Synthesis of

sentences
Sudeshna Chaudri
8 ways of combining sentences

1. By using a participle- ….ing, ….ed,

2. By Apposition- S,…….,+ V + O- Ram, a boy from Mumbai, likes oranges.

3. By using Prepositions like before, after, Despite, Inspite,

4. Nominative Absolute construction…

5. By using infinitive- To

6. By using adverbial phrase/adverb/adjective

7. By using adjectival clause with who or which

8. By using though, while, if……..

1. By using a Participle: …words formed from verbs that acts as adjective…

2 KINDS OF PARTICIPLE:

1. “ING”PARTICIPLE - ARE CALLED PRESENT PARTICIPLE

2. “ED” – PAST PARTICIPLE - ARE CALLED PAST PARTCIPLE

• He jumped up. He ran away.

Jumping up, he ran away.

• He was tired of playing. He sat down to rest.

Tired of playing, he sat down to rest.

• He lost a large sum of money. He gave up speculation.

Losing a large sum of money, he gave up speculation.

Combine each of the following sentence by using Participles.

• He went to sleep at once. He was very tired.

• He hurt his foot. He stopped.

• He felt tired. He laid his work aside.

• She yelled at the top of her voice. She ran out of door.

• I received no answer. I knocked a second time.

• He ate rice. He set out.

• The old man was tired. He sat down the road

Answers

1. Being very tired, he went to sleep at once.

2. Having hurt his foot, he stopped.

3. Yelling at the top of her voice, she ran out of the door.

4. Receiving no answer, I knocked the second time.

5. Having eaten his rice, he set out.

6. Being tired, the old man sat down on the road.

Question 1 sample using Modifier

Mahatma Gandhi was a great visionary. He realised the danger of communal

conflicts. He sacrificed his life to bring about unity.

A great visionary, Mahatma Gandhi realised the danger of communal conflicts and
sacrificed his life to bring about unity.

B Mahatma Gandhi, a great visionary, He sacrificed his life to bring about unity on realising
the danger of communal conflicts.

C Mahatma Gandhi sacrificed his life to bring about unity when he realised the danger of
communal conflicts.

D Having realised the danger of communal conflicts, Mahatma Gandhi, a great visionary,
sacrificed his life to bring about unity
Question 2

She stood on tip-toe. She reached for the mangoes on tree.

A She reached for the mangoes on tree by standing tip-toed.

B She reached for the mangoes on tree when she stood on tip-toe.

C Standing on tip-toe ,she reached for the mangoes on tree.

D She reached the mangoes on tree standing on tip toe.

D
C
2. By using a noun or a phrase in apposition: - 2 elements are placed side by side and so they can help in
identifying each other

S, ………………………., V + O.

This is my daughter. Her name is Rhea.

My daughter, Rhea, is here.

This is my daughter, Rhea.

• This is my friend. His name is Rama.

This is my friend Rama.

• I spent two days in London. It is one of the most attractive places in England.

I spent two days in London, one of the most attractive places in England.

• Buddhism was founded 2500 years ago. It is one of the greatest religions.

Buddhism, one of the greatest religions, was founded 2500 years ago.

.
Combine each of the following sentence by using a noun or phrase in apposition

• There goes my brother. He is called Sourabh.

• I am going to visit Mr. Bose. He is my next door neighbour.

• Yuvraj Singh is a dashing cricketer. He hits sixes in every over.

• I spent three days in Cox’s Bazar. It is one of the most attractive spots in Bangladesh.

• Jawaharlal Nehru died in 1964. He was the first Prime Minister of India.

• Mr. Roy is the Principal of our school. He is an MA in English.

• Tagore’s most famous work is Gitanjali. It is a collection of short poems.

• Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340. He is the first great English poet.
Answers

1. There goes my brother Saurabh.

2. I am going to visit Mr Bose, my next door neighbour.
3. Yuvraj Singh, a dashing cricketer, hits sixes in every over.
4. I spent three days in Cox’s Bazar, one of the most attractive spots in Bangladesh.
5. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, died in 1964.
6. Mr. Roy, the Principal of our school, is an MA in English.
7. Gitanjali, a collection of short poems, is Tagore’s greatest work.
8. Geoffrey Chaucer, the first great English poet, was born in 1340.
3. By using a preposition with noun or gerund:

• The moon rose. Their journey was not ended.

Before their journey ended, the moon rose.

• The students were felicitated. Then, the programme began

After the felicitation of the students, the programme began.

• He has failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.

In spite of many failures, he hopes to succeed.

• Her husband died. She heard the news. She fainted.

On hearing the news of the death of her husband, she fainted.

• He gave them his valuable advice. He helped them with money.

Besides giving them his valuable advice, he helped them with money.
Combine each of the following sentence by using a preposition with noun or
gerund:

Before, after, by, on

• He lost a lot of money in his new business. He still hope to be a successful business
man one day.

• He heard the news of the plane crash. He was stunned.

• He became popular. He played cricket with the children.

• I bought a book. I spent twenty rupees.

• He gave me advice. He helped me

Answers

1. In spite of losing a lot of money in his new business, he still hope to be a successful
business man one day.

2. On hearing the news of the plane crash, he was stunned.

3. After playing cricket with the children, he became popular.

4. By spending 20 rupees I bought the book.

5. By giving advice he helped me.

Question

Ashoka was a great conqueror. But he failed to unite the various conquered
territories into a well-knit empire.

A Ashoka was a great conqueror, but he failed to unite the various conquered territories
into a well-knit empire.

B Though Ashoka was a great conqueror, but he failed to unite the various conquered
territories into a well-knit empire.

C Despite being a great conqueror, Ashoka failed to unite the various conquered
territories into a well-knit empire.

D Ashoka failed to unite the various conquered territories into a well-knit empire, in spite
of being a great
C
4. Nominative Absolute Construction: a predicate without a finite verb

Example- The meeting being over, the attendees began to leave.

S + having V3 + independent clause.

• The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.

The soldiers having arrived, the mob dispersed.

• The town was enclosed by strong wall. The enemy was unable to capture it.

The town having been enclosed by strong wall, the enemy was unable to capture it.

• The sun rose. The travellers set out.

The sun having risen the travellers set out.

• His friend arrived. He was very pleased.

His friend having arrived, he was very pleased.

• The sun rose. The fog cleared away. The lighthouse was seen less than a mile away.
The sun having risen and the fog having cleared away, the lighthouse was seen less than a mile away.
Combine each of the following sentence by using an absolute phrase.

• The police arrived. They arrested the student leaders.

• The car was damaged. We took a taxi.

• The concert finished at 10 p.m. The audience left the theatre.

• The storm ceased. The sun came out.

• The watch was expensive. He could not buy it.

• The rain fell. The crops revived.

• The king died. His eldest son came to the throne.

• His father was dead. He had to support his widowed mother.

Answers

1. The police having arrived, the student leaders were arrested

2. The car being damaged, we took a taxi.

3. The concert having finished at 10 p.m, the audience left the theatre.

4. The storm having ceased, the sun came out.

5. The watch being expensive, he could not buy it.

6. The rain, having fallen, the crops revived.

7. The king having died his eldest son came to the throne.

8. His father having died, he had to support his widowed mother.

Question

The US Trade Centre caught fire. The building was brunt to ashes.

A The US Trade Centre having caught fire, the building was brunt to ashes.

B The building of US Trade Centre caught fire and burnt to ashes.

C The building of US Trade Centre was burnt to ashes when it caught fire.

D The US Trade Centre caught fire and the building was brunt to ashes.
A
5. By using an infinitive:

To

• He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to London.

He sent his son to London to educate him.

• He is very fat. He can not run.

He is too fat to run.

Exercise

1. I have some duties. I must perform them.

2. He is very weak. He cannot walk.

3. The plane was delayed for an hour. It was very unusual.

4. We must finish this exercise. There are still three sentences.

5. He did not even have a rupee with him. He could not buy a loaf of bread.
Answers

1. I have some duties to perform.

2. He is too weak to walk.

3. It was very unusual for the plane to be delayed for an hour.

4. We have still three sentences in this exercise to finish.

5. He did not even have a rupee with him to buy a loaf of bread.
Question

I must finish this novel. There are still few chapters.

A I have still few chapters in this novel to finish.

B I still have few chapters in the novel before I finish it.

C Few chapters are still left for me to finish the novel.

D There are still few chapters for me to finish this novel.

A
Combine each of the following sentence by using an Infinitive.

• He wants to confess his guilt. He is not scared of it.

• He saved some money. He wanted to buy a car.

• I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.

• You father will hear of your success. He will be delighted.

• The Pathan took out a knife. His intention was to frighten the man.
Answers

• He is not scared to confess his guilt.

• He saved some money to buy a car.

• I am not afraid to speak the truth

• You father will be delighted to hear of your success.

• The Pathan took out a knife to frighten the man.

6. By using an adverb or an Adverbial Phrase:

• He deserved to succeed. He failed.

He failed undeservedly.

• The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.

The boys had not finished the game by sunset.

• She was late. It was usual.

She was usually late.

• You will succeed. It is certain.

You will certainly succeed.

Question

India will win the World cup. That is certain.

A It is certain that India will win the World Cup.

B India will certainly win the World Cup.

C Certainly, India will win the World Cup.

D India will win the World Cup certainly.

B
Combine each of the following sentence by using an adverb or adverbial phrase.

• He forgot to lock the door. It was very unfortunate.

• They ate up all seeds. This was foolish.

• He is a bad boy. This is certain.

• The train is very late. That is usual.

• The weather is fine in March. It is normal.

• He kicked the goal-keeper. It was his intention to do so.

• I did not eat any of the poisoned food. This was lucky.

• He admitted his error. He expressed his regret.

Answers

• He unfortunately forgot to lock the door.

• They foolishly ate up all seeds.

• He is certainly a bad boy.

• The train is usually very late.

• The weather is normally fine in March.

• He intentionally kicked the goal-keeper.

• I luckily did not eat any of the poisoned food.

• He regretfully admitted his error.

7. By using Adjective clauses….. Use who or which with subject or object

1. The theft was committed last night. The police has caught the man.
2. The French language is different from the Latin language. Latin was once spoken
throughout Europe.
3. You are looking upset. Can you tell me the reason?
4. He had several plans for making money quickly. All of them have failed.
5. The landlord was proud of his strength. He despised the weakness of his tenants.
6. This is the village. I was born here.
7. You put the keys somewhere. Show me the place.
8. Paul was an old gentleman. He was my travelling companion.
9. A fox once met a crane. The fox had never seen a crane before.
10. The shop keeper keeps his money in a wooden case. This is the wooden case
Answers

1. The police has caught the man who committed the theft last night.
2. The French language is different from the Latin language which was once spoken
throughout Europe.
3. Can you tell me the reason why you are looking upset.
4. All the plans which he had for making money quickly have failed.
5. The landlord who was proud of his strength despised the weakness of his tenants.
6.This is the village where I was born.
7. Show me the place where you put the keys.
8. Paul who was an old gentleman was my travelling companion.
9. A fox which had never seen a crane before once met a crane.
10. This is the wooden case where the shopkeeper keeps his money.
By using though, while, if……..
Question

The servant mopped the room; she found a wallet lying in the corner.

A The servant found a wallet while mopping the corner of the room.

B The servant founded a wallet lying in the corner while mopping the room.

C The servant mopped the room and found a wallet lying in the corner.

D While mopping the room, the servant found a wallet lying in a corner.
A
Complete the following sentences.
1. ........................................ many shortcomings, she was a nice woman.

In spite of having
Despite of having
Although having

2. ..................................... a great poet, Tagore was a good painter.

Besides being
Besides
Besides having been

3. ...................................... a jackpot, he built a big mansion.

Winning
Won
Having won

4. ...................................... on tip-toe, he reached for the apple.

Standing
Stood
Being standing
5. The rain ......................................... we continued our journey.

stopping
having stopped
stopped

6. James is going to the US ................................... higher education.

to pursue
to pursuing
for pursuing

7. ...................................... a great conqueror, Caesar failed to unite the various conquered

territories into a well-knit empire.

Despite been
Despite being
Despite of being
Answers

1. In spite of having many shortcomings, she was a nice woman.

2. Besides being a great poet, Tagore was a good painter.
3. Having won a jackpot, he built a big mansion.
4. Standing on tip-toe, he reached for the apple.
5. The rain having stopped we continued our journey.
6. James is going to the US to pursue higher education.
7. Despite being a great conqueror, Caesar failed to unite the various conquered
territories into a well-knit empire.
1. He was mere boy. He could not stand the fight.
A)
Being a mere boy, he could not stand the fight.
B)
Being a mere boy, he can't stand the fight.
C)
Being a mere boy, he won't stand the fight.
D)
Being a mere boy, he would not stand the fight.

2. He tried hard. He did not succeed.

A) Trying hard, he did not succeed.

B) He tried hard and did not succeed.

C) In spite of trying hard, he didn't succeed.

D) He tried hard in spite of he didn't succeed.

3. He was very dull. He could not understand.
A) He was so dull and could not understand.
B) He was very dull that he could not understand.
C) He was too dull that he could not understand.
D) He was too dull to understand.

4. He worked hard. He secured good marks.

A) He worked hard but secured good marks.
B) Since he worked hard, he secured good marks.
C) He worked hard yet secured good marks.
D) Because he secured good marks, he worked hard.

5. He saw the snake. He ran away.

A) On seeing the snake, he ran away.
B) He ran away to see the snake.
C) He saw the snake, as he ran away.
D) To see the snake, he ran away.

6. He ran at top speed. He got out of breath.

A) He ran at top speed to get out of breath.
B) He got out of breath to run at top speed.
C) He ran at top speed and got out of breath.
D) He ran at top speed but got out of breath.
7. They heard the news. They informed us.
A) They heard the news to inform us.
B) They heard the news and then they informed us.
C) As soon as they heard the news, they informed us.
D) They informed us because they heard the news.

8. He is rich. He felt unhappy.

A) Being rich he felt unhappy.
B) Despite being rich, he felt unhappy.
C) Though he is rich, but he felt unhappy.
D) Though he is rich, yet he felt unhappy.

9. We learn English. We learn French.

A) We learn English as well as French.
B) We learn English and we learn French also.
C) We learn English to learn French.
D) Beside English we learn French.

10. He is sick. He is cheerful.

A) He is sick and cheerful.
B) He is sick to be cheerful.
C) He is sick, yet he is cheerful.
D) He is sick, though cheerful.
11. He is not a cheat. He is not a liar.
A) He is not a cheat but a liar.
B) He is not a cheat yet a liar.
C) He is neither a cheat nor a liar.
D) He is a cheat or a liar.

12. I was late. I missed the bus.

A) I was late therefore I missed the bus.
B) I missed the bus then I was late.
C) I was late to miss the bus.
D) None of the above

13. This is the house. The theft was committed here.

A) This is the house as the theft was committed here.
B) This is the house where the theft was committed.
C) The theft was committed in this house only.
D) This is the house, why the theft was committed here.

14. They took the tickets and rushed into the theatre immediately.
A) As soon as they rushed into the theatre, they took the tickets.
B) When they rushed into the theatre, they took the tickets.
C) Hardly had they taken the tickets, when they rushed into the theatre.
D) Hardly they took the tickets and rushed into the theatre.

He took off his hat and jumped into the river.

A) Jumping into the river, he took off his hat.
B) He jumped into the river to take off the hat.
C) Taking off his hat, he jumped into the river.
D) Though he took off his hat, he jumped into the river.
16. It was a rainy day. They didn't go out.
A) It being a rainy day, they didn't go out.
B) It was a rainy day and they didn't go out.
C) It was a rainy day because they didn't go out.
D) None of the above.

17. The glass is very hard. 1 can't break.

A) The glass is very hard to break.
B) The glass is too hard to break.
C) The glass is very hard because I can't break.
D) None of the above.

18. She is beautiful. She is clever also.

A) Besides being beautiful, she is clever.
B) She is beautiful but not clever.
C) She is clever but not beautiful.
D) Besides beautiful, she is clever.

19. He found himself in difficulty, and went to his friend for help.
A) He found himself in difficulty, and went to help his friend.
B) He found himself in difficulty, but went to his friend for help.
C) Finding himself in difficulty, he went to his friend for help.
D) He found himself in difficulty, because he went to his friend for help.

20. You must pay the bill. Otherwise the goods will be returned.
A) You must pay the bill to return the goods.
B) You must pay the bill, or the goods will be returnee
C) You must pay the bill but the goods will be returned.
D) None of the above,
21. She worked hard. Her objective was to win a scholarship.
A) She worked hard to fulfill her objective.
B) She worked hard for her objective was to win a scholarship.
C) She worked hard that she might win a scholarship.
D) She worked hard but she won the scholarship.

22. The bell rang. Students came out.

A) No sooner the bell rang, than students Came out.
B) No sooner did the bell ring when students Came out.
C) No sooner did the bell ring, than students Came out.
D) No sooner did the bell ring, students came Out.

23. Don't do this again. I will punish you.

A) If you do this again, I will punish you.
B) If you did this again, I will punish you.
C) If you have done this again, I will punish you.
D) None of the above.

24. He finished his exercises and went out to play.

A) When he finished his exercises, he went out To play.
B) He finished his exercises to play.
C) To play he finished his exercises.
D) None.
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. C
11. C
12. A
13. B
14. C
15. C
16. B
17. B
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. B
22. C
23. B
24. A