Pre-historic art

ART HISTORY
(THE BEGINNINGS OF ART, WESTERN AND ASIAN Prehistoric cave art in Sulawesi, Indonesia was
ART) discovered in the 1950's. This art is of indigenous
mammals; a small water buffalo, a warty pig,
This unit is an overview of how art started to exist and a pig-deer, and hand stencils.
from the Prehistoric period up to the present Archeologists discovered their age to be
time. It focuses on the historical background of around forty thousand years, at least same age
art in terms of the various art periods and as the oldest known art in Europe.
movements, their characteristics, leading
contributors and influential works and significant It would mean that art was developed much
historical events. earlier than what humans thought, in Africa,
and that men carried the tradition with them as
The art of today is very different from the art of they move.
yesterday not only in terms of material use but
particularly in terms of the technique of Cave Paintings
execution. Even the viewers today are a lot of
different from that of previous decade and
centuries. The layman’s notion of a peak static
history is an illusion for history is interpreted and
shaped by each new generation to suit its own
needs. Art history it as much as projection of the
present as it is an authentic documentation of
the past.

So the focus only be on the certain points in

history that highlights event that are considered Seventeen thousand years ago, humans
to be important and evolution of art as people painted on the walls of the caves of Lascaux, in
know it today included in the timeline will be the France the realistic images of bison, bulls,
art period of movements, characteristics of the horses, stags, and other animals. They made
art period, popular artist and major artwork, and stencils of their hands, too.
the significant historical events
Stone Age (30000 – 2500 BCE)
The Beginnings of Art
It is a term used to describe a
- It begins around 44,000 years ago with period of history when stones were used
the first known cave paintings in Sulawesi, to make tools for survivals. Conjures
Indonesia that predate writing in the image of men and women dressed in
journey of human race skins, huddling a fire in a cave
- Art is a significant aspect of history since
it is one of the few things to survive. Though prehistoric humans would not
Example: Emphasis of the art during necessarily possess the complex rational
Medieval Era or Renaissance Period is the capabilities to tell their story through
war between regions or conflict written records and accounts, some
- It can tell us stories, express the condition artifacts in the form of cave paintings
and beliefs of an era, and lets us connect and sculptures would serve as the
to the people who lived ahead of us. “storytellers”

Lascaux cave in the south of

France are considered among the most
WESTERN AND ASIAN ART exquisite and well-preserved example of
Pre-historic. The painting are found on
Prehistoric and Ancient Art
the walls and ceilings of the cave. The
Prehistoric and ancient art were paint used were mixed of rounded
around 44,000 B.C.E. to 400 BCE. It can colored rocks and organic matter with
be considered as the art period that tree and sometimes animal blood as
includes cave paintings, fertility statues binder
and bone flutes to approximately the
There were also several cave arts found in
end of the Roman empire. A variety of art
Europe. This cave paintings from Indonesia and
styles were produced over this lasting
Europe have similar characteristics which affer
period. This Art period includes those of
to be prevalent and prehistoric times
prehistory to the ancient civilizations of
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the nomadic
tribes.
PREHISTORIC ART ANCIENT ART

• CHARACTERISTICS Ancient Art period includes the works found in

classical civilizations like the Greeks and Celts as
Cave paintings, fertility goddesses,
well as that of the early Chinese dynasties.
megalithic structures

• LEADING CONTRIBUTORS

Civilizations from Mesopotamia,

Egypt, Greece, and the Romans

• INFLUENTIAL WORKS

Sulawesi Cave Paintings, Lascaux

Cave Paintings, Venus of Willendorf,
Stonehenge

• SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Ice Age ends 910,000BCE-8,000BCE);

new Stone Age and first permanent
settlements (8000BCE-2500BCE)
Pyramids of Giza – the ancient engineering
works at Giza were so great and impressive that
even today scientists cannot be certain exactly
how the pyramid was built, yet historian have
learned much about the people who built them
and the political power necessary to make this
happen. It is said to be considered belong the 7
Wonders of the World.

- It is actually an interrelated or link in

mathematical value of golden ratio.

Colosseum – the Roman invented the Roman

art. The Roman art help the Romans to make
bigger bridges and aqueducts. These
aqueducts were responsible for making water
run into the towns and allow them to create
famous Roman baths. The baths were shared to
the public in a place were people gathered.
The bath was a large pool surrounded by many
Venus of Willendorf – it said to be the first shafts, restaurant, library, and sometimes a gym.
sculpture. - The Romans like the Greeks wanted to be
- This is the oldest surviving three- entertained so they built the Colosseum.
dimensional depiction of human This structure can accommodate
body. Approx 8000 – 10000 years approximately 50,000 people. In this
older than the image of Lascaux arena were held gladiator fights.
cave
- Archaeologists and historians vary in
their ideas of the function of these • CHARACTERISTICS
artifacts it might be fertility goddess or Religious and symbolic imagery,
a goddess that brings prosperity or decorations for utilitarian objects,
good fortune. mythological stories
Stonehenge – this is one of the most famous Mesopotamian - warrior art and
surviving Neolithic style structures that is narration in stone
located in Southern England. Today stand
with approximately the same configuration - Mesopotamian art features a distinctive
as it did around 1300 BCE. Most likely style in the sculpture. Texture of the figure
Stonehenge was constructed as a shrine, are achieved through repetition of lines.
the outer of its concentric rings has the Many freestanding as cultural relief were
distinction of being led out in exact created by Mesopotamian sculpture.
accordance with a directional path of the The most impressive work is the so-called
sun and the summer solstice. Portal Guardians. They are usually
presented as animals with human heads.
 Egyptian - Afterlife focus: pyramids
and tomb paintings; massive, monumental
structures.

- The Great Sphinx of Giza this is the

most recognizable statue associated with
ancient Egypt and among the most famous
in the world. The sculpture of a recumbent
lion with a head of an Egyptian king was
carved out of limestone on the Giza
plateau. This was probably the reign of
Khafre in the period of the old kingdom of
Egypt. It is seen by historians a seemingly
guarding the pyramids. It is the classical orders or the
architectural Greek orders. The classical
Greek and Hellenistic - Greek orders describe by the labels do not
idealism; perfect proportions; architectural merely served as descriptors for the
orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthians) reminisce of ancient buildings but as an
index to the architectural and aesthetic
Romans- Roman realism: practical
development of Greek architecture
and down to earth; the arch
itself.

The artwork of this time is as

• LEADING CONTRIBUTORS varying as the cultures that created it.
What relates them together is their
Civilizations from Mesopotamia,
purpose. Most of the time, art was made
Egypt, Greece, and the Romans
to narrate stories in a time when oral
• INFLUENTIAL WORKS tradition predominates. Art was also
utilized to decorate utilitarian objects like
Mesopotamian
bowls, pitchers, and weapons. At times, it
Code of Hammurabi; Standard of was also used to show the status of its
Ur; Gate of Ishtar owner, a concept that art has used since
time immemorial.
Egyptian
Superposed order is when
Imhotep’s pyramid; Great successive stories of a building have
pyramids; Temple of Rameses; The Great different orders. The heaviest orders were
Sphinx at the bottom, while the lightest came at
Greek and Hellenistic the top. This means that the Doric order
was the order of the ground floor, the
Parthenon; Myron; Phidias; Ionic order was used for the middle story,
Polykeitos; Praxiteles while the Corinthian or the Composite
Roman order was used for the top story.

Augustus of Primaporta; ASIAN ART

Colosseum; Trajan’s Column; Pantheon Hindu Art
• SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS This Art reflects the plurality of
Mesopotamian beliefs, Hindu Temples, which depicts
their architecture and where sculptures
Sumerians invent writing (3400 BC); are found, typically are devoted to
Hammurabi writes his law code (1780 different deities.
BCE); Abraham founds monotheism
Hindu Art is portrayed by holy
Greek and Hellenistic symbols like the Om, an invocation of
divine consciousness of God; the
Athens defeats Persia at marathon (490
swastika, a symbol of auspiciousness;
BCE); Peloponnesian
and the lotus flower, a symbol of purity,
Roman beauty, fertility, and transcendence. It is
believed that the Christian "Amen" and
Julius Caesar was assassinated (44BCE);
Islamic "Amin" are both derived from Om.
Augustus proclaimed emperor (27 BCE);
Diocletian splits Empire (CE 292)

Rome falls (CE 476)

Chinese Art

This art evolved through its history.

As political and social circumstances
changed and new technologies
developed, so did its art. Chinese artistic
styles are classified according to the
dynasty under which they were
produced.

The important qualities include a

love of nature, a credence in the moral
and educative capacity of art, an
appreciation of simplicity, a gratitude of
accomplished brushwork, an interest in
viewing the subject from various
perspectives, and a loyalty to much-
used motifs and designs from lotus leaves
to dragons.

The art forms most worthy to

mention are calligraphy and painting
though Chinese art also encompasses
fine arts, folk arts, and performance arts.

Japanese Art

Japanese art covers a wide range

of art styles and media, including ancient
pottery, calligraphy on silk and paper, ink
painting, kirigami, origami, and
dorodango sculpture, and, ukiyo-e
paintings and woodblock prints, and
more recently manga, a modern
method of Japanese cartooning and
comics. Japan’s art has frequently been
complicated by the definitions and
expectation established in the late 19th
and 20th centuries when Japan was
opened to the west.
ART HISTORY PART 2
ASIAN ART
CHARACTERISTICS
Serene, mediative, art, and Arts of the Floating World
LEADING CONTRIBUTIORS
Gu Kaizhi, Li Cheng, Hokusai; Hiroshige
INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Swastika, om
Wintry Forest, Level Distance
Cherry Blossom Ttime at Naka-no-chan in Yoshiwara

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Birth of Buddha (563 BCE); Silk Road opens (1st century BCE); Buddhism spreads to China
(1st-2nd century CE) and Japan (5th century CE)

Byzantine art is about religious expression and more specifically about church doctrine translated into
aesthetic forms.

Byzantine forms of architecture and painting was based on religious concern which made art uniform,
anonymous, and perfected within this austere tradition. Austere is the mercury sinful or cold in
appearance. The result was a sophistication of style and a spirituality of expression that rarely compares
with the art of the western tradition.

Ouster tradition is when people think it is boring, simple, dull and old in appearance. Because people
think that religion is a boring subject then religion is inline with ouster tradition.

BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC ARTS

CHARACTERISTICS

Heavenly Byzantine mosaics.; Islamic architecture and amazing maze-like design

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS

Rublev, Andre

INFLUENTIAL WORKS

Hagia Sofia. Mosque of Cordoba; The Alhambra

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Justinian partly restores Roman Empire (533 CE – 562CE)

Iconoclasm Controversy (726CE-843CE); Birth of Islam (610 CE); and
Muslim conquest (632 CE – 732CE)

The Virgin of Vladimir by Rublev comes from the Validimir mother of God. It comes from the virgin
mary and it is an illustration of the virgin Mary holding the child the child Jesus Christ. It was created on
1131. The medium that was used was an oil paints.
The Hagia Sofia is a Islamic Art is a muslim art that is contrasting to
Christianity. It is a temple.

MEDIEVAL ART (Middle Ages)

To some, the millennium from 400 and 1400 A.D. is considered as the Dark Ages, where the art in
this period were depicted as grotesque or brutal scenes while others where other were focused
on formalized religon. Most of the art created were melancholy.
- Grotesque makes the art bad looking, distorted figure , fasciful or bizzare.
Europeans art saw a transition from the byzantine period to the early christian period . Wthin that
from about 300 to 900, we also saw migration period art as germanic people migrated across the
continent. This barbarian art was outward by necessity and more of it was undertandably lost. As
the millennium past, the non-Christian and Catholic art develops and grows.
The period centered around elaborate churches and artwork adorn this architecture, it also saw
the rise of Gothic romanesque style of art and architecture.

SUMMARY OF MEDIEVAL ART

CHARACTERISTICS

Dark imegery
Biblical Subjects
Calssical Mythology
Gothic Architecture
Romanesque Celtic
Carolinin Renaissance

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS

Abot, Sagar, Shimabu, Gusio, Gyoto DI KO SURE SPELLING! DI KO

INFLUENCIAL WORKS MAINTINDIHAN SINASABI NI
SIR!
Crucifix
Lamentation of Christ
Saint Cernine
Durham Catheral
Chartres Cathedral
 SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENT

Viking range (793-1066)

Battle of Hustings (1066)
Crusades (1094 -1204)
Black Death (1347-1351)
The hundred years war (1337-1453)

Madonna and the child made by Gusio is same as the Virgin of Valddimir.

Ancient art is about beginning of civilization like the sprout of buildings,

infrastructure, and how it developed through civilized designs.

EARLY TO HIGH RENAISSANCE

This movement covers the period from 1400 through 1500, Renaissance literally means rebirth
and describes the resurgence of curiosity in the artistic achievements of Greece and Rome. The
famous 15th-century artist ike Brunelleschi and Donatello paved the way to the work of Voticellu
and Alberti. When the Hogh Reinaisance took over in the next century, the work of Da Vinci,
Michaeangelo, and Raphael emerged.
Most painting emerged from this period. Most of this are the famous paintings in the world.
Renaissance is in the pre period.
Renaissance talks about the develop in science, art, and philosophy. Revival of classical learning
and wisdom.
The increasing edification of society, through political stability, economic growth and
cosmopolitansim brough about the high renaissance. Education at its time took center stage, with
libraries andacademies that allowed empirical studies and research to be conducted into the
cultures of the ancient world. The arts benefited from the patronage of influential families.

CHARACTERISTICS

Rebirth of classical culture

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS

Ghiberti, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Boticelli, Leonardo,

Michaelangelo, Raphael

INFLUENTIAL WORKS

Ghiberti’s Door, Cathedral of Sta. Monica de Fiore. David,

Primavera, Mona Lisa

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Guttenberg’s invents movable parts (1447)

Turks conquers Constatinople (1453)

o Constantinople spreads Roman Catholic

Columnbus lands in New World (1492)
 o Christopher Columnbus is the man who traveled the world
Martin Luther starts Reformation (1517)
o Martin Luther spreads the religion called Protestantism

VENETIAN AND NOTHERN RENAISSANCE

In 1430-1550, a period of Northern Renaissance was famous

due to advance technique in oil painting, realistic, vivid
altarpiece art, wooden panel paintings, woodcuts, and
printmaking.
Stone culture was not extremely popular but the germans
boost up their wood carving
techniques so dutch art was governed by empirical
perspective, so dutch aim to get the basic capturing every
signle detail. Printers learn from direct observation and their
knowledge of the consistency of things.
Dutch art under the country of netherlands and germany.

VENETIAN AND HIGH RENAISSANCE

CHARACTERISTICS

The renaissance etends northward to France, Low Countries,

Poland, Germany and England

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS

Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Durer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan Van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden
o Jan Van Eyck is the first person who uses and spreads oil painting

INFLUENTIAL WORKS

Through the Looking Glass, Portrait in a Young Man in Red

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation (1545-1563)

Copernicus proves the Earth revolves around the sun (1543)

MANNERSIM

Mannerism (1527-1580) introduced a highly imaginative period in art after the climax of
excellence that naturalistic painting had attained in Renaissance Italy.
o Artist started to deviate from classical influences and turned toward the further
intellectual and expressive approach.
This ushered in a change form authentic portrayals of figure and subjects, a rejection of harmony,
and the development of a dramatic new style unconstrained by the graphic plane, reality, or literal
correctness.
o Radical asymmetry artifice and the decorative also applies this movement. Paintings and
composition can have no focus and space can be obstruct.
 The figures can be represented by an powerful twisting and bending with distortions
exaggerations, elongations of the limbs, bizarre postiring on one hand, graceful posturing on the
other hand and the rendering of the head as uniformly small and oval. The compositions are
marked by clashing colors which lacks the balance, naturalism, and dramatic colors of High
Renaissance.
o Mannerist artwork instability and restlesness with bondess for allegories that have la
sheboos

MANNERISM

CHARACTERISTICS

Arts that breaks the rules, artifice ober nature

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Tinoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
ST. Lukes, Summer
Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time by Bronzino
SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520-1522)

New discoveries in science had led society from humanist ideas and paintings no longer
considered man as the center of the universe but rather as isolated incidental and paricular great mystery
of life

BAROQUE ART

The word baroque means something that is elaborate and highly detailed. Baroque style (1600-
1750) is characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail udes to produce drama,
exuberance, and grandear in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The
defining characteristics of the Baroque style were real or implied movement, an attemp to
represent inifnity, an emphasis on light and its effect, and a focus on the theatrical.
o Implied movement is the repeated change in position, decrease or increase in size.

A member of technique were introduced or further established by Baroque artist to accomplish

these effects including quadro riportrato (fresco that incorporated the illusion of being composed
of a series of framed paintings), quadrature (ceiling painting). And trompe l’oeil techniques. This
allowed for a burning of the boundaries between painting, sculpture, and architecture that was
signature to the movement.
BAROQUE

CHARACTERISTICS

Splendour and flourish for God; art as a weapon in the religious

wars

LEADING CONTRUBITIONS

Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio

INFLUENTIAL WORKS

Palace of Versailles

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Thirty Years War between Catholics and Protestants (1618-1648)

NEOCLASSICAL

The Neoclassical Period is considerd a period of enlightenment. The movement started in Europe
in the 1700’s and spread into the colonies. The focus of this was on government, ethics, and
science which mvaries from the previous period that focused on religion, imagination, and
emotions.
Neoclassical art has a cleaner style, sculptured forms, a shallow depth of background and a more
realistic approach. Neocalssical paintign and sculpture involved emphasis on austere linear design
in the depcition of classical event, charcters and themes, using historically correct settings and
costumes.

NEOCLASSICAL

CHARATERISTICS

Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS

David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova

INFLUENTIAL WORKS

Philoctetes on Lemnos, Napoleon crossing the Alps

o Oil paint is the medium for the Napoleon crossing the Alps

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Enlightenment (18th Century; Industrial Revolution (1760-1850))

Napoleon crossing the Alps by David
 Romanticism

Romanticism (1750-1850) rapidly spread all over Europe and the United States at
the end of the 18th century to the 19th. The period extolled abstract, complex ideas like
despair, hope, heroism, liberty, peace, survival, and other impressions that nature evokes
in human beings. Romantic art concentrated on emotions, feelings, and moods to
challenge the rational ideal held so tightly during the Enlightenment. The subject matter
varied widely including landscapes, religion, revolution, and serene beauty. It also stood
counter to science in favor of spiritualism, deliberation in support of instinct, industry in
preference to nature, subjugation vetting on democracy and against aristocracy for
rusticity. The artists emphasized that sense and emotions - not simply reason and order -
were equally important means of understanding and experiencing the world.
Romanticism celebrated the individual imagination and intuition in the enduring search
for individual rights and liberty. Its ideals of the creative, subjective powers of the artist
fueled avant-garde movements well into the 20th century.
ROMANTICISM

CHARACTERISTICS
The triumph of imagination and individuality

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, Benjamin West

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Caernarvon Castle; Liberty Leading the People

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

American Revolution (1775-1783); French Revolution (1789-17990;
Napoleon crowned Emperor by French (1803) Fisherman at Sea, Turner
[Link]
Realism

Realism (1848-1900) is also called naturalism. The accurate, detailed,

straightforward depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realists rejected romanticism
which had dominated French literature and art late 18th century. They depicted people of
all classes in ordinary life situations which reflected the changes brought on by the
industrial and commercial revolutions.
REALISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Celebrating working class and peasants; air rustic painting

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Gleaners

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS The Gleaners, Millet

[Link]
European democratic revolutions (1848) francois/artworks/

100
 MODERN ART

The modern art refers to late 19th and early-to-mid 20th century art. Works
produced during this time showcase artists’ interest in re-imagining, reinterpreting, and
even rejecting traditional aesthetic values of preceding styles. Starting with light and airy
Impressionism and ending with energetic Abstract Expressionism, the modern art genre is
composed of several major movements.

Impressionism

This is the style of painting that emerged in the mid and late 1800s. The
movement emphasizes on an artist’s immediate impression of a moment or scene,
communicated through the effect of light and its reflection, short brush strokes and
separation of colors. Modern life is often used as the subject matter by impressionist
painters painting freely and quickly featuring short visible strokes-dots, commas, smears,
and blobs.

Post-Impressionism

Post-impressionism (1885-1910) bridged the gap between the restrictive

techniques found in the impressionist period and the emphasis on geometry found in
modern art. Post-Impressionism is an art movement characterized by a subjective
approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion rather than realism in their work.
While their styles passionately varied, paintings completed in the Post-Impressionist
manner share some similar qualities like symbolic motifs, unnatural color, and painterly
brushstrokes.
POST IMPRESSIONISM

CHARACTERISTICS
A soft revolt against impressionism

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Van Gogh, Gaugin, Cezanne, Seurat

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Starry Night, Pyramid of Skulls,
The Dream

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL
EVENTS The Starry Night, Van Gogh
Belle Epoch (late 19th Century [Link]
Golden Age; Japan defeats Russia e-starry-night/bgEuwDxel93-Pg?hl=en-
(1905) GB&ms=%7B%22x%22%3A0.5%2C%2 Arearea, Gaugin
2y%22%3A0.5%2C%22z Paul Gauguin - Arearea -
Google Art [Link]

101
 Fauvism and Expressionism (1900-1935)

Fauvism is a term to denote the use of distortion and exaggeration for emotional e ect,
which first surfaced in the art literature of the early twentieth century. The artists used
pure, brilliant color applied straight from the paint tubes to create bright effects from the
canvass.

Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist attempts to portray not objective
reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events awaken in
him. It is accomplished through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy
through vivid, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.
FAUVISM AND EXPRESSIONISM

CHARACTERISTICS
Harsh colors and flat surfaces (fauvism)
Emotion distorting form

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Matisse, Kadinsky and Munch

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Dancer Tilting, San Giorgio Maggiore at
Dusk

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Boxer Rebellion in China (1900); World
War (1914-1918)

The Scream, Munch Harmony in Red, Matisse

[Link] [Link]
0/works/munch_edvard_3.jpg [Link]

Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, Constructivism, De Still (1905-1920)

Cubism is an artistic movement, created by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. It

employs geometric shapes in depictions of human and other forms. Overtime, the
geometric touches grew so intense that they sometimes overtook the represented forms,
creating a pure level of visual abstraction.

Futurism is an Italian art movement that took speed, technology, and modernity as
its inspiration. It portrayed the dynamic character of 20th century life, elevated war, and
machine age, and favored the growth of Fascism.

102
CUBISM AND FUTURISM
SUPREMATIVISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM, DE STIJL

CHARACTERISTICS
Pre-post World War I art experiment; new forms to express modern life

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini, Malevich

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Old Guitarist
Malevich’s Self Portrait

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Russian Revolution (1917); American women franchised (1920)

The Black Square, Malevich Three Musicians, Picasso

[Link] [Link]

Dadaism and Surrealism (1917-1950)

Dadaism is the first conceptual art movement where the focus of the artists was
not to craft aesthetically pleasing objects but create works that upended bourgeois
sensibilities. It aimed to generate difficult questions about the society, the role of the
artist and the purpose of art. Dada artist are identified to use ready-made objects with
little manipulation.

Surrealism intends to channel the unconscious means to unlock the power of

imagination. Strongly influenced by psychoanalysis, the Surrealist’s considers the
rational mind repressed the power of imagination, weighing it down with taboos. It was
also influenced by Karl Marx in the sense that surrealists hoped that the human psyche
had the power to reveal contradictions in the everyday world and spur on revolution.

103
 DADAISM AND SURREALISM

CHARACTERISTICS
Ridiculous art; painting dreams and exploring the unconscious

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Duchamp, Dali, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
The Fountain, The Persistence of Memory

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Disillusionment after WWI; The Great Depression (1929-
The Fountain, 1938); World War II (1939-1945) and Nazi horrors; atomic The Persistence of
Duchamp bombs dropped on Japan (1945) Memory, Dali
[Link]

Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art

Abstract Expressionism (1940-1950) is an art movement of mostly non-

representative painting. It was neither wholly abstract nor expressionist and comprised
several fairly various styles. What integrated them in one art movement was an aim to
redefine the nature of painting.

The emergence and fast propagation of Abstract Expressionism turn out to be

possible owing to the following factors. First, was the coming to US of many modern
artist refugees from European autocratic regimes of 1930s and war disasters of 1940s
(Arshile Gorky, Hans Hofmann, George Grosz, Fernand Leger, Josef Albers, Piet
Mondrian, Marcel Duchamp, Yves Tanguy, Max Ernst). Second, was the advent of a new
network of New York museums and galleries that staged (for the first time in US) major
exhibitions of European modern art (Museum of Modern Art, MOMA was instituted in
1929 and increased its popularity by exposing collections of Cubism, Abstract Art, and
Dadaism. Dadaism, known also as Dada is characteristic of messiness and extremely
lively applications of paints. Its brush strokes exposed the artist’s process, this process is
the subject of the art itself.

Pop Art (1960s) is a movement marked by a fascination with popular culture

reflecting the a uence in post-war society. It was most prominent in American art but
soon spread to Britain. In celebrating everyday objects, the movement turn the
commonplace into icons. It is a direct descendant of Dadaism in the way it mocks the
established art world by appropriating images from the street, the supermarket, the mass
media, and presents it as art.

104
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM AND
POP ART

CHARACTERISTICS
Post WWII,: pure abstraction and
expression without form; popular art
absorbs consumerism
LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko,
Warhol, Lichtenstein

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Autumn Rhythm, Marilyn Monroe, Autumn Rhythm, Pollock
Campbell soup cans [Link]

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Cold War and Vietnam War (US enters
1965); UUSR suppresses Hungarian
revolt 1956); Czechoslovakian Revolt
(1968)

Campbell Soup cans, Warhol

[Link]

CONTEMPORARY ART

Contemporary art is the art of today, created by artists who are living in the
twenty-first century. Contemporary art provides a chance to reflect on contemporary
civilization and the matters relevant to us, and the world around us. Contemporary artists
work in a globally motivated, culturally diverse, and technologically evolving world. This
art is a dynamic mixture of materials, techniques, concepts, and subjects that question
traditional boundaries and challenge easy definition. contemporary art is diverse
characterized by the extreme lack of a consistent, unifying principle or ideology.
Contemporary art is concerned on personal and cultural identity, family, community, and
nationality.

Post Modernism and Deconstructivism

Postmodern art refers to a group of movements that began in the late 1950s and
early 1960s, during which artist rejected established practices and questioned the
importance of their roles in the artistic process. Postmodern artists use familiar images
from consumer and pop culture and mass media to confront or question art and society.
Their work has an irreverent almost mocking view of artistic importance.

105
MODERNT ART
POST MODERN AND DECONSTRUCTIVISM

CHARACTERISTICS
Art without a center and reworking and mixing past
styles

LEADING CONTRIBUTORS
Gerard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer, Frank
Gehry, Zaha Hadid

INFLUENTIAL WORKS
Orders of the Night; Abstract Art

SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS

Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles;
Communism collapses in Eastern Europe and USSR
(1989-1991)

[Link]
die-orden-der-nacht

Deconstructivism is a movement of postmodern architecture which appeared in the

1980s. It gives the impression of the fragmentation of the constructed building. It is
characterized by an absence of harmony, continuity, or symmetry.

The Canadian-American Frank O. Gehry is the most well-known proponent of

Deconstructivism building design. He is one of the prominent American architects of the
Postmodern era. Other deconstructivists include Daniel Libeskind, the firm Coop
Himmelb(l)au, Rem Koolhaas, Bernard Tschumi and Peter Eisenman. Astonishing
deconstructivist buildings include: Nationale Nederlanden Building (Prague),
Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao) and The Experience Music Project (Seattle), designed by
Frank Gehry; Hotel Porta Fira (Barcelona), designed by Toyo Ito; Seattle Central Library
designed by Rem Koolhaas; and UFA-Palast (Dresden), designed by Coop
Himmelb(l)au.

106
 Guggenheim Museum, Gehry Hotel Porta Fira, Ito
Wikimedia Commons [Link]
s/0b/92/dd/dc/[Link]

Activtity 1

[Link]: Do a historical timeline from prehistoric art to Contemporary art using a

powerpoint or slide presentation.

[Link] three (3) art pieces from different art movements that made a great impact to
you. Fill this table.

Title of Art piece Artist Art Movement Impact

Lesson 2 - The History of Instrumental Music

"Young people can learn from my example that something can come from nothing. What I have
become is the result of my hard efforts."- Franz Joseph Haydn

Instrumental Music

Instrumental music is a musical composition that is without lyrics, or singing, although it

might include some inarticulate vocals. This music is primarily produced by instruments. The

107
 LESSON 8: PHILIPPINE following is the list of National Artist of the
Philippines (as of April 2017) in the
CONTEMPORARY ART AND categories of architecture and Allied Arts,
Broadcast Arts, Dance, Film, Literature,
NATIONAL ARTISTS Music, Theater, and Visual Arts.

- The Order of National Artists is the highest

PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ART
recognition given to Filipinos who have
- Contemporary Philippine Arts is an art contributed significantly to the status of
produced at the present period, roughly Philippine arts, such as music, visual arts,
from 1970 up to the present time. The term literature, film, broadcast arts, theater,
“contemporary art” refers to art made dance, architecture, design, and allied
and produced by artists living today. arts. The recognition is sparsely given to
artists, with awards sometimes taking
- Contemporary, it is interrelated or place years apart.
synonymous to the word ‘modern’, what is
happening right now or the era today. - The recognition is sparsely given to artists,
with awards sometimes taking place years
- Massive progress in technology impacted apart.
the arts in terms of medium and
technique. The invention of computer - Fernando Amorsolo was the first Philippine
technology greatly influenced graphic National Artist in 1972 and since then only
arts and combined arts. 73 talented individuals have been given
this honor. He was the first recipient of this
- In sculpture and architecture, introduction award who has touted as the ground old
of new materials and innovativeness of men of Philippine art, his criteria is in visual
artists to try out new media, designs and art.
techniques commercialized the process of
plastic arts. Inventions of machines for - In order to be considered for selection, the
mass production and use of computer artist must meet certain criteria such as
software for architecture enabled to view work towards nation-building and has
their designs virtually in cyberspace. reviewed prestigious national and
international recognition.
- Even the audience have changed. The
impact of globalization, the internet and
social media strengthened - Since its inception in 1972, only 73
interconnectedness of people around the individuals have been conferred this
globe increasing the level of awareness highest honor of becoming a National
and understanding of other countries Artist of the Philippines. Of that number, 26
society and culture. were awarded posthumously, including
the first National Artist, Fernando Amorsolo.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTISTS - Originally, the recognition was called

National Artists Award, until it was
- As an artist has spent considerable time in elevated in 2003 by then-President Gloria
honing skill, establishing the relevance of Macapagal Arroyo to the rank of Order.
the body of his work and even gaining The Order is conferred to individuals by the
respect from his colleague in the art world, National Commission for the Culture and
he may be considered or nominated for the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of
award and citation. the Philippines (CCP) at a ceremony in
Malacañang Palace. The rank and title of
- The National Artist recognition is the a National Artist, although conferred by
highest individual award given to an artist the NCCA and the CCP, bears the power
who contributed works of significance to of a presidential proclamation.
the Philippine arts in their area of artistry.
This task is handled by the National - To date, the Philippines has conferred the
Commission for Culture and the Arts Order of National Artist to 13 individuals for
(NCCA) and the Cultural Center of the music, six for dance, eight for theater,
Philippines (CCP) and bestowed by the seven for architecture, design, and the
President of the Philippines. allied arts, one for historical literature,
seven for film, 14 for literature, and 17 for
- The confirmation of the National Artist visual arts.
Award started in 1972 through Presidential
Proclamation No. 1001 s. 1972. the
Privileges that a National artist awardee receive
are the following:

1. The rank and title as proclaimed by the

President of the Philippines
2. A medallion or insignia, a citation that will
be read during the conferment
3. Cash awards and a host of benefits.
Monthly life pension, medical and
hospitalization benefits, life insurance
coverage
4. A state funeral and burial at the Libangan
ng mga Bayani
5. A place or honor or designated area
during national state functions, along with
recognition or acknowledgement at
cultural events.
 LESSON 9: - Philippine - A basket is a must have for carrying
hunting animals, grains, and fishing in the
Indigenous Arts and waters. The baskets are made of bamboo
to become as their fish traps; the size and
GAMABA Artists the shape of the baskets are based on the
variety of fish they wish to catch.

Jewelry making
Philippine Indigenous Arts
- Since the 16th century, it is presumed that
- Creativity through craftsmanship is what jewelry making in the country already
Filipinos are also known. Many artisans existed.
across the country showcase different
unique crafts and arts that will surely catch - It is known that the skills of the early Filipinos
your interest. in creating jewelry are parented from our
Asian neighbors like the Chinese people.
Cloth weaving
There are two largest product classes of fine
- One of the most valuable living traditions
jewelry production in the Philippines:
that are still preserved until this day is the
cloth weaving. Threads or strands of • Metal Jewelry
material are passed under and over each
This jewelry is made of gold and silver
other.
which are in the forms of earrings, bracelets,
rings, brooches, necklaces, tie pins, pendants,
- Beginning in the pre-colonial era, the art of
and cuff links.
cloth weaving, particularly of the
Cordillera tribes in the North, still lives • Pearls
notwithstanding the threat of the more
practical production of fabrics today. The Pearls are considered precious stones
natives practice blackstrap loom to and as semi-precious stones. These are either
create blankets and pieces of clothing. unworked or worked types of pearls.

- Piña cloth is also created through looms

everywhere in the province of Antique. It is
a fine and elegant handwoven fabric that
is produced from the fibers of pineapple
plants.

- It is commonly used in Barong Tagalog, the

traditional Philippine clothes for men. With
its airy and organic textile, it is growing
more popular today and also around the
world.

- Another is the Abaca fiber which comes Pottery

from the Abaca plant. Abaca is endemic - Pottery are made from wet clay, then
and grown in the Philippines. It is woven hardened by baking. Pottery includes
mainly to produce sinamay fabric. Abaca both decorative and practical items such
is famous in manufacturing rope, specialty as bowls, dishes, vases and lamps. Pots in
papers like the currency, vacuum bags, the country have various shapes, sizes,
and tea bags. There are also handicrafts and designs. Their designs are typically
like furniture, carpets, bags, and clothing geometric with embellished nature motifs.
specially made out of Abaca.
- A model of this is the “palayok,” which is
utilized for cooking. The “Banga” and
“Tapayan” are also used for depositing
liquids. There is also the stove or “kalan”
which is made out of clay. The production
of “Burnay” pottery in the Ilocos Sur is yet a
spirited tradition that remains up to the
Basket weaving today.

- The Cordilleras mainly use baskets for their Woodcarving

occupation. They utilize them for food
- The Philippine sculpture is the most well-
storage too when they have to go to the
known art form of the Filipinos.
mountain terraces and farm their lands.
 - The most famous woodcarving in the Makati-Ayala. As a group, these folk and
Philippines is the carvings of the “Anitos” or traditional artists reflect the diverse
the nature gods, “Santos” or saints, and heritage and cultural traditions that
figures of Christ and the Blessed Mother transcend their beginnings to become
Mary. Accordingly, Paete in Laguna is part of our national character. As Filipinos,
considered wood carving capital of the they bring age-old customs, crafts and
Philippines since 2005. ways of living to the attention and
appreciation of Filipino life. They provide
GAMABA Artists
us with a vision of ourselves and of our
- The two major awards in Philippine Artist is nation, a vision we might be able to realize
Order of the National Artists Award someday, once we are given the
(Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad opportunity to be true to ourselves as
ng Sining), tasked with the administration these artists have remained truthful to their
and implementation of the Award is tha art.
NCCA and CCP (Cultural Center of the
Philippines, and Gawad sa Manlilikha ng - As envisioned under R.A. 7355, “Manlilikha
Bayan or the National Living Treasures ng Bayan” shall mean a citizen engaged
Award in any traditional art uniquely Filipino
whose distinctive skills have reached such
- In April 1992, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng a high level of technical and artistic
Bayan or the National Living Treasures excellence and have been passed on to
Award was institutionalized through and widely practiced by the present
Republic Act No. 7355. Tasked with the generation in his/her community with the
administration and implementation of the same degree of technical and artistic
Award is the National Commission for competence.
Culture and the Arts (NCCA), the highest
policy-making and coordinating body for
Well, these artist under GAMABA practice may
culture and the arts of the State. The
fall under the following category:
NCCA, through the Gawad sa Manlilikha
ng Bayan Committee and an Ad Hoc - Folk
Panel of Experts, conducts the search for - Architecture
the finest traditional artists of the land, - Maritime transport
adopts a program that will ensure the - Weaving
transfer of their skills to others and - Carving
undertakes measures to promote a - Performing art
genuine appreciation of and instill pride - Literature
among our people about the genius of the - Graphic and plastic art
Manlilikha ng Bayan. - Ornament
- Textile or fiber art
- GAMABA Artists In April 1992, the Gawad - Pottery
sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National - And other artistic expression of traditional
Living Treasures Award was culture
institutionalized through Republic Act No.
Award or incentive given to GAMABA artist:
7355. Tasked with the administration and
implementation of the Award is the - Specially designed gold medallion
National Commission for Culture and the - An initial grant of P100,000 and a P10,000
Arts (NCCA), the highest policy-making monthly stipend for life. This was later
and coordinating body for culture and the increase to P14000
arts of the State. The NCCA, through the - Benefits such as maximum cumulative
Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan amount of P750,000 medical and
Committee and an Ad Hoc Panel of hospitalization benefits
Experts, conducts the search for the finest - Funeral assistance/tribute fit for a National
traditional artists of the land, adopts a Living Treasure.
program that will ensure the transfer of
their skills to others and undertakes
measures to promote a genuine
appreciation of and instill pride among our
people about the genius of the Manlilikha
ng Bayan.

- First awarded in 1993 to three outstanding

artists in music (2 artists) and poetry (1
artist), the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan
has its roots in the 1988 National Folk Artists
Award organized by the Rotary Club of