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Trigonometry (David Rayner)

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243 views30 pages

Trigonometry (David Rayner)

Uploaded by

casey66214
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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  • Trigonometry: Introduces the fundamental concepts of trigonometry including its historical context and basic elements.
‘Leonard Euler (1707-1783) was bor near Bose in Sizer ‘ut moved to St Petersburg in Rusia and later to Berlin, He had an amazing fait fo gues but delighted in speculating nthe eles ‘of pure intellect. In tigonometry he introduced the ue of smal eters forthe sides and apt frthe angles of rangle. He also wrote, {Rand efor the rads ofthe inscribed and of the circumscribed icles a the semi-peimete, giving the beaut formal 4s= abe Serr pes Perseay means ert earn new Malye sete et 6.4_Right-angled triangles “The se oppo the sight angles calle the hypotenuse (ve wll use H) 1s the longest side. “These opponite the marked angle of 35" scaled the oppoite lo (ve willuse 0), “The other sie calle the adjacent (we will use A). Consider two triangles, one of which san enlagement . tthe thee 2 isle that the rato © wile the same in both 4 triangles Sine, cosine and tangent “Thee important functions ae defined a falls: is important tog the eters in the rght oer Some people Find simple sentence help when the rs eters af each word describe sine cosine oe tangent and Hypotenuse, Opposite and Adjcen. Am example Silly Old Harry Gang A Hering Trawling Of Afghanistan, eg SoH For any angle the values fr sin 2,608 and tan x can be found sing a ealelstr, : Exercise 1 e 1. Drawa cre of radius 1Dcm and construct tangent to touch the cleat a Draw OA, OB and OC where AGT = 20° sor=a0" : cOr=s0° -Measare the length A and compare it wth the vale for tan 2° given on calculator orn table. Repeat for BT, CT ad for ther angles af your awn choice Finding the length of a side Example 1 Find the side masked x 4) Label the sides ofthe tangle H, 0, A (in brackets). 1) In this example, we know nating about H so enced the function involving O and A. tan 254°= 22% A 10 6) Salve fe x= l0tan254°=4748 x2475em(to3st) Example 2 Find the side marked = a) Label HO, A. = 0 anai=2-24 aa 2 assy ex(in313")=74 7A 33 “Teka aa Exercise 2 Inquestions 140 22 ll lengths are in entioetee, Fin the sides marked th eters. Give youransiers tothe sgnifcant igus. 8 \ : 6) theangle AVC © 5. Inthe wedge shown, PQRS s perpendicular to ABRQ: PQRS sand ABRQ rerectangles with Al fs R= 6 m, BR=Am, RS=2m. Find ©) angle sR ) amgleask . 6) angle Pas, >= a 6. the ees ofa are dem, em and 8 em. ld the length 7 ofa diagonal and th angle it makes with the dagonal onthe laxgest face eis atone Ba 7 nthe diagram A, Band Oa pints in a horizontal plane ‘and Pisvertialy above O, where OP = hm. |. Aisdue West of 0, Bis due South of and AB=60 m. The |, ‘angle of elevation of P fom 4 is 25° andthe ange of elevation ‘of Pom Bis 3 4) Find the length AO ia terms fh 1) Find the length 30 in terms fh he 1) Hind thevalue of 8. Theangle of elevation ofthe tp of towers 38° from a point Ade South af The ange of elevation ofthe tp of the tower fom another point B, due east ofthe towers 29°. Find the height ofthe toweriftheastance AB is 50m, 9, Amabuerver atthe op of tower of height LS m ses a man ‘due west of him at an angle ofdepesion 31% He sees another ‘man due south aan ange of depression 17. ind the distance " ets the men 10. The angle of elevation af the tap ofa tomer is 27" from point Adue cast of it The ange of elevation af the top ofthe tower 15 11"from anther poi 8 due south ofthe ower Find the height ofthe tower ithe distance AB is 40m, ™ fn 11 "The igre shows triangular pyramid on a orizontl base ABC, Visyertcaly above B where VB= IO em, ABC= 90" {and AB= BC=15 em, Point Mis the midpoint of AC. (Galea the size of angle VB. 6.4. Sine, cosine and tangent for any angle So ar wehave used sine cosine and tangent onlin ight angled triangles For anges greater than 9°, we wll see ‘hat there isa lose connection between trigonometric rafioeand etles “The itleom the right sofas Luni with centre (0,0). point P with coordinates (3) moves round the creumferenee ‘ofthe circle, Te angle that OP makes with the postive asi ssitturnsinan antilocwie resto Intriangle OAR cos @ Ea “ and sino = % and “Thes-coordinate of Piscosd, “The ycoontiate of issn “Tieden is used to deine the cosine and ‘thesine of ny angle including angles rete than 90", Heels an angle thats grester thin 9, A graphics calcultr can be used to show the graph oy =sin for any range of angles “The graphs below show © ys. for: from 0 to 180" The sine curve above the ass Ins reflective symmetry about x= 90" y= 08 for + fom 0 to 180°. The cosine curve has rotational ‘Symmetry about x= 9, and coe 06 10° = 20870" be sins =sin (180°) ‘cons -cos(180°—) “These two esl are particularly important for use with obtuse anges 00" << 180") in Sections 65 and 66 when applying the ‘ne rl formula the cosine rule formal “The grph of =tan ie diferent to thot for sine and cosine ooking at the unit circle atthe bottom of page 2, you can see that tan = and when 8 =99 the ycoordinate is er, This ‘means that hen you tr to cleuate tn for 8=90" you divide by zero, Hence tan is fined when &=90°- This shown on the graph asa vertical dotted line throigh 90°. Thieline i called snasymptote, Exercise 8 1a) Useacaleulatr to find, correct to 2 decimal places where ‘necessary the cosine fall anges, 37, 60", 360" 1) Dra a graph fy confor 0” 4 36", Use a scale of em 0" on the asi and Sem to 1 uniton the yas 2 Draw the graph f= sin. sig the same angles and uals an ‘question 1 2. Draw the graph ofy=tan for O° < 2 360" Choose the angles ‘you use to caleulate the tangent and your sales afl ‘Check your graph using a graphical caeulator if posible Inguestions to 2 donot wea calelstor: Use the symmetries of the gap y=sin-,y=cos rand y= tan 4 Tfsin 18° = 0.309, give another angle whos sine 0.38, 5: Ifsin 27" = 0454, give ancer angle whose sine 0488, 6 fxn 230° =-0766, give another angle whose ine k-0.766, 7. Give anther ange which has the same ine as a ») 130 9300" .tfcos 71° =0342, give another angle whose cosine is 0:42 9. cos 105° =-0.289, give another angle whose cosine -025, 10. 1fc0s20°= 040, give two angles whose cosine s~.840, 1. tftan 36°= 0.727, give another angle whose tangents 0.727 12. [fan 12° =-2475, give another angle whose tangent e245, 13, Sole the ellowing equations. Give your answers inthe Inter = x= 360" 3 . ame Borman a dere 9 eee neat 14. Sole the ellowing equations Give your answers inthe Interval 0" = x= 360" a) 2sin b) Scorxe2 od) ta. 8) 143sinz=0 —) Seosxt4=D f) 4¢3un¥=0 B si $30 =e) tans 4559=1 15, Find ve solutions ofthe equition eae snd 180" B Hasrenety 6.5 The sine rule “hnsne oe blr nin clea ses endeglerinsome : triangle ert iene ight angle. In AARC we the coment hat 4 " ssthesde oppose Bathe side oppose Either igh” aa” an hl Hod _siaB _ sinc Te 7 {Use [when nding sda [2] when nding mangle Example 1 Fade Jf \ew 9 cm (a3 86) Although we cannot have an angle of move than 90° ina cightangled tangle isstill useful a deine sine, ‘cosine and tangent for these angles. Fr an obtuse angle x, wwe have sinx= sin(80—3), ‘Most people simply usea calculator when finding the sine ofan obese angle ase feanae Exercise 9 Far questions 106, fnd each side marke with eter. Give answers corect to significant figures. 1 2 2 7. ImAABC, A =61", B47", AC=72em. Find BC. 8 InAXYZ, 2=32%, ¥=78",X¥= Stem, Find XZ. 9. In APQR, @ a 10. In ALMN, i Ea “ In questions 11 to 18 find each angle marked ~All lengts arin cetietes. My ek Co ees 19. Inaanc, A= 6,nC=8,aB=7. Fad. 20 AXYZ, $= 97.9,XZ=22.XY =14. Find’. 21, InADER, B= 57, EF=72,DE=54. Find? 22, InALMN, {= 127.8 LN= 1L2, LM = 73. Find 6.6 The cosine rule ‘Wout the sosine rl when we have citer 4) twostesand the included angle ob) allthree ide. “There are two forms, x 1, Tofind the length ofa sie @=B +E (beeosA) +0 (2aecosB) or aa! +b (abeosC) 2 ToSind an ange when given al thee sides Becow Foran obtuse angle we ave cos =-cos(180—). Examples cos 120° =—cor 60" = ~~~ Example 1 Find &. +e ~(2accosB) +51 — (2285 xeos 1124) en 64+ 25-[s0x(-03746)] 64+ 25+ 29.968 . (Note the change ofsign for the obtuse angle) = ViTR965 =109'em (tos) Example2 Find angle. eae, a Exercise 10 Find the sides marked" All lengths rein centimetres. 8, InAXYZ,XY =30m,YZ=3em, Y= 90° Find XZ. 9, InALMN, LM=5.3cm, MN =7.9 6m, i= 127°. Find LN, 10, APQR, Q= 117°,PQ=80 cm, QR= 10cm. Find PR. In questions 11 to 16 find each ange marked” un a * mR IN Wr. In AADC 18. InADER 19. In aPQR,p 20. In ALM, 21 In aXv2, 22. InAABC, « 23. InaPQR, 1 24, In ALM Example A ship sls froma port Pa ditanceof7 km ona bearing of 306 nd then a further Iki on bearing of 070° to arive at ‘X-Caleulae the datance fom Po X. Dx? 27! 411 (2x71 eos 56°) 49+121-(66.12) Px? =8388 PX =9.16km (10356) “The distance fom PtoX'89.16 ka, Exercise 11 Start each question by drawing age, clear dag 1. ingle PQR, Q= 77, = 37 and PR= 12cm. Find PQ. 2. tntranle LMN, At = #F,.1M 7 mand MN =m. Find EN 4 A destroyer D and a eruser Cleave port Pat the sme tine. The ‘destroyer mails 25km on abearing of D4 and the crise ils 30 km on 2 bearing of 320". Howe arpa are the ships? 4 Twoboneybees Aad B leave the hive H atthe same ime: A hes 27m «lu South and fies mona Bearing 11 How far apart are they? 5. Finda the anges of angle in which the sides aren the ati 5:6:8 6 A golfer hits his bal Ba dinance of 170m towards hole Hi which measures 195 m fro the te tothe green Tis hol directed 10 way frm ‘hetrue ine tothe ole, ind the distance between his ball and the he 7. From A, Bes km away ona bearing of 41° and Clies km aveay ona bearing of 31°. Find 4) the dtance between Band C 1) thebesrng of 8 fom C 8. From lighthouse Lan aircraft carrer Ais ISkm away ona hearing 12° and submarine Sie 26m anny on a bearing of 2007. Find 4) the dtance between A and S 1B) the easing of A rom. 9. ifthe line BCD is horizontal find a) AE b FAC 12) theangl of elevation o from A 10 Aa icf les fom its se 200 ka on bearing of 162%, then 350 kan ‘oma Bering of 260°, and then returns dtecty to base. ‘Galculte the length an bearing ofthe return journey “Tow Y 6 9k die North af tan Z. Town Xi i fra Y, Sk fiom Zand somewhere tothe west ofthe lie YZ. 4) Draw triangle XYZ and find angle Y2X. ) Duringan eathquake, own X mows due South uti its due ‘West of 7 Find bow fa thas moved GB Hasrenety 13, A gole hits her balla ditance of 127 om so that it finishes 31m from ‘the hole Ifthe straight line distance tothe holes 150 m, calculate the angle between the line of her shot and the diet line othe hole Revision exercise 6A, 1. Galeuate the side or angle marked with 2 deter ” 2. Given that ssa acute angle and that 3tang=2= 4.00353" calealite: *) une 1) the valu afin degrees correct to 1 dp 3 Solve the fllowing equations. Give your ‘answers inthe interval O° = 3 © 360? ©) snx=075 9 tnx=—2 a) Ssinxt3=0 ©) 6eosx-5=0 f) tanlx+20")=15 4. Inthe telangle XYZ, XY= 4 em, XZ=17 em and angle YXZ=25°, A isthe foot ofthe cosx=-02 perpen rom Yo XZ Caleaite 2 theleng XA) helen vA ©) theange 276 5, Calculate the length of AB. 6.) Alisson beating of 40° from B. Calculate the Bearing of Brom A. 1) Thebearing of X from Y is 15" Cleat the Bearing of fom X. evan re A & ‘my calelate the length AC. 4. tn the angle POR ange PQR=90" a angle HPQ= 31” The length of PQs 11m. Calelte 3) thelength of QR 1) the engi of FR 6) the length the perpendicular fom Q toPR. 9. nh = DCA= 0, cAD=24, BDA =41° and AD= 100m, ©) thelength of D. 10, An observer tthe tp of tower of eit 20m cea man he East of im tan ange ‘fdepesionof27 He ees anher man

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