UNIT – 1
1. Explain all the evolutionary changes in the Age of Internet Computing.
The Age of Internet Computing
High-performance computing (HPC)
High-throughput computing (HTC)
The Platform Evolution
Computer technology has gone through five generations of development, with each
generation lasting from 10 to 20 years
High-Performance Computing
The speed of HPC systems has increased from Gflops in the early 1990s to now Pflops in
2010.
High-Throughput Computing
This HTC paradigm pays more attention to high-flux computing. The main application for
high-flux computing is in Internet searches and web services by millions or more users
simultaneously.
Three New Computing Paradigms
The maturity of radio-frequency identification (RFID), Global Positioning System (GPS), and
sensor technologies has triggered the development of the
Internet of Things (IoT).
Computing Paradigm DistinctionsThe high-technology community has argued for
many years about the precise definitions of centralized computing, parallel computing,
distributed computing, and cloud computing.
• Centralized computing this is a computing paradigm by which all computer
resources are centralized in one physical system. All resources (processors, memory, and
storage) are fully shared and tightly coupled within one integrated OS. Many data centers and
supercomputers are centralized systems, but they are used in parallel, distributed, and cloud
computing applications
• Parallel computing in parallel computing, all processors are either tightly
coupled with centralized shared memory or loosely coupled with distributed memory. Some
authors refer to this discipline as parallel processing. A computer system capable of parallel
computing is commonly known as a parallel computer. Programs running in a parallel
computer are called parallel programs. The process of writing parallel programs is often
referred to as parallel programming
• Distributed computing a distributed system consists of multiple
autonomous computers, each having its own private memory, communicating through a
computer network. Information exchange in a distributed system is accomplished
through message passing. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is known as
a distributed program. The process of writing distributed programs is referred to
as distributed programming.
• Cloud computing An Internet cloud of resources can be either a centralized
or a distributed computing system. Or utility computing or service computing Ubiquitous
computing refers to computing with pervasive devices at any place and time using wired or
wireless communication. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a networked connection of everyday
objects including computers, sensors, humans, etc.
Distributed System Families
The system efficiency is decided by speed, programming, and energy factors
Meeting these goals requires to yield the following design objectives:
• Efficiency measures the utilization rate of resources in an execution model
by exploiting massive parallelism in HPC.
• Dependability measures the reliability and self-management from the chip
to the system and application levels.
• Adaptation in the programming model measures the ability to support
billions of job requests over massive data sets and virtualized cloud resources under various
workload and service models.
• Flexibility in application deployment measures the ability of distributed
systems to run well in both HPC and HTC applications.
2. Explain about Scalable Computing Trends and its New Paradigms. What do you
mean by the Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems? Discuss.
Scalable Computing Trends and New Paradigms
Moore’s law indicates that processor speed doubles every 18 months.
Gilder’s law indicates that network bandwidth has doubled each year in the past.
Degrees of Parallelism
bit-level parallelism (BLP) converts bit-serial processing to word-level processing gradually
This led us to the next wave known as instruction-level parallelism (ILP)Data-level
parallelism (DLP) was made popular through SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) and
vector machines using vector or array types of instructions. From chip multiprocessors
(CMPs), we have been exploring task-level parallelism (TLP).
Innovative Applications
Both HPC and HTC systems desire transparency in many application aspects
Applications of High-Performance and High-Throughput Systems
The Trend toward Utility Computing
These paradigms are composable with QoS and SLAs (service-level agreements).
The Hype Cycle of New Technologies
This cycle shows the expectations for the technology at five different stages. The
expectations rise sharply from the trigger period to a high peak of inflated expectations.
The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems
The Internet of Things
Three communication patterns co-exist: namely H2H (human-to-human), H2T (human-to-
thing), and T2T (thing-to-thing
Cyber-Physical Systems
A cyber-physical system (CPS) is the result of interaction between computational processes
and the physical world.
3. Write in detail about Clusters of Cooperative Computers.
Clusters of Cooperative Computers
Cluster Architecture
The cluster is connected to the Internet via a virtual private network (VPN) gateway. The
gateway IP address locates the cluster. Most clusters have loosely coupled node
Computers. All resources of a server node are managed by their own OS.
Single-System Image
Cluster designers desire a cluster operating system or some middleware to support SSI at
various levels, including the sharing of CPUs, memory, and I/O across all cluster nodes.
Hardware, Software, and Middleware Support
Special cluster middleware supports are needed to create SSI or high availability (HA).
Both sequential and parallel applications can run on the cluster, and special parallel
environments are needed to facilitate use of the cluster resources.
Major Cluster Design Issues
Unfortunately, a cluster-wide OS for complete resource sharing is not available yet.
Critical Cluster Design Issues and Feasible Implementations
Features Functional Characterization Feasible Implementations
4. Explain in detail about Grid Computing Infrastructures. Discuss about Cloud
Computing over the Internet.
Grid Computing Infrastructures
Computational Grids
A computing grid offers an infrastructure that couples computers, software/middleware,
special instruments, and people and sensors together. The grid is often constructed across
LAN, WAN, or Internet backbone networks at a regional, national, or global scale. They can
also be viewed as virtual platforms to support virtual organizations.
Grid Families
Grid technology demands new distributed computing models, software/middleware support,
network protocols, and hardware infrastructures. National grid projects are followed by
industrial grid platform development by IBM, Microsoft, Sun, HP, Dell, Cisco, EMC,
Platform Computing, and others.
Cloud Computing Over the Internet
A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. A cloud can host a variety of different
workloads, including batch-style backend jobs and interactive and user-facing applications.”
Internet Clouds
Cloud computing leverages its low cost and simplicity to benefit both users and providers.
The Cloud Landscape
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) this model puts together infrastructures demanded by
users—namely servers, storage, networks, and the data center fabric. The user can deploy and
run on multiple VMs running guest OSes on specific applications. The user does not manage
or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, but can specify
When to request and release the needed resources.
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) This model enables the user to deploy user-built applications
onto a virtualized cloud platform. PaaS includes middleware, databases, development tools,
and some runtime support such as Web 2.0 and Java. The platform
Includes both hardware and software integrated with specific programming interfaces.
• Software as a Service (SaaS) this refers to browser-initiated application software over
thousands of paid cloud customers. The SaaS model applies to business processes,
Industry applications, consumer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resources
Planning (ERP), human resources (HR), and collaborative applications.
Internet clouds offer four deployment modes: private, public, managed, and hybrid these
modes demand different levels of security implications. The following list highlights eight
reasons to adapt the cloud for upgraded Internet applications and web services:
1. Desired location in areas with protected space and higher energy efficiency
2. Sharing of peak-load capacity among a large pool of users, improving overall utilization
3. Separation of infrastructure maintenance duties from domain-specific application
development
4. Significant reduction in cloud computing cost, compared with traditional computing
Paradigms
5. Cloud computing programming and application development
6. Service and data discovery and content/service distribution
7. Privacy, security, copyright, and reliability issues
8. Service agreements, business models, and pricing policies
5. Illustrate Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
In grids/web services, Java, and CORBA, an entity is, respectively, a service, a Java object,
and a CORBA distributed object in a variety of languages. These architectures build on the
traditional seven Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layers that provide the base
networking abstractions.
Layered Architecture for Web Services and Grids
The entity interfaces correspond to the Web Services Description Language (WSDL), Java
method, and CORBA interface definition language (IDL) specifications. These interfaces are
linked with customized, high-level communication systems: SOAP, RMI, and IIOP. These
communication systems are built on message-oriented middleware infrastructure such as Web
Sphere MQ or Java Message Service (JMS) which provide rich functionality and support
virtualization of routing, senders, and recipients. In the case of fault tolerance, the features in
the Web Services Reliable Messaging (WSRM) framework mimic the OSI layer capability
modified to match the different abstractions
At the entity levels. Security is a critical capability that either uses or re implements the
capabilities seen in concepts such as Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) and secure sockets in
the OSI layers. The CORBA Trading Service, UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and
Integration), LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), and ebXML (Electronic
Business using eXtensible Markup Language)
Web Services and Tools
Both web services and REST systems have very distinct approaches to building reliable
Interoperable systems. This specification is carried with communicated messages using
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). The hosting environment then becomes a universal
distributed operating system with fully distributed capability carried by SOAP
Messages. REST can use XML schemas but not those that are part of SOAP; “XML over
HTTP” is a popular design choice in this regard.
The Evolution of SOA
Filter services (fs in the figure) are used to eliminate unwanted raw data, in order to respond
to specific requests from the web, the grid, or web services.
Grids versus Clouds
THE general approach used in workflow, the BPEL Web Service standard, and several
important workflow approaches including Pegasus, Taverna, Kepler, Trident, and Swift. May
end up building with a system of systems: such as a cloud of clouds, a grid of clouds, or
a cloud of grids, or inter-clouds as a basic SOA architecture.
6. What are the Grid Standards?
Standards bodies that are involved in areas related to grid computing include:
· Global Grid Forum (GGF)
· Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS)
· World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
· Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)
· Web Services Interoperability Organization (WS-I)
OGSA
The Global Grid Forum has published the Open Grid Service Architecture
(OGSA). OGSA defines requirements for these core capabilities and thus provides a general
reference architecture for grid computing environments. It identifies the components and
functions that are useful if not required for a grid environment.
OGSI
The Global Grid Forum extended the concepts defined in OGSA to define
specific interfaces to various services that would implement the functions defined by OGSA.
A Grid service is a Web service that conforms to a set of interfaces and behaviours that
define how a client interacts with a Grid [Link] provides the Web Service Definition
Language (WSDL) definitions for these key interfaces.
OGSA-DAI
The OGSA-DAI (data access and integration) project is concerned with
Constructing middleware to assist with access and integration of data from separate data
sources via the grid.
GridFTP
GridFTP is a secure and reliable data transfer protocol providing high
performance and optimized for wide-area networks that have high bandwidth. GridFTP uses
basic Grid security on both control (command) and data channels. Features include multiple
data channels for parallel transfers, partial file transfers, third-party transfers, and more.
GridFTP can be used to move files (especially large files) across a network efficiently and
reliably.
WSRF
WSRF defines a set of specifications for defining the relationship between
Web services and stateful resources. WSRF is a general term that encompasses several
related proposed standards that cover:
§ Resources
§ Resource lifetime
§ Resource properties
§ Service groups (collections of resources)
§ Faults
§ Notifications
§ Topics
Web services related standards
Standards commonly associate with Web services are
§ XML
§ WSDL
§ SOAP
§ UDDI
