Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.
Sci (2020) 9(6): 31-38
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 6 (2020)
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Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.004
Design and Fabrication of a Hand Operated Small Scale Maize Sheller
Sharmistha Sahu1*, Geetanjali Dhupal1 and Jogendra Soren2
1
Department of Agricultural Engineering with Specialization in Farm
Machinery and Power at Centurion University of Technology and Management,
Paralakhemundi, Odisha-761211, India
2
Department of Agricultural Engineering, (Dec 2018- Jan 2020), at Centurion University of
Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha-761211, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
After paddy and wheat maize is the third most important crop in India. Maize is known as king of
fodder and queen of cereals due to its great importance in human and animal diet. The traditional
Keywords shelling of maize is by using hands by rubbing the maize cobs, or after complete drying rubbing the
maize cobs open each other or on any hard frictional surface. These methods are tedious and time
maize sheller, consuming also involves drudgery like muscular pain. Here the study was undertaken for the small
rubber tire, moisture and marginal farmers to survey the different shelling methods used by them for maize. In this project
content and concave we have solved the problem by providing low cost and hand operated maize sheller having good
efficiency as well as cost economy for small and marginal farmers. Here the small scale maize
Article Info sheller consist of a rubber tire mounted on a frame and a shaft attached to it below which a concave
Accepted: is provided, feeding of sundried maize with moisture content 10-20 per cent is done at the clearance
12 May 2020 between the tire and the concave so that rubbing action occurs between the tire and the concave and
Available Online: shelling of maize will be there. The clearance between concave and tire is adjustable so any size of
10 June 2020 maize can be shelled. Here the shelling productivity of hand operated maize sheller was found to be
higher as compared to manual shelling and shelling efficiency decreased with increasing the
moisture content and increased by increasing rotational speed.
Introduction corns etc. (Dr. A. Didar Singh, Secretary
General, FICCI) The global maize revolution
Maize is one of the most important cereal is characterized by new technology, consumer
crops of the world and contributes to food demand and industrial farming.
security in most of the developing countries.
In India, maize is emerging as third most Maize has become is today used as an
important crop after rice and wheat. Its important raw material in food processing,
importance lies in the fact that it is not only poultry, dairy, meat and ethanol industry and
used for human food and animal feed but at along with its traditional uses makes it one of
the same time it is also widely used for corn the fastest growing cash crops in the world.
starch industry, corn oil production, baby Indian is an agriculture oriented country;
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 31-38
where around 60 % of population is depend considerations for dehusking and shelling.
on agriculture. Agriculture plays a vital role Dehusking is a tedious and separate activity
in the improvement of Indian economy as it that precedes shelling that brings additional
contributes about 17% to the total GDP and burden on farmers. It consists of feeder from
provides employment to over 60% of the where the maize is inserted. The crank is
population. Indian agricultural statistics 2018 connected to the blade. When the crank is
indicates that the production of maize from all turned, the blade rotates and shells the maize.
over India is 28.72 million tones from 9.5 The machine is operated by 1 person and
million hector land. requires feeding of cobs one by one.
Small and marginal farmers with less than David O Aremu (2014) done the design,
two hectares of land account for 86.2% of fabricate and performance evaluation of a
all farmers in India, but own just 47.3% of the motorized Maize shelling machine. The
crop area, according to provisional numbers performance evaluation was carried out using
from the 10th agriculture census 2015-16. the NIS standard. Result showed that shelling
Marginal Farmer' means a farmer cultivating efficiency, cleaning efficiency, grain recovery
(as owner or tenant or share cropper) efficiency and output capacity were 87.08%,
agricultural land up to 1 hectare (2.5 acres). 95.89% and 623.99kg/hr respectively which
'Small Farmer' means a farmer cultivating (as were at highest values at 13% moisture
owner or tenant or share cropper) agricultural contents of maize and at 886rpm shelling
land of more than 1 hectare and up to speed which results in high efficiency.
2 hectares (5 acres).
Keeping these reviews in mind our aim is to
Maize shelling is always a tedious and design a low cost handy maize sheller for
difficult job, so to make farmers less drudgery small and marginal farmers to reduce the
and put less effort, we need to develop the labour and drudgery. So the project consists
farm mechanization in maize shelling of these following objectives include Design
machine keeping in mind to the cost and fabrication of hand operated small scale
economy. Tanko Bako1and Boman James maize Sheller. And also study about
Bature (2017) design, fabricate and Performance evaluation of hand operated
performance evaluation of a hand operated small scale maize Sheller.
maize sheller. The average kernel shelling
capacity and shelling efficiency of the sheller Materials and Methods
was 22.06 kg/hr and 75.03 % is better than the
conventional finger palm shelling method This chapter describes about the design and
which has been reported to have 12.63 kg/hr fabrication of hand operated maize sheller and
average kernel shelling capacity and 100 % its performance evaluation comparison with
shelling efficiency. The average level of manual maize shelling. The experiments were
visible grain damage to the detached kernels conducted at Centurion University of
recorded was 1.3 %. Thus the sheller seems to Technology and Management,
solve the problem that rural and small scale Paralakhemundi, Odisha and farmer survey
farmers regarding maize shelling. The total was done in Paralakhemundi block.
cost of the machine will be N 26,797.50 based
on current market price. Girish Karikatti The methods of designing the maize sheller is
(2015) developed a crank operated maize done in three phases, the collection of rural
sheller using ergonomic and mechanical farmer Sheller needs associated with
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 31-38
agricultural operation, the design of an rubber tire is turning. The maize is then
appropriate shelling system to meet their shelled by rubbing action between the rubber
needs and to determine whether their problem tire and the ms rods with diameter of 10mm.
will be solved. After the maize has been shelled the grains
fall through the ms rods and the cob.
Construction features
As we have made a low cost maize sheller for
Frame small and marginal farmers so we have done
some basic experiments by going to the level
The frame was made up of mild steel. The of a poor farmer, we have dried the maize in
overall dimensions of frame were 30 cm sun like most of the poor farmers do in our
length, 60 cm width and 105 cm height. The country and then we have tested our maize
sheller unit was fixed to this framework. sheller by feeding sundried maize through the
hopper.
Rotating wheel
The rotating tire produced two kinds of forces
The diameter of rotating wheel is 57 cm and namely impact and shearing which caused to
width is 18 cm. we have selected a worn out remove grains from maize cobs and kernels
wheel for this purpose. were collected at the bottom end of the outlet.
Two persons were engaged for these
Hopper operations, one for feeding maize cobs at
hopper and the other for rotating the pulley.
The hopper was fabricated in trapezoidal
shape and dimensions of 25 cm length, 15 cm The shelled grains were collected at the
width and 25 cm height. It is placed on the bottom of the outlet. Weight of whole grains,
outer casing for feeding the maize cobs broken grains and unshelled cobs from all
outlets were recorded and time of operation to
Concave calculate feeding capacity, shelling efficiency
and visible damage percentage, were also
Concave with 66 cm length and 2 cm recorded.
diameter opening and the clearance between
concave and rotating wheel is 3-6 cm.
The developed sheller was tested as per the
standard procedures (Indian Standard test
Outer cover
code for power maize sheller IS: 7052.1973)
for combination of various moisture contents
120 cm diameter with 3mm Mild Steel sheets.
i.e., 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 % w.b. and
different feed rates i.e., 30, 40 and 45 kg/h.
Working of hand operated maize sheller
These three feed rates corresponded to 90,
100 and 120 rpm of the cylinder, respectively.
The maize sheller is made of a used rubber
tire mounted in a metal housing with a
concave wire screen bottom. As the wheel is Weight of whole grains, broken grains and
cranked maize enter the space between the unshelled cobs from all outlets we rerecorded
tire and concave screen. In operation the and time of operation to calculate feeding
maize is fed into the clearance between the capacity, shelling efficiency and visible
worn out rubber tire and concave while the damage percentage, were also recorded.
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 31-38
Performance evaluation of hand operated Determination of total losses
maize sheller
Grain content
The performance evaluation of the machine
was carried out at six levels of moisture Ten samples (each sample not less than 1 kg)
content (10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20% w.b.), to of the cobs were taken at random.
observe the performance evaluation of
machine at lower moisture content i.e. 10% The grain was separated manually and the
w.b. taken, than the optimum moisture ratio of weight of grain and shelled cob was
content i.e. 12% w.b. taken as grain content. The average of the ten
samples shall be taken as grain and shelled
The hand operated maize sheller was tested cob ratio (IS: 7052-1973).
with local maize variety at six levels moisture
contents ranging from 10 to 20 % w.b. and Total grain input
feed rates of 40 kg/h at 90, 100 and 120 rpm,
respectively. Total grain input = Feed rate x Grain content,
kg
The weight of whole grains, broken grains
and unshelled cobs from all outlets were Unshelled cobs
recorded at the time of operation and feeding
capacity, sheller productivity, shelling Unshelled grain from all outlets with respect
efficiency and broken percentage were to total grain input, expressed as Percentage
determined by following formulas: by weight (IS: 7052.1973).
Sheller productivity Unshelled grain (%)
At each treatment, shelled grains weight and
the shelling time (T) in seconds were =
recorded, then the machine productivity (Mp),
ton/h was calculated as follows: Visible damage
Visible damage grains from the specified
Mp = grain outlet with respect to total grain
received at outlet expressed as percentage by
Where: weight (IS:7052.1973).
Mt = Mass of total grains in the sample, kg.
t = Shelling time, sec Visible Damage (%)
Efficiencies of sheller
=
Percentage by weight of shelled grains from
all outlets of the sheller with respect to total Results and Discussion
grain input and it is calculated by the
following formulae. (IS: 7052.1973) The maize sheller was tested at 6 level of
moisture content ranging from 10 to 20 per
Shelling efficiency (%) = 100 – percentage of cent w.b at a feed rate of 40kg per hour for
unshelled grains calculating the sheller productivity and it was
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 31-38
compared with the traditional method of operated maize sheller and manual method
maize shelling. The hand operated maize are 0.68 and 0.19, 0.64 and 0.14, 0.53 and
sheller was tested with local corn at six levels 0.11, 0.49 and 0.09 & 0.42 and 0.075 ton/h, at
moisture contents ranging from 10 to 20 % moisture contents of 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 %
w.b. and feed rates of 40 kg/h at 90, 100 and w.b. respectively (fig. 2). Here from (fig.3)
120 rpm, respectively. The weight of whole we observed that the shelling productivity
grains, broken grains and unshelled cobs from decreases with increase in moisture content.
all outlets were recorded. The results are
analysed for shelling efficiency, unshelled Shelling efficiency
grain (%) and visible grain damage (%) with
respect to different moisture content. Table 2. Shows the effect of rotational speed
and grains moisture content on shelling
Shelling productivity efficiency. It could be seen that the shelling
efficiency decreased with increasing the
The shelling productivity of hand operated moisture content and increased by increasing
maize sheller was found to be higher as rotational speed, where it increased from
compared to manual shelling all moisture 97.34to 99.43% at 10% moisture content,
contents at feed rate of 40 kg/h. The shelling from 96.08 to 99.01 at 16% moisture content
productivity (0.79 ton/h) is higher as and it increased from 94.25 to 98.88 at 20%
compared to manual operation (0.23 ton/h) at corn grains moisture content when the
moisture content of 10 % w.b. Similarly the rotational speed increased from 90-120 rpm.
shelling efficiency percentages for hand
Table.1 Details of the construction feature of manual maize sheller machine
Particulates Dimension
Frame 105 ×60×30cm
Hopper 25×15×25 cm
Outer cover 120 cm diameter
Rotating wheel 57 cm diameter, 18 cm width
Wheel Concave Clearance 3 – 6 cm
Concave Concave with 66 cm length and 2 cm diameter
opening
Table.2 Effect of rotational speed (rpm) and grains moisture content on shelling efficiency
Moisture content Rotational speed(rpm)
(%) 90 100 120
Shelling efficiency (%)
10 97.34 98.77 99.43
12 97.01 98.10 99.33
14 96.11 97.95 99.26
16 96.08 97.38 99.01
18 95.90 97.12 98.94
20 94.25 96.95 98.88
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Fig.1 Hand operated maize sheller with its CATIA design
0.8
0.7
sheller productivity(ton/h)
0.6
0.5
traditional method
0.4
0.3 hand operated maize
0.2 sheller
0.1
0
10 12 14 16 18 20
moisture content(%)
Fig.2 Shelling productivity at different mc and its comparisons with traditional shelling
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0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10 12 14 16 18 20
moisture
content(%)
Fig.3 Sheller productivity of hand operated maize sheller at different moisture content
A local corn sheller was evaluated at increasing rotational speed, where it
rotational speeds of (90, 100 and 120 rpm) increased from 97.34to 99.43% at 10%
and moisture contents of (10, 12, 14, 16, 18 moisture content, from 96.08 to 99.01
and 20%) of corn grains. at 16% moisture content and it
increased from 94.25 to 98.88 at 20%
The sheller productivity, shelling efficiency, corn grains moisture content when the
unshelled grains and grain damage were rotational speed increased from 90-120
determined. The most important results rpm.
obtained are summarized as follows: The unshelled grains increased with
increasing the moisture content and
By using the local corn sheller, sheller decreased by increasing rotational
productivity, shelling efficiency and speed, where it decreased from 1.03 to
the ranged from 0.075 to 0.79 ton/h, 0.49 % at 10 % moisture content, from
from 94.25 to 99.43% respectively. 1.44 to 0.62 % at 14 % moisture
The percentage of grain damage and content and it decreased from 3.23 to
percentage of unshelled grains ranged 1.86% at 20% corn grains moisture
from 0.49 to 3.23%, and 0.31 to 2.13 % content when the rotational speed
respectively. increased from 90- 120 rpm.
Shelling productivity of hand operated maize It could be seen that the Grain damage
sheller decreases with the increase in increased with increasing the moisture
moisture content, at 10 per cent content and increased by increasing
moisture content the productivity is rotational speed, where it increased
0.79 ton/h whereas at 20 per cent from 0.38 to 0.97% at 12% moisture
moisture content the shelling content, from 1.27 to 1.53% at 16%
productivity found to be 0.42 ton/h. moisture content and it increased from
It could be concluded that the shelling 1.47 to 2.13% at 20% corn grains
efficiency decreased with increasing moisture content when the rotational
the moisture content and increased by speed increased from 90-120 rpm.
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How to cite this article:
Sharmistha Sahu, Geetanjali Dhupal and Jogendra Soren. 2020. Design and Fabrication of a
Hand Operated Small Scale Maize Sheller. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(06): 31-38.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.004
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