YEAH IELTS FUNDAMENTALS 07 2021 TASK 1 – PROCESS
YEAH House – 115 Trần Hưng Đạo, Tam Kỳ
Phạm Văn Nhân – 0984 351 477 March 14, 2022
I. READING
Exercise 1: In this exercise, you will read a passage and then answer the questions that follow. The suggested
time for reading the passage and answering the questions is 15 minutes.
A Giant Step for Artificial Enzymes
1. Chemists in Britain have come a step nearer to building an "artificial enzyme" molecule
which could speed up some reactions that are useful to industry.
2. Jeremy Sanders and his colleagues at the University of Cambridge have designed and
synthesized a large cyclic "receptor" molecule, which makes one such reaction proceed
almost 60,000 times as fast as usual. The receptor is similar to another built last year by
the same team (New Scientist, Science, 1 February 1992). It consists of a ring of three
porphyrin molecules linked by bridging chemical groups. Each porphyrin molecule
contains a zinc-ion at its centre. The central cavity of the new receptor is slightly smaller
than before, and the researchers have also anchored pyridine groups to two of the zinc-
ions to act as bonding sites.
3. Sanders and his colleagues have used their receptor to speed up and control the products
of the so-called Diels-Alder reaction, a mainstay of chemical synthesis. The reaction
occurs between two molecules – a "diene", which has two carbon-carbon bonds separated
by a single bond, and a diene-seeking molecule, or "dienophile". In the right conditions,
these two molecules transfer the electrons involved in their double bonds from atom to
atom to form new bonds that complete a ring of six carbon atoms with a single double
bond. The creation of such six-membered rings is the crucial first step in making many
pharmaceuticals and agrochemical.
4. Some Diels-Alder reactions are too slow to be useful industrially. The researchers,
therefore, designed their receptor so that it would hold the diene and dienophile, via the
pyridine (Py) groups, in the right positions to react quickly. According to Sanders, the
receptor acts like a "molecular reaction vessel in which the effective concentration of
reactants can be increased dramatically, so allowing a fast reaction".
5. Normally, Diels-Alder reactions produce a mixture of two products. But because in the
receptor the reactants are forced into a specific orientation relative to each other, only one
of the two possible products can form.
6. Sanders hopes to modify the receptor to bring together in the cavity two molecules that
do not normally react. This could lead to be the synthesis of compounds which everyday
synthetic chemistry cannot make.
IELTS FUNDAMENTALS 072021 - Page | 1
YEAH IELTS FUNDAMENTALS 07 2021 TASK 1 – PROCESS
YEAH House – 115 Trần Hưng Đạo, Tam Kỳ
Phạm Văn Nhân – 0984 351 477
7. The receptor differs from an enzyme or other catalyst in one important respect. Only a
tiny amount of an enzyme is needed to make a reaction thousands of times faster, but
large quantities of the receptor are needed to make a significant difference to the speed
of a reaction. However, Sanders is confident that in the future his team will be able to
increase the turnover or able to increase the turnover of reactants by designing new
features into the receptor. This would reduce the amount of receptor needed to speed up
a reaction by a given amount. The researchers report further details of their results in the
latest issue of Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (p. 458)
Question 1-6
Match the following headings with appropriate paragraphs. Note there are more headings than
paragraphs. The first has been done as an example.
A. British chemists' achievement (example)
B. The creation of six-membered rings
C. Products produced by Diels-Alder reactions
D. The large receptor molecule designed by British chemists
E. The drawback of the receptor
F. The Diels-Alder reaction
G. Fast reactions due to the receptor
H. Further efforts to be made on the receptor
Example: Answer:
Paragraph 1 A
1. Paragraph 2 ……………
2. Paragraph 3 ……………
3. Paragraph 4 ……………
4. Paragraph 5 ……………
5. Paragraph 6 ……………
6. Paragraph 7 ……………
Question 7 – 9
7. How fast can the receptor molecule make reactions proceed?
…………………………………………………………………
8. What is the mainstay of chemical synthesis?
…………………………………………………………………
9. What is crucial to making many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals?
…………………………………………………………………
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YEAH IELTS FUNDAMENTALS 07 2021 TASK 1 – PROCESS
YEAH House – 115 Trần Hưng Đạo, Tam Kỳ
Phạm Văn Nhân – 0984 351 477
II. WRITING TASK 1 – PROCESS/CYCLE
A process can be thought of as a series of actions or changes that happen in a set order
to produce a desired result. Or, put more simply, a process shows you how something is
made or changed in some way.
Spend a little time looking at the diagram below, and think about how you would write
an introduction. You can see that writing an introduction for a process is going to be very
different from a regular Task 1 introduction. You do not need, for instance, to compare and
contrast anything: there is no time period, no units to consider and no groups or categories
to list.
Wood logs Paper &
Wood Chips PULPING pulp PAPER MAKING Paper Board
Recycled Fiber
Market Pulp
All you need to do is explain very clearly what kind of process this is. In this case, how
paper and paperboard are made. You could, therefore, write something like:
• The illustration highlights the various stages involved in the production of paper and
paper board from three original ingredients.
or
• The diagram details the different steps needed to produce paper and paper board from
three original ingredients.
BASIC STRUCTURE:
Introduction: paraphrases the question
Overview: summarize the number of stages and how it begins and ends
Detail 1: describe the process step by step
Detail 2: describe the rest of the process (step by step)
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YEAH IELTS FUNDAMENTALS 07 2021 TASK 1 – PROCESS
YEAH House – 115 Trần Hưng Đạo, Tam Kỳ
Phạm Văn Nhân – 0984 351 477
Sample: The diagram below shows how orange juice is produced.
Introduction: The diagram illustrates the process of producing of orange juice.
Overview: There are various stages in the process of making orange juice, beginning with the
collection of fresh oranges and ending with the distribution of packaged juice to
supermarkets.
Body 1: Firstly, oranges are picked, loaded onto trucks, and delivered to a processing plant
where they are thoroughly washed by a machine. Following this, the juice is
extracted from the oranges by a squeezing machine, and the solid waste, including
orange peels and seeds, is collected and used to feed animals. The squeezed juice can
then either be packaged and sent to the supermarket, or transferred to another
factory to undergo an evaporation process.
Body 2: During the evaporation process, the fresh orange juice is processed by an evaporator
machine where the water is removed. The concentrated juice is then canned and
transported to a warehouse before being combined with water again. After that, it is
packaged and distributed to supermarkets, ready to be purchased.
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YEAH IELTS FUNDAMENTALS 07 2021 TASK 1 – PROCESS
YEAH House – 115 Trần Hưng Đạo, Tam Kỳ
Phạm Văn Nhân – 0984 351 477
- You could describe the steps in one paragraph, but it looks more organized if you break
the description into two paragraphs. Just start ‘Detail 2’ somewhere in the middle of the
process.
- Mention every stage in the process.
- Use sequencing language (at the first/second/following/final stage of the process, next,
after that, finally…)
- Use present simple tense.
- Use passive voice because we do not need to know who delivered the product.
▪ VOCABULARY TO DESCRIBE:
- First(ly) – Second(ly) - Then – Next – Final(ly)
- Before – After
- Following/Followed by
- Afterwards
- Once
- Subsequent/Subsequently
- During
- While/At the same time
- At the first stage of the paper-recycling process, recycled paper is collected. Then, some
water is added and the mixture is left for an hour.
- At the subsequent stage of the process, the mixture is soaked for an hour.
- After that, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards.
- After being soaked for an hour, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is
formed.
- Before being beaten for about 45 seconds to form a pulp, the mixture is left for an hour.
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards. Once it is ready,
the pulp is poured into a shallow tray.
- The mixture is soaked for an hour. Subsequently, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds
until a pulp is formed.
- At the following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water is also added.
It is then mixed by hand.
- Having been poured into a shallow tray with some water, the pulp is then mixed by hand.
- Finally, the new paper is left to dry in a warm place for at least 24 hours.
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YEAH IELTS FUNDAMENTALS 07 2021 TASK 1 – PROCESS
YEAH House – 115 Trần Hưng Đạo, Tam Kỳ
Phạm Văn Nhân – 0984 351 477
The diagram below shows the recycling process of plastics.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the
main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
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