared by Faisal Mizan
Senior teacher of Mathematics
SURDS, INDICES, LOGRITHM
Surds
1 , e.g.,
2 ,
3 4
5 6
7 8
Indices
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 , e.g.,
12
Logarithm
1 Logarithmic form: , , . Index form: .
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10 11
12 Single logarithm:
13
1
ALGEBRA
1. (a) Remainder Theorem (b) Factor Theorem
For divided by , For divided by ,
. .
If , is a factor.
2. is a factor of
then is a factor of
and is a factor of .
3. To factorize a cubic expression
Step 1: Try is a factor.
Step 2: Divide by .
Step 3:
4. Shape of curve:
Linear Quadratic Cubic
5. Forming equation:
Roots: and Roots: , and
6. (i) (ii)
2
QUADRATIC EQUATION
Completing Square
Minimum curve Maximum curve
Minimum value of Maximum value of
when when
Maximum value of Minimum value of
when when
For For
Critical values , Critical values ,
Less than Less Greater than Greater
Nature of Roots
Real Unreal
Real and Different Real and Equal
Line and Curve
------------- (1)
------------- (2)
Step 1: Form Quadratic Equation
Step 2: Use Discriminant
3
e.g. Line and Curve
------------- (1)
------------- (2)
To find the intersecting point substitute (1) onto (2)
Intersecting at two points Line tangent to the curve
or or
Lie entirely above/below -axis
is positive for all values of , is negative for all values of
means curve lies above -axis , means curve lies below -axis
ALPHA BETA
If has roots and If has roots and
If two roots of an unknown equation are given
Step #1: Find the sum of the roots
Step #2: Find the product of the roots
Step #3: Use
4
Some Identities
(a) (b)
Similarly, Similarly,
(c) (d)
If ,
(Only positive)
Some Important Concepts
(a) For (b) If
If is a root of the equation, find the other root
Let the other root be
Product To find add &
To find subtract &
(c) For has one root three times the other, find
Use
.......................(1)
..........................(2)
If , has roots and
Equation of Line of Symmetry
5
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
(i) Length
(ii) Midpoint
(iii) Gradient
(iv) Co-ordinates of
(v) Equation of ,
To find gradient:
Case-1: Case-2: Case-3:
Gradient, m
(vi) For parallel lines, (vii) For perpendicular lines,
To find equation:
Case-1: Case-2:
For ,
For ,
Case-3: How to know if a point lies on the line or not
does not lie on the line
as when ,
lies on the line
as when ,
6
(viii)
Area
(x)
For For
(xi)
For intersecting point ,
(i)
Solve equations (i) and (ii)
(ii)
(xii)
Tangent,
Normal,
Equation of tangent:
Equation of normal:
7
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
If is a positive integer (for example: , etc):
1
, where
If is a fraction or a negative integer or unknown (for example: , , , etc):
2
Valid range:
Some important ranges (when power is not an integer):
, (Smallest range)
4 For term:
ascending power of and descending power of .
5
descending power of and ascending power of .
If
6 and just alternate the signs
To expand :
8
(Even power so introduce )
Suitable value of
Type 1:
1. , use expansion up to to find the value of in 5 significant figures.
Type 2:
2. use expansion to find the value of in 5 significant figures.
Type 3:
3. , use expansion up to to find the value of in 5 decimal places.
4. ,use expansion up to to find the value of in 5 decimal places.
8
Solution
Number 1: Number 2:
Step 1: Range:
Step 1:
Step 2:
, Step 2:
Step 3:
Number 3: Number 4:
Step 1: Step 1:
Step 2: Step 2:
Step 3: Step 3:
, ,
9
A.P. G.P.
Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression
1 , , , 1 , , ,
2 For unknown terms: 2 For unknown terms:
* Let
or
Let
3 To find unknown use: 3 To find unknown, use:
or or
4 4
5 5
If last term is known:
6 Convergent:
Otherwise, Divergent
Convergent
-2 -1 0 1 2
7 Sum to infinity,
For both A.P. and G.P.
1 If given, use: 2
The sum of last terms
10
3
Sigma Notation
Number of terms:
Step 1:
,
, 109, . 207
Step 2:
11
CALCULUS
Differentiation Integration
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
12
Area & Volume
I i pp t 4 t
A Cfb go dy
Affting gladda
b b y fan
I B i
m
up
h
Voth faith
VAM a The
13
TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Identities:
or or
General Solution:
Sin Cos Tan
For Degree
For Radian
Here is the value (Calculator value).
For both positive and negative values, put
OR
Positive Angle Negative Angle
15
14
EQUATION GRAPH
Basic Curve Sketching
Linear Graph
1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
At -axis At -axis
Quadratic Equation
1. 2. 3.
At -axis , At -axis
Cubic Graph
1. 2. 3. 4.
16
I
Fraction Graph
1. 2.
Step 1: asymptote to -axis, Step 1: asymptote to -axis,
asymptote to -axis,
Step 2: For turning point,
Step 2: At -axis, , Find . Step 3: Sketching.
At -axis, , Find .
Step 3: Sketching
[Depend on cutting Point] Step 4: Find the cutting point in axes if necessary.
Exponential Graph Trigonometric Graphs
General Shape
360°
Logarithm Graph 360°
General Shape
17
To
VECTOR
1 Column Vector: 6 Show that :
or Use the following steps:
Step 1: (constant)
Step 2:
Unit Vector of :
between and -axis:
2 . 7 Show , and lie on a straight line
(collinear).
. Step 1: (constant)
Step 2:
Step 3: Since is common, therefore ,
and lie on a straight line.
3 If , 8 Given , and are collinear (or
parallel), find .
o ------------ (i)
Step 1:
o ------------ (ii)
Find and .
If ,
Step 2: Use shortcut to find .
o Or otherwise,
o ------------ (i)
o ------------ (ii) ------------ (i)
o Shortcut: ------------ (ii)
4 Position Vector: 9 For two geometrical properties of
means . and :
In terms of position vector: Use the following steps:
Step 1: Ratio -
o
o (constant)
Example: Given and . Step 2: Properties -
.
Find .
(ii) .
.
.
5 Show that is a parallelogram: 10 Ratio example:
Either prove Given and .
is a parallelogram. Find .
Or prove
is a parallelogram.
18
I
11 Area Ratio:
KINEMATICS
1. time = , distance/displacement = , acceleration/retardation = , velocity/speed = .
2. , or ,
3.
4. For the maximum or minimum value of , or .
5. For the maximum or minimum value of , .
6. If the particle comes to rest, .
7. If the particle comes to fixed point or fixed level, or .
8. Distance travelled in second = , [If , ].
9. Distance travelled in second = , [If , ].
10. Distance travelled in second = .
11. Distance travelled between and . [If there is no value of between
and for which ].
12. Distance travelled between and . [If there is a value of
between and for which ].
19
Ts
