Revision notes Ch. 10 F.
1SCJ
Ch.10.1 Senses, Sensory Organs and Brain
* Senses and Sense organs
Stimuli are the changes in the environment detected by our sense organs.
Senses are produced which response to the type of stimuli detected.
Stimuli Senses Sense organs
Light Sight Eye
Sound Hearing Ear
Chemicals Smell Nose
Chemicals Taste Tongue
Temperature Heat/cold Skin
Pressure/Texture Pressure
Pain Pain
➔ Different sensory organs have their special sensory cells/receptors to detects the different stimuli.
** Senses and brain
The sense Does Not produce in the sense organ, which is produced inside our brain.
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•Stimuli •Sense organ •Sensory cells •Brain •Senses •Responses •Actions
•Receptors
1. Stimuli from the environment.
2. Stimuli reaches sense organs.
3. Sensory cells/ receptors detect the stimuli and convert them into signals.
4. Brain interpret and analyse the signals.
5. Sense is produced.
6. Brain responds to the sense and makes the decision.
7. Brain sends the signals to body parts for actions.
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Revision notes Ch. 10 F.1SCJ
Ch.10.2 Sight
** Structure and function of our eyes
5. Sclera
6. Retina
1. Cornea
2. Pupil 7. Yellow spot
3. Iris 8. Blind spot
4. Lens
9. Optic nerve
Part of eyes Description Function
1. Cornea Transparent Bend the light into the pupil.
2. Pupil A hole on the iris Allow light to pass through.
3. Iris Coloured To control the amount of light that enters.
4. Lens Elastic To focus the light.
5. Sclera Tough white layer To protect the eyeball and keeps the shape
6. Retina Translucent Detect light and convert it into signals.
7. Yellow spot Middle of the retina Provide clear image
8. Blind spot Depression on the retina No light receptor on it
9. Optic nerve White fibre Transmit the signal to the brain
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Revision notes Ch. 10 F.1SCJ
** How can we see?
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•Light •Conera •Lens •Retina •Optic nerve •Brain •Sight
•Pupil, Iris •Light receptor
1. Light from the object.
Far object Near object
Light travels as parallel lines. Light originates from a point.
2. Light is bent by the cornea and passed through the pupil.
➔ Size of the pupil is controlled by iris.
Brightness of light Bright light Dim light
Size of pupil Becomes smaller Becomes larger
Rationale Prevent bright light cause damage to the Gives a better vision under dim light.
retina.
3. Lens focuses the light onto the retina.
Far object Near object
The lens becomes thinner. The lens becomes thicker.
4. Light receptors on the retina detect the light and convert them into signals.
Light receptor Rod cells Cone cells
Detects colours? No Yes
Works well under …. Dim light Bright light
Vision Not that clear at dim light Colourful and clear under bright light
5. Optic nerve transmits signals to the brain.
6. Brain interpret and analyse the signals.
7. Sense of sight is produced.
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Revision notes Ch. 10 F.1SCJ
** Limitation of our sight
We cannot see things that are too far, too near and too small. Also, We cannot see things that inside our
body or light cannot pass through.
Solutions:
1. Too far away: Telescope/ BInoculars
2. Too small: Magnifying glass/ Microscope
3. Deep inside body: X-ray machine
→ Image formed on the blind spot also cannot be seen
➔ There is no light receptor on the blind spot.
** Diseases and defects of our eye
Defects Short-sight Long-sight
Objects that Far object Near object
cannot see clearly
Location of the In front of the retina Behind the retina
image formed
Causes Improper habits Heredity
Heredity
Corrections Using concave lens Using convex lens
Diseases Cataracts Astigmatism Colour blindness
Symptoms Blur image with glares Blur vision Cannot see some /all colour
Part(s) has Lens Lens and cornea Cone cells on the retina
the defect
Correction Replacement of lens with an Correction lens No cure
artificial lens
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Revision notes Ch. 10 F.1SCJ
Ch.10.3 Hearing
** Properties of sound
Sound is produced by the vibration of an object. Pitch and loudness are the properties of sound.
Properties Pitch Loudness
Description Frequency of vibration Magnitude of vibration
Measurement Hertz (Hz) Decibel (dB)
→ Sound can only travel in a medium.
e.g. Solid, Liquid and gas
➔ Sound cannot travel in a vacuum (Not a medium)
** Structure and function of our ears
4. Semicuricular
1. Ear flap canal
5. Auditory
2. Ear canal nerve
6. Cochlea
3. Ear drum
7. Ear bones
Part of ears Description Function
1. Ear flap The outer part of the ear Concentrate the vibration into the ear canal.
2. Ear canal Leading inward in our head Transmit vibration in the air to the ear drum.
3. Ear drum Thin disc Receive the vibration in the air.
4. Semicircular canal Three semicircular ducts /
5. Auditory nerve Connects to the brain Transmit signal to the brain.
6. Cochlea A coil-shaped organ The vibration of the liquid inside the cochlea stimuli
the sound receptor.
7. Ear bones Three small bones Magnify the vibration and transmit it to the cochlea.
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Revision notes Ch. 10 F.1SCJ
** How can we hear?
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•Sound •Outer ear •Middle ear •Inner ear •Auditory •Brain •Hearing
nerve
1. Sound is generated from vibration.
2. Vibration transmits in air enters ear flap, then ear canal and finally vibrates the thin eardrum.
→ Outer ear
3. Ear drum transmits the signal to the ear bones.
Ear bones magnify the signal and transmit them to the cochlea.
→ Middle ear
4. Sound receptors in the cochlea detect the vibration and convert them into signals.
→ Inner ear
5. Auditory nerve transmits signals to the brain.
6. Brain interpret and analyse the signals.
7. Sense of hearing is produced.
** Limitation of our hearing
We cannot see things that are too soft or in a noisy environment. Also, We cannot listen to sound beyond
the audible frequency range. For a human, the audible frequency range is 20Hz to 20000Hz.
** Noise and hearing loss
Noise is sound that makes people feel stressed, which are sound has a loudness greater than 85dB.
Listen to noise for a prolonged period causes hearing loss. The sense of hearing would lose gradually.
There is no cure for hearing loss, which is permanent damage to the hearing.
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