i Mopule — 4 i — 7 9n an netmal ater, number of Prtonp Eyal 4o number of Elechons. ~ Hydrogen atom: one Electron and one poten ae cdound tha nucleus, { silicon: Iq e- ame evoluiog aie pliscibosss oy } 2 chk. Concept of Cl Total. —de-ficcencey —-eund. addltjon..of -Extexg e> tn SElectese change 6 the phys! guna peretd Ba | itep im i Pre- Dagperiteh | Rewkpn _prten Elechvo . 4 ie — Symbol bo * P = i iy a al Mass in } .bIsxi0 2 pepsin? > qorxion3) — 9. i t | | that Caw cb tb Experience Q forte pole plated cn 00 elec bomagetic felde jee sto tyres of Caiys unlie athe | > dite Apel Bool © atta, and chasge athsat gach ota. Voltage bo Current ie Analogy ¢ daibr > bomaicly gadis upper + Count, f 1 abe, from lonk cy te be +f a eee utey pipe: mad kad | Std Gited Can be grt’ back fo : / PSicbien by lennechiny gar nae pum 8, Conclusion sty +; flint, | Bray (tm pap Hom Laos egy) path (to ellen. tte base Kee tage > lepper tank ray Pobenhied 2 becawe if has Pleatal totino back to pesitien Uf ——rrrr we Connect & PIP" move a veo) oy ig The meaner _of Wolk aa Me wail Chage fom tu Ltabion 7 ma ’ y = Flow of e- & Called Lusseat 1 at =e p— ho dc flow t e- & ME Vrchon a : — oo Called dc Ant Magnitude of ty = __ OO 66 Posh Bemainy Constant: flow, L ga Vo tage ae ake 34 the rangi dude e wet Qiakent Remar Chanpuny wit Amey ib Glide palates, Coment LA Custent chick Beeps on. them sae neree! diveech'on ed | Obed) ae “nt \ ss 4 woe quot cant ao )© Limitations of ohm's law:— : y dt % vot appli@ble for 100 —Lureay Devices. Piodes, Zones dibdes, Requlotor, Volage Fgulo ov Small Electonres | vy St 4 net $0 much weul Lr non- metallic Com kuch es Srlrcon. He — Grophica | Re presen ten of ohm's law: — . — Consider a wire like windlcngs Fr & ONG aL ___. Vv <> RO acw Ends ‘Vv Alc oles daw , veEp pg = Constant. Hh\< RSE Ve doubled then £ alto bhouldl get | double, +o Prove that J will drawa graph V vetsus 7, > 3t Graph a sh Hine, Hen Ohm's dass. Valif otha wie Invalid . wafer graph we Can Glew DW stone $ material: netals that — ob ohm's Daw ede. L = ohm fe mnilenile © Colter} oer 2 Metal that doesn't obey ohimls Law are bls ‘non oleic malenals’ gy Semi —Conductor— LED bulbs. a nlitepe Cictatt, i onmis LAN: % a ~~ x re states that the pelental difference Gio! getnds of & Conductor 4 directly pwportional 2G (uarent fiovotng thioush it, prvicled iG tem peratane and ott pruprcal porametin, Aemarn uncharged Tat « Vat (on vee x The Constant’ of prportionalety "2" is Called tk Aeristance of the Conductor. Tt'® cunck ts ohm, x ohm i defined as the Hesistance which i a flow of one. Cuenpert of Ova fol 1 a politi difperence ef ene volt is apple] to tee Lesistane Anottar wong oF Stateng lw,” fas Tav or faBi. G— Cnductance ef Conductor, K Conductance is the Aelipweal ‘of Aesistane ; G> eB. # SI uni Conductante th 6) Hi pisiovered qb “Gem sewing oben tae Ohms lao tn Graphical Ferm: Voltage ts Shown as Inclepenctent variable Ff larsent at depenclent — varialgle. The Slope of lin & Atuprweal of Assistance (Yo) + &5 Called Conductan le + ZA Conductor having Sbaight hing yet chasacterist’e cs Said 70 have a Lénear fesistane -rned Ory Caatent flow v4 Bo By eg sapttnted ey Nod ey ] io k ; rarnent Cio 4 F vatape with no lu ib Creo) | ¥ fig: Gquivabend Creutt ©’ Same Caosint 2: flows Hetough the 3 Jesistnce Buistance The appli voltage vy must be Zaual to the Sim of N Gpeubion to the flow of Carsent theogh a, the 3 crdividual volloges Vi, % Vy. That L Conductor depends en ch aten of Crrsechin + ig Ve thet Ys = Se +P BIP A Lae So Bastang oF 0 Corelctow diveedly | proportion! to ils lengli (2) 4 Sowers peptic =i BIB) _.@ to it Lam Eyuivalent Certuatt, Pe, [de ata ef Ceets ‘Sectin (a): By Comp O10 a einai 4 anng 1 REPL ABID, a The Equivalent Aesistance of a numlser of | Re a Aeristantes Connected 0 Seris os Cyual to tHe > Besta od mali [ant ns oo 4 ee Aatcesn : tReet e, 2 p, esate om ot shot law D4 1m lbial Aetstances, acy’ yy sashete & © EL Cr Canntnt denaity) (Bie Coonected in Setisn, the Sauialenl Restart ‘Gane - Me io +B = pels a CL. — Pasallel Combination of Reristancen t ) E & TE = (eer electric pret at 5 3: ud z (ee a pout in tM aad & an esse 7 (hcsoscepit doen OF chet” fas i ASeits Combination of Resistancer+ ab for moe Aeristancen ot Said to be Conate led in cre Sevits, if Sume _Gustent flows thrush “them, Hh Pasallel —s Same voltage (acess Lach of Aes oed stents @ K Lf n chobical Reristance eth of | Aaa 7 | aw Connected tn pasallel gqyeimlant Aeris ig mieten of Resistance with tenperitine er metals —> 2 asthe temp. 2. ve temp. Cory. Prni= By SimiCerductor, Gerben, Electrolytes + Insulating rralesil spy 0s temp PA “ve temp. Cott Ro Bh RB [he a Cn w)] Temp. Coeffitink of 7esistor LA") network! / Cereuit Voltage Divider: 7 network eee of elements that z pay not have a clotec) path & Passtonte 2 4B Comecteds 4 © : 7 ‘oat a an mA Could ae elated pal Actwe + Cereus fave part passive Elemen 1 Casaent, Heoing tesoigh eas FACIE slements Supplts Enagy to ferric Buistante B jevices Such as oad. . network Ltke tes fume —> Dead nebuoork because ne : ; f 7 Enexgy Souwce ‘is’ there # Grengy ae Er depo! t] 4 nelepncten deal | be vel Bae leat, ab TEL a oes = B26 Independent Sources : + VS wage en Cs Samet ‘Searce =Souscepn in Series and parallel = yj a6) Tdeal voltage Source © q + + f F My wf TT atuy [> ddeal vs —» tneigy Source hae vou Leeoinal vottage “4 Constant Srey % oF Custent » Yeo alunys Remnant Gondant, bul DP Gen, ctake I aun vals dpending ey Le v \) Deal Curent Source d I, Fdeal Consent Source ‘delliers Contant Castent, TER Bepentent ef TE op Voltage F 2 per 5 she vo js Edel Sources prachcally nok potstble a wnttoge fonrce Prachial Current Sous 1 fF % i ices ToeBboeda Ja V4 Wa ay ye%o% MMR st ssPe eB erelbat"s (aur independant | aes ai er ee ean ta [et ta alts te ne da te tg BT gs Civeutt elements Connected] ’ aera ele de law dodt depend om the akin of the themen perwone:, cempouenTs *E ches aa of Gvtaih : ean be rnndilled vttom f “Blaezomet Heng : De mporunts at destrhy Vaan eel ants, Core aR stacy, the tongeoatN Die nif variables ore bE vas an “idlage actors the Cemponcal Sp Appltable to node, = applicable to keep 4 e eis lass of Conteration of rlao of Conservién Tr Eoesty | a ea a 1 a poasive [Ore ivthe's Curent tas £5 laws [Tenetion las Actiee se damute re gale TH Holt that algelmt sum of Oe “ake, oP Suyply Enstgy to postive ements ‘Toad ato piney a Creat 240609 hi of Catt Fy Ale Called deuce | fowi a function UW Equal ‘to dum of Cusuenty ee ain) = dt tbjen prowl Convection of cages ea me pee Gempertntirt sCapdcitantei(e) —feiads (F) wl petucuaabl of & porctin, te amnant of Pesye Pea as hata’ instant must be the dare ex tte op elage Teaing i } gaa = artle EHHak Boeant t+ soe chaye cs Aasponte. ts ‘spliel vellege @ 4 ‘ fsatben's velage Law (eve) [3 loa [dag las j ial aa c rds = Date te Me coy, Tiok th alpalnic chum of ltages cs round ai cleted leap & Grcutk is 2Ho cx Ghat My 20 : E, + Bletve pesmi sun og wage dep = Som of Valige te parte pent pita bai. plat n-Vn20 —> VEYrve A— Area’ ot plalésuce 4. everay gent du 1 a # i “ ENERGY : work has to be done in traneferring yet te Gineigs on elects 26 the Coment is Erle the pest “in Gubbck, WERE of eo eledant "thine mci GY dose” Behe — sragy Saad be ET ad 5 detvong tha. Cadsenl thasagh “the thou. iS Eoal forte “i deleverion” fnatgy | 4 che And ns es eT the Caste is eaving the tve Tamil te | Elinent is delivery math te te Cabana) CH. unit of Emajy i joule (7), 1 AEs bared aw arr a BD elamart eae by Element ig, deltvers por Enepy 7 POWER | Ay Element have voltage Vv acsets it. A Gipall dhaye Ay is ereved thacugh, the Element Prom tie (ote teaminal te ve“ texmninal~ iy tine Te The Ensgy AW absorbed) by the Elemest & Hag press gir by Aw = Vat Ay 4 a Wet Am (=) be aw oa _ tS, Ge = ve GE Wy = y ob “de ra Hi Pale of ching work Called power , Und > tO). pyye > poner sbserbe => power delivered Pose Di Hee poser vast of rene The zecesProblems one A Col tooalsla of 2000 bisng of Copper Ol re have Cromectronal area ef 0.4mm The meah Lengths Per tian 16 Goem 4 resishvily of CU Bb C02 Mn-=~m. find the vresistante F Gu Given | AP = 2000 A= 0.3mm = 0. ¢¥ (10°3)* mm = 0-§ x107 & me. Mean lecythy] +4futn = $otm = O-8rn, € = 0.021 R-m. R=2 Leng tis ef 2000 fin wire = 0.G%x 2000 4 = 1600m, Re — = 0192 10% x E00 94° Crcluchs vorre has a resistance of Tr whats the Lesistance of another yporre of the Same’ material but having halt the dian 4 y times the lang tir. Soe Bos:eet Ra = JOR soe wae Sai I a foe +Rude Dyimoo 3 Absistances Hews at vitev, Poy > wtets0 ~ 60 =Y. b eae ae = Ay Hy vottage aceets € = TXB, = 1x10 = 10¥ i Q 2 fees re20 = 20v | = Drs tso = 30M, | (ce) | by wing Cutten divs te | ‘ vie, 7 F | uSaidvtdes toc hacque dabirmrcne 44, 5 pb Setinna in Ceteach. 8) Calculate the Supply Current Se dissipale tangy ak 12 Vy Velnge auae, ta by wiry Guster chv'ster tule, », z. mee Vting vetiagt divider & Cruent clive " hdiess A Grunt civtlee fer dete Nigteron Cantante thangs per feastant, Go Grtuch At, 4 Bd the | mapestae 8 2 4'e y3, 16: Delzimin the Cattnt 3, the posal branes Sa Be bea x(totse) (Hest) lbeo BS toe “kB Ty = 0-5.) = = ay cow, aov Sight bulbs, ave Connected a iv Line Bay the voHaye actrees Bach (6) total power a nt Oe in je 3 bulbs, Di sach bate have Lome 6 Pasting So aeriviaoee F te ach ce & ce. = 4 sv rev =Oster is 2A. Fe ether Aen'stor £ volbage. se | 3 v oe Bm, By By 22 waiter a, 6 WE 5x6 = 2ve2 BV. Ts iny , Carent through, a, f,- 2%, aoa Wobiee aciets He Afeo, Y= Vel dage 0 HEA FibHge lhe YL VoHage accor ¥ 82 20 Vie AX + 8x2, + 8x2; 2 UxES+ ane 9x 4ev vVa ngtY) =O. Victpriy 2 8 > 38" te : ©5,-04 gee i estas “ Ri i ~ v= SV] Ape Kel at Lytt, attly bel at node \o° TatBs= a, Ty = 4 = -34 Aepy kel at wode “eo” ¢+2,= 2, | 341-209-304) + Eby 19) =0 Hh, $$ rb Dy + 4820.0 iaealy 6 Abe De 3 = 2, 29, =54 -73, sito. => tyne ak “vc ene Ms ee Dat4y- = [rego. sali” Sys — (y-12) = > (4242) Ine FA = Vy = a(4y+6) = A(y 246) = 20-bv Vy = 3G * 3@ae) = feylo, Shown 3 wrehold'S daw fina sunt al are fon, : ors; ee ie Gost i of oe ghee: Be B soe ned $e fend =p PASS) 8HE,-2.) —d05,-7:)-0 1g BEN +H, + 207; so 0H) bape Fes 1500s) -20 ST, -352, +153; —ovoat —c101(5-b0) —203(0) - 21 (G-120) ~001(6-2) T3389 Fo 3194, Te a 0025-40) = 4 ql 2 = 3A 4 ;pet Ua fe a yy 3G H5 8, - af, 488; — B+ a5, -0f, 425,20 0 kM bor oop PE aah sea Seep { TH (G-H) G4) 64; =0 S-Ty+h, — 2854 37, 695 20 wen a8 on eat) ° Aimy ev Apply irchet 4's Law to find! -the polenta! Siete 92? 2) 0 4 $ Uibiteence Hie 9 4 Shown fe nf. s way 10 hed, +30- My = Pel A ast i? ue i sa i 6e5,480-Nb 0 a Sa * boo dor bye 19> Mine OY gov Sy 14a te cot das oh, hoa y wn) oo dear & Lo scey KVL applied fo feop-2, — arly vl Be beep 58,035, Ly so —> pr, aa + 38. Hb 5-59 Gosdes x x Bw ees , it 33,435, 2,47, by io 5] esPa FO fag = (248) [1698 ‘ 44>, _ Sate : t TSHR. E 666 toe Wee x BS tetel postr dissipated im the Grceutt hewn below 3 ps covers DP Bw ert” et fas De = wr3= Be $2 Guen priew fone BR peVeL a iee ore fia = PE i fe eotest, Caeabts te velo op Gattey Pe Bo sen jhe por ee tent, Gill Sale = 12 (eas) Rs hen te total Gaatent tater WY Ye 2apg * SRt 274 = pH 142 5 12]] enty Given, pew = pains 95) —7- 24 v 8 } 2 2s ba Care ae | La ee ee > H 2 yng e426 oe Pye Me Ret te eS fod the ameunt of Custent : EEE ert Re EE ee Achat A tocbin, 7 ore leauge = 166 Ke Blinn He tushy yin vadiew brartles Bien my a of S022 —a0s{t-m) -nes( 40) TOES =a Le Weteay wid balls Gh ¢ Ex hamry emt's Ob gy y oe 8 at ay Aepechiely with Peed wil Fake Goce es pada ou 9 SA Livstenes Cole lel O comer aan Bath battery | Htamcnal voltages Ofpatnt Maen fed oFA SIS 8H 5,437. rah 2D 0) i = Naa Cust Tuo patalid aortic Tevig Bf 20} 0.0454 Bon prrpectiveby , Conotcledl ce Series inne tie G4 2 tangh sal 6 3t, fd Uy Tron t Baa] iy wtiop actos th wtule cat Gi, otal paver + Pome BT ig att Tee aise VY Teawiinal welts Ug e 5 L+ [= V tae toy battens wt Clima evils 05+ 1 Aan, cee) te paul tg faites of 30. B phil ORS tell: bel “eT Sepeld by eile, & pevyc's a3 = Fsn = G3)* = 1350 | Bag = 2930 > Boa = Ces 20= 64.8% ~ 43.2 YAGien te nfs Ghusn ofp, demure 2, 6,345 TOV aus qa kavYa 2 2 ‘— Given, 7 - 2h - 34 a = thao q 7 n Pete ee my} ge 22S 23 => 8i> aH 76 — > 3- B4+2Y4 = [2A parm ©) t2.23e2, 2 Jy = 2A rn Ve = ty, By aE ogg |2x6So) Apply but for Loop ~) av 22/4 g —32,-22, 20 = TE bs Loop-2 pete CEA DES uw 6-—4T,-62,-0 I2-4T, 40P, ny £=107, (2crad, 206A Trs ogsay Goo ike ey =13.03y Vv. TT, -l2 —-42, =0 pgs Att ! = Vy