TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF

INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION

MATHEMATICS-II B
(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

BASIC LEARNING MATERIAL

ACADEMIC YEAR
2021-2022
 Coordinating Committee

Sri Syed Omer Jaleel, IAS

Commissioner, Intermediate Education &
Secretary, Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education
Hyderabad

Dr. Md. Abdul Khaliq

Controller of Examinations
Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education

Educational Research and Training Wing

Ramana Rao Vudithyala
Reader

Mahendar Kumar Taduri

Assistant Professor

Vasundhara Devi Kanjarla

Assistant Professor

Learning Material Contributors

M. Vijaya Sekhar
J.L. in Maths
GJC, BHEL, R.R. Dist.

D. Arundhathi
J.L. in Maths
GJC, Pochampally, Yadadri Bhongir Dist.

V. Aruna Kumari
J.L. in Maths
GJC, Toopran, Medak Dist.

D. Srilatha
J.L. in Maths, RLD. GJC,
S.P. Road, Secunderabad
 PREFACE

The ongoing Global Pandemic Covid-19 that has engulfed the entire world has changed every
sphere of our life. Education, of course is not an exception. In the absence and disruption of Physical
Classroom Teaching, Department of Intermediate Education Telangana has successfully engaged the
students and imparted education through TV lessons. In the back drop of the unprecedented situation
due to the pandemic TSBIE has reduced the burden of curriculum load by considering only 70%
syllabus for class room instruction as well as for the forthcoming Intermediate Examinations. It has also
increased the choice of questions in the examination pattern for the convenience of the students.

To cope up with exam fear and stress and to prepare the students for annual exams in such a
short span of time , TSBIE has prepared “Basic Learning Material” that serves as a primer for the
students to face the examinations confidently. It must be noted here that, the Learning Material is not
comprehensive and can never substitute the Textbook. At most it gives guidance as to how the students
should include the essential steps in their answers and build upon them. I wish you to utilize the Basic
Learning Material after you have thoroughly gone through the Text Book so that it may enable you to
reinforce the concepts that you have learnt from the Textbook and Teachers. I appreciate ERTW
Team, Subject Experts, who have involved day in and out to come out with the Basic Learning Material
in such a short span of time.

I would appreciate the feedback from all the stake holders for enriching the learning material
and making it cent percent error free in all aspects.

The material can also be accessed through our websitewww.tsbie.cgg.gov.in.

Commissioner & Secretary

Intermediate Education, Telangana.
 CONTENTS

Unit - 1 Circle 01 - 62

Unit - 2 System of Circles 63 - 84

Unit - 3 Parabola 85 - 102

Unit - 4 Ellipse 103 - 116

Unit - 5 Hyperbola 117 - 126

Unit - 6 Integration 127 - 154

Unit - 7 Definite Integrals 155 - 175

Unit - 8 Differential Equations 176 - 192

 Unit 1
Circle

Definition : A circle is a set of points in a plane such that they are equidistant from a fixed point lying in
the plane.

C
P C is the centre, CP = radius

The fixed point is called the centre and the distance from the centre to any point on the circle
is called the radius of the circle.
C
A B

AB = 2CB = (2 x radius) is called the diameter of the circle

The equation of the circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
If the centre (a, b) is origin, i.e., (a, b) = (0, 0) , then the equation of the circle with radiusr is

x2  y 2  r 2
y

0 x

The standard equation or General equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 whose

centre is (– g, –f), radius = r = g2  f 2  c
The equation of the circle whose extremities of diameter are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
(x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
2 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

The parametric equations of the circle are

x = x1 + r cos 
y = y1 + r sin 
Where (x1, y1) = centre and r = radius of the circle,
 is the parameter and    < 2
Note : The parametric equations of a circle describe the coordinates of a point (x, y) on the circle in
terms of a single variable ‘’ and ‘’ is called as parameter.
So any point on the circle is given by
(x, y) = (x1 + r cos , y1 + r sin ) = ‘point ’
called as ‘point ’ where (x1, y1) is the centre and ‘r’ is the radius of the circle
The parametric equations of the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are
x = –g + r cos 
y = –f + r sin 

Where r  g 2  f 2  c

Any ‘point ’ on the circle is ‘point ’ = (x, y)

= (–g + r cos , –f + r sin )
The parametric equations of a circle with centre origin and radius ‘r’ is
x = r cos 
y = r sin , 0   < 2
The second order non - homogeneous equation inx and y, that is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle iff
(i) a=b0 (coeff of x2 = coeff of y2)
(ii) h=0 (coeff of xy is zero)
(iii) g2 + f 2 – ac  0
Notation
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
S1 = x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
S11 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Circle 3

S12 = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f (y1 + y2) + c

S21 = S12
S22 = x22 + y22 + 2gx2 + 2fy2 + c

Note : S11  S  S1
 x1 , y1   x1 , y1 

S12  S1  S2
 x2 , y2   x1 , y1 
So, S = 0 represents a circle
S = 0 means x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Let the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...... (1) y
pass through origin (0, 0)
 (0, 0) should satisfy (1)

 (0, 0) is a point on the circle

 02 + 02 + 2g(0) + 2f (0) + c = 0 (0, 0)
x
 c0

 The circle passing through origin is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0

If the centre of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 lies on x - axis then (–g, –f ) lies on x - axis
 f  0 because every point on x - axis have its y - coordinate as zero

C (–g, 0)
x

y
If the centre of the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 lies
on y - axis then (–g, –f ) lies on y - axis.  g  0 C (0, –f )
because every point on y - axis have its x coordinate as x
zero.
4 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Two or more circles are said to be concentric if their centres are same.
Note : The equation of any circle concentric with the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c1 = 0
where c1 is a constant. Their centres are same.
If the radius of the circle is one, then it is called as unit circle.
If the circle intersects x - axis at ‘P’ and ‘Q’ then the distance PQ is called asx - intercept made
by the circle on x - axis.
If the circle intersects y - axis at ‘M’ and ‘N’ then the distance MN is called as y - intercept made
by the circle on y - axis

y y

N N
P Q
x

x
P Q
M M

PQ is x - intercept MN is y - intercept
If (g2 – c) > 0, then the intercept made on the x-axis by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
is 2 g 2  c .

 PQ  2 g 2  c

x - intercept = length of chord PQ = DistancePQ  2 g 2  c

If the x - axis touches the circle, then P and Q coincide i.e., length of chord PQ is zero or
x-intercept is zero

 2 g2  c  0  g2  c  0

 The condition for the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to touch the

x - axis is g2 – c = 0 or g2 = c
If (f 2 – c) > 0, then the intercept made on the y - axis by the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is 2 f 2  c
 Circle 5

MN = 2 f 2  c

y - intercept  2 f 2  c

If the y - axis touches the circle then M and N coincide, the length of chord MN is zero

or y - intercept is zero  2 f 2  c f 2 – c = 0

 The condition for the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to touch the

y - axis is f 2 – c = 0 or f 2 = c.
y y

o x o x

circle touches x - axis g2 = c circle touches y - axis f 2 = c

Definition :
If A and B are two distinct points on a circle, then

(i) The line AB through A and B is called a secant.
(ii) The segment AB is called a chord. The length of the chord is denoted by AB .
y
A

A
Chord B
Secant
B
o x

Notation :
Let P (x1, y1)
If S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
then S1 = x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
6 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Example : If S = x2 + y2 + 3x – 5y + 9, (x1, y1) = (–2, 3)

3 5
Then S1 = x (–2) + y(3) +  x  2    y  3  9 [ 2g = 3, 2f = –5]
2 2
3 x  6  5 y  15 
 2 x  3 y   9
2 2
4 x  6 y  3 x  6  5 y  15  18

2
x  y  3

2
2 2
S11 = x1 + y1 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
 S11 for the above circle is ‘S’ value at (x1, y1)
 S11 = (–2)2 + 32 + 3(–2) –5(3) + 9
= 4 + 9 – 6 – 15 + 9 = 1
So, S1 is a first degree expression in x & y.
S11 is a real number.
Important Note : While writing S1 or S11 , first write S = 0 in the standard form i.e., if the
2 2 4 5 7
circle is 3x2 + 3y2 + 4x + 5y + 7 = 0 then S = x  y  x y .
3 3 3
2 5 7
S1 = x x1  y y1   x  x1    y  y1  
3 6 3
Position of a point with respect to a circle
Let S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be a circle in a plane and P(x1, y1) be any point in the same
plane.
Then
(i) P(x1, y1) lies in the interior of the circle,  S11 < 0
(ii) P(x1, y1) lies on the circle,  S11 = 0
(iii) P(x1, y1) lies in the exterior of the circle,  S11 > 0

y y y

•P
C C
• • •
•P C
•P

o x o x o x

P lies inside the circle  S11 < 0 P lies on the circle  S11 = 0 P lies outside the circle  S11 > 0
Circle 7

Length of the tangent from P(x1, y1) to the circle

Tangent with respect to a circle is a straight line, which touches the circle at one point.

In the above figure the line PT is a tangent to the circle at T and T is called as the point of contact
of tangent to the circle.
If P is an external point to the circle S = 0 where S =x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c, and PT is a tangent
from P(x1, y1) to the circle S = 0, then the distance PT is called as the length of the tangent from
P to the circle S = 0
It is given by the formula S11 .
PT = Length of tangent from P to the circle S = 0 is S11 .
Definition
The power of a point P with respect to the circle, whose centre is ‘C’ and radius r‘’ is defined
as the value = (CP2 – r2)
The power of the point P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is S11.
Chord, tangent, Normal  equations in different form.
Chord

If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) are two points on the circle S = 0, then the equation of the secant AB or
chord AB is S1 + S2 = S12
If ‘point 1’ = (–g + r cos 1, –f + r sin 1) and ‘point 2’ = (–g + r cos 2, –f + r sin 2) are two
points on the circle S = 0 wherer = g 2  f 2  c , then the equation of the chord joining these
two points is
1  2   1  2   1  2 
 x  g  cos     y  f  sin    r cos  
 2   2   2 
The line meets the circle in one and only one point ‘P’ ie, touches the circle.
This line is called as Tangent to the circle at the point ‘P’ on the circle
8 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

r •C

Tangent at P

x
O

The equation of tangent, w.r.t the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

(i) S1 = 0 or x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0 [point form]
where (x1, y1) is a point on the circle S = 0

(ii) y  f  m  x  g   r 1  m2 , in the slope form

where r  g 2  f 2  c = radius and m is the slope of tangent

(iii) (x + g) cos + (y + f ) sin = r , in the parameteric form

where r = radius = g 2  f 2  c and ‘point ’ on the circle is

(–g + r cos , –f + r sin (x1, y1), is the parameter

The equation of tangent w.r.t the circle S = x2 + y2 – r2 = 0 is
(i) S1 = 0 or x x1 + y y1 – r2 = 0 where P(x1, y1) is a point on the circle
S = (x2 + y2 – r2) = 0

(ii) y  mx  r 1  m 2 , in the slope form, where m is the slope of tangent.

(iii) x cos  + y sin  = r, in the parameteric form at point ‘’ = (r cos , r sin ),
on the circle.
P
Condition for tangency
The condition for a line r
•
L = lx + my + n = 0 to touch the circle C

S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
radius = perpendicular distance from the centre C to the line L = 0
 Circle 9

l g   m  f   n
 g2  f 2  c  is the condition
l 2  m2

Normal: The normal at any point P on the circle, is the line which passes through P and is perpendicular
to the tangent at P.
The equation of normal at P is the equation of the line passing through two points C and P.
The equation of the normal at P(x1, y1) on the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
the equation of CP [ Centre = (–g, –f ) = C, P(x1, y1)]
y1  f
i.e. y  y1  x  g  x  x1  [(two points form) equation of CP]
1

y
Normal at P

r C
•

Tangent at P

x
O

The length of the chord AB = 2 r 2  d 2

where ‘r’ is the radius of the circle and ‘d’ is the length of the perpendicular drawn from the
centre to the chord AB
y
In  ACM, r2 = d2 + (AM)2
 (AM)2 = r2 – d2

 AM  r 2  d 2 C
•
r d
2 2
length of chord AB = 2AM  2 r  d
A M B
x
O
10 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Chord of Contact, Pole, Polar  r

Tan 
PB = PA = Length of tangent drawn from P 2 S11
B
= S11
r
If P(x1, y1) is an external point of the circle
S11
S = 0, then there exists two tangents from P
to the circle S = 0. r

2 A
P S11
(x1, y1)
If  is the angle between the tangents through an external point P(x1 y1) to the circle
S = 0, then

 r
tan    , where r is the radius of the circle
2 S11

If the tangents drawn through P(x1, y1) to the circle

S = 0, touch the circle at points A and B, then the B

secant AB is called the chord of contact of P with
respect to the circle S = 0 .
C
If P(x1, y1) is an exterior point to the
circle S = 0, then the equation of chord
P (x1,
of contact of P with respect to the circle A
y1)
S = 0 is S1 = 0 that is
x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
Chord of Contact of P (equation is S 1 = 0)
pole and polar  definition equations
Let S = 0 be a circle and P be any point in the plane other than the centre of S = 0. Then the
polar of P is the locus of the point of intersection of tangents drawn at the extremities of the
chord passing through P.
P is called as the pole of the polar. Polar of P

P(x1 y1)
Circle 11

The equation of the polar of P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
The pole of the line lx + my + n = 0, (n  0) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
 a 2l a 2 m 
 , 
 n n 

The pole of lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

 lr 2 mr 2 
  g  ,  f  where r is the radius of the circle.
lg  mf  n lg  mf  n 

The polar of P(x1, y1) w.r.t the circle S = 0 passes through Q(x2, y2)  the polar of Q passes
through P.
Two points P and Q are said to be conjugate points with respect to the circle S = 0 if Q lies on
the polar of P. (Then P lies on the polar of Q also)
The condition that the two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are conjugate points with respect to
the circle S = 0 is S12 = 0
That is x1 x2 + y1 y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f (y1 + y2) + c = 0
If P and Q are conjugate points with respect to the circle S = 0, then the polars of P and Q are
called as conjugate lines with respect to the circle S = 0
or
Two straight lines are said to beconjugate lines with respect to the circle S = 0, if the pole of
one line, lies on the other line.
The condition for the lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 to be conjugate lines with
respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is a2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = n1 n2
The condition for the lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 to be conjugate lines with
respect to the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

r2 (l1 l2 + m1 m2) = (l1g + m1 f – n1) (l2g + m2 f – n2) where r  g 2  f 2  c

Let C be the centre and ‘r’ be the radius of the circle S = 0. Two points P and Q are said to be
inverse points with respect to the circle S = 0, if the points C, P, Q are collinear such that P
and Q are on the same side of C and (CP)  (CQ) = r2
12 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Theorem :
Let ‘C’ be the centre and ‘r’ be the radius of the circle S = 0.
Two points P and Q are inverse points if and only if, Q is the point of intersection of the polar of
P w.r.t the circle S = 0 and the line joining P and C.
polar of P

The inverse of the point P with respect to the circle C•

S = 0 is the foot of the perpendiuclar drawn from Q P and Q are
•
the centre of the circle S = 0 to the polar of P. inverse points

P
Problem
1. Find the inverse point of (–2, 3) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 9 = 0
Sol : The given circle is S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 9 = 0 ... (1)
comparing with the standard equation we get
2g = –4 g = –2
2f = –6  f = –3
c=9
 centre = (–g, –f ) = (2, 3) = C
Let P = (–2, 3)
y2  y1
equation of CP is y  y1 
x2  x1
 x  x1 

33
 y 3   x  2
2  2
 y–3=0 ... (2)
The polar of P is S1 = 0 where P (x1, y1) = (–2, 3)
 x x1 + y y1 – 2(x + x1) – 3(y + y1) + 9 = 0
 x(–2) + y(3) – 2(x – 2) – 3(y + 3) + 9 = 0
 –2x + 3y – 2x + 4 – 3y – 9 + 9 = 0
 –4x + 4 = 0
 4(–x + 1) = 0
 –x + 1 = 0 ... (3)
Circle 13

Solving (2) and (3), we get

x = 1, y = 3
 The inverse point of P is Q = (1, 3)

If P(x1, y1) is the midpoint of the chord AB (other than the diameter) of the circle S = 0, then the

equation of secant AB is S1 = S11

C(–g, –f)
• P(x1, y1) is the midpoint of
the chord AB
P
A B

equation of AB is S1 = S11

That is, x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c.

Very important. (learn the derivation)
Show that the combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from an external point P(x1, y1)
to the circle S = 0 is S12 = S.S11.
Sol :

Q (x2, y2)
B

P (x1, y1)

Let A and B be the points of contact of tangents drawn from P(x1, y1) to the circle S = 0

Then AB is the chord of contact of P and its equation is S1 = 0.
i.e., x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
Let Q(x2, y2) be any point on one of the tangents
Now the locus of Q is the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from P.
14 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

  S
The line AB ie, S1 = 0 divides PQ in the ratio  11
S12 We know that

PB S11 L=0
  ... (1)
BQ S12

But PB = S11 = length of tangent drawn from P R

BQ = S22 = Length of tangent drawn from Q M(x1, y1) N(x2, y2)

PB S11
  ... (2)
BQ S22 L11
R divides MN in the ratio  L
22
S11 S
From (1) & (2), we get   11
S22 S12

S11 S112 1 S
Squaring on both sides, we get  2  112
S22 S12 S22 S12
 S122 = S11 . S22
 The locus of Q(x2, y2) is
S12 = S11 . S
 S12 = S . S11 is the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from an external point P(x1, y1) to the
circle S = 0.
Hence proved.
Common Tangents
A straight line L is said to be a common tangent to the circles S = 0 and S1 = 0, if it is a tangent
to both S = 0 and S1 = 0.

y
Common Tangent

•
•

S=0 S1 = 0

x
O
Circle 15

Any two intersecting common tangents of two circles and the line joining the centres of the
circles are concurrent.

C1 C2 Q
Line of Centres

The two common tangents and the line of centres

intersect at Q (concurrent at Q)
The point of intersection Q, of two common tangents (if exists) of two circles and the centres C1
and C2 of these two circles are collinear.
C1, C2, Q are collinear (lie on a straight line)
The pair of common tangents to the circles S = 0 and S1 = 0, touching at a point on the line
segment C1C2 (C1, C2 are the centres of the circles) is called transverse pair of common
tangents.

C1 P C2
• •

Transverse Common Tangent

Transverse Common Tangent
The pair of common tangents to the circles S = 0 and S1 = 0, intersecting at a point not in C1C2
is called as direct pair of common tangents

Direct Common Tangents

C1
C2 Line of Centres
Q
Direct Common Tangents
The two common tangents and the line of centres
intersect at Q (concurrent at Q)
The point of intersection P, of transverse pair of common tangents is called asInternal centre
of similitude.
16 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

The point P, divides the segment C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 internally. (where r1 is the radius of the
circle with centre C1 and r2 is the radius of the circle with centreC2)
The point of intersection Q, of direct pair of common tangents is called asexternal centre of
similitude.

The point Q, divides the segment C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 externally..

P, Q, C1, C2 are all collinear.

Where P is the internal centre of similitude,
Q is the external centre of similitude,
C1, C2 are the centres of the two circles.
Relative positions of two circles
Let C1, C2 be the centres and r1, r2 be the radii of two circles S = 0, S1 = 0 respectively.

Let C1C2 represent the line segment fromC1 to C2.

The following cases arise with regard to the relative position of two circles.
Case (i)
each of the given pair of circles lies in the exterior of the other

condition : C1C2 > r1 + r2 , (r1  r2)

In this case the two circles do not intersect.

Direct Common Tangents

C1 C2 Q
P
Direct Common Tangents

Transverse Common Tangents Transverse Common Tangents

For two non - intersecting circles, we can draw two direct common tangents and two transverse
common tangents
So we can draw FOUR COMMON TANGENTS
P is the internal centre of similitude, Q is the external centre of similitude
Circle 17

Case (ii)

Condition: C1C2 > r1 + r2 , r1  r2

Direct Common Tangents

C1 C2
• • Line of Centre
P
Direct Common Tangents

Transverse Common Tangents

Transverse Common Tangents
The circles are non - intersecting circles.
The transverse common tangents intersect at P, the internal centre of similitude.
The direct common tangents are parallel to C1C2
The external centre of similitude, Q, does not exist.
So we can draw four common tangents
Case (iii)

Condition : C1C2 = r1 + r2

r2 Direct Common Tangents

r1
• •
C1 P C 2 Line of Centres
Q
Direct Common Tangents

Transverse Common Tangents

The two circles touch each other externally.

The internal centre of similitude ‘P’ is the point of contact of the two given circles
At ‘P’, there is only one transverse common tangents.
The direct common tangents intersect at Q, the external centre of similitude.
So in this case we can draw THREE COMMON TANGENTS
18 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Case (iv)

Condition : |r1 – r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2

Direct Common Tangents
In this case the two circles Q Line of
C1 C2 Centres
intersect each other.
Direct Common Tangents

In this case the two direct common tangents intersect at Q, the external centre of similitude.
We cannot draw transverse common tangents
So the internal centre of similitude does not exist.
In this case we can draw only Two common tangents
Q
Case (v) C1 C2

Condition : C1C2 = |r1 – r2|

In this case, the two circles touch each other internally
we cannot draw transverse common tangents
 The internal centre of similitude does not exist
Only one direct common tangent can be drawn at the point of contact, Q, of the two circles.
In this case, we can draw only ONE COMMON TANGENT
Case : (vi)

Condition : C1C2 < |r1 – r2|

In this case one circle lies entirely in the interior of the other circle. C1
The number of common tangents that can be drawn to C2
the two circles is zero
No.of common tangents = zero
Note : Two circles are said to be touching each other if they have only one common point

C1 C2 C1 C2

Case : (vii)
 If C1C2 = 0, then the centres of the two circles, coincide
 They are concentric circles
 The no. of common tangents drawn to the two circles is zero
Concentric Circles
 Circle 19

Problems

1. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (2, 3) and radius is 5.

Sol : Equation of the circle whose centre is (a, b) = (2, 3) and radius, r = 5 is

(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2

 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 52

 x2 + 4 – 4x + y2 + 9 – 6y – 25 = 0

 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0

2. If the extremities of diameter of a circle are (3, 5) and (9,3), then find the equation of the circle.

Sol : The equation of the circle whose ends of the diameter

are A = (x1, y1) = (3, 5) and B = (x2, y2) = (9, 3)

A B
is (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0

 (x – 3) (x – 9) + (y – 5) (y – 3) = 0

 x2 – 9x – 3x + 27 + y2 – 3y – 5y + 15 = 0

 x2 + y2 – 12x – 8y + 42 = 0

3. Find the centre and radius of each of the following circles.

(i) x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y – 41 = 0

(ii) 3x2 + 3y2 – 5x – 6y + 4 = 0

Sol : (i) Given circle is x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y – 41 = 0

Comparing it with the standard equation of the circle

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get

20 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2g = – 4, 2f = –8, c = –41

4 8
 g  2, f   4, c  41.
2 2
 centre = (–g, –f ) = (–(–2), –(–4) = (2, 4)

2 2
radius = g2  f 2  c   2    4    41  4  16  41  61

(ii) Given circle is 3x2 + 3y2 – 5x – 6y + 4 = 0

3x 2 3 y 2 5 x 6 y 4
     0
3 3 3 3 3

5 4
 x2  y 2  x  2 y   0
3 3
Comparing this equation with the standard equation
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 of the circle, we get
[Note : Always write the equation of the circle in the standard form with coefficient of x2 and y2 as one.
So divide all the terms by 3, so that coefficient ofx2 & y2 becomes one]

5 4
2g  , 2 f  2, c 
3 3

5 4
 g , f  1, c 
6 3

5 
 centre = (–g, –f ) =  , 1
6 

2
 5  2 4
radius = g 2  f 2  c      1 
 6  3

25 4 25  36  48
 1 
36 3 36

13 13 13
  
36 36 6

Note : When C is the centre of the circle, and if the circle passes through the point P, the distance CP
is the radius of the circle.
 Circle 21

P
C• CP = r

4. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point (2, –1) and having centre at (2, 3)
Sol : Let P = (2,–1)
Centre = C = (a, b) = (2, 3) P
Since the circle passes through the point P, C• CP = r
radius = distance CP


2
 2  2    3  1
2
 distance formula : 2
 x1  x2    y1  y2 
2

 0  16

 16  4  r.
 The equation of the required circle is (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 42
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 4 + 9 – 16 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 3 = 0
Second Method
Let the equation of the circle be S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
Its centre is (–g, –f ) = (2, 3)
 –g = 2, –f = 3

 g  2 , f  3

Now the circle (1) becomes x2 + y2 + 2(–2) x + 2 (–3) y + c = 0

 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + c = 0 ... (2)
It passes through the point (2, –1)
 It satisfies the point (2, –1). Substituting in (2), we get
(2)2 + (–1)2 – 4(2) – 6(–1) + c = 0
 4 + 1 –8 + 6 + c = 0
 c  3
22 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Substituting the values ofg, f, c in (1) we get the required circle as

x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 3 = 0
5. Obtain the parametric equations of the following circles.
(i) 4(x2 + y2) = 9
(ii) x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
Sol :

9
(i) Given circle is 4(x2 + y2) = 9  x2  y 2 
4

2 9
Comparing this equation with x2 + y2 = r2 we get r 
4

9 9 3
centre of the circle is (0, 0) = (x1, y1)  r  
4 4 2

 The parametric equations of the circle are

3  3 
x0 cos   x  cos 
x  x1  r cos   2  2 
   
y  y1  r sin   3 3
y  0  sin   y  sin 
2  2 

where (x1, y1) = centre, 0    2

(ii) Given circle is x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
Comparing with the standard equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get 2g = –4, 2f = –6, c = –12
g = –2, f = –3, c = –12
 centre = (–g, –f ) = (2, 3) = (x1, y1)

2 2
radius = r  g  f  c  4  9  12  25  5

 The parametric equations of the circle are

x  x1  r cos  x  2  5 cos  
  
y  y1  r sin   y  3  5 sin , 0    2
 Circle 23
6. Find the values of a, b if ax2 + bxy + 3y2 – 5x + 2y – 3 = 0
represents a circle. Also find the radius and centre of the circle
Sol : The given equation is ax2 + bxy + 3y2 – 5x + 2y – 3 = 0
It represents a circle if coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2
and coefficient of xy is zero
 a = 3 and b = 0
 The circle is 3x2 + 3y2 – 5x + 2y – 3 = 0
Divide by 3,

3x 2 3 y 2 5 x 2 y 3 0
     
3 3 3 3 3 3

5 2
 x2  y 2  x  y 1  0
3 3

comparing this equation with x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get

5 2
2g  , 2 f  , c  1
3 3

5 1
 g , f  , c  1
6 3

5 1
 centre =   g ,  f    ,  
 6 3

2 2
2 2 5  1
radius = g  f  c          1
 6  3

25 1 25  4  36 65 65 65
  1    
36 9 36 36 36 6

65
 radius =
6
7. If x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y + c = 0 represents a circle with radius 6, then find c.
Sol. Comparing the given circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y + c = 0 with
the standard equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
24 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2g = –4, 2f = 6, c = c
 g = –2, f = 3, c = c

 radius = 6  g2  f 2  c  6

Squaring on both sides, we get

g2 + f 2 – c = 62
 (–2)2 + 32 – c = 36
 –c = 36 – 4 – 9

 –c = 23  c  23

8. Find the equation of the circle passing through the three points (3, –4), (1, 2), (5, –6)
Sol : Let A = (3, –4), B = (1, 2), C = (5, –6)
let P(x1, y1) be the centre of the circle passing through the points A, B and C
Then PA = PB = PC = radius of the circle

A B

C
2 2 2 2
Now PA = PB   x1  3   y1  4    x1  1   y1  2 
Squaring on both sides we get, (x1 – 3)2 + (y1 + 4)2 = (x1 – 1)2 + (y1 – 2)2
 x12 – 6x1 + 9 + y12 + 8y1 + 16 = x12 – 2x1 + 1 + y12 – 4y1 + 4
 –6x1 + 8y1 + 25 + 2x1 + 4y1 – 5 = 0
 –4x1 + 12y1 + 20 = 0
 4(–x1 + 3y1 + 5) = 0
 –x1 + 3y1 + 5 = 0 ... (1)
Again PB = PC  Squaring on both sides, PB2 = PC2
 (x1 – 1)2 + (y1 – 2)2 = (x1 – 5)2 + (y1 + 6)2
 x12 – 2x1 + 1 + y12 – 4y1 + 4 = x12 – 10x1 + 25 + y12 + 12y1 + 36
 –2x1 – 4y1 + 5 + 10x1 – 12y1 – 61 = 0
 Circle 25
 8x1 – 16y1 – 56 = 0
 8(x1 – 2y1 – 7) = 0
 x1 – 2y1 – 7 = 0 ... (2)
Solving (1) & (2) weget

 x1  3 y1  5  0
x1  2 y1  7  0
y1  2  0

 y1 = 2
substituting y1 = 2 in (2), we get x1 – 2(2) – 7 = 0
 x1 = 4 + 7 = 11
 P = (x1, y1) = (11, 2) is the centre of the circle

2 2
Radius = PA = 11 3  2  4  82  62  64  36  100  10

r = 10
 The equation of the circle passing through the points A, B & C
is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2
 (x – 11)2 + (y – 2)2 = 102
 x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 25 = 0
Note : Centre (a, b) = (x1, y1) and (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2 is the equation of the circle.
9. Show that the points (1, 2), (3, –4), (5, –6), (19, 8) are concyclic and find theequation of the
circle on which they lie.
Sol : Let A = (1, 2), B = (3, –4), C = (5, –6), D = (19, 8) be the given points. They are concyclic,
if they all lie on the same circle.
Let S = (x1, y1) be the centre of the circle passing through the points A, B, and C.
Then, SA = SB = SC
Now SA = SB  SA2 = SB2
2
 ( x1 1)2  ( y1  2)2   x1  3  ( y1  4)2

 x12 – 2x1 + 1 + y12 – 4y1 + 4 = x12 – 6x1 + 9 + y12 + 8y1 + 16

26 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 –2x1 – 4y1 + 5 + 6x1 – 8y1 – 25 = 0

 4x1 – 12y1 – 20 = 0
 4(x1 – 3y1 – 5) = 0
 x1 – 3y1 – 5 = 0 ... (1)
Again SB = SC  SB2 = SC2
 (x1 – 3)2 + (y1 + 4)2 = (x1 – 5)2 + (y1 + 6)2
 x12 – 6x1 + 9 + y12 + 8y1 + 16 = x12 – 10x1 + 25 + y12 + 12y1 + 36
 –6x1 + 8y1 + 25 + 10x1 – 12y1 – 61 = 0
 4x1 – 4y1 – 36 = 0
 4(x1 – y1 – 9) = 0
 x1 – y1 – 9 = 0 ... (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get

x1  3 y1  5  0
x1  y1  9  0
  
 2 y1  4  0

 –2y1 = –4

4
 y1  2
2
substituting y1 = 2 in (1), we get x1 – 3(2) – 5 = 0  x1 = 11
 centre = (x1, y1) = (11, 2)

2 2
 radius = SA  11  1   2  2   102  02  100  10

 The equation of the circle passing through the points A, B and C is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2
 (x – 11)2 + (y – 2)2 = 102
 x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 121 + 4 – 100 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 25 = 0 ... (3)
 Circle 27
Now substituting D = (19, 8) in (3), we get
(19)2 + (8)2 – 22(19) – 4(8) + 25
= 361 + 64 – 418 – 32 + 25
= 450 – 450 = 0
 D lies on the circle (3), Hence proved
 The four points A, B, C, D lie on the circle (3)
i.e x2 + y2 – 22x – 4y + 25 = 0
The points A, B, C, D are concyclic.
Note : Four points are said to be concyclic if they all lie on the same circle.
A

C B

D
The equation of the circle with centre (a, b) and radius ‘r’ is (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
If centre is (x1, y1), Then the circle is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2
10. If (2, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5) and (0, c) are concyclic, then find ‘c’.
Sol : Let A (2, 0), B = (0, 1), C = (4, 5), D = (0, c) be the points which are concylic i.e., the points
lying on the same circle.
Let S = (x1, y1) be the centre of the circle passing through the points A, B, C and D.
Then, SA = SB = SC = SD
Now, SA = SB. Squaring on both sides, SA2 = SB2
 (x1 – 2)2 + (y1 – 0)2 = (x1 – 0)2 + (y1 – 1)2
 x12 – 4x1 + 4 + y12 = x12 + y12 – 2y1 + 1
 –4x1 + 2y1 + 3 = 0 ... (1)
Again, SB = SC
Squaring on both sides
SB2 = SC2
28 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2
( x1  0) 2  ( y1  1) 2   x1  4   ( y1  5) 2

x12  y12  2 y1  1  x12  8 x1  16  y12  10 y1  25

8 x1  8 y1  40  0

2(4 x1  4 y1  20)  0

4 x1  4 y1  20  0 .... (2)
solving (1) and (2)

4 x1  2 y1  3  0
4 x1  4 y1  20  0
6 y1  17  0
17
 y1 
6
17
substituing y1  in (1) we get
6

 17 
4 x1  2    3  0
 6

17
  4 x1  3 0
3

17  9
  4 x1  0
3

26
  4 x1  
3

 26 13
 x1  
 12 6

13 17 
  x1 , y1    , 
6 6

Now, SC = SD Squaring on both sides, SC2 = SD2 or SA = SD SA2 = SD2

Here we can take SA = SD (or) SB = SC (or) SC = SD
Since SA is simple as A = (2, 0), taking SA = SD
Squaring on both sides, SA2 = SD2
 Circle 29
 (x1 – 2)2 + (y1 – 0)2 = (x1 – 0)2 + (y1 – c)2
 x12 – 4x1 + 4 + y12 = x12 + y12 – 2cy1 + c2
 –4x1 + 4 =  2cy1 + c2

 13   17 
  4    4  2c    c 2
6  6

26 17c
 4   c2
3 3

26  12 17c  3c 2
 
3 3
 –14 = –17c + 3c2
 3c2 – 17c + 14 = 0
 (c – 1) (3c – 14) = 0

17  289  168 17  121 17  11

or c  
2  3 6 6

28 6
 or
6 6

14
 or 1
3

14
 c = 1 or , But when c = 1, the point D is (0, 1) which is same as point B. Since A, B, C, D
3
 14 
are four different points, D = (0, c) =  0, 
 3

14
 c
3

11. Find the equation of the circle passing through (2, 3) and concentric with the circle
x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0
Sol : Given circle is x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0 ... (1)
The equation of any circle concentric with (1) is
30 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + k = 0 ... (2)

( centres of concentric circles are same)
It passes through the point (2, 3)
 22 + 32 + 8(2) + 12(3) + k = 0
 4 + 9 + 16 + 36 + k = 0
 k = – 65
substituting k = –65 in (2), we get the required circles as
x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y – 65 = 0 Ans
12. Show that A(2, 3) lies on the circle x2 + y2 – 8x – 8y + 27 = 0
Also find the other end of the diameter through A
Sol : Given circle is x2 + y2 – 8x – 8y + 27 = 0 ... (1)
Substituting A(2, 3) in it we get
22 + 32 – 8(2) – 8(3) + 27 = 0
(2, 3)
(4, 4)
= 4 + 9 – 16 – 24 + 27 A B (x1, y1)
C
= 40 – 40 = 0
 A lies on the circle (1)
Let C be the centre and AB be the diameter of the circle
x2 + y2 – 8x – 8y + 27 = 0
comparing with x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
2g = – 8 2f = – 8 c = 27
g = –4 f = –4
Centre = C = (–g, –f ) = (4, 4)
Let A = (2, 3) and B = (x1, y1) be the other end ofthe diameter AB.
Then C is the midpoint of A, B.

2  x1 3  y1 
  4, 4    , 
 2 2 

2  x1 3  y1
 4 , 4
2 2
 Circle 31
 8 = 2 + x1, 8 = 3 + y1,
 x1 = 6, y1 = 5
 B = (x1, y1) = (6, 5) is the other end of the diameter
13. Find the equation of the circle passing through (4, 1), (6, 5) and having the centre on the line
4x + y – 16 = 0
Sol : First Method
Let x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
be the circle passing through the points A (4, 1) & B (6, 5)
Then A lies on (1)
 42 +12 + 2g(4) + 2f (1) + c = 0
 17 + 8g + 2f + c = 0 ... (2)
Again B(6, 5) lies on (1)
 62 +52 + 2g(6) + 2f (5) + c = 0
 61 + 12g + 10f + c = 0 ... (3)
Now centre (–g, –f ) lies on 4x + y – 16 = 0
 4(–g) + (–f ) – 16 = 0
 –(4g + f + 16) = 0
 4g + f + 16 = 0 ... (4)
(2) – (3)

 17  8 g  2 f  c  0
61  12 g  10 f  c  0
   
44  4 g  8 f  0

 –4(11 + g + 2f ) = 0
 11 + g + 2f = 0 ... (5)
Solving (4) & (5) we get
32 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2 (4) 8 g  2 f  32  0
g  2 f  11  0
  
7g  21  0

21
 g  3  g  3
7
Substituting g = –3 in (4), we get
4(–3) + f + 16 = 0

 f = –16 + 12 = – 4  f  4

Substituting g = –3, f = –4 in (3), we get

61 + 12(–3) + 10 (–4) + c = 0
 61 – 36 – 40 + c = 0

 c  15

Substituting the values of g, f, c in (1) we get the required circle

x2 + y2 + 2(–3)x + 2(–4)y + 15 = 0
 x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 15 = 0
Second Method
Let S = (x1, y1) be the centre of the circle passing through the points A(4, 1) & B(6, 5). Then
SA = SB
A
2 2
 SA = SB
r
 (x1  4)2 + (y1 – 1)2 = (x1 – 6)2 + (y1 – 5)2
S•
 x12 – 8x1 + 16 + y12 – 2y1 + 1
= x12 – 12x1 + 36 + y12 – 10y1 + 25 B

 –8x1 – 2y1 + 17 + 12x1 + 10y1 – 61 = 0

 4x1 + 8y1 – 44 = 0 ... (1)
Now the centre S(x1, y1) lies on 4x + y – 16 = 0
 4x1 + y1 – 16 = 0 ... (2)
Solving (1) & (2), we get
 Circle 33

4 x1  8 y1  44  0
4 x1  y1  16  0
  
28
7 y1  28  0  y1  4
7
Substituting y1 = 4 in (2), we get
4x1 + 4 – 16 = 0

12
 4x1 = 12  x1  3
4
 The centre of the required circle is S= (x1, y1) = (3, 4)

2 2
Radius = distance SA =  3  4    4  1  1  9  10

 The equation of the required circle is, (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2

2

2
 x  3   y  4 
2
  10 
 x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 8y + 16 = 10
 x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 15 = 0
14. Find the equation of the circle whose centre lies on the x - axis and passing through (–2, 3) and
(4, 5).
Sol : First Method
Let the required circle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
Its centre ( g ,  f ) lies on the x-axis

 f 0

It passes through (–2, 3)

 (–2)2 + 32 + 2g (–2) + 2(0) (3) + c = 0 [ f  0 ]

 13 – 4g + c = 0 ... (2)
It passes through (4, 5)
 42 + 52 + 2g (4) + 0 + c = 0
 41 + 8g + c = 0 ... (3)
34 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Solving (2) & (3) we get

13  4 g  c  0
41  8 g  c  0
  
28  12 g  0   12 g  28

28 7
 g 
12 3

7
Substituting g  in (2) we get
3

 7  28
13  4    c  0  13   c  0
 3  3

39  28
 c 0
3

67
 c 0
3

67
 c
3
Substituting the values of g, f, c in (1) we get the required circle as

 7  67
x2  y 2  2   x  2  0 y  0
 3  3

 3(x2 + y2) – 14x – 67 = 0

Second Method
Since the centre of the circle lies on x- axis,
let the centre be S = (x1, 0)
The circle passes through the points A(–2, 3) and B(4, 5)
 SA = SB
Squaring on both sides, we get
SA2 = SB2
 (x1+ 2)2 + (0 – 3)2 = (x1 – 4)2 + (0 – 5)2
 Circle 35
 x12 + 4x1 + 4 + 9 = x12 + 16 – 8x1 + 25
A
 4x1 + 13 + 8x1 – 41 = 0
 12x1  28 = 0 •
S
28 7
 x1  
12 3 B

7 
 The centre is S = (x1, 0) =  , 0 
3 

2 2
7  2 76
Radius = r = Distance between S, A =   2    0  3    9
3   3 

2
 13  169 250
   9  9 
3 9 9

 The equation of the required circle is

2
2 2  250 
 x  x1    y  0    
 9 

2
 7 2 250
 x   y 
 3 9

49 14 250
 x2   x  y2 
9 3 9

14 x 250 49
 x2  y 2   
3 9 9

3 x 2  3 y 2  14 x 67
 
3 3
 3x2 + 3y2 – 14x – 67 = 0
15. If the abscissae of points A, B are the roots of the equation x2 + 2ax – b2 = 0 and ordinates of
A, B are roots of y2 + 2py – q2 = 0, then find the equation of a circle for which AB is a diameter..
Sol : Let A = (x1, y1), B = (x2, y2)
Then x1 and x2 are the roots of x2 + 2ax – b2 = 0 and
y1 and y2 are the roots of y2 + 2py – q2 = 0.
36 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

because abscissae of A & B are x1 and x2

and ordinates of A & B are y1 and y2
Now for the equation x2 + 2ax – b2 = 0,

Sum of the roots = x1 + x2 =   2a   2a

1

b 2
Product of the roots = x1  x2    b2
1
Similarly, for the equation y2 + 2py – q2 = 0,

2 p
sum of the roots = y1 + y2 =  2 p
1

q 2
product of the roots = y1  y2   q 2
1

Now the equation of the circle with AB as diameter is (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
 x2 – x1 x – x2 x + x1 x2 + y2 – y1 y – y2 y + y1 y2 = 0
 x2 + y2 – (x1 + x2)x – (y1 + y2)y + (x1 x2 + y1 y2) = 0
 x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2py – b2 – q2 = 0
[Note :for the quadratic equation ax2 + bx+ c = 0,

b   coefficient of x 
Sum of the roots = 
a coefficient of x 2

c constant
Product of the roots = a  coefficient of x 2

16. Find the equation of the circle passing through (0, 0) and making intercepts 4, 3 on x-axis and
y-axis respectively.
Sol : Let the required circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)

It passes through (0, 0)  c0

Its x-intercept is 4
 Circle 37

4
 2 g2  c  4  g2  0 
2

 g2  2  g 2

 g 2

Similarly, its y - intercept is 3

3
 2 f 2 c 3  2 f 2 0 3  f2 
2

3 3
  f   f 
2 2

substituting the values of g, f, c in (1)

we get the required circle as x2 + y2  4x  3y = 0
17. Locate the position of the point P(3, 4) with respect to the circle S =x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
Sol : S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0, P (3, 4)
2 2
S11 = 3 + 4 – 4(3) – 6(4) – 12 = 9 + 16 – 12 – 24 – 12
= –23 < 0
 P (3, 4) lies inside the circle
18. Find the power of the point P (5, –6)with respect to the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0
Sol : P = (x1, y1) = (5, –6), S = x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 15 = 0
 power of ‘P’ with respect to the circle S = 0 is S11
= 52 + (–6)2 + 8(5) + 12(–6) + 15
= 25 + 36 + 40 – 72 + 15
= 44
19. Find the length of tangent from P(1, 3) to the circle
x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0

Sol : The length of tangent from P(1, 3) = (x1, y1) to the circle S = x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 11 = 0 is S11

 x12  y12  2 x1  4 y1  11  1  9  2  12  11  9  3
38 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

20. If the length of the tangent from (2, 5) to the circle

x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y + k = 0 is 37, then find k.

Sol : Length of the tangent from P(x1, y1) = (2, 5) to the circle S = x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y + k = 0 is
S11  37

Squaring on both sides we get S11 = 37

 x12 + y12 – 5x1 + 4y1 + k = 37
 22 + 52 – 5(2) + 4(5) + k = 37
 4 + 25 – 10 + 20 + k = 37
 k = 37 – 39

 k  2

21. If a point P is moving such that the lengths of tangents drawn from P to the circle
x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 are in the ratio 2 : 3, then find the
equation of the locus of P.
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1)
Let S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 & S1 = x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0

The length of tangent from P to the circle S = 0 is S11

 x12  y12  4 x1  6 y1  12

The length of tangent from P to the circle S1 = 0 is S'11

 x12  y12  6 x1  18 y1  26

Given that S11 : S'11  2 : 3

S11 2
 
S11 ' 3

Squaring on both sides we get

S11 4
'

S11 9
 Circle 39

 9 S11 = 4S'11

 9(x12 + y12 – 4x1 – 6y1 – 12) = 4(x12 + y12 + 6x1 + 18y1 + 26)
 9x12 + 9y12 – 36x1 – 54y1 – 108 – 4x12 – 4y12 – 24x1 – 72y1 – 104 = 0
 5x12 + 5y12 – 60x1 – 126y1 – 212 = 0
 The locus of P(x1, y1) is
5x2 + 5y2 – 60x – 126y – 212 = 0
22. Find the equation of the tangent to x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y = 0 at (3, –1). Also find the equation of
tangent parallel to it.
Sol : The given circle is S = x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y = 0 ... (1)
Let P = (x1, y1) = (3, –1)
S11 = 32 + (–1)2 – 2(3) + 4(–1) = 9 + 1 –6 –4 = 10 – 10 = 0
 P lies on the circle (1)
 Equation of tangent at P is S1 = 0
 x x1 + y y1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) = 0
 x(3) + y(–1) + (–1) (x + 3) + 2 (y – 1) = 0
 3x – y – x – 3 + 2y – 2 = 0
 2x + y – 5 = 0 ... (2)
The centre of the circle C = (–g, –f )
 C = (1, –2)
tangent at B
Let B be the other end of the diameter PCB
y)

Let B = (x1, y1) then C = mid point of P, B

1
,

tangent
1
(x
B

3  x1 1  y1 
 1,  2   ,  at P
2 2 
•
C
3  x1 1  y1
 1 , 2
1)

2 2
,
(3
P

 2 = 3 + x1 –4 = –1 + y1

 x1  1  y1  3
40 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 The other end of the diameter is B = (x1, y1)

= (–1, –3)
 The tangent parallel to (2), will pass through B.
Any line parallel to (2) is 2x + y + k = 0 ... (3)
It passes through B
 2(–1) + (–3) + k = 0

 k 5

Substituting k = 5 in (3), we get the required tangent parallel to (2) as 2x + y + 5 = 0.

23. Find the equation of the tangents to the circlex2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 3 = 0 which makes an angle
45  with x-axis.

Sol : Given circle is S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 3 = 0. Comparing with the standard equation,

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get 2g = –4, 2 f = –6, c = 3
 g = –2, f = –3, c = 3

radius = r = g2  f 2  c  4  9  3  10

y
tangent

45
x

Given that the tangent makes an angle 45with x-axis

 Slope of tangent = m = Tan 45 = 1
 The equation of required tangent is

y + f = m (x + g)  r 1  m 2
 Circle 41

 y  3 1 x  2   10 1  1

 x  y 1  2 5  0

24. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle

x2 + y2 + 8x – 4y – 16 = 0 on the line 3x – y + 4= 0
Sol : Given circle is
S = x2 + y2 + 8x – 4y – 16 = 0
Comparing with the standard equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
we get 2g = 8, 2f = –4, c = –16
 g = 4, f = –2, c = –16

2 2
radius = r  g  f  c

2
 42   2   16

 36  6

centre = C = (–g, –f ) = (–4, 2) = (x1, y1)

C
•
d

A M B

x
o

let the equation of chord AB be 3x – y + 4 = 0 ... (1)

CM = d = perpendicular distance from the centre C to the chord (1)

ax1  by1  c
= (formula)
a 2  b2

 ax + by + c = 3x – y + 4 = 0, a = 3, b = –1, c = 4
42 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

4  3   1 2   4

2
32   1

10 10 10
   10
10 10

 length of the chord AB

 2 r2  d 2

2
 2 62   10 
 2 36  10

 2 26 units

25. Find the length of the chord formed by x2 + y2 = a2 on the line x cos  + y sin  = p
Sol. The given circle is x2 + y2 = a2
C
Its centre is (0, 0) = C •
r d
and radius = r = a
A M B
Given equation of chord is
x cos  + y sin   p = 0 ... (1)
comparing with ax + by + c = 0, we get
a = cos , b = sin , c = – p
 d = CM = length of the perpendicular from the centre C = (0, 0) = (x1, y1)
to the chord (1)

ax1  by1  c
= (formula)
a 2  b2

cos   0   sin   0   p
  p  p
cos 2   sin 2 

 Length of the chord AB = 2 r 2  d 2

= 2 a 2  p 2 units
 Circle 43

x y
26. If x2 + y2 = c2 and   1 intersect at A and B then find AB. Hence deduce the condition
a b
that the line touches the circle.
Sol. The given circle is x2 + y2 = c2 O
•
r d
Its centre is O = (0, 0)
A M B
radius = r = c

x y
The equation of chord AB is  1 ... (1)
a b
d = perpendicular distance from the centre O (0, 0) to the chord (1)
= OM

ax1  by1  c
= (formula) where (x1, y1) = (0, 0)
a 2  b2

0 0
 1
a b
 1 1
2
1 1
2
[ The line (1) is  x   y 1  0 ]
    a b
a b

1

1 1
2
 2
a b

Now the length of the chord AB

 2 r2  d 2

1
 2 c2 
 1 1
 2 2
a b 

a 2 b2 2
= 2 c  2 2
b a

The line (1) will be a tangent or touches the circle, if this length of chord is zero.
44 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

a 2 b2
 2 c2  0
b2  a 2

a 2 b2
 c2  0
b2  a 2

2 a 2 b2
 c  2
b  a2

1 a 2  b2
 
c2 a 2 b2

1 a2 b2
  
c2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2

1 1 1
 2
 2  2 is the required condition
c b a
27. Find the equation of the circle with centre (–2, 3) and cutting a chord of length 2 units on
3x + 4y + 4 = 0
Sol : Let the required cricle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ... (1)
Its centre is (–g, –f ) = (–2, 3) (given)
 –g = –2, –f = 3 C
r d
 g  2 , f  3
•
A M B 3x + 4y + 4 = 0
equation of the chord AB is
3x + 4y + 4 = 0 ... (2)
 d = perpendicular distance from the centre (–2, 3) to the chord (2)

ax1  by1  c
= (formula) (x1, y1) = (–2, 3)
a 2  b2

3  2   4  3  4

32  42

10
 2
5
 Circle 45

 The length of the chord AB is 2. (Given)

 2 r2  d 2  2

 r2  d 2  1

 r2  d 2  1

 r2  1 d 2

 g 2  f 2  c  1  22 [ d  2 ]

 (2)2 + (–3)2 – c = 5

 c8

Substituting the values of g, f, c in (1), we get the required circle as

x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 8 = 0
28. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, 3) and touching the line 3x – 4y + 1 = 0
Sol : The centre of the circle is (a, b) = (2, 3)
Since it touches the line 3x – 4y + 1 = 0,
The line 3x – 4y + 1 = 0 ... (1)
is a tangent to the circle
 radius = d = perpendicular distance from the centre (2, 3) to the tangent (1)

ax1  by1  c
= (formula) where (x1, y1) = (2, 3)
a 2  b2

3  2  4 3  1

32  ( 4) 2

5
 1
5 (2, 3)
C d
 The equation of the required circle is
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 12
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 12 = 0
46 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

29. Find the equation of the circle with centre (–3, 4) and touching y - axis
Sol : Let the required circle be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Its centre = (–g, –f ) = (–3, 4) given
 –g = –3, –f = 4
y
 g 3, f  4

Since the circle touches the y - axis, f 2 = c (condition)

 c = f 2 = (–4)2 = 16 c
•
 c  16

 The required circle is x2 + y2 + 2(3)x + 2(–4)y + 16 = 0

 x2 + y2 + 6x – 8y + 16 = 0
30. Find the condition that the tangents drawn from the external point (g, f ) to the circle S = 0 are
perpendicular to each other.
Sol : We know that if  is the angle between the tangents drawn from an external point P(x1, y1) to
 r
the circle S = 0, then tan   
2 S11

If they are perpendicular, then = 90

P
Given P(x1, y1) = (g, f ) 

90 r (g, f )
Tan   
 2  S11

r r
 Tan 45 = 1
S11 S11

 S11  r

Squaring on both sides, we get

S11 = r2
 x12 + y12 + 2g x1 + 2fy1 + c = g2 + f 2 – c
 g2 + f 2 + 2g (g) + 2f (f) + c = g2 + f 2 – c
 2g2 + 2f 2 + 2c = 0
 Circle 47
 2 (g2 + f 2 + c) = 0
 g2 + f 2 + c = 0 is the required condition.
31. Find the chord of contact of (2, 5) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y – 2 = 0
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1) = (2, 5)
The circle is S = x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y – 2 = 0
The chord of contact of P, w.r.t the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
 x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
5
 x  2   y  5   x  2   2  y  5  2  0
2
5x
 2x  5 y   5  2 y  10  2  0
2
5x
 2 x  7 y   3  0  x – 14y – 6 = 0
2
32. Find the equation of the polar of (2, 3) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y – 96 = 0
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1) = (2, 3)
The circle is S = x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y – 96 = 0
The polar of P = (x1, y1) with respect to the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
 The polar of P(2, 3) is
x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
 x(2) + y(3) + 3(x + 2) + 4(y + 3) – 96 = 0
 2x + 3y + 3x + 6 + 4y + 12 – 96 = 0
 5x + 7y – 78 = 0
33. Show that (4, 2) and (3, –5) are conjugate points with respect to the circle
x2 + y2 – 3x – 5y + 1 = 0
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1) = (4, 2), Q = (x2, y2) = (3, –5)
The circle is S = x2 + y2 – 3x – 5y + 1 = 0
Now S12 = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f (y1 + y2) + c
3 5
= 4(3) + 2(–5) –  4  3   2  5   1
2 2
21 15
 12  10  1
2 2
21 15 6  21  15 0
 3    0
2 2 2 2
Since S12 = 0, the points P and Q are conjugate points.
48 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

34. Find the pole of x + y + 2 = 0 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0

Sol. To find the pole of the line x + y + 2 = 0 ... (1)
with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0 ... (2)
comparing (1) with lx + my + n = 0
we get l = 1, m = 1, n = 2
because, (1) is 1. x + 1 . y + 2 = 0
comparing (2) with the standard equation x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get 2g = –4, 2f = 6, c = –12
 g = –2, f = 3, c = –12

radius = r  g 2  f 2  c  4  9  12  5
 The pole of lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the circle S = 0

 lr 2 mr 2 
is   g  , f  
 lg  mf  n lg  mf  n 

 1 25 1 25 
 The pole of (1) is =  2  , 3  
 1  2   1  3   2 1 2   1 3  2 

 25 25 
 2 , 3 
 1 1 
= (2 – 25, –3 – 25)
= (–23, –28)
35. If (4, k) and (2, 3) are conjugate points with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = 17, then find k.
Sol : Let P = (x1, y1) = (4, k), Q = (x2, y2) = (2, 3)
given circle is S = x2 + y2  17 = 0
It is given that P and Q are conjugate points
 S12 = 0
 x1 x2 + y1 y2 – 17 = 0
 4(2) + k(3) – 17 = 0
 8 + 3k – 17 = 0
 3k = 9

 k 3
 Circle 49
36. Find the angle between the tangents drawn from (3, 2) to the circle
x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 2 = 0

B
P

A

Sol.: Let P = (x1, y1) = (3, 2) & Circle S = x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 2 = 0. We know that if ‘’ is the
angle between the tangents drawn from P (x1 , y1) to the circle S = 0, then

  r
tan   
2 S11

  g2  f 2  c
 tan   
2 S11

942

32  22  6  3  4  2   2

because S11 = x12+y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c

  15
 Tan     15
2 1


  Tan 1 ( 15)
2

  = 2Tan–1 ( 15) , is the angle between the tangents.


(or) Tan  15
2
1  Tan 2 
2  1  15  14  7
cos  =
1  Tan 2  1  15 16 8
2
7
 = Cos–1   Ans.
8

37. Find the internal centre of similitude for the circles

x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y + 1 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0
Sol : Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y + 1 = 0
50 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

and S1 = x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0
For the circle S = 0, For the circle S1 = 0
centre = C1 = (–3, 1) centre = C2 = (1, 3)

radius = r1  9  1  1 radius = r2 = 1  9  9

 9 3 = 1.

2 2
Distance C1C2  1  3   3 1  16  4  20  2 5

r1 + r2 = 4
 C1C2 > r1 + r2
 The two circles are non - intersecting circles.

Q
C1 C2
3:1

C2 = (1, 3)
C1 = (–3, 1)

The internal centre of similitude divides CC

1 2 in the ratio r1 : r2 = 3 : 1 internally..

 The internal centre of similitude = Q

 m x2  nx1 my2  ny1 

 , 
 mn mn 

 3 1  1 3 3  3  11 

 , 
 3  1 3 1 

 10   5
  0,    0, 
 4  2

38. Find the external centre of similitude for the circles x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 = 4
Sol : Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0
and S1 = x2 + y2 – 4 = 0
 Circle 51

for the circle S = 0, for the circle S1 = 0

centre = C1 = (1, 3) centre = C2 = (0, 0)

radius = r1  1  9  9 =1 radius = r2  4 = 2

2 2
Distance C1C2  1  0   3  0  10

r1 + r2 = 1 + 2 = 3.

CC
1 2 > r1 + r2

 The circles are non - intersecting.

The external centre of similitude, P is the point of intersection of direct common tangents and
divides CC
1 2 in the ratio r1 : r2 = 1 : 2 externally.
.

 The external centre of similitude

 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 

P= ,  C1 C2 p
 mn mn 

 1 0   2 1 1 0   2  3 
 ,  1:2
 1 2 1 2  C1 = (1, 3) C2 = (0, 0)

 2 6 
 , 
 1 1 

= (2, 6)
39. Show that the circles x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0 touch each
other. Also find the point of contact and the equation of common tangent at this point of contact.
Sol : Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0
and S1 = x2 + y2 + 6x + 18y + 26 = 0
for the circle S = 0, for the circle S1 = 0
centre = C 1 = (2, 3) centre = C2 = (–3, –9)

radius = r1  4  9  12 radois = r2  9  81  26

 25  64
5 =8
52 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2 2
Distance C1C2   3  2   9  3
 25  144  169  13

r1 + r2 = 5 + 8 = 13 = CC
1 2

 CC
1 2 = r1 + r2

 The two circles touch each other externally

The common tangent is the radical axis, S – S1 = 0

 x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  12  x 2  y 2  6 x  18 y  26  0

 –10x – 24y – 38 = 0
 –2(5x + 12y + 19) = 0
 5x + 12y + 19 = 0 is the equation of common tangent at the point of contact.
To find the point of contact of two circles : -
Let P (h, k) be the point of contact of the circles.
Then P is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from C1 = (2, 3) = (x1, y1)
to the tangent 5x + 12y + 19 = 0

h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
  
a b a 2  b2

h  2 k  3   5  2   12  3  19 
  
5 12 52  122

h  2 k  3 65
  
5 12 169

h  2 k  3 5
  
5 12 13

h  2  5 k  3 5
  , 
5 13 12 13

25 60
 h2  , k 3 
13 13
 Circle 53

25 60
h  2 k  3 S1 = 0
13 13 S=0
26  25 39  60
 
13 13 C1 • P
• C2
1 21
 
13 13
 The point of contact of the two circles is
common tangent
 1 21 
  h, k    , 
 13 13 

Second method to find the point of contact of the two circles

Since the circle touch each other externally, their point of contact is the internal centre of similitude
P which divides CC
1 2 in the ratio r1 : r2 = 5 : 8 internally

 The point of contact of the circles

 5  3  8  2  5  9   8  3 
 , 
 58 58 

 15  16 45  24 
 , 
 13 13 

 1 21 
 , 
 13 13 

40. Show that the circles x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 and 5(x2 + y2) –8x – 14y – 32 = 0, touch each
other and find their point of contact.
Sol: Let the circles be
S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0

2 2 8 14 32
and S1 = x  y  x  y   0 (standard form)
5 5 5
54 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

for the circle S = 0, for the circle S1 = 0

8 14 1 32
2g = –4, 2f = –6, c = –12 2 g1  , 2f1  ,c 
5 5 5

4 1 7 1 32
 g = –2, f = –3, c = –12  g1  , f  ,c 
5 5 5
5:8
4 7
 centre = C1 = (–g, –f ) = (2, 3) centre =  ,   C c2
5 5 2 C1 C2
= (2. 3) = (–3, –9)
radius = r1  g 2  f 2  c radois = 2 2
r2   g 1    f 1   c1

16 49 32
 4  9  12   
25 25 5

16  49  160
=5 
25

225
  9 3
25

2 2
4 7
Distance C1C2    2     3 
5  5 

2 2
 6   8 
    
 5   5 

36 64
 
25 25

36  64

25

100
  42
25

r1 + r2 = 5 + 3 = 8
r 1 – r 2 = 5 – 3 = 2 = C 1C 2
Since C1C2 = |r1 – r2|, the two circles touch each other internally
 Circle 55

The point of contact of the two circles is the external centre of similitude, P, which divides CC
1 2

externally in the ratio r1 : r2 = 5 : 3

 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 

 P 2 , 
 mn mn 
• • P
 4 7  C1 C2
 5  5   3 2 5    3  3 
   , 5 
 53 53 
 
 

 4  6 7  9   2 2 
 ,  , 
 2 2   2 2 
= (–1, –1)
 The point of contact of the two circles = (–1, –1)
41. Find the equation of the circle which touches the circlex2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0 externally at
(5, 5) with radius 5
Sol : Let the given circle be S = x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0
Its centre is C1 = (–g –f )
= (1, 2)
S=0 (5, 5)
2g = –2 g = –1 P
5
2f = –4  f = –2 •
C1 C2
c = –20

radius = g2  f 2  c

 1  4  20

 25  5
Radius of S = 0 is 5 and the radius of required circle is also 5.
The two circles touch at P = (5, 5) externally.
So, let the centre of the required circle be (x1, y1) = C2

Then P is the internal centre of similitude which dividesCC

1 2 in the ratio r1 : r2 = 5 : 5 = 1 : 1

internally.
56 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 P is the mid point of C1 C2

1  x1 2  y1 
  5,5   , 
 2 2 

1  x1 2  y1
  5, 5
2 2
 x1 = 10 –1, y1 = 10 – 2
x1 = 9 , y1 = 8
 The centre of the required circle is (x1, y1) = (9, 8) and radius r = 5
The equation of required circle is

( x  x1 ) 2  ( y  y1 ) 2  r 2

( x  9) 2  ( y  8) 2  52

 x2 – 18x + 81 + y2 – 16y + 64 – 25 = 0

x 2  y 2  18 x  16 y  120  0

42. Find the equation of the circle which touches x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0 at (–1, 1) internally
with a radius of 2.
Sol : Given circle is
C1 C2
S = x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0 • Q (–1, 1)
2g = –4 g = –2
2f = 6  f=3
c = –12 5:2
Its centre C1 = (–g, –f ) = (2, –3)
C1 C2 Q
radius r1  4  9  12  25  5 (2,– 3) (x1, y1) (–1, 1)

Let the centre of the required circle be C2 = (x1, y1) whose radius is 2, and touches the circle
S = 0 internally.
Let Q = (–1, 1) be the point of contact of the two circles.
Then Q is the external centre of similitude which divides C1, C2 externally
in the ratio r1 : r2 = 5 : 2

 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 

 Q 2 , 
 m n m n 
 Circle 57

 5 x1  2  2  5 y1  2  3 
  1, 1   , 
 52 52 

5 x1  4 5 y1  6 
  1, 1   , 
 3 3 

5 x1  4 5y  6
   1, 1 1
3 3
 5x1 – 4 = –3 5y1 + 6 = 3
 5x1 = – 3 + 4 5y1 = 3 – 6
1
 x1 = 5y1 = 3
5
3
y1 
5

 1 3 
 The centre of the required circle is = (x1, y1) =  , 
5 5 
 The equation of the required circle with radius 2, is
(x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 == 22
2 2
 1  3
 x   y   4
 5  5

1 2 9 6
 x2   x  y2   y40
25 5 25 5
2 6 1 9
 x2  y 2  x y  40
5 5 25 25
2 6 18
 x2  y 2  x y 0
5 5 5
 5x2 + 5y2 – 2x + 6y – 18 = 0 is the required circle.
43. Find the pair of tangents from the origin to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and hence
deduce a condition for these tangents to be perpendicular.
Sol : Let the given circle be
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Let P (0, 0) = (x1, y1) , S11 = 02 + 02 + 2g(0) + 2f(0) + c = c
The equation of pair of tangents drawn from P to the circle S = 0 is S12 = SS11
58 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 [x x1 + y y1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c]2 = (x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c) (c)

 [x(0) + y(0) + gx + fy + c]2 = (c) (x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c)
 (gx + fy + c)2 = cx2 + cy2 + 2gcx + 2fcy + c2
 g2 x2 + f 2 y2 + c2 + 2gfxy + 2fcy + 2gcx – cx2 – cy2 – 2gcx – 2fcy – c2 = 0
 (g2 – c)x2 + (f 2 – c)y2 + 2gfxy = 0
or (gx + fy)2 = c (x2 + y2)
Now this pair of tangents (pair of straight lines) are perpendiucular,
if coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
 (g2 – c) + (f 2 – c) = 0
 g2 + f 2 = 2c is the condition for the pair of tangents to be perpendicular
44. Find the direct common tangents of the circles x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100 = 0 and
x2 + y2 – 22x + 4y + 100 = 0
Sol.: Let S = x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100 = 0 and
S  = x2 + y2 – 22x + 4y + 100 = 0 be the given circles.
For the circle S = 0 r1 = radius = g2  f 2  c
2g = 22, 2f = –4, c = –100 = 121  4  100
 centre C1 = (–g, –f) = (–11, 2) = 225
= 15

For the circle S  = 0, r2 = radius =  112  22  100

2g1 = –22, 2 f  = 4, c = 100 = 121  4  100
centre = C2 = ( g,  f ) = (+ 11, –2) = 25
=5

Distance C1 C2 = 11  112   2  2 2

slop
e=
= 484  16 m
C1
= P
500 C2
= 5  100 = 10 5
 10  2.2   22 3:1
r1 + r2 = 15 + 5 = 20 < C1 C2
 C1 C2 > r1 + r2. C1 C2 P
 The two circle are non - intersecting circles. (–11,2) (11, –2)
The direct common tangents are drawn
 Circle 59

from the external centre of similitude P, which divides C1C2 in the ratio :
r1 : r2 = 15 : 5 = 3 : 1 externally.
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 
P=  , 
 mn mn 

 3 11  1 11 3  2   1 2  
 , 
 3 1 3 1 

 33  11 6  2 
 ,    22,  4 
 2 2 
Let P (22, –4) = (x1, y1)
To find the equation of direct common tangents :
The equation of pair of tangents drawn from P to the circle S = 0 is S12 = S S11.
 S1 = x x1 + y y1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
= x (22) + y (–4) + 11 (x + 22) – 2 (y – 4)  100
= 22x – 4y + 11x + 242 – 2y + 8 – 100
= 33x – 6y + 150
S 11 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
= 222 + (–4)2 + 22 (22) – 4 (–4) – 100
= 484 + 16 + 484 + 16 – 100
= 900
Now S12 = S S11
(33x – 6y + 150)2 = [x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100] 900
[3 (11x – 2y +50)]2 = 900 (x2 + y2 + 22 x – 4y – 100)
9 (11x – 2y + 50)2 = 900 (x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100)
121x2 + 4y2 + 2500 – 44xy – 200y + 1100x
– 100 x2 – 100y2 – 2200x + 400y + 10000 = 0
21x2 – 96y2 – 44xy – 1100x + 200y + 12500 = 0
is the combined equation of the pair of tangents.
The seperate equation of the tangents
are 3x + 4y – 50 = 0 and 7x – 24y –250 = 0
Second Method:
To find the equations of direct common tangents
The direct common tangents are drawn from P (22, –4) = (x1, y1)
Let m be the slope of the common tangent
60 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Then the equation of tangent is, y – y1 = m (x – x1)

y + 4 = m (x – 22) .... (I)
mx – y – 22m – 4 = 0 ... (1)
Now (1) is a tangent to the circle S = 0
radius = Length of perpendicular drawn from centre C1 = (–11, 2) to the line (1)

m  11  2  22m  4
15 =
m 2  12

15 m 2  1 = | –33m – 6 |

15 m 2  1 = 3 | –11
1m – 2 |

 5 m 2  1  (11m  2)
Squaring on both sides, we get
25 (m2 + 1) = (11m + 2)2
25 m2 + 25 = 121 m2 + 4 + 44 m
96 m2 + 44 m – 21 = 0

m =
44   442   4 96 21
2  96

44  10000
=
2  96
44  100 144 56
= = or
2  96 2  96 2  96
3 7
= or
4 24
Substituting the values of ‘m’ in (I) we get the required direct common tangents as
3 7
y+4= (x – 22) and y + 4 = (x – 22)
4 24
3x + 4y – 50 = 0 and 7x – 24y – 250 = 0
45. Find the transverse common tangents of circles x2 + y2 – 4x – 10y + 28 = 0
and x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 4 = 0
Sol.: Given circles are S = x2 + y2 – 4x – 10y + 28 = 0
and S  = x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 4 = 0.
 Circle 61
For the circle S = 0, 2g = – 4, 2f = –10, c = 28 g = –2, f = –5, c = 28
 C1 = centre = (–g, – f ) = (2, 5).

radius r1  g 2  f 2  c  4  25  28  1
For the circle S  = 0, 2g = 4, 2f = – 6, c = 4 g =2, f = –3, c = 4

Centre = C2 = (–2, 3), radius r2  g 2  f 2  c  4  9  4  3

Distance C1C2 =  2  2 2   3  52

= 16  4 = 20 = 2 5  2   2.2 
 4.4
r1 + r2 = 1+3 = 4 < C1 C2
The two circles are non-intersecting circles.
The two transverse common tangents are drawn from the internal centre of similitude Q.
Q divides C1C2 in the ratio r1 :r2 = 1 : 3 internally

 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 

Q=  , 
 mn mn 

 1 2   3  2  1 3  3  5  
 , 
 1 3 1 3  C1 Q
C2
 2  6 3  15 
 , 
 4 4 

 9
  1,    x1, y1 
 2
The transverse common tangents are drawn from Q. So, let the equation of tangent passing
through Q with slope ‘m’ be, y – y1 = m (x – x1)
9
y – = m (x – 1) .... (I)
2
2y – 9 = 2mx – 2m
2mx – 2y + 9 – 2m = 0 .... (1)
Now , (1) is a tangent to the circle S = 0
radius = perpendicular distance from the centre C1 = (2, 5) to the line (1)

2m  2   2  5   9  2m
1 =
 2m 2   2 2
62 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 4m 2  4  2m  1

Squaring on both sides, we get

4m2 + 4 = (2m – 1)2
 4m2 + 4 = 4m2 + 1 – 4m
 4m = – 3
3
 m
4
Substituting the value of ‘m’ in (I), we get
9 3
y   x  1
2 4
2 y  9 3 x  3
 
2 4
 4y – 18 = – 3x + 3
 3x + 4y – 21 = 0 is one of the transverse common tangent.
Since m2 term is cancelled, slope of one of the transverse common tangents is not defined. So
 9
it is parallel to y - axis and passes through Q 1, 
 2
Any line parallel to y - axis is of the formx = k
 9
Since it passes through 1,  , 1 = k.
 2
 The equation of another transverse common tangent isx = 1 or x – 1 = 0
 The equations of the transverse common tangents are x – 1 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 21 = 0
46. Show that the line lx + my + n = 0 is a normal to the circle S = 0 if and only if gl + mf = n.
Sol : The straight line lx + my + n = 0 is normal to the circle
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
 If the centre (–g, –f ) of the circle lies on lx + my + n = 0
 l(–g) + m(–f ) + n = 0
 lg + mf = n
 System of Circles 63

Unit 2
System of Circles

Definition :
The Angle between two intersecting circles is defined as the angle between the tangents drawn at
the point of intersection of the two circles.
Note: If two circles S = 0 and S = 0 intersect at the points P and Q, then the angle between the two
circles at P and Q are equal.
Theorem : If C1 and C2 are the centres of two given intersecting circles, d = C1C2 , r1 and r2 are the
radii of these circles,  is the angle between these circles, then prove that

d 2  r12  r22
Cos  
2r1r2
Proof: Let 'P' be the point of intersection of two given circles. Let the tangents drawn to two circles at
'P' intersect the line joining the centres at T1 and T2.
Then T1PT2 =  Y

P
r1 r2

C1 T 1 T2 C2

X
O

C1PC 2  C1PT2  T2 PC 2 C1P = r1 is  r to tangent at P

= 900 + 900   C1PT2  900
= 1800  Similarly,
From C1PC2, C2P = r2 is  r to tangent at P
according to cosine rule, we have  C2 PT1  900
(C1C2)2 = (C1P)2 + (C2P)2  2(C1P) (C2P) cos C1PC 2
64 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 d 2  r12  r22  2r1 r2 cos(180 0  )   T1PT2   T2 PC2  900

2 2
= r1  r2  2r1 r2 [  cos ]     T2 PC2  900

 d 2  r12  r22  2r1 r2 cos    T2 PC2  900  

d 2  r12  r22
 cos   .
2r1 r2
Note : Since Cos  is independent of the coordinates of the point of intersection, the angle at Q is also
equal to .
Theorem : If '' is the angle between the intersecting circles S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and
S = x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0, then
c  c   2 gg   2 ff 
Show that Cos  =
2  g 2  f 2  c ( g )2  ( f )2  c 
Proof :
Let C1 and C2 be the centres and r1 and r2 be the radii of the
given circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
and x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0 ...(2) respectively.
Then C1 = (g, f ) C2 = ( g ,  f  )

r1  g2  f 2  c r2  ( g  )2  ( f )2  c 

d = C1C2  ( g   g )2  ( f   f )2 ( distance formula)

 ( g  ) 2  g 2  ( f  ) 2  f 2  2 gg   2 ff 
 d 2  r12  r22  ( g  )2  g 2  ( f  )2  f 2  2 gg   2 ff 
 ( g 2  f 2  c )  [( g  ) 2  ( f  ) 2  c  ]
  2 gg   2 ff   c  c
 c   c  2 gg   2 ff 
If '' is the angle between the intersecting circles (1) and (2) then
d 2  r12  r22
cos  
2r1r2

c  c   2 gg   2 ff

2  g 2  f 2  c  ( g )2  ( f )2  c 
Hence proved.
 System of Circles 65

Definition : Two intersecting circles are said to be orthogonal, if the angle between them is a right
angle, that is 900.
Condition for orthogonality
The condition for orthogonality of two intersecting circles
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0 is
2gg' + 2ff' = c + c'
or d 2  r12  r22 where d = distance between the centres of the circles.
r1 , r2 are their radii.
Theorem :
(i) If S = 0 and S = 0 are two circles intersecting at two distinct points, then S S = 0
represents the common chord of these circles.
(ii) If S = 0 and S = 0 are two circles touching each other, then SS = 0 is a common tangent at
the point of contact.
Theorem : If S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and L = lx + my + n = 0 are the equations of a circle
and a straight line respectively intersecting each other, then the equation S + L = 0 represents a circle
passing through the points of intersection of the circle S = 0 and the line L = 0,   R.
If A and B are the points of intersection of the circle S = 0 and the line L = 0
Then the equation of any circle passing through A and B can be taken as (S +L) = 0
( There are many circles passing through A and B)
Theorem : If S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g  x + 2 f  y + c = 0 are the
equations of two intersecting circles, and  are any real numbers such that   , then
S S  or S + k S = 0, k R represents a circle passing through the points of intersection of
the circles S = 0 and S = 0.

Note : If the circle S = 0 and S = 0 intersect at A and B, then the equation of common chord AB is
S  S = 0
So the equation of any circle passing through A and B can also be taken as S + (S  S ) = 0, where
  R taking the line L = 0 in S + L = 0 as L = (S  S ) = 0
So the equation of any circle passing through A and B can be taken as S + kS = 0, where k R
or S S where   R
or S (S  S )where   R
Radical axis of two circles
Definition : The Radical axis of two circles is defined as the locus of a point which moves so that its
powers with respect to the two circles are equal.
Theorem : If S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0 are two
non-concentric circles, then their radical axis is a straight line whose equation is S  S = 0 .
66 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Note :
1) In the equation S  S = 0 , the circles S = 0 and S = 0 should be in the standard form with
coefficient of x2 and coefficient of y2, both equal to one.
2) For the concentric circles with distinct radii, the radical axis does not exist, since there is no point,
whose powers w.r.t the two distinct concentric circles are equal.
Theorem : The radical axis of any two circles is perpendicular to the line joining their centres.
Theorem : The radical axis of two circles is
i) The 'common chord' when the two circles intersect at two distinct points.
ii) The 'common tangent' at the point of contact when the two circles touch each other.
Theorem : The radical axis of any two circles (whose commen tangent is not perpendicular to the line
joining the centres) bisects the line joining the points of contact of common tangent to the circles.
Theorem : If the centres of any three circles are non-collinear, then the radical axes of each pair of the
circles chosen from these three circles are concurrent.
The three radical axes, S  S = 0 , S  S = 0 and S  S = 0 are concurrent at P..
This point 'P' is called as the radical centre.
Definition : (Learn the definition - very important)
The point of concurrence of the radical axes of each pair of the three circles whose centres are non-
collinear is called as the Radical centre.
Note : The lengths of tangents drawn from the radical centre to these three circles are equal.
Theorem : If the circle S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 cuts each of the two circles
S = x2 + y2 + 2 g  x + 2 f  y + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2 g x + 2 f  y + c = 0 orthogonally,,
then the centre of S = 0 lies on the radical axis of S = 0 and S = 0.
Theorem : Let S = 0, S = 0 and S = 0 be three circles whose centres are non collinear and no
two circles of these are intersecting, then the circle having
(i) radical centre of these circles as the centre of the circle and
(ii) length of tangent from the radical centre to any one of these circles as radius, cuts the given
three circles orthogonally.
We apply this theorem in solving the problems.
PROBLEMS
1. Find the angle between the circles
x2 + y2 + 4x  14y + 28 = 0 x2 + y2 + 4x  5 = 0
Sol: Given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 4x  14y + 28 = 0 and S' = x2 + y2 + 4x  5 = 0
2g = 4, 2f = 14, c = 28 2 g = 4, 2 f  = 0, c = 5
 g = 2, 2f = 7, c = 28  g = 2, f  = 0, c = 5
System of Circles 67

Centre = C1 = (g, f ) = (2, 7) C2 = ( g ,  f  ) = (2, 0)

radius = g2  f 2  c r2 = ( g )2  ( f )2  c  4  0  5  9

r1  4  49  28 =3
 25  5

d = C1C2  ( 2  2)2  (7  0)2  7

If  is the angle between the circles, then
d 2  r12  r22 49  25  9
cos   
2r1r2 253
15 1
   cos 600
253 2
  = 600.
 The angle between the circles is 600.
Second Method :
Given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 4x  14y + 28 = 0 and S' = x2 + y2 + 4x  0.y  5 = 0
2g = 4  g=2 2 g = 4  g = 2
2f =  14  f= 7 2 f =0  f =0
c = 28  c = 28 c =  5  c =  5
If '' is the angle between the curves, then
c  c   2 gg   2 ff 
cos  
2  g 2  f 2  c  ( g )2  ( f )2  c

28  5  8  0

2  4  49  28  4  0  5
15 1
 
253 2
= cos 600.
 The angle between the two circles is 600.
2. If the angle between the circles x2 + y2  12x  6y + 41 = 0 and x2 + y2 + kx + 6y  59 = 0 is
450, then find k.
Sol: Given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + kx  6y  59 = 0 and S = x2 + y2  12x  6y  41 = 0
2g = k, 2f = 6, c = 59 2 g  = 12, 2 f  = 6, c = 41
k
 g= , f = 3, c = 59  g  = 6, f  = 3, c = 41.
2
68 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

The angle between the circles is 450  = 450.

c  c   2 gg   2 ff 
 cos  
2  g 2  f 2  c  ( g )2  ( f )2  c 

59  41  6k  18
 cos 450 
2
k
2  9  59  36  9  41
4
3
1 6 k 3k
  
2 k2 k2
2  68  4  68  4
4 4
Squaring on both sides we get

1 (3k )

2  k2 
 4  68   4

 k2 
 2(9k 2 )    68 4
 4 
18k2 = k2 + 272
72
 17k2 = 272  k2   16  k  4
17
3. Show that the circles x2 + y2  2x  2y  7 = 0 and 3x2 + 3y2  8x  29y = 0 intersect each
other orthogonally.
Sol: Given circles are
8 29
S = x2 + y2  2x  2y  7 = 0 and S  x 2  y 2  x  y0 0
3 3
Always write the equations of the circles with coefficient of x2 and coefficient of y2 as one, ie,
in the standard form
3 x 2 3 y 2 8 x 29 y
2 2
So, 3x + 3y  8x + 29y = 0     0
3 3 3 3
8 x 29 y
 x2  y 2   0
3 3
8 4
2g = 2,  g = 1 2g    g 
3 3
29 29
2f = 2  f = 1 2 f   f 
3 6
c = 7  c = 7 c = 0  c = 0.
System of Circles 69

 4   29 
So, 2 gg   2 ff   2( 1)    2( 1)  
 3  6
8 29 8  29 21
     7
3 3 3 3
c + c = 7 + 0 = 7
Since the condition 2 gg   2 ff   c  c  is satisfied by the circles S = 0 and S = 0, they
intersect each other orthogonally. Hence proved.
4. Find k, if the circles x2 + y2 + 2by  k = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2ax + 8 = 0 are orthogonal.
Sol: Given circles are S = x2 + y2 + 2by  k = 0
and S = x2 + y2 + 2ax + 8 = 0
2g = 0 2 g = 2a
2f = 2b 2 f=0
c = k c = 8.
 g = 0, f = b, c = k, g = a, f  = 0, c = 8.
It is given that the circles S = 0 and S = 0 are orthogonal.
 2 gg   2 ff   c  c 
 2(0) (a) + 2(b) (0) = k + 8
 0 = k + 8
 k = 8.
3
5. Show that the angle between the circles x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + y2 = ax + ay is .
4
Sol: Given circles are S = x2 + y2  a2 = 0
and S = x2 + y2  ax  ay = 0.
a
2g = 0,  g=0 2 g  = a  g 
2
a
2f = 0  f=0 2 f   a  f 
2
c = a 2
 c = a 2 c = 0  c = 0.
If '' is the angle between the circles S = 0 and S = 0 then
c  c   2 gg   2 ff 
cos  
2  g 2  f 2  c  ( g )2  ( f )2  c 

a2  0  0  0

a2 a2
2 0  0  a2   0
4 4
70 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

a2
  a 2 a 2 2a 2 a 2 
a2     
2 a2   4 4 4 2
2

a2

a
2.a.
2

 2  2
 
2 2 2
1
 
2
= cos(180  450)
= cos 1350.
3
cos= cos .
4
3
 The angle between the circles S = 0 and S = 0 is . Hence proved
4
Essay Problems
6. Find the equation of the circle which pass through (1, 1) and cuts orthogonally each of the circles
x2 + y2  8x – 2y + 16 = 0 and x2 + y2  4x  4y  1 = 0
Sol: Let the circle required be x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
2 2
It passes through (1, 1)  1 + 1 + 2g(1) + 2f(1) + c = 0
 2g + 2f + c + 2 = 0 ...(2)
2 2
(1) is orthogonal to the circles S = x + y  8x  2y  16 = 0
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c  2 g = 8  g = 4
 2g( 4) + 2f( 1) = c + 16 2 f  = 2  f  = 1
  8g  2f  c  16 = 0 ...(3) c = 16  c = 16
2 2
Again (1) is orthogonal to x + y  4x  4y  1 = 0
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c  2 g = 4  g = 2
 2g(2) + 2f( 2) = c  1 2 f  = 4  f  = 2
  4g  4f  c  1 = 0 ...(4) c = 1.
Solving (2), (3) and (4) :-
(2)  2g + 2f + c + 2 = 0 (3)  8g  2f  c  16 = 0
(3)   8g  2f  c  16 = 0 (4)  4g  4f  c  1 = 0
+ + + 
6g  14 = 0  4g  2f  17 = 0
System of Circles 71

14 7  7
 g=    4     2 f  17  0
6 3  3
28
  2 f  17  0
3
23 23
 2f   f 
3 6
Substituting the values of 'g' and 'f ' in (2),

we get  7   23 
2   2   c  2  0
 3  6
14 23
   c2  0
3 3
14 23 14  23  6 15
 c   2     5.
3 3 3 3
Substituting the values of g, f, c in (1) we get the required circle as
 7   23 
x2  y 2  2   x  2   y  5  0
 3  6
 3x2 + 3y2  14x + 23y  15 = 0
7. Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to each of the following 3 circles.
x2 + y2 + 2x + 17y + 4 = 0, x2 + y2 x + 6y + 11 = 0. and x2 + y2  x + 22y + 3 = 0.
Sol: Given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 17y + 4 = 0 ...(1)
S = x2 + y2  7x + 6y + 11 = 0 ...(2)
S = x2 + y2  x + 22y + 3 = 0 ...(3)
let S = x2 + y2  2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(4) be the required circle orthogonal to (1), (2) and (3)
Then (1) and (4) are orthogonal
 2gg   2 ff   c  c   2 g = 2  g = 1
 17  17
 2g(1) + 2f  2  = c + 4 2 f  = 17  f  =
2
 2g + 17 f = c + 4 ...(5) c = 4
Again (2) and (4) are orthogonal
7
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c  2 g  = 7  g  =
2
 7  6 6
 2g  2  + 2f  2  = c + 111 2 f  = 6  f  =
2
 7g + 6f = c + 111 ...(6) c = 11.
Again (3) and (4) are orthogonal
72 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

1
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c  2 g  = 1  g  = 
2
 1
 2g   2  + 2f (11) = c + 3 2 f  = 22  f  = 11
1

  g + 22f = c + 3 ...(7) c   3

Solving (5), (6) and (7) we get
(5)  2g + 17f = c + 4 (6)  7g + 6f = c + 11 1
(6)  7g + 6f = c + 11 1 (7)  g + 22f = c + 3
 
5g + 11f = 7 ...(8) 8g  16f = 8 ...(9)
Solving (8) and (9), we get
8(5g + 11f = 7)
5( 8g  16f = 8) Substituting f = –2 in (8)
 40g + 88f = 56 we get
40g  80f = 40 5g + 11(2) = 7
8f = 16  5g = 7 + 22 = 15
16 15
f =  g=   3.
8 5
f  2 g  3
Substituting the values of 'g' and 'f ' in (7) we get
g + 22f = c + 3
 3  22( 2)  c  3
 c   44
Substituting the values of 'g' 'f ' and 'c' in (4), we get the required circles as
x2 + y2 + 2(3)x + 2(2)y  44 = 0
 x2 + y2  6x  4y  44 = 0
8. Find the equation of the circle passing through the origin, having its centre on the linex + y = 4
and intersecting the circle x2 + y2  4x + 2y + 4 = 0 orthogonally.
Sol: Let the required circle be S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1)
It passes through origin  c = 0 ...(2)
Its centre (g, f ) lies on the line x + y = 4
 (g) + (f ) = 4  g  f = 4 ...(3)
2 2
(1) intersects the circle S = x + y  4x + 2y + 4 = 0 ...(4)
orthogonally
 System of Circles 73

 2g g + 2f f  = c + c  2 g = 4  g = 2
 2g(2) + 2f(1) = c + 4 2 f =2  f =1
 4g + 2f = 0 + 4 [ c = 0] c = 4
 2(2g + f ) = 4
 2g + f = 2 ...(5)
Solving (3) & (5) we get
g  f = 4
2g + f = 2 Substituting g = –2 in (3) we get
3g =6 (2)  f = 4
6
g   f  42 2
3
 g 2  f 2
Substituting the values of g, f and c in (1) we get
x2 + y2 + 2(2)x + 2(2)y = 0
 x2 + y2  4x  4y = 0.
9. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (2, 0), (0, 2) and orthogonal to the
circle 2x2 + 2y2 + 5x  6y + 4 = 0.
Sol: Let S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(1) be the required circle.
It passes through (2, 0)
 22 + 02 +2g(2) + 2f(0) + c = 0
 4g + c + 4 = 0 ...(2)
Circle (1) passes through (0, 2)  02 + 22 + 2g(0) + 2f(2) + c = 0
 4f + c + 4 = 0 ...(3)
Circle (1) is orthogonal to 2x + 2y2 + 5x  6y + 4 = 0
2

5 6 4
that is x 2  y 2  x y  0
2 2 2
5 5
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c  2g    g 
2 4
 5  3  6 3
 2g    2 f    c  2 2f   f
 4  2 2 2
4
c   2.
2
5g ...(4)
  3f  c2
2
Solving (2), (3) and (4) we get
74 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

(2)  4g + c + 4 = 0 (2)  4g + c + 4 = 0
5g
(3)  4f + c + 4 = 0 (4)   3f  c2 0
2
 
5g
4g  4f = 0 4g +  3f 2 0
2
 4g = 4f But g = f
5g
 g=f  4g   3g  2  0
2
8g  5g  6 g  4
 0
2
 7g + 4 = 0
4
 g  f.
7
From (2)  c = 4g  4
 4  16 16  28 12
 4    4  4  
 7 7 7 7
Substituting in (1) we get the required circle as
 8   8  12
x2  y 2    x    y  0
 7  7 7
 7x2 + 7y2  8x  8y  12 = 0 Ans.
10. Find the equation of the circle which cuts orthogonally the circlex2 + y2  4x  2y  7 = 0 and
having the centre at (2, 3).
Sol: Let the required circle be S = x2 + y2  2gx  2fy  c = 0 ...(1)
Its centre is (2, 3)  (g, f ) = (2, 3)
 g = 2,  f = 3
 g  2 , f  3
The circle (1) is orthogonal to S = x2 + y2  4x + 2y  7 = 0
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c [  2 g = 4, 2 f  = 2, c = 7]
 2(2)(2) + 2(3)(1) = c  7
 8 6=c7
 c=9
substituting in (1) we get the required circle as
x2 + y2 + 2( 2)x + 2(3)y  9 = 0
 x2 + y2  4x – 6y  9 = 0.
 System of Circles 75

11. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection of the circles
x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 = 0 and x2 + y2  2x  15 = 0 and (1, 2)
Sol: Given circles are
S = x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 = 0
and S = x2 + y2  2x  15 = 0
Now S  S = x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21  x2 – y2  2x  15
= 6x  6y + 36
We know that, the equation of any circle passing through the points of intersection of the circle S
= 0 and S = 0 is S + (S  S ) = 0,   R.
So let the required circle be S + (S  S ) = 0
 x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 (x  6y  36 0 ...(1)
It passes through (1, 2)
 12 + 22  8(1)  6(2) + 21 + (6(1)  6(2) + 36) = 0
 1 + 4  8  12 + 21 + (6  12 + 36) = 0
 6 +  (18) = 0
6 1
   
18 3
1
Substituting    in (1), we get the required circle as
3
1
x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21  (x  6y  36 0
3
 x2 + y2  8x  6y + 21 x  2y  12 0
 x2 + y2  6x  4y + 9 0
12. If x + y = 3 is the equation of the chord AB of the circle x2 + y2  2x  4y  8  0, then find the
equation of the circle having AB as diameter..
Sol: Let the given circle S = x2 + y2  2x  4y  8  0 and the line L = x + y  3  0 intersect at
A and B.
Then the equation of any circle passing through A and B is S +L = 0
 x2 + y2  2x  4y  + (x + y  3) = 0 ...(I)
2 2
 x + y  (  2)x  + ) y  8  3 = 0 ...(1)
If (1) itself is the required circle with AB as diameter then its centre
  (  2)  (4 +  ) 
C =  ,  lies on the line L = 0.
2 2

  (  2)  (4 +  ) 
Substituting C =  ,  in L = 0
2 2
76 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 (  2)  (4 +  )
we get,  3  0
2 2
  2  4    6
 0
2
  2  8 = 0
8
  2 = 8       4
2
Substituting = 4 in (1), we get the required circle as
x2 + y2  2x  4y  8 –4(x  y  3 0
 x2 + y2  6x  4  0.
13. Find the equation of the radical axis of the circles 2x2 + 2y2 + 3x + 6y  5 = 0 and
3x2 + 3y2  7x + 8y  11 = 0
Sol: Let the circles in the standard form be
2 x 2 2 y 2 3x 6 y 5
S=     0
2 2 2 2 2
3 5
 S = x2 + y2 + x + 3y  = 0
2 2
7 8 11
and S  x 2  y 2  x y 0
3 3 3
The radical axis of S = 0 and S  0 is S  S  0
2 3 5 7 8 11
2
 x + y + x + 3y  – x 2  y 2 + x  y  0
2 2 3 3 3
3 5 7 8 11
 x  3y   x  y   0
2 2 3 3 3
9 x  18 y  15  14 x  16 y  22
 0
6
 23x + 2y + 7 = 0
14. Find the radical centre of the circles
x2 + y2  2x + 6y = 0, x2 + y2  4x  2y + 6 = 0 and x2 + y2  12x + 2y + 3 = 0
Sol: Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2  2x  6y = 0,
S = x2 + y2  4x  2y + 6 = 0
S = x2 + y2  12x + 2y + 3 = 0
The radical axis of S = 0 and S = 0 is S  S = 0
2 2 2 2
 x + y  2x + 6y  x  y  4x  2y  6 = 0
 2x + 8y  6 = 0
 x + 4y  3 = 0 ...(1)
 System of Circles 77

Similarly the radical axis of S = 0 and S = 0 is S  S = 0

2 2 2 2
 x + y  4x  2y  x  y  12x  2y  3 = 0
 8x  4y + 3 = 0 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get the radical centre.
x + 4y  3 = 0
8x – 4y + 3 = 0
9x = 0
 x=0
3
substituting x = 0 in (1), we get y = .
4
 3 
 The radical centre is  0,  .
4
Note : To find Radical centre solve any two of the following radical axes : (S S ) = 0, ( S  S ) = 0,
(S  S ) = 0.
15. Find the equation of the common chord and also its length of the two circles.
S = x2 + y2 + 3x + 5y  4 = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 5x + 3y  4 = 0
Sol: The given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 3x + 5y  4 = 0
and S = x2 + y2 + 5x + 3y  4 = 0
For circle S = 0 For circle S = 0
 3 5   5 3 
centre C1 =  ,  C2 =  , 
2 2 2 2

9 25 25 9
r1   4 r  4
4 4 4 4
9  25  16 18 3
  
4 4 2
2 2
9 3  5 3   3 5 
  Distance C1C2 =       
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
6  2   2 
r1  r2         2.
2 2 2

6 2
r1  r2   3 2
2 2
3 2 > 2 or 2 < 3 2
 C 1C 2 < r 1 + r 2
78 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

r1  r2 = 0
|r1  r2 | < C1C2 < |r1  r2 |
 The circles intersect. So the radical axis S  S = 0 is the common chord.
2 2 2 2
 x + y  3x  5y  4  x  y  5x  3y  4 = 0
2x + 2y = 0 or x  y = 0 is the radical axis.
 The equation of common chord is L = x  y = 0 ...(1)
The length of common chord is 2 r 2  d 2
C1 d C2
where 'r' is the radius of the circle S = 0
r
& d is the perpendicular distance from C1 to the line (1)
3 5
 | ax1  by1  c |
2 2
d   formula is
12  ( 1) 2 a 2  b2
 3 5 
where (x1, y1) = C1   , 
 2 2
1
 ax + by + c is x  y.  a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
2
2 2
 3   1  9 1
 Length of common chord = 2   2 
 2   2  2 2
= 2  2 = 4 units.
16. Show that the circles S = x + y2  2x  4y  20 = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y  90 = 0 touch
2

each other internally. Find their point of contact and the equation of common tangent.
Sol: Given circles are S = x2 + y2  2x  4y  20 = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y  90 = 0
For circle S = 0, For circle S = 0
centre = C1 = (1, 2) centre = C2 = (3, 1)
radius = r1 = 1  4  20 radius = r2 = 9  1  90
 25  5  100  10
Distance C1C2 = ( 3  1)2  ( 1  2)2
= 16  9  25  5
we observe that C1C2 = |r1  r2| [ 5 = |5  10|]
So the two circles touch each other internally.
The equation of common tangent at the point of contact is the radical axis S S = 0
 x2 + y2  2x  4y  20  x2 – y2  6x  2y + 90 = 0
  8x  6y  70 = 0
  2 (4x  3y  35) = 0
 4x  3y  35 = 0
System of Circles 79

The point of contact P, is the external centre of similitude which divides C1C2 in the ratio
r1 : r2 = 5 : 10 = 1 : 2 externally.
mx2  nx1 my2  ny1
P ,
mn mn
 3  2 1  4 
=  , 
1 2 1 2 
 5 5 
=  , 
1 1
= (5, 5)
Note : The point of contact is also the foot of the perpendicular drawn from C1 or C2 to the common
tangent 4x + 3y  35 = 0.
Let P(h, k), C1 = (x1, y1) = (1, 2) tangent : 4x + 3y  35 = 0 is ax + by + c = 0
Then
h  x1 k  y1 (ax1  by1  c)
  [  a = 4 b = 3 c = 35]
a b a 2  b2
h 1 k  2 (4  6  35)
  
4 3 42  32
25
 1
25

h 1 k 2 
  1,  1
4 3  h = 5, k = 5.
 h  1  4, k  2  3
 The point of contact is (h, k) = (5, 5).
17. Find the equation of the circle which cuts the circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 4 y + 1 = 0,
2x2 + 2y2 + 6x + 8y 3 = 0 and x2 + y2  2x + 6y  3 = 0 orthogonally.
Sol: Let the given circles be
S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 ...(1)
6 8 3
S = x 2  y 2  x y  0
2 2 2
3
 S = x 2  y 2  3 x  4 y  0 ...(2)
2
and  S = x 2  y 2  2 x  6 y  3  0 ...(3)
The radical axis of (1) and (2) is S  S = 0
3
 x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  1  x 2  y 2  3 x  4 y  0
2
80 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

3
 x 1 0
2
5
 x  0 ...(4)
2
The radical axis of (1) and (3) is S  S = 0
 x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  1  x 2  y 2  2 x  6 y  3  0
 4x  2y + 4 = 0
 2(2x  y + 2) = 0
 2x  y + 2 = 0 ...(5)
Solving (4) and (5) we ge the radical centre
5 5
(4)   x   0 x
2 2
Substituing in (5) we get
 5
2   y  2  0
 2
 5y+2=0
 y =7
5 
 The radical centre is  , 7  ( x1 , y1 )
2

5 
Now length of tangent from  , 7 to circle S = 0 is

2

S11  x12  y12  2 x1  4 y1  1

2
 5 2  5
    7  2    4(7)  1
2 2

25
  49  5  28  1
4

25
  83
4

25  332

4

357

4
 The circle orthogonal to (1), (2) and (3) is
System of Circles 81

( x  x1 ) 2  ( y  y1 ) 2  ( S11 ) 2
2
 5 357
 x   ( y  7) 2 
 2 4
25 357
 x2  y 2   49  5 x  14 y 
4 4
25 357
 x 2  y 2  5 x  14 y   49  0
4 4
 x 2  y 2  5 x  14 y  34  0 is the required circle.

Second Method
Let S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
be the circle orthogonal to
S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y + 1 = 0 2 g = 2, 2 f  = 4, c = 1
3 3
S = x2 + y2 + 3x + 4y  = 0 2 g  = 3, 2 f  = 4, c =
2 2
S = x2 + y2  2x + 6y  3 = 0 2 g  = 2, 2 f  = 6, c = 3
S = 0 and S = 0 are orthogonal
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c
 2g(1) + 2f(2) = c + 1  2g + 4f = c + 1 ...(1)
Again
S = 0 and S = 0 are orthogonal
 2g g  + 2f f  = c + c
 3 3 3
 2 g    2 f (2)  c   3g  4 f  c  ...(2)
 2  2 2
Again S = 0 and S = 0 are orthogonal
 2g g + 2f f  = c + c
 2g(1) + 2f(3) = c  3  2g + 6f = c  3 ...(3)
Solving (1), (2) and (3), we get
(1)  2g + 4f = c + 1 (1)  2g + 4f = c + 1
3
(2)  3g + 4f = c  (3)  2g + 6f = c  3
2
   + + 
3
g = 1+ 4g  2f = 4
2
82 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

5  5 
 g  4   2 f  4
2  2
  2f = 4 + 10
14
f    7.
2
5
Substituting g = & f = 7 in (1), we get
2
 5 
2    4(  7)  c  1
 2
  5  28  1 = c  c =  34
Substituting the values of ‘g’, ‘f ’ and ‘c’ in S = 0, we get the required circle as
x2 + y2  5x  14y  34 = 0.
18. Show that the common chord of the circles x2 + y2  6x  4y + 9 = 0 and
x2 + y2  8x  6y + 23 = 0 is the daimeter of the second circle and also find its length.
Sol : Given circles are
S = x2 + y2  6x  4y + 9 = 0 2g = 6, 2f = 4, c = 9
and S = x2 + y2  8x  6y + 23 = 0 2 g = 8, 2 f  = 6, c = 23
For circle S = 0 For circle S = 0
Centre = C1 = (3,2) Centre = C2 = (4,3)
raidus = r1  9  4  9  2 radius = r2  16  9  23  2

Distance C1C2  (4  3)2  (3  2)2  2  2  2.

|r1  r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2 [ 2  2  2  1.414 = 0.586]
 The circles are intersecting circles.
The common chord is the radical axis S  S = 0
 x 2  y 2  6 x  4 y  9  x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  23  0
 2 x  2 y  14  0
 x  y  7  0 ... (1) is the common chord
To show that it is the diameter of second circle S = 0 :-
Centre of S = 0 is (4,3)
Substituting (4, 3) in 1, we get 4 + 3 7 = 0
 The centre of the circle S = 0 lies on the radical axis that is, the common chord AB of the
circles S = 0 & S = 0.
 The common chord is the diameter of the second circleS = 0.
Hence proved.
 Length of common chord
System of Circles 83

= length of the diameter of circle S = 0

= 2  radius of circle S = 2 2 units
OR

Length of common chord  2 r 2  d 2

where r = radius of circle S = 0
d = length of the perpendicular from the center C1 = (3,2) to the chord x + y  7 = 0
| ax1  by1  c |
 (formula)
a 2  b2
| 3 2  7 | 2
 
12  12 2

2 . 2
  2
2
2 2
Length of common chord  2 r  d

 2  22  ( 2)2
 2 42
f
 2 2 units.
19. Find the equation of the circle whose diameter is the common chord of the circles
S  x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 and S  x2 + y2 + 4x + 3y + 2 = 0
Sol : Given circles are
S = x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
and S = x2 + y2 + 4x + 3y + 2 = 0
For circle S = 0, For circle S = 0,
 3   3 
Centre = C1 =  1,  Centre = C2 =  2, 
2 2

9 9
radius = r1 = 1  1 radius = r2 = 4 2
4 4

9 3 9 17
r1   .  2 
4 2 4 2
4.12
r2   2.06.
2
84 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2
2  3 3 
Distance C1C2 = ( 2  1)    
 2 2
= 1.
3 17 
1   
2 2 

 | r1  r2 |  C1C2  | r1  r2 |
 The two circles intersect each other and the common chord AB is the radical axis
S  S = 0
2 2 2 2
 x + y + 2x + 3y + 1  x  y  4x  3y  2 = 0
 2x  1 = 0
 2x  1 = 0
Let L = 2x + 1 = 0
We know that the equation of any circle passing through the points A and B is
S + (S  S ) = 0 where A and B are the points of intersection of the circles
S = 0 and S = 0
S + (S  S ) = 0 or S + L = 0
 x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y + 1 + (2x  = 0
 x2 + y2 + (2 + 2)x + 3y + (1  = 0 ...(1)
 (2  2) 3 
If (1) itself is the circle with AB as diametre, then its centre P   ,  lies on the
 2 2 
radical axis L = 0
 (2  2 ) 
 2   1 0
 2 
 2  2 + 1 = 0
 2 = 1
1
 = 
2
Substituting  value in (1), we get the required circle as
  1   1
x 2  y 2   2  2     x  3 y  1    0
  2   2

1
 x2  y 2  x  3 y  0
2
 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 x  6 y  1  0.
Parabola 85

Unit 3
Parabola

Conic Sections
The Circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola, a pair of intersecting straight lines; a straight line and
a point are called as conic sections because each is a section of a double napped right circular cone
with a plane.

Note: A pair of parallel straight lines is not a conic section as there is no plane which cuts the
cone along two parallel lines.

The generated conic sections are a circle, an ellipse, a parabola, a hyperbola. The
degenerated conic sections are a point, a straight line, a pair of intersecting straight lines.

Conic
Definition: The locus of a point moving on a plane such that its distances from a fixed point and
a fixed straight line in the plane are in a constant ratio ‘e’ is called a conic.

1. The fixed point is called the focus and is usually denoted by S.

2. The fixed straight line is called the directrix.

3. The constant ratio ‘e’ is called the eccentricity.

4. The straight line of the plane passing through the

focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called
the axis.

5. If e = 1, the conic is a parabola.

If 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse.

86 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

If e > 1, the conic is a hyperbola

If e = 0, the conic is a circle.

6. Foci are inside the conic

7. Directrices are outside the conic and never intersect the conic.

Parabola
Equation of a parabola in the general form

Let S(, ) be the focus and lx  my  n  0 be the directrix. Then by definition of the parobola,

SP = PM, where P(x, y) is a point on the parabola and PM is the perpendicular distance
from P to the directrix.

lx  my  n
 ( x   )2  ( y   )2  , when P  ( x, y )
l 2  m2

2 2 (lx  my  n)2
 (x  )  ( y   )  is the equation of
l 2  m2
parabola which is a second degree equation inx and y. The equation of
axis is m( x   )  l ( y   )  0 .

V Imp LAQ

Theorm. Derive the equation of the Parabola in the standard form as y 2  4ax

Proof: Let ‘S’ be the focus and l be the directix. Y

 l
Let ZS be the axis which is passing through the focus,
S, and perpendicular to the directix l. P
M
A X
Let ‘A’ be the midpoint of Z, S and ‘A’ be the origin. X Z S
Then ZA = AS.

Let ZA = AS = a and AS be the positive x-axis and Y

AZ be the negative x axis. Let YAY be the y-axis,
Then A = (0,0), S = (a,0), Z = (-a,0)
The directrix l is parallel to y-axis and passes through Z.  Its equation is x = –a or x + a = 0.
Parabola 87

Let P( x1 , y1 ) be any point on the parabola.

SP
Then according to the definition, 1
PM

 SP  PM

 SP 2  PM 2
where PM = perpendicular distance from P to the directrix x + a = 0

x1  a ax1  by1  c
PM   x1  a [ Formula: ]
12  02 a 2  b2

 SP 2  PM 2
2 2 2
  x1  a    y1  0   x1  a

2 2 2
 x1  a 2  2ax1  y1  x1  a 2  2ax1

2
 y1  4ax1

2
 The locus of P is y  4ax , which is the required standard equation of the parabola.

Nature of the curve of the parabola y 2  4ax , (a>0)

1. If the curve passes through origin, then x = 0  y = 0.

2. The y-axis is a tangent to the parabola at the origin.
3. For any positive real value of x, we obtain two values of y of equal magnitude but of
opposite in signs. So the curve is symmetric about X-axis and lies in the first and fourth
quadrants  x  0  . The curve doesnot exist on the left side of y-axis.

4. As x  , y    . So the two branches of the parabola lying on opposite sides of the

X-axis extend to infinity towards the positive direction of the X-axis. Hence it is an open
curve.

5. For the parabola y 2  4ax, (a > 0) the focus S is (a, 0), directrix is x + a = 0 and axis
is y = 0. The vertex is A(0, 0).
6. If the vertex is at (h,k) and the axis of the parabola is parallel to X-axis then the equation
2
of the parabola is  y  k   4a  x  h  .
88 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Definitions:
1. The line joining two points of a parabola is called ‘a chord’ of a parabola.
2. A chord passing through the focus is called a ‘focal chord’.
3. A chord through a point P on the parabola, which is perpendicular to the axis of the
parabola, is called the ‘double ordinate’ of the point P.
4. The double ordinate passing through the focus is called the ‘latus rectum’ of the
parabola.
5. Length of latus rectum is 4a, (a > 0)
Extremities of latus rectum are (a, 2a) and (a, 2a)
Note: When the latus rectum is known, the equation of the parabola is known in its
standard form, and the size and shape of the curve are determined accordingly.
Definition: The distance of a point on the parabola from its focus is called the ‘focal
distance’ of the point.

Formula: The focal distance of the point P(x1, y1) on the parabola y 2  4ax

whose focus is S(a, 0)is SP

= PM
= x1 + a
Parametric equations of the parabola
2
y  4ax

The point P(at 2 , 2at ) satisfies the equation

y 2  4ax of a parabola t R .

 x  at 2 , y  2at are the parametric

equations of the parabola y 2  4ax . Any ‘point t’or P(t) is P(at 2 , 2at )

Notation:

S  y 2  4ax
S1  yy1  2a( x  x1 )
S11  y12  4ax1
S12  y1 y2  2a ( x1  x2 )
Parabola 89

Position of a point w.r.t the parabola y 2  4ax or S  y 2  4ax  0

The part of the parabola which contains the focus is called the interior of the parabola and the other
is called the exterior of the parabola.

(i) P( x1 , y1 ) lies outside the parabola S  y 2  4ax  0  S11  0

(ii) The point P( x1 , y1 ) lies on the parabola S = 0  S11  0

(iii) The point P( x1 , y1 ) lies inside the parabola S = 0  S11  0

Various forms of the Parabola

(i) The focus is situated on the right side of directrix.
I. The axis is X-axis II. The axis is parallel to X axis

Equation of the Parabola : y 2  4ax, (a  0) ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h), (a  0)

Vertex (A) : (0, 0) ( h, k )
Focus (S) : (a, 0) ( a  h, k )
Directrix : x  a x  h  a
axis :y=0 yk 0
Length of latusrectum : 4a 4a
Extremities of Latusrectum : ( a, 2a ) ( a  h,  2 a  k )
90 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

(ii) The focus is situated on the left side of directix

I. The axis is X-axis II. The axis is parallel to X axis
Y

xha=0
Y

A
X X
S(a, 0) yk=0
S A

xa=0 X X
Y
Y

Equation of the Parabola : y 2  4ax, (a  0) ( y  k ) 2  4 a ( x  h), ( a  0)

Vertex (A) : (0, 0) ( h, k )
Focus (S) : (a, 0) (  a  h, k )
Directrix :x  a xh  a
axis :y=0 yk 0
Length of latusrectum : 4a 4a
Extremities of Latusrectum : (  a , 2 a ) (  a  h, 2 a  k )
(iii) The focus is above the directrix and the axis of the parabola isy-axis or parallel to y-axis
I. The axis is Y-axis II. The axis is parallel to Y axis
Y Y

S
S(0,a)

X A X
X A X
yk+a = 0
y +a = 0
Y Y xh=0
2
Equation of the Parabola : x  4ay ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
Vertex (A) : (0, 0) ( h, k )
Focus (S) : (0, a ) ( h, a  k )
Directrix : y  a y  k  a
axis :x=0 xh 0
Length of latusrectum : 4a 4a
Extremities of Latusrectum : ( 2 a , a ) ( h  2a, a  k )
Parabola 91
(iv) The focus is below the directrix and the axis of the parabola isy-axis or parallel to y-axis

Y
Y
y a = 0 y ka = 0

A A
X X
S
S(0,  a)

X X

Y Y xh=0

Equation of the Parabola : x 2  4ay , a > 0 ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k ) , a > 0

Vertex (A) : (0, 0) (h, k)
Focus (S) : (0 , a) ( h,  a  k )
Directrix :y=a yk  a
axis :x=0 xh 0
Length of latusrectum : 4a 4a
Extremities of Latusrectum : ( 2 a ,  a ) ( h  2a,  a  k )

(v) Inclined Parabola

Equation of parabola is
Y axis (lx  my  n) 2
( x   )2  ( y   )2 
l 2  m2
Focus (S) = ( ,  )
S() Directix : lx  my  n  0
A Axis = m( x   )  l ( y   )  0
X X

directrix
Y

Note: If the focus S lies on the directix, then the locus is a straight line passing through S and
perpendicular to the directix. It is a degenerated parabola.
Note: 1) The equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel
(i) to the X-axis is x  ly 2  my  n
(ii) to the Y-axis is y  lx 2  mx  n where l , m, n  R , l  0
92 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

PROBLEMS
Very Short Answer Questions
I. 1. Find the vertex and focus of 4 y 2  12 x  20 y  67  0
Sol.: The given parabola is 4 y 2  12 x  20 y  67  0
 4 y 2  20 y  12 x  67
 4( y 2  5 y )  12 x  67
2 2
 2 5 5 5 
 4  y  2. y         12x  67
 2  2   2  

2 2
 5 5 
 4  y        12 x  67
 2   2  

2
 5  25  12 x  67
  y     
 2 4  4
2
 5 12 x  67 25
y   
 2 4 4
2
 5 12 x  42
y  
 2 4

 42 
12  x  
 12 

4
2
 5  7
  y    3  x  
 2  2
This is in the form ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h)
5 7 3
where  k  ,  h  , 4a  3  a 
2 2 4
7 5 3
h ,k  ,a 
2 2 4
For the parabola ( y  k ) 2  4 a ( x  h ) , the vertex is ( h, k ) and focus is (h  a, k )

 7 5
 for the given parabola, the vertex is (h, k )    2 , 2 
 
Focus = S = (h  a, k )
Parabola 93

 7 3 5 
  , 
 2 4 2
 17 5 
 , 
 4 2
2. Find the vertex and focus of x 2  6 x  6 y  6  0
Sol.: Given parabola is x 2  6 x  6 y  6  0
 x 2  2.x.3  32  32  6 y  6  0
 x 2  2.x.3  32  6 y  3
 3
 ( x  3) 2  6  y  
 6

  1 
 ( x  3) 2  6  y     
  2 
This equation is in the form ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
1
 h  3, k   , 4a  6
2
3
a
2
 1
 The verex is (h, k )   3,  2 
 
 1 3
Focus = (h, k  a )   3,     (3,1)
 2 2
3. Find the equations of the axis and directix of the parabola y 2  6 y  2 x  5  0 .
Sol.: Given parabola is y 2  6 y  2 x  5  0
 y 2  2. y.3  2 x  5  0
 y 2  2. y.3  32  32  2 x  5  0
 ( y  3) 2  2 x  4
 ( y  3) 2  2( x  2)
This equation is in the form ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h)
 k  3,  h  2, 4a  2
1
 k  3, h  2, a  .
2
94 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

The axis of the parabola is y  k  0  y  3  0

The Directrix of the parabola is x  h  a
1
 x2 0
2
 2x  5  0
Long Answer Questions
4. Find the coordinates of the vertex and focus, the equation of the directrix and axis of the
following parabolas.
(i) y 2  4 x  4 y  3  0 (ii) x 2  2 x  4 y  3  0
Sol:. (i) The given parabola y 2  4 x  4 y  3  0
 y 2  2. y.2  4 x  3  0
 y 2  2. y.2  22  22  4 x  3  0
 ( y  2) 2  4  4 x  3  0
 ( y  2) 2  4 x  7
 7 
 ( y  2)2  4  x  
 4 
This equation is in the form ( y  k ) 2  4a ( x  h)
7
where k  2 , 4a  4 , h 
4
7
 k  2, a  1, h 
4
7 
The vetex is  (h, k )   , 2 
4 
7 
Focus is   h  a, k     1, 2 
4 
3 
  , 2 
4 

7
Directrix is x  h  a  x  1
4
 4 x  11  0
Axis is y  k  0  y  2  0
Parabola 95

Sol.: (ii) The parabola is x 2  2 x  4 y  3  0

 x 2  2.x.1  12  12  4 y  3  0
 ( x  1) 2  1  4 y  3  0
 ( x  1) 2  4 y  4
 ( x  1) 2  4( y  1)
This equation of parabola is in the form
( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
 h  1, k  1, 4a  4  a  1
The vertex is  (h, k )  (1,1)
Focus is  ( h, k  a )  (1, 0)
Directrix is y  k  a
 y  k  a  0  y  2  0 Ans
Axis is x  h  0
 x 1  0
Long Answer Question
5. Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to X-axis and which passes through
the points (2, 1), (1, 2) and (1, 3).
Sol. The axis of the prabola is parallel to X-axis
So let the parabola be ly 2  my  n  x. __(1)
(Since vertex is generally denoted by A, we take the points as P, B, C).
Now it passes through P(2, 1)
 l (1) 2  m(1)  n  2
 l  m  n  2 ___ (2)
Similarly, it passes through B = (1, 2) and C (1, 3)
 l (2) 2  m(2)  n  1 and l (3)2  m(3)  n  1
 4l  2m  n  1 __ (3) and 9l  3m  n  1 __ (4)
Solving (2), (3) and (4) for l , m, n we get
l + m + n = –2 l + m + n = –2
4l + 2m + n = 1 9l + 3m + n = –1
– – – – . – – – + .
– 3l – m = –3 __(5) – 8l – 2m = –1 __(6)
96 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 (3l  m  3) × 2 __(5)
8l  2m  1 __(6)

 6l  2m  6
8l  2m  1
   5
 l
2l 5 2

5 15
Substituting l   in (5), we get  m  3
2 2
15 21
m  3 
2 2
21
m
2
From (2), we get n  2  l  m
5 21
 n  2    10
2 2
 n  10
Substituting the values of l , m, n in (1), we get the required parabola as
5 2 21
y  y  10  x
2 2
5 y 2  21 y  20
 x
2
 5 y 2  21 y  20  2 x
 5 y 2  21 y  2 x  20  0 .
6. Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to y-axis and which passes through
the points (4, 5), (2, 11) and (4, 21).
Sol. Let the points be P(4, 5), Q(2, 11) and R(4, 21).
The axis of the parabola is parallel to y-axis.
So, let the parabola be lx 2  mx  n  y . __(1)
Now it passes through P(4, 5)
 l (4) 2  m(4)  n  5 .
 16l  4m  n  5 __(2)
Parabola 97
Again, it passes through Q(2, 11) and R = (4, 21)
 l (2) 2  m(2)  n  11 and l (4) 2  m(4)  n  21
 4l  2m  n  11 ___(3) 16l  4m  n  21 ___(4)
Solving (2), (3), (4) for l , m, n, we get.
(2)  16l  4m  n  5 (3)  4l  2m  n  11
(3)  4l  2m  n  11 (4)  16l  4m  n  21
– + – – – + – –
12l  6m  6 12l  2m  10
 6l  3m  3  (5)  6l  m  5 __(6)

(5)  6l  3m  3
(6)  6l  m  5
4m  8  m  2
Substituting in (6), we get 6l  2  5
 6l  5  2
 6l  3
1
 l
2
Substituting the values of l and m in (3),
1
we get 4    2( 2)  n  11
2
 2  4  n  11
 n5
Substituting the values of l, m, n in (1), we get the required parabola as
1 2
x  (2) x  5  y
2
x 2  4 x  10
 y
2
 x 2  4 x  10  2 y
 x 2  4 x  2 y  10  0
Long Answer Questions
7. Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is (2, 3) and directrix is the line
2 x  3 y  4  0 . Also find the length of the latus rectum and the equation of the axis of the
parabola.
98 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Sol: Since focus = S  ( 2,3) and directrix is 2 x  3 y  4  0 are given, the equation of parabola
can be found using the definition : SP = PM.
Where P = ( x1, y1 ) is any point on the parabola and PM is the perpendicular distance from
P to the directrix.
 SP = PM
2 x1  3 y1  4
 ( x1  2) 2  ( y1  3) 2 
2 2  32
Squaring on both sides, we get
2
13 ( x1  2) 2  ( y1  3) 2   2 x1  3 y1  4

 13( x12  4 x1  4  y12  6 y1  9)  4 x12  9 y12  16  12 x1 y1  24 y1  16 x1

 9 x12  12 x1 y1  4 y12  68 x1  54 y1  153  0
The locus of P is the equation of required parabola.
 The required parabola is
 9 x 2  12 xy  4 y 2  68 x  54 y  153  0
Length of latus rectum
= 4a
= 2(2a)
= 2 x distance from focus to directrix

2(2)  3(3)  4 ax1  by1  c

 2 [ formula : where ( x1 , y1 )  S ]
2 2
2 3 a 2  b2
1
 2
13
2

13
To find the equation of axis of the parabola:- We know that the axis is perpendicular to the
directrix and passes through the focus.
2 3
 The slope of directrix is  The slope of the axis is
3 2
3
 The equation of axis of the parabola with slope and passing through S(2,3) is
2
3
y  3  ( x  2)
2
 3 x  2 y  12  0
Parabola 99

8. Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is S(1, 7) and vertex is A(1, 2).
Sol.: For the parabola, focus = S  (1, 7)
Vertex = A  (1, 2)
Since the vertex, A and focus, S lie on the axis of the parabola, and since the x-coordinates

of S and A are same. AS is parallel to y-axis.
So the axis of the parabola is parallel to y-axis.
Since we know the vertex A  (h, k )  (1, 2), the equation of the parabola can be
( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
But the focus = S = (1, 7) always lies inside the parabola.
Since A is above S, the parabola is a downward type of parabola.
So its equation is ( x  h) 2  4a ( y  k )
Now distance AS = a  (1  1) 2  (2  7) 2  5
 The equation of the required parabola is
( x  1) 2  4(5)( y  2)
 ( x  1) 2  20( y  2)
Very Short Answer Questions
9. Find the position (interior or exterior or on) of the point(6, 6) with respect to the parabola
y2  6x .

Sol. The parabola is S  y 2  6 x  0

Let ( x1 , y1 )  6, 6)
2
S11  y1  6 x1
= (6) 2  6(6)
 36  36
=0
S11  0  The point (6, 6) lies on the parabola S = 0.
10. Find the coordinates of the points on the parabola y 2  8 x whose focal distance is 10.
Sol. Let P( x1 , y1 ) be any point on the parabola y 2  8 x.
Then y12  8 x1 ___(1)
Now comparing y 2  8 x with the standard parabola y 2  4ax
we get 4a  8  a  2
The focal distance of P is 10 (given)
100 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 x1  a  10
 x1  2  10  x1  8

Substituting x1 value in (1) we get y12  8(8)  64

 y1   64   8.
Therefore the points on the parabola whose focal distance is 10 are
( x1 , y1 )  (8,8) & (8, 8)
1 
11. If  , 2  is one extremity of a focal chord of the parabola y 2  8 x , then find the coordinates
2 
of the other extremity.
Sol. Given parabola is y 2  8 x . Comparing it with y 2  4ax we get 4a  8  a  2
Focus = (a, 0) = (2, 0)
Let PB be the focal chord.

Let P   at , 2at    12 , 2 

2
1 1
(parametric coordinates)

1
 at12  , 2at1  2  2.2.t1  2
2
1
 t1 
2
Let B   at22 , 2at2 
Since PB is a focal chord, we have t1t2  1
1 1
 t2    2.
t1 1/2

 2
 B   at22 , 2at2   2  2  , 2(2)(2) 
= (8, 8) is the other extremity of the focal chord PB .
Long Answer Questions
12. Prove that the area of the triangle inscribed in the parabola y 2  4ax is
1
( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 ) where y1 , y2 y3 are the ordinates of its vertices.
8a
Sol. Given Parabola is y 2  4ax ___(1)
Let P( x1 , y1 ), Q( x2 , y2 ) , R( x3 , y3 ) be three points on the parabola, then y12  4ax1 ,
y22  4ax2 , y32  4ax3
Parabola 101

y12 y2 y2
 x1  , x 2  2 , x3  3
4a 4a 4a

1 x2  x1 x3  x1
 Area of ΔPQR = y  y y3  y1
2 2 1

y2 y2 y32 y12
1 2  1 
= 4a 4a 4a 4a
2
y2  y1 y3  y1

1 1  y2  y1  y  y12 
2 2 2
3
=
2 4a y2  y1 y3  y1

1 ( y2  y1 )( y2  y1 ) ( y3  y1 )( y3  y1 )

8a y2  y1 y3  y1

1 y y y3  y1
 ( y2  y1 )( y3  y1 ) 2 1
8a 1 1
1
 ( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 )
8a
Second Method:
Let P  ( x1, y1 )  (at12 ,2at1 )
Q = ( x2 , y2 )  (at22 , 2at2 )
R = ( x3 , y3 )  ( at32 , 2at3 ) be 3 points on the parabola y 2  4ax

2 y1
Then x1  at1 , 2at1  y1  t1  .
2a
2
 y  ay 2 y 2
 x1  a  1   12  1
 2a  4a 4a
1
Area of PQR =
2
 x (y1 2  y3 )

1 y12

2
 4a ( y2  y3 )

1  y12 y22 y2 
  ( y2  y3 )  ( y3  y1 )  3 ( y1  y2 ) 
2  4a 4a 4a 
102 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

1
 y12 ( y2  y3 )  y22 ( y3  y1 )  y32 ( y1  y2 )
2  4a
1 2
 y1 y2  y12 y3  y22 y3  y1 y22  y1 y32  y2 y32
8a
1
 ( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 ) Sq.units because
8a
( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 )
 ( y1  y2 )( y2 y3  y1 y2  y32  y1 y3 )

 y12 y2  y12 y3  y22 y3  y1 y22  y1 y32  y2 y32 .

1
 Area of PQR is ( y1  y2 )( y2  y3 )( y3  y1 ) Sq. Units.
8a
Hence proved.
 Ellipse 103

Unit 4
Ellipse

Definition: The conic with eccentricity less than unity is called an ellipse. An ellipse is the locus of a
point whose distances from a fixed point and a fixed straight line are in constant ratio 'e' which is less
than unity. The fixed point and the fixed straight line are called the focus and the directrix of the ellipse
respectively.

x2 y 2
Theorem: The equation of the ellipse in the standard form is 2  2  1, a  b
a b

x2 y 2
Nature of the curve of the equation of the ellipse : 2  2  1, (a  b  0)
a b
(i) The curve intersects X-axis at A(a, 0) and A'(–a, 0), hence AA' = 2a. The curve intersects Y-axis
at B(0, b) and B'(0, –b), hence BB'= 2b.
Major and Minor Axes
The line segment AA' and BB' of lengths 2a and 2b respectively are called axes of ellipse.
If a > b, AA' is called major axis and BB' is called minor axis and vice versa if a < b.
Chord, Focal Chord, Latus rectum
1. A line segment joining two points on the ellipse is called a 'chord' of the ellipse.
2. A chord passing through one of the foci is called a 'focal chord".
3. A focal chord perpendicular to the major axis of the ellipse is called alatus rectum. An ellipse
has two latus recta.
Note: The foci S, S', the vertices A, A' lie on the major axis of the ellipse.

x2 y 2
The standard equation of the ellipse is   1, (a  b) .
a 2 b2
It is horizontal ellipse b2 = a2 (1–e2), 0 < e < 1
C = Centre = (0, 0), S = focus = (ae, 0), S' = focus = (–ae, 0)
Distance between the foci = Distance SS' = 2ae.
 104 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Directrix : Y

a a a a  a 
x  CZ  , Z   x , 0  Z'    , 0
e e e e  e 
B
a aa a  a  P
Directrices x   x   , 
andCZ Z Z'  ,0 , 0 M  M
e ee e e 
X C A X
Z A S S N Z
So, distance between the directrices
a B
= distance ZZ' = 2 .
e
Length of major axis : Distance AA' = 2a Y
[A = (a, 0), A' = (–a, 0)]
Length of minor axis : Distance BB' = 2b [ B = (0, b), B' = (0, –b)]
Centre of the ellipse = C = midpoint of S, S'
= midpoint of A, A'
= midpoint of Z, Z'
Various forms of the ellipse
x2 y2
If a = b, then the ellipse   1 is a circle (x2 + y2 = a2) with centre at origin and having radius
a2 b2
‘a’ and we are familiar with circles. We assumeda  b and in the following discussion, we describe
different forms of the ellipse.
x2 y2
(i)   1 ( a  b  0)
a2 b2
Major axis along X-axis
Length of major 2a
axis (A A )
Minor axis along Y-axis
Length of minor
axis (B B ) 2b
Centre C = (0, 0)
Foci S = (ae, 0),
S = (ae, 0)
Equation of x = a/e
the directrices x = a/e Fig

a2  b2
Eccentricity e=
a2
 Ellipse 105

x2 y2
(ii)  (a<ab< b)0)
 1 (0
a2 b2
Major axis along Y-axis
Length of major 2b
axis (B B )
Minor axis along X-axis
Length of minor
ax is (A A ) 2a
Centre C = (0, 0)
Foci S = (0, be)
S = (0, be)
Equation of the y = b/e
directrices y = b/e

b2  a2
Eccentricity e= Fig.
b2
Centre not at the origin
If the centre is at (h, k) and the axes of the ellipse are parallel to the X-and Y - axis, then by shifting
the origin to (h, k) by translation of axes and using the results (i) and (ii) above, the following results (iii) and
(iv) can be obtained.
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
(iii)   1, (a  b  0)
a2 b2
Major axis along y = k
Length of major 2a
axis (AA )
Minor axis along x = h
Length of minor
axis (B B ) 2b
Centre C = (h, k)
Foci S = (h+ae, k)
S = (hae, k)
Equation of x = h+a/e
the directrices x = ha/e

a2  b2
Eccentricity e= Fig
a2
106 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

( x  h)2 ( y  k )2
(iv)   1, (0  a  b)
a2 b2
Major axis along x = h
Length of the major 2b
axis (B B )
Minor axis along y = k
Length of the minor
axis (AA ) 2a
Centre C = (h, k)
Foci S = (h, k + be)
S = (h, kbe)
Equation of y = k+b/e Fig.
the directrices y = kb/e

b2  a2
Eccentricity e=
b2

x2 y 2
Theorem : If P(x, y) is any point on the ellipse 2  2  1, (a  b) whose foci are S and S', then
a b
prove that SP + S'P is a constant.
Proof:

Let S, S' be the foci and ZM, Z'M' be the corresponding directrices of the ellipse
x2 y 2
  1, (a  b) .
a 2 b2
Join SP and S'P where P(x, y) is a point on the ellipse. Draw PL perpendicular to x-axis and
M'MP perpendicular to the two directrices.
 Ellipse 107

By definition of the ellipse,

a 
S P = e(P M ) = e(L Z ) = e(C Z – C L ) = e   x = a – xe
e 
 a
S'P = e(PM') = e(LZ') = e(CL + CZ') = e x   = a + xe
e

SP + S'P = a – xe + a + xe = 2a = constant = length of major axis

(or) SP + S'P = e(PM + PM') = e(MM')
2a
= e × distance between the directrices = e × =2a = constant
e
Auxiliary circle
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diameter is called 'Auxiliary Circle' of the
ellipse.
x2 y 2
The equation of the Auxiliary Circle of the ellipse   1, (a  b) is x 2  y 2  a 2 .
a 2 b2
Eccentric angle and Parametric equation
Let P be any point on the ellipse. Draw PN perpendicular to the major axis and produce it to
meet the auxiliary circle at Q. Then angle ACQ is called the eccentric angle of the point P.
0   < 2.
Y
x = a cos, y = b sin are known as the parametric equations
Q
x2 y 2 B
of the ellipse 2  2  1, where  is called the parameter.. P
a b 
X' A' C N A X
Any point P on the ellipse is (acos, bsin ) = point  = P()
Notation
B'
x2 y 2 Y'
S  2  2 1
a b
xx1 yy1
S1   1
a 2 b2

x12 y12
S11   1
a 2 b2
x1 x2 y1 y2
S12   2 1
a2 b
The point P(x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside the ellipse S = 0 according as S11 is positive, zero or
negative respectively.
108 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Problems
2
1. Find the equation of the ellipse with focus at (1, –1), e  and directrix as x  y  2  0.
3
2
Sol. Let the focus S = (1, –1), e  and directrix is x  y  2  0 .
3
Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the ellipse.
SP
Then according to the definition, e ............ (1)
PM
where PM is the perpendicular distance from P to the directrix.
ax1  by1  c
 PM 
a 2  b2

x1  y1  2

12  12
From (1)
 SP = e PM
2 x1  y1  2
 ( x1  1) 2  ( y1  1) 2 
3 2
Squaring on both sides, we get
2
2 4 x1  y1  2
2
 ( x1  1)  ( y1  1) 
9 2
 7 x12  7 y12  4 x1 y1  26 x1  10 y1  10  0
 The locus of P(x1, y1) is
7 x 2  7 y 2  4 xy  26 x  10 y  10  0
which is the required equation of the ellipse.
2. Find the equation of the ellipse in the standard form whose distance between foci is 2 and the
15
length of latus rectum is.
2
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse be 2  2  1 .
a b
Distance between foci = 2ae = 2  ae = 1.
2b 2 15
Length of the latus rectum = 
a 2
 4b 2  15a [ b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )  a 2  a 2 e 2 ]
Ellipse 109

 4  a 2  a 2 e 2   15a

 4a 2  4a 2 e 2  15a  0
 4a 2  15a  4  0 [a2e2  (ae)2  12  1]
 (4a  1)( a  4)  0
1
a  or 4
4
1
 a 4 [a is + ve, a  ]
4
 b 2  a 2  a 2 e 2  16  1  15
x2 y 2
 The required ellipse is   1.
a 2 b2

x2 y 2
  1
16 15
3. Find the equation of the ellipse in the standard form such that the distance between foci is 8 and
distance between directrices is 32.
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse in the standard form be 2  2  1 .
a b
Distance between the foci = 2ae = 8  ae = 4.
2a a
Distance between the directrices  32   16.
e e
a
Now, ae   4  16  a 2  64  a  8.
e
b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )  a 2  a 2 e 2  64  (4) 2  64  16  48.
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
 The ellipse is 2  2  1    1.
a b 64 48
4. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse (in standard form) if its length of latus rectum is equal to half of
its major axis.
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse be 2  2  1 .
a b
1
Given, length of latus rectum = × length of major axis
2
2b 2 1
  (2a )  2b 2  a 2
a 2
110 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 2 a2 (1  e2 )  a2

 2(1  e 2 )  1
1
 1  e2 
2
1 1 1
 e2  1   e
2 2 2
1
 The eccentricity of the ellipse is, e  .
2
5. Find the equation of the ellipse in the standard form, if it passes through the points (–2, 2) and
(3, –1).
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse be 2  2  1 in the standard form.
a b
It passes through the points (–2, 2) and (3, –1).


 22  22  1 and
32   12 1
a2 b2 a2 b2
 1   1   1  1
  4  2    4  2   1 and  9  2   1  2   1
 a   b   a   b 
1 1
Let 2
 m, 2  n
a b
Then 4m + 4n = 1
and 9m + n = 1
4m + 4n = 1
36m + 4n = 4
– – –.
–32m = –3
3 3 5
m  n  1  9m  1  9  
32 32 32

2 1  2 1 
 The required ellipse is x  2   y  2   1
a  b 

 x2m  y 2n  1
 3  5
 x2    y 2    1
 32   32 
 3 x 2  5 y 2  32 , is the required ellipse.
 Ellipse 111

6. If the length of the major axis of an ellipse is 3 times the length of its minor axis, then find the
eccentricity of the ellipse.
x2 y 2
Sol. Let the ellipse in the standard form be 2  2  1 .
a b
Given length of major axis = 3 × length of minor axis
 2a = 3 × 2b  a = 3b
But b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )
 b 2  (3b)2 (1  e 2 )
 b 2  9b 2 (1  e 2 )
b2
  (1  e 2 )
9b 2
1 8
 e2  1  
9 9
8 2 2
e  = eccentricity of the ellipse.
9 3
7. Find the length of the major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, eccentricity, coordinates of centre, foci
and the equations of directrices of the following ellipse.
(i) 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 (ii) 4x2 + y2 –8x + 2y +1 = 0 (iii) x2 + 2y2 –4x + 12y +14 = 0
Sol. (i) Given ellipse is 9x2 + 16y2 = 144
9 x 2 16 y 2 x2 y 2
   1  1
144 144 16 9
x2 y 2
Comparing this equation with the standard equation 2  2  1
a b
2 2
we get a = 16, b = 9  a = 4, b = 3.
a > b  b2 = a2(1–e2)
9
 9 = 16(1–e2)   1  e2
16
9 7
 e2  1  
16 16
7 7
e 
16 4
a > b  The ellipse is a horizontal ellipse.
(i) Length of major axis = 2a = 8.
(ii) Length of minor axis = 2b = 6.
112 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2b 2 2(9) 9
(iii) Length of latus rectum =  
a 4 2
7
(iv) Eccentricity = e 
4
(v) Centre = (0, 0)
(vi) Foci = (±ae, 0) = (  7 , 0)
a 16
(vii) Directrices : x   x  7 x  16
e 7
(ii) Given ellipse is 4x2 + y2 –8x + 2y +1 = 0
Writing it in the standard form:
(4 x 2  8 x)  ( y 2  2 y )  1  0
 4( x 2  2 x)  ( y 2  2. y.1  12  12 )  1  0
 4( x 2  2.x.1  12  12 )  ( y  1) 2  0
 4[( x  1)2  1]  ( y  1)2  0
 4( x  1) 2  4  ( y  1) 2  0
 4( x  1) 2  ( y  1) 2  4
2 2
4  x  1  y  1 4
  
4 4 4
2 2


 x  1  y  1
 1
1 4
2 2

Comparing with the standard equation

 x  h  y  k 
 1
a2 b2
We get h = 1, –k = 1  k = –1,
a2 = 1 a = 1, b2 = 4  b = 2
 a < b.
 The ellipse is a vertical ellipse.
a 2  b 2 (1  e 2 )  1  4(1  e 2 )

1 1 3 3
  1  e2  e2  1    e 
4 4 4 2
(i) Length of major axis = 2b = 4.
(ii) Length of minor axis = 2a = 2.
2a 2 2(1)
(iii) Length of latus rectum =  1
b 2
Ellipse 113

3
(iv) Eccentricity = e 
2
(v) Centre = (h, k) = (1, –1)
(vi) Foci = (h, k±be) = (1, 1  3 )
b 4
(vii) Directrices : y  k    y  1    3 y  3  4
e 3
(iii) x2 + 2y2 –4x + 12y +14 = 0
Writing in the standard from, we get
x2 –4x + 2y2 + 12y +14 = 0
 ( x 2  2.x.2)  2( y 2  6 y )  14  0
 ( x 2  2.x.2  22  22 )  2( y 2  2. y.3  32  32 )  14  0
 ( x  2) 2  4  2[( y  3)2  9]  14  0
 ( x  2) 2  4  2( y  3) 2  18  14  0
 ( x  2) 2  2( y  3) 2  8
( x  2) 2 2( y  3) 2
  1
8 8
( x  2) 2 ( y  3) 2
  1
8 4
2 2

Comparing with the standard equation

 x  h  y  k 
 1
a2 b2
We get h = 2, k = –3
a2 = 8 a = 2 2 , b2 = 4  b = 2
 a > b  The ellipse is a horizontal ellipse.
b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )  4  8(1  e 2 )
4 4 4 1 1
  1  e2  e2  1     e 
8 8 8 2 2
(i) Length of major axis = 2a = 4 2 .
(ii) Length of minor axis = 2b = 4.
2b 2 2.4 4 4 2 4 2
(iii) Length of latus rectum =      2 2
a 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
(iv) Eccentricity = e 
2
(v) Coordinates of Centre = C = (h, k) = (2, –3)
(vi) Coordinates of Foci = (h±ae, k) = (2±2, –3) = (4, –3), (0, –3)
114 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

a 2 2
(vii) Equation of Directrices : x  h    x2   x  2  4
e 1
2
 x  2  4, x  2  4
 x  6  0, x  2  0 are the directrices.
2 2

8. Find the equation of the ellipse in the form of

 x  h  y  k 
  1 given the following data
a2 b2
1
(i) Centre = (2, –1); one end of major axis = (2, –5) , e 
3
(ii) Centre = (4, –1); one end of major axis = (–1, –1) , passing through (8, 0)
2
(iii) Centre = (0, –3); e  , semi minor axis = 5
3
1
(iv) Centre = (2, –1); e  , Length of latus rectum = 4
2
Sol. (i) Centre, C = (2, –1) = (h, k)
one end of major axis = B = (2, –5) = vertex
Since the x-coordinate of C and B are same,

the line CB is parallel to y-axis.
We know that, C and B lie on major axis.
 Major axis is parallel to y-axis.
The ellipse is a vertical ellipse.

CB  b  (2  2) 2  ( 1  5) 2  4
1
Given e 
3
 a 2  b 2 (1  e 2 )
 1 8 128
 a 2  16 1    16  
 9 9 9
2 2 2 2

 The ellipse is
 x  h  y  k 
  1
 x  2  y  1
 1
a2 b2 128 16
9
2 2
9  x  2  y  1
  1
128 16
(ii) Centre of the ellipse = C = (h, k) = (4, –1)
one end of major axis = A = (–1, –1)
Ellipse 115

Since the y-coordinate of C and A are same,


the line CA is parallel to x-axis.
We know that, C and A lie on major axis.
 Major axis is parallel to x-axis.
Distance C A  a  (4  1) 2  ( 1  1) 2  5
2 2 2 2

 The ellipse is
 x  h  y  k 
  1
 x  4  y  1
  1 ............... (1)
a2 b2 25 b2
It passes through (8, 0)
2


 8  4 12
  1
12
 1
16 9

25 b2 b 2
25 25
1 9
Substituting 2
 in (1) we get the required ellipse as
b 25
2 2
 x  4 2 1  x  4  y  1 2  9  1
   y  1  2  1   
25 b 25 25
2 2
  x  4  9  y  1  25
2
(iii) Centre = (0, –3); e  , semi minor axis = 5
3
Case (i) : When a > b
Centre = C = (h, k) = (0, –3)
2b
Length of semi minior axis =  b  5 (when the ellipse is a horizontal ellipse)
2
2
e  b 2  a 2 (1  e 2 )
3
 4  5 9
 25  a 2 1    25  a 2    a 2  25   45
 9  9 5
2 2 2 2

 The required ellipse is

 x  h  y  k 
  1
 x  0  y  3
  1.
a2 b2 45 25
Case (ii): When a < b Centre = C = (h, k) = (0, –3)
Length of semi minior axis = a = 5 (when the ellipse is a vertical ellipse)
2
e  a 2  b 2 (1  e 2 )
3
 4
 25  b 2 1    b 2  45
 9
2 2 2 2

 The required ellipse is

 x  h  y  k 
  1
 x  0  y  3
  1.
a2 b2 25 45
116 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

1
(iv) Centre = (2, –1); e  , Length of latus rectum = 4
2
1
Case (i): When a > b Centre = C = (h, k) = (2, –1), e 
2
2b 2
Length of latus rectum =  4 (for horizontal ellipse)
a
 2b 2  4a  b 2  2a
 1
 a 2 (1  e 2 )  2a  a 1    2
 4
3a 8
  2a 
4 3
16
 b 2  2a 
3
2 2 2 2

 The required ellipse is

 x  h  y  k 
  1
 x  2  y  1
  1.
a2 b2 64 16
9 3
2 2
9  x  2 3  y  1
  1
64 16
1
Case (ii): When a < b Centre = C = (h, k) = (2, –1), e 
2
2a 2
Length of latus rectum =  4 (for vertical ellipse)
b
 2a 2  4b  a 2  2b
 1 8
 b 2 (1  e 2 )  2b  b  1    2  b 
 4 3
16
 a 2  2b 
3
2 2 2 2

 The required ellipse is

 x  2 
 y  1 1
3  x  2  9  y  1
  1.
16 64 16 64
3 9
Hyperbola 117

Unit 5
Hyperbola

Hyperbola is a conic in which the eccentricity is greater than unity.

Hyperbola is the locus of a point that moves so that the ratio of the distance from a fixed point
to its distance from a fixed straight line is greater than 1.
The fixed point is called focus, the fixed straight line is called directrix.
The equation of hyperbola in the standard form is

x2 y 2
 1 where b 2  a 2  e 2  1 and e > 1
a 2 b2
Y

B M P

X . X
S' A Z C Z A N S

B

Y

Trace of the Curve:

x2 y 2
The hyperbola in the standard form is S    1  0 where a > 0, b > 0 and
a 2 b2
b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)
(i) The hyperbola cuts the x-axis at A(a, 0) and A1(a, 0) called as vertices.

(ii) x  0  y   b 2  The curve does not intersect y-axis.

118 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

b 2
(iii) y x  a 2 then y is real  x 2  a 2  0  x   a or x  a
a
The curve does not exist between the vertical lines x  a and x  a . Further from
a a
x y 2  b 2 x y 2 when
 y   b 2  xy  
 y is real  x is real  each horizontal line
b b
y  k intersects the hyperbola at two points. Also x     y    i.e. the curve is
unbounded.
(iv) The curve is symmetric about X-axis and also about Y-axis. The curve consists of two
symmetrical branches each extending to infinity in two directions.
(v) AA1 is called as Transverse axis of the hyperbola

BB1 is called as conjugate axis where BC = B C  b  a e  1 and B, B' lie on Y-axis.

1 2

(vi) As in the ellipse, the symmetry of the curve about its axis shows that it has two foci,
a
S  ( ae, 0) , S  (  ae, 0) and two directrices x   .
e
(vii) C is called the centre of the hyperbola. It is the point of intersection of the transverse and
conjugate axis. C bisects every chord of the hyperbola that passes through itself.
Theorem:
Prove that the difference of the focal distances of any point on the hyperbola is constant.
Proof: Let P(x, y) be any point on the hyperbola whose centre is the origin C, foci are S, S ,
 
directrices are ZM and ZM . Let PN, PM, PM  be the perpendiculars drawn from P upon
x-axis and the two directices respectively.
Y
M M P

X X
S Z C Z N S

Y
 a
Now SP = e(PM) = e(NZ) = e(CNCZ) = e  x    ex  a .
 e
 a
SP = e(PM) = e(NZ) = e(CN + CZ) = e  x    ex  a .
 e
 SP  SP  (ex  a )  (ex  a)  2a  constant.
Hyperbola 119

 The difference of the focal distances of the point P is a constant.

Note: Hyperbola is also defined as the Locus of a point, the difference of whose distances from
two fixed points is constant.
Notation
x2 y 2
S  2  2 1
a b
xx yy
S1  21  21  1
a b
x12 y12
S11   1
a 2 b2
xx yy
S12  1 2 2  1 2 2  1
a b
Very Short Answer Questions
Definition Rectangular Hyperbola
1. Define Rectangular Hyperbola and find its eccerticity.
Ans. In a hyperbola, if the length of the transverse axis (2a) is equal to the length of the conjugate
axis (2b), then the hyperbola is called as Rectangular Hyperbola.
Its equation is x 2  y 2  a 2
b  a  a 2  a 2 (e 2  1)  e 2  1  1  e 2  2  e  2
 The eccentricity of a rectangular hyperbola is 2 .
Definition: Auxiliary Circle:
The circle described on the transverse axis of a hyperbola as diameter is called as the
auxiliary circle of the hyperbola.
The equation of the auxiliary circle of the hyperbola S = 0 is x 2  y 2  a 2 .
Parametric equations:

Y P(x, y)

Q
a 
X X
A C A M

Y
120 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Let the equation of the hyperbola be S = 0, then the equation of the auxiliary circle is
x2  y 2  a2 .

Let P( x, y ) be any point on the hyperbola and C be the centre.

Let M be the projection of P on the transverse axis. Draw the tangent QM to the auxiliary
circle from M. Let MCQ  θ

x  a sec θ
Then y = b tan θ are the parametric equations of the hyperbola S = 0.

 3
θ [0,2 ), θ ,
2 2
Definition: Conjugate Hyperbola
The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axis are respectively the conjugate and
transverse axis of a given hyperbola is called the conjugate hyperbola of the given hyperbola.
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
The conjugate hyperbola of 2  2  1 is 2  2  1
a b a b
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
If S = 2  2  1  0 
and S  2  2  1  0 then
a b a b
each hyperbola is the conjugate of the other.

PROBLEMS
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. One focus of a hyperbola is located at the point (1, -3) and the corresponding directrix is
3
the line y = 2, Find the equation of the hyperbola if its eccentricity is .
2
Sol. Note : To find the equation of the conic (parabola, ellipse, hyperbola),
when eccentricity, focus and directrix are given, always use the definition of conic ie.
SP
e.
PM
3
Let S  (1, 3), e  , directrix is y  2  0
2
Let P( x1 , y1 ) be any point on the hyperbola.
SP
Then according to the definition of hyperbola, =e
PM
Hyperbola 121

Where PM is the perpendicular distance from P to the directrix

 SP  e PM

3 y1  2 ax1  by1  c
 ( x1  1) 2  ( y1  3) 2  Formula:-
2 2
0 1 2
a 2  b2
Squaring on both sides, we get Here ax  by  c  0
9
( x1  1) 2  ( y1  3) 2 ( y1  2) 2 That is o.x  1. y  2  0
4
9
 x12  1  2 x1  y12  9  6 y1  ( y12  4  4 y1 )
4
 4( x12  y12  2 x1  6 y1  10)  9 y12  36  36 y1

 4 x12  4 y12  8 x1  24 y1  40  9 y12  36  36 y1  0

 4 x12  5 y12  8 x1  60 y1  4  0

 The locus of P( x1 y1 ) is 4 x 2  5 y 2  8 x  60 y  4  0 which is the required Hyperbola.

5
2. If the eccentricity of a hyperbola is , then find the eccentricity of the congujate hyperbola.
4
Sol. We know that
If e and e are the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola, then
1 1
 1
e (e) 2
2

5
Given e 
4
1 1
 2
 1
5 (e) 2
 
4
1 16 9
 2
 1 
 e  25 25
2


 e  
25
 e 
25 5

1 9 9 3

5
 e  = eccentricity of the conjugate hyperbola.
3
122 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Short Answer Type Questions

1. If e and e1 are the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola, then prove that
1 1
 1
e 2 e12

x2 y 2
Sol.: Let the hyperbola be 2  2  1 ___ (1)
a b

2 2 2 b2
Its eccentricity 'e' is given by b  a (e  1)  2
 e2  1
a
b2 a 2  b2
 e2  1   e 2

a2 a2
1 a2
  ___ (2)
e2 a 2  b2
x2 y 2
The conjugate hyperbola of equation (1) is   1
a 2 b2
Its eccentricity e1 is given by, a 2  b 2 (e12  1)

a2
 e12  1 
b2
a 2 b2  a 2
 e12  1  
b2 b2
1 b2
  __(3)
e12 a 2  b 2
From (2) and (3) we get
1 1 a2 b2
  
e2 e12 a2  b2 a2  b2

a 2  b2
 1 Hence proved.
a 2  b2
2. Find the centre, foci, eccentricity, equation of the directrices, length of the latus rectum of
the following hyperbolas,
(i) 16 y 2  9 x 2  144
(ii) 9 x 2  16 y 2  72 x  32 y  16  0
Sol. (i) The given hyperbola is 16 y 2  9 x 2  144
 9 x 2  16 y 2  144
Hyperbola 123

9 x 2 16 y 2 144
  
144 144 144
x2 y 2
   1
16 9
It is a hyperbola whose centre is (0, 0)
and transverse axis is along y-axis.
So, a 2  b 2 (e 2  1) , where a 2  16, b 2  9
 16  9(e 2  1) a  4, b  3
16
 e2  1 
9
16 25
 e2  1 
9 9
5
 e
3
 Centre = (0, 0)
Foci   0,  be    0,  5
5
Eccentricity, e =
3
2a 2 32
Length of latus rectum = 
b 3
b
Equation of the directrices = y  
e
9
 y
5
 5y  9  0
(ii) Given hyperbola is 9 x 2  16 y 2  72 x  32 y  16  0
 (9 x 2  72 x)  (16 y 2  32 y )  16  0
 9( x 2  8 x)  16( y 2  2 y )  16  0
 9[ x 2  2.x.4]  16[ y 2  2. y.1]  16
 9[ x 2  2.x.4  42  42 ]  16[ y 2  2. y.1  12  12 ]  16
 9[( x  4)2  16]  16[( y  1)2  1]  16
 9( x  4) 2  144  16( y  1) 2  16  16
124 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 9( x  4) 2  16( y  1) 2  144
9( x  4) 2 16( y  1) 2
  1
144 144
( x  4) 2 ( y  1) 2
  1
16 9
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
Comparing this equation with  1
a2 b2
we get, h  4, k  1, a  4, b  3, b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)

b2 9
 e2  1  
a 2 16
9 25
 e2  1  
16 16
5
e
4
 Centre = ( h, k )  ( 4, 1)
Foci  ( h  ae, k )  ( 4  5, 1)
= (4  5, 1) and (4  5, 1)
= (1, 1) and (9, 1)
5
Eccentricity e 
4
a
Equations of directrices : x  h  
e
16
 x4
5
 5 x  20  16
 5 x  20  16 and 5 x  20  16
 5 x  4  0 and 5 x  36  0
2b 2 2  9 9
Length of latus rectum =  
a 4 2
3. Find the equation to the hyperbola whose foci are (4, 2) and (8, 2) and eccentricity is 2.
Sol.: The foci of the hyperbola are S = (4, 2) and S= (8, 2) . Since the y-cordinate of S & S'

are same, SS is parallel to X-axis
 The transverse axis is parallel to X-axis.
 The equation of hyperbola is of the form,
Hyperbola 125

2
 x  h 
( y  k )2
1 ___ (1)
a2 b2
 4+8 2  2 
Centre = C = ( h, k ) = Midpoint of SS =  , 
 2 2 
 (6, 2)
 h  6, k  2
Distance between foci = SS' = (8  4) 2  (2  2) 2  4
e = 2 (given)  2ae  4
 2.a.2  4
 a 1
b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)
 1(4  1)  3
 The hyperbola is
( x  6) 2 ( y  2) 2
 1
12 3
3( x  6) 2  ( y  2) 2
 1
3
 3( x 2  36  12 x)  ( y 2  4  4 y )  3
 3 x 2  y 2  36 x  4 y  101  0
4. Find the equation of the hyperbola of given length of transverse axis 6 whose vertex bisects
the distance between the centre and the focus.
x2 y 2
Sol.: Let the hyperbola be  1
a 2 b2
Length of transverse axis = 2a  6 (given)
 a3
Vertex bisects the distance between the centre & focus
 Vertex is the midpoint of C, S
Where C = (0, 0), focus = S = (ae, 0)
Vertex = (a, 0)
 0  ae 0  0   ae 
 (a, 0)   ,    , 0
 2 2   2 
ae
a  e2
2
126 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Now b 2  a 2 (e 2  1)  9(4  1)  27 .
x2 y 2
Hence the required equation of hyperbola is,  1
9 27
3x 2  y 2
 1  3 x 2  y 2  27
27
5. If the lines 3 x  4 y  12 and 3 x  4 y  12 meets on a hyperbola S = 0, then find the
eccentricity of the hyperbola S = 0.
Sol.: The lines 3 x  4 y  12 and 3 x  4 y  12 meet on the hyperbola S = 0.
The combined equation of the lines is (3 x  4 y )(3 x  4 y )  12  12
 9 x 2  16 y 2  144
9 x 2 16 y 2 144
  
144 144 144
x2 y 2
   1 which represent a hyperbola.
16 9
 b 2  a 2 (e 2  1) where a2 = 16, b2 = 9
 9  16(e 2  1)
9 9 25
  e2  1  e2  1  
16 16 16
25 5
e 
16 4
 Integration 127

Unit 6
Integration

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. The process of finding the function whose
derivative is given, is called as Integration.
Definition: Let E be a subset of R such that E contains a right or a left neighbourhood of each of its
points and let f : E  R be a function. If there is a function F on E such that F'(x) = f (x) xE, then
we call F an antiderivative of f or a primitive of f.
Indefinite Integral: Let f : I  R. Suppose that f has an antiderivate F on I. Then we say that f has an
integral on I and for any real constant c, we call F + c an indefinite integral of f over I, denote it by

 f ( x)dx and read it as 'integral f (x) dx'. We also denote  f ( x)dx as  f .

Thus we have  f   f ( x)dx  F( x)  c .

'c' is called a 'constant of integration'.

'f ' is called the 'integrand' and 'x' is called the 'variable of integration'.
d
Note: (i)
dx
 f ( x)dx   f ( x)

(ii)  f '( x) dx  f ( x)  c , 'c' is the constant of integration.

d
 dx f ( x)dx  f ( x)  c

d d
(iii)
dx
 f ( x)  c   g ( x)   g ( x)dx  f ( x)  c    f ( x)  c  dx  f ( x)  c
dx
(iv) y  f ( x )  dy  f '( x ) dx
Standard Formulae

n x n 1
1.  x dx  n 1
 c, n  1  dx   1.dx  x  c
128 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

3
x2 x 2
 x.dx  2  c  x dx 
3
c
2
1 x3
 x
dx  2 x  c 2
 x dx  3
c

3 x4
 x dx  4  c
1 x ax
2.  x dx  log e x  c 3.  a .dx  log e a  c, a  0, a  1
x x
4.  e dx  e c 5.  sin x dx   cos x  c
2
6.  cos x dx  sin x  c 7.  sec x dx  tan x  c
2
8.  cosec x dx   cot x  c 9.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c
10.  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  c
Examples
(i) d ( x 2 )  2 x dx (ii) d (t 2 )  2t dt

 x 3  y 3 .3 x 2 dx  x3 .3 y 2 dy
(iii) d ( x3 y 3 )  x3 .3 y 2 dy  y 3 .3 x 2 dx (iv) d 3  2
y   y3 
1  
11.  dx  sin 1 x  c   cos 1 x  c  cos x  sin x  
1 1
2 2
1 x
1  
12.  1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c   cot 1 x  c  tan x  cot x 
1 1

2

1
13.  dx  sec 1 x  c   cosec 1 x  c  
 sec x  cosec x  
1 1
2
x x 1 2

14.  sinh x dx  cosh x  c 15.  cosh x  sinh x  c

2 2
16.  sech x dx  tanh x  c 17.  cosech x   coth x  c

18.  sech x.tanh x dx   sech x  c 19.  cosech x.coth x dx   cosech x  c

1
20.  dx  sinh 1 x  c  log e  x  x 2  1   c
1 x 2  
1
21.  dx  cosh 1 x  c  log e x  x 2  1  c
2
x 1
Integration 129

1
22.  1 x 2
dx  tanh 1 x  c  coth 1 x  c

23.  ( f  g )( x) dx   f ( x).dx   g ( x).dx  c

24.  a. f ( x) dx  a f ( x).dx  c where aR
Integration by the method of Substitution
Formulae
1.  f ' g ( x).g '( x).dx  f  g ( x)  c
f '( x)
2.  f ( x)
dx  log f ( x)  c

n 1
n  f ( x) 
3.   f ( x)  . f '( x).dx 
n 1
 c , n  1

 f ( x) 2  c
4.  f ( x). f '( x ).dx 
2
3
 f ( x) 2

5.  f ( x). f '( x).dx 

3
c
2
f '( x)
6.  f ( x)
dx  2 f ( x)  c

f (ax  b)
7.  f '(ax  b) dx  a
c

f '( x) 1
8. f 2
( x)
dx 
f ( x)
c

9.  tan x dx  log | sec x |  c   log | cos x |  c

10.  cot x dx  log | sin x |  c
 x
11.  sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x | c  log tan  4  2   c
 x
12.  cosec x dx  log | cosec x  cot x | c  log tan  2   c   log | cosec x  cot x | c
1 1  x
13. a 2 2
dx  tan 1    c
x a  a
130 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

1 1 a x
14. a 2
x 2
dx 
2a
log
ax
c

1 1 xa
15. x 2
a 2
dx 
2a
log
xa
c

1  x x  a2  x2
16.  dx  sinh 1    c  log c
a2  x2  a a

1  x
17.  dx  sin 1    c
a x2 2  a

1  x x  x2  a2
18.  dx  cosh 1    c  log c
x2  a2  a a
x 2 a2  x
19.  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sinh 1    c
2 2  a

2 x 2
2 a2  x
20.  a  x dx  a  x  sin 1    c
2

2 2  a
x 2 a2  x
21.  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  cosh 1    c
2 2  a
Examples:
ex x
1.  e x  1 dx  log e  1  c
1 log ax  b 1 2 ax  b 1 log 3  8 x
2.  ax  b dx  a
 c,  ax  b
dx 
a
 c,  3  8 x dx  8
c

ax e ax x e x
3.  e dx  a  c,  e dx  1  c
 cos(ax  b)  cos(9 x )
4.  sin(ax  b) dx  a
 c,  sin(9 x) dx  9
c

sin( ax  b) sin(2 x)
5.  cos(ax  b) dx  a
 c,  cos(2 x) dx  2
c

(2  3 x) n 1 (2  3 x)5
6.
 (2  3x) dx  n 3 1  c,  (2  3x) dx  53  c
n 4

2 tan(ax  b)
7.  sec (ax  b) dx  a
c
Integration 131

2  cot( ax  b)
8.  cosec (ax  b) dx  a
c

 cosec(ax  b)
9.  cosec(ax  b).cot(ax  b) dx  a
c

sec(ax  b)
10.  sec(ax  b).tan(ax  b) dx  a
c

3
2
(7  5 x) 3
 x 2
3   x dx  
11. 2  3 
 7  5 x dx 
5
c  2

1 2 3  9x  1 
12.  dx  c   x dx  2 x 
3  9x 9  

5x
log 4 
1 7  1 
13.  5x
dx 
5
c   x dx  log x 
4 
7 7
2x
2x 3
5
3
5
e  e x dx  e x 
14. e dx 
2
c   

5
1 1
15.  1  x dx  log 1  x  c,  1  x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c (understand the difference)

Solved Problems
1. Find  cot 2 x dx .

Sol.  cot
2

x dx   cos ec 2 x  1 dx 
  cos ec 2 x. dx   1. dx   cot x  x  c

 x 6  1
2. Find   dx .
 1  x 2 
 x 6  1  2 
Sol.   2
dx   ( x 4  x 2  1)  dx
 1 x   1  x2 
x5 x3
   x  2 tan 1 x  c
5 3
132 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

3. Find  1  x 4  3x3  2 x dx .

Sol. 1  x  4  3x 3  2 x   1  x  12  8 x  9 x  6 x 2 
 
 1  x  12  x  6 x 2  12  x  6 x 2  12 x  x 2  6 x 3  6 x 3  5 x 2  13 x  12

  1  x  4  3x 3  2 x  dx   (6 x3  5 x 2  13 x  12) dx

x4 x3 x2 3 x 4 5 x3 13 x 2
 6  5  13  12 x  c     12 x  c
4 3 2 2 3 2
4. Find  1  sin 2x dx .

Sol.  1  sin 2 x dx   1  2sin x cos x dx

  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x )  2sin x cos x dx   (sin x  cos x )2 dx

  (sin x  cos x ) dx   cos x  sin x  c

2 x3  3x  5
5. Evaluate  dx for x > 0 and verify the result by differentiation.
2x2
2 x3  3x  5  2 x3 3x 5 
Sol.  2x2 dx    2 x 2  2 x 2  2 x 2  dx
 3 1 5 
   x  .  x 2  dx
 2 x 2 

x2 3 5 x 21
  log | x |  . c
2 2 2 2  1
x2 3 5 x 1
  log | x |  . c
2 2 2 1
x2 3 5 1
  log | x |  .  c
2 2 2 x
Verification:
d  x2 3 5 1 
  log | x |  .  c 
dx  2 2 2 x 
2x 3 1 5 3 5
  .  (  x 11 )  x   2
2 2 x 2 2x 2x
x(2 x 2 )  3( x)  5 2 x3  3x  5
  . Hence verified.
2x2 2x2
Integration 133

x 2  3x  1
6. Evaluate  dx .
2x

x 2  3x  1  x 2 3x 1 
Sol.  2x
dx     
 2 x 2 x 2 x 
dx

1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1
   .x  .1  .  dx   x. dx   1. dx   . dx
2 2 2 x 2 2 2 x
1 x2 3 1 x 2 3x 1
 .  x  log | x |  c    log | x |  c
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
 2 3
7. Evaluate   1   2  dx .
 x x 

 2 3 x 21 1
Sol.  1  x  x2  dx  x  2 log | x | 3. 2  1  c  x  2 log | x | 3. x  c
 4 
8. Evaluate   x   dx .
 1  x2 

 4  1 x2
Sol.   1  x 2 
x  dx   x. dx  4  1  x 2  2  4 tan 1 x  c
dx

 1 2 
9. Evaluate   e x    dx .
 x x2  1

 x 1 2  x 1
Sol.   e 
x

2
x 1
 dx  e  log | x | 2 cosh x  c

 1 1 
10. Evaluate    dx .
 1  x 1  x 2 
2

 1 1 
Sol.   1  x 2
 2
dx  tanh 1 x  tan 1 x  c
1 x 

 1 2 
11. Evaluate     dx .
2
 1 x 1  x2 

 1 2  1 1
Sol.   1 x 2

1 x 2 

dx  
1 x 2
dx  2
1  x2
dx

 sin 1 x  2 sinh 1 x  c
134 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2
12. Evaluate  elog(1 tan x)
dx .
log(1 tan 2 x ) 2
Sol. e dx   elog(sec x)
dx   sec 2 x dx  tan x  c  a log a x
x 
sin 2 x
13. Evaluate  dx .
1  cos 2 x
sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 2 1 2
Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2 cos2 x dx  2  tan x dx  2  (sec x  1) dx
1 1 1 1
  sec 2 x dx   1. dx  tan x  x  c
2 2 2 2
 3 2 1 
14. Evaluate     2  dx .
 x x 3x 

 3 2 1  1 1 1
Sol.     2  dx  3 dx  2 dx   x 2 dx
x x 3x  x x 3

1 x 21 1 1
 3.2 x  2 log | x |   c  6 x  2 log | x |  .  c
3 ( 2  1) 3 x
2
 x 1 
15. Evaluate    dx .
 x 
2
 x 1  x 1 2 x
Sol.   x  dx   x 2 dx
 
 x 1 2 x 12  1 1
2 
  2  2  2  dx     x 2  2.x 2  dx
x x x  x 
 
3
3 1
1  x 21 x2
    x 2  2.x 2  dx  log | x |   2. c
x  2  1 3
 1
2
1
1  1 4.
 log | x |   4.x 2  c  log | x |   c
x x x
 1 2 3 
16. Evaluate     dx .
 x 2
x 1 2 x 2 

 1 2 3  3  1
Sol.     2
dx  2 x  2 cosh 1 x    
x x 12 2x  2  x
3
 2 x  2 cosh 1 x  c
2x
Integration 135

 1 
17. Evaluate   cosh x   dx .
 x2  1

 1  1
Sol.   cosh x  2
x 1
 dx  sinh x  sinh x  c

 
1
18. Evaluate   sinh x  1
 dx .
 x2  1   2
 

 
1  dx   sinh x dx   1 dx
Sol.   sinh x  2 1
2 x2  1
 
x 1  

 cosh x  cosh 1 x  c
(a x  b x )2
19. Evaluate  dx .
a xb x
(a x  b x )2 a 2 x  b 2 x  2a x b x
Sol.  a xb x dx   a xb x
dx

 a2x b 2 x 2a x b x 
   x x  x x  x x  dx
a b ab ab 

 ax bx  ax bx
   x  x  2 dx   x dx   x dx  2 1. dx
b a  b a
x x
 a  b
   
b a
   2x  c
 a  b
log e   log e  
 b  a

20. Evaluate  sec2 x cosec2 x dx .

2
Sol.  sec x cosec 2 x dx   (1  tan 2 x )(cosec 2 x ) dx

  (cosec2 x  tan 2 x cosec2 x ) dx

  (cosec2 x  sec2 x ) dx
  cot x  tan x  c
Alternate method:
2 1 1
 sec x cosec 2 x dx   2
. 2 dx
cos x sin x
136 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 dx   cos2 x.sin 2 x dx  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
cos 2 x.sin 2 x
 sin 2 x cos 2 x 
   dx
 cos 2 x.sin 2 x cos 2 x.sin 2 x 

 1 1 
   dx
 cos x sin 2 x 
2

  sec 2

x  cosec 2 x dx
 tan x  cot x  c
1  cos 2 x
21. Evaluate  dx .
1  cos 2 x
1  cos 2 x 1  cos2 x
Sol.  1  cos 2 x  2sin 2 x dx
dx 

 1 cos 2 x  1 1 
  2
 2 
dx    cosec 2 x  cot 2 x dx
 2sin x 2sin x  2 2 

1 1

2   
cosec 2 x  cot 2 x dx   cosec 2 x  cosec 2 x  1 dx
2

1 1

2  2

2 cosec2 x  1 dx   2(  cot x )  x 

x
  cot x  c
2

22. Evaluate  1  cos 2x dx .

Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2sin 2 x dx

  2 sin x dx  2(  cos x)   2 cos x  c

1
23. Evaluate  dx .
cosh x  sinh x
1 cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x
Sol.  cosh x  sinh x  cosh x  sinh x dx
dx   cosh 2
x  sinh 2 x  1
(cosh x  sinh x)(cosh x  sinh x)
 dx
cosh x  sinh x
  (cosh x  sinh x ) dx  sinh x  cosh x  c
 Integration 137

1
24. Evaluate  dx .
1  cos x
1 1 1  cos x
Sol.  1  cos x dx   1  cos x  1  cos x dx
1  cos x 1  cos x
 2
dx   dx
1  cos x sin 2 x
 1 cos x 
  2  dx
 sin x sin x sin x 


  cosec2 x  cot x.cosec x dx 
  cot x  cosec x  c
1 1 1
Note: To evaluate  dx,  dx,  dx similar method can be used.
1  cos x 1  sin x 1  sin x
Integration by Substitution
Evaluate the following integrals:
ex
1.  e x  1 dx
Sol. Put ex + 1 = t  ex.dx = dt.
ex dt 1
 e x  1 dx   t   t dt
 log | t | log | e x  1| c
f '( x)
(OR)  f ( x)
dx  log | f ( x) |

Let f (x) = ex + 1  f '(x) = ex

ex f '( x)
 x dx   dx  log | f ( x) | log | e x  1| c
e 1 f ( x)

x2
2.  1 x
dx

Sol. Put 1  x  t  1  x  t 2   dx  2t dt  x  1  t 2

x2 (1  t 2 )2
 dx   ( 2t )dt
1 x t
 t 5 2t 3  2 4
2 2 4 2
 2 (1  t ) dt  2 (1  t  2t ) dt  2 t     2t  t 5  t 3
 5 3  5 3
2 4
 2 1  x  ( 1  x ) 5  ( 1  x ) 3  c
5 3
138 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

(sin 1 x) 2
3.  1  x2
dx

1
Sol. P u t sin -1(x) =t  dx  dt
1  x2
1 3 1 3
  (sin 1 x) 2 . dx   t 2 dt  t  (sin x)  c (or)
1  x2 3 3
n 1
n  f ( x)  1
  f ( x) 
1
f '( x) dx  , where f ( x)  sin ( x), f '( x) 
n 1 1  x2
1 (sin 1 x) 21 (sin 1 x)3
  (sin 1 x) 2 . dx   c
1  x2 2 1 3

1
4.  1  (2 x  1) 2
dx .

dt
Sol. Put 2 x  1  t  2.1.dx  dt  dx 
2
1 1 dt
 1  (2 x  1) 2
dx  
1 t2 2
1 1 1 1
  2
dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 (2 x  1)  c (or)
2 1 t 2 2
f (ax  b)
 f '(ax  b) dx  a
1 1 1 tan 1 (ax  b)
 dx  tan x   1  (ax  b)2 dx 
1  x2 a

1 tan 1 (2 x  1) 1
 2
dx   tan 1 (2 x  1)  c
1  (2 x  1) 2 2

x5
5.  1  x12 dx .
dt
Sol. Put x 6  t  6.x 5 dx  dt  x 5 dx 
6
dt
5 5
x x dx
 1  x12 dx   1  ( x6 )2 dx   1 6t 2
1 1 1 1
  2
dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x 6 )  c
6 1 t 6 6
Integration 139

3
6.  cos x sin x dx .
Sol. Put cos x  t   sin xdx  dt  sin xdx   dt
  cos3 x sin x dx   t 3 ( dt )

3  t4  (cos x ) 4 cos 4 x
   t dt        c
 4 4 4
 1
 1   x  
7.  1  x 2  .e x dx
1  1
Sol. Put x   t   1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
 1  1  1
 1   x   x   1  x  
  1  2  .e x  dx   e  x   1  2
. dx   e t
. dt  e t
 e x
c
 x  x 
1
8.  sin 1 x 1  x 2
dx

1 1
Sol. Put sin x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
1 1 1
 dx   . dx
sin 1 x 1  x 2 sin 1 x 1  x2
1
 . dt  2 t  2 sin 1 x  c
t
sin 4 x
9.  cos6 x dx
sin 4 x sin 4 x 1
Sol.  cos6 x  cos4 x . cos2 x dx
dx 
n 1
 n  f ( x) 
  tan 4 x.sec2 x dx    f ( x)  . f '( x).dx  
 n  1 
tan 41 x tan 5 x
  c
4 1 5
2
10.  sin x dx

2 1  cos 2 x 1
Sol.  sin x dx  
2
dx   (1  cos 2 x ) dx
2
1 sin 2 x 
1   x  c

2  1. dx   cos 2 x. dx  2  2 
140 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

x2
11.  x5
dx

Sol. Put x  5  t  x  5  t   dx  2t dt and x  t 2  5  x 2  (t   5) 2  t 4  25  10t 2

x2 t 4  25  10t 2
 dx   .2t dt
x5 t

t5 10t 3 
 2 (t  25  10t ). dt  2   25t 
4 2

5 3 

5 3

 2
 x5   25 x  5 
10  
x5 

 5 3 
 
2 5 1 20 3
 ( x  5) 2  50( x  5) 2  ( x  5) 2  c
5 3
dx
12.  4  9x2
dx

1 1  1  x 
Sol.  4  9x 2
dx  
2
2  (3 x ) 2
dx   2 dx  sin 1   
 a 
 a  x2
 3x 
sin 1  
 2  1 1  3 x 
  sin    c
3 3  2
1
13.  1 4x 2
dx

1 1  1 1 1  x  
Sol.  1 4x 2
dx  
1  (2 x) 2
2
dx   a 2  x 2 dx  a tan  a  
 
 2x 
tan 1  
 1 1
  tan 1 (2 x)  c
2 2
1
14.  4  x2
dx

1 1 x  1  x 
Sol.  dx   dx  sin 1    c   2 dx  sin 1   
4 x 2 2
2 x 2  2  a  x2  a 
Integration 141

15.  4 x 2  9 dx
 x 2 a2 1  x  
4 x 2  9 dx   (2 x) 2  32 dx   x  a dx  2 x  a  2 sinh  a  
2 2 2
Sol.   

2x 9  2x 
4 x 2  9  sinh 1  
2 2  3

2
x 9  2x 
 4 x 2  9  sinh 1    c
2 4  3

16.  9 x 2  25 dx
 x 2 a2 1  x  
9 x 2  25 dx   (3x)2  52 dx   x  a dx  2 x  a  2 cosh  a  
2 2 2
Sol.   

3x 25  3x 
9 x 2  25  cosh 1  
2 2  5

3
x 25  3x 
 9 x 2  25  cosh 1    c
2 6  5 

17.  16  25x 2 dx
 x 2 a2  x 
2 2 2 
 
2 2 2
sin 1   
Sol.  16  25 x dx   4  (5 x) dx

a  x dx 
2
a  x 
2  a 

5x 16  5x 
16  25 x 2  sin 1  
2 2  4

5
x 16  5x 
 16  25 x 2  sin 1    c
2 10  4
x
18.  1 x 2
dx

x 1 2x  f '( x ) 
Sol.  1 x 2
dx 
2  1  x2
dx   f ( x ) dx  log | f ( x ) |  c 
 

1
 log |1  x 2 |  c
2
(log x )2
19.  x dx
(log x )2 2 1
 n  f ( x ) n 1 
   f ( x )  . f '( x ) dx 
Sol.  x dx   (log x) . x . dx  n 1 
142 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

(log x )21 (log x )3

  c
2 1 3
1
e tan x
20.  1  x 2 dx
1
Sol. Put tan 1 x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
1
e tan x tan 1 x 1
 1  x 2 dx   e . 1  x 2 . dx
1
  e t . dt  et  e tan x
c

sin(tan 1 x)
21.  1  x 2 dx
1
Sol. Put tan 1 x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
sin(tan 1 x) 1 1
 1  x 2 dx   sin(tan x).1  x 2 dx
  sin t. dt   cos t   cos(tan 1 x )  c

3x 2
22.  1  x6 dx
Sol. Put x 3  t  3 x 2 dx  dt
3x 2 3 x 2 dx
 1  x6 dx   1  x3 2   dt 2  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x3 )  c
  1 t

2
23.  25  9 x 2
dx

 3x 
sinh 1  
2 1  5 2  3x 
Sol.  dx  2 dx  2  sinh 1    c
25  9 x 2 2
5  (3x) 2 3 3  5

3
24.  9x2  1
dx

 3x 
cosh 1  
3 1  1
Sol.  dx  3 dx  3  cosh 1 (3x )  c
9x2  1 2
(3x )  12 3
Integration 143

25.  sin mx cos nx dx

1
Sol. We have, sin mx cos nx  (2sin mx cos nx)
2
1
 sin( mx  nx)  sin( mx  nx) 
2
1

2
sin(m  n) x  sin( m  n) x 
1
  sin mx cos nx dx  
2
sin( m  n) x  sin( m  n) x  dx
1   cos( m  n) x  cos( m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 

26.  sin mx sin nx dx

1 1
Sol. We have sin mx sin nx  (2sin mx sin nx)  cos( mx  nx)  cos( mx  nx) 
2 2
1
  sin mx sin nx dx  
2
cos( m  n) x  cos( m  n) x  dx
1  sin( m  n) x sin( m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 

27.  cos mx cos nx dx

1 1
Sol. We have, cos mx cos nx  (2 cos mx cos nx )   cos(mx  nx )  cos(mx  nx ) 
2 2
1
  cos mx cos nx dx  
2
cos(m  n) x  cos(m  n) x  dx
1  sin( m  n) x sin( m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 

sin x
28.  sin(a  x) dx
sin x sin(( x  a)  a)
Sol.  sin(a  x) dx   sin( a  x)
dx

sin( x  a) cos a  cos( x  a ) sin a

 dx
sin( a  x)

 sin( x  a) cos a cos( x  a) sin a 

  dx
 sin( a  x) sin( a  x) 
144 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

  cos a  cot( x  a ).sin a  dx

 cos a  1. dx  sin a cot( x  a ) dx

 (cos a )( x)  (sin a) log | sin( a  x) |  c
1
29.  7 x  3 dx
1 log | 7 x  3 |
Sol.  7 x  3 dx  7
c

log(1  x)
30.  1 x
dx

2
log(1  x) 1 log(1  x)  c
Sol.  1  x dx   log(1  x).1  x dx  2
dx
31.  1  5x
dx

dx 2 1  5x
Sol.  1  5x
dx 
5
c

3 2
32.  (1  2 x ) x dx

3 2 2 5 x3 2 x 6 x3 x 6
Sol.  (1  2 x ) x dx   ( x  2 x ) dx  3

6
  c
3 3
sec2 x
33.  (1  tan x)3 dx
Sol. Put 1  tan x  t  sec 2 xdx  dt
sec2 x dt 3 t 31 t 2 1 1
 (1  tan x)3 dx  
 t3  t dt    2
 c
3  1 2 2t 2(1  tan x )2
3
34. x sin x 4 dx

dt
Sol. Put x 4  t  4 x 3 dx  dt  x 3dx 
4
3
x sin x 4 dx   (sin x 4 ).x 3 dx

dt 1 1  cos x 4
  sin t   sin t dt  (  cos t )  c
4 4 4 4
Integration 145

cos x Sol.
35.  (1  sin x)2 dx
Sol. Put 1  sin x  t  cos x dx  dt
cos x dt 2 t 21 1 1
 (1  sin x)2 dx   t2 
dt  t dt 
2  1
 
t 1  sin x
c

3
36.  sin x .cos x dx
1
1 1 4
3 3
(sin x) 3 3
Sol.  sin x .cos x dx   (sin x ) .cos x dx   (sin x ) 3  c
1 4
1
3
x2
37.  2x e dx
Sol. Put x2 = t  2x dx = dt
x2 2 2

 2x e dx   e x .2 x dx   et dt  et  e x  c

elog x
38.  x dx
1
Sol. Put log x  t  dx  dt
x
elog x log x 1 t t log x
 x dx   e x dx   e dt  e  e  c
x2
39.  1  x6
dx

dt
Sol. Put x 3  t  3 x 2 dx  dt  x 2 dx 
3
x2 x 2 dx 1 dt 1 1 1
 dx     sin t  sin 1 ( x3 )  c
1  x6 1  ( x3 )2 1 t2 3 3 3

2 x3
40.  1  x8 dx
dt
Sol. Put x 4  t  4 x 3 dx  dt  2.2 x 3dx  dt  2 x 3dx 
2
dt
2 x3 2 x3 dx 1 1 1 1
 1  x8 dx   1  ( x 4 )2   1 2t 2  2  1  t 2 dt  2 tan t  2 tan ( x )  c
1 1 4
146 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

x8
41.  1  x18 dx
dt
Sol. Put x 9  t  9 x8 dx  dt  x 8 dx 
9
dt
x8 x8 dx 1 1 1 1
dx  dx  9   dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x 9 )  c
 1  x18  1  ( x9 )2  1 t2 9 1 t 2
9 9

e x (1  x)
42.  cos2 ( xe x ) dx
Sol. Put xe x  t  ( x.e x  e x .1) dx  dt  e x ( x  1)dx  dt  e x (1  x)dx  dt
e x (1  x) dt 2 x
 cos2 ( xe x ) dx   cos2 t   sec t dt  tan t  tan( xe )  c
cosec2 x
43.  (a  b cot x)5 dx
dt
Sol. Put a  b cot x  t  b(  cosec 2 x)dx  dt  cosec 2 xdx 
b
dt
cosec2 x 1 1
 (a  b cot x)5 dx   t 5b   b  t 5 dt
1 5 1 t 51 1 t 4 1 1

b  t dt  
b 5  1
  
b 4 4bt 4

4b  a  b cot x 
4
c

x
44. e sin e x dx

Sol. Put e x  t  e x dx  dt
x
e sin e x dx   sin t dt   cos t   cos(e x )  c

sin(log x)
45.  x
dx

1
Sol. Put log x  t  dx  dt
x
sin(log x) 1
 x
dx   sin(log x). dx   sin t.dt   cos t   cos(log x)  c
x
Integration 147

1
46.  x log x dx
1
Sol. Put log x  t  dx  dt
x
1 1 1 1
 x log x dx   log x . x dx   t . dt  log | t | log | log x | c
(1  log x) n
47.  x dx
1
Sol. Put 1  log x  t  dx  dt
x
(1  log x) n n 1 n t n 1 (1  log x )n 1
 x dx   (1  log x) . x dx   t . dt  n  1  n  1  c
cos(log x)
48.  x
dx

1
Sol. Put log x  t  dx  dt
x
cos(log x) 1
 x
dx   cos(log x). dx   cos t. dt  sin t  sin(log x)  c
x
cos x
49.  x
dx

Sol. Put x  t  x  t 2  dx  2t dt

cos x cos t
 x
dx  
t
.2t dt  2 cos t dt  2sin t  2sin x  c

2x  1
50. x 2
 x 1
dx

Sol. Put x 2  x  1  t  (2 x  1)dx  dt

2x  1 1 1
x 2
dx   2 (2 x  1) dx   . dt  log | t |  log | x 2  x  1|  c
 x 1 x  x 1 t
ax n 1
51.  bx n  c dx
dt
Sol. Put bx n  c  t  (b.n.x n 1 )dx  dt  x n 1dx 
bn
ax n 1 1 n 1 1 dt
 bx n  c dx   bx n  c . ax dx   t . a. bn
148 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

a 1 a a
  . dt  log | t | log | bx n  c |  c1
bn t bn bn
1
52.  x log x log(log x) dx
1 d
Sol. Put log(log x )  t  (log x ) dx  dt
log x dx
1 1 1
 dx  dt  dx  dt
log x x x log x
1 1 1 1
 x log x log(log x) dx   log(log x) . x log x dx   t . dt  log | t | log | log(log x ) |  c

53.  coth x dx
cosh x
Sol.  coth x dx   sinh x dx  log | sinh x | c
1
54.  ( x  3) x2
dx

Sol. Put x  2  t  x  2  t 2  x  t 2  2  dx  2t.dt

1 1
 ( x  3) x2
dx   2
(t  2  3).t
2t dt

1
 2 2
dt  2 tan 1 t  2 tan 1 x  2  c
t 1
1
55.  1  sin 2 x dx
1 1 1  sin 2 x
Sol.  1  sin 2 x dx   1  sin 2 x .1  sin 2 x dx
1  sin 2 x 1  sin 2 x
 2
dx   dx
1  sin 2 x cos 2 2 x
 1 sin 2 x 
   dx
 cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x 
2

   sec 2 2 x  tan 2 x sec 2 x  dx

tan 2 x sec 2 x
  c
2 2
Integration 149

x2  1
56.  x4  1
dx

 1
2 x 2 1  2 
x 1  x 
Sol.  4
x 1
dx  
2 2 1
dx
x x  2
 x 

1 1  1 
1 1 2 1  2 
2 x 
 x dx 
 x dx    2
dx
2 1 2 1  1 
x  2 x  2 22
x x x  2
 x
1  1
Put x   t   1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
dt dt 1 t
 2
 2 2
 tan 1
t 2 t  ( 2) 2 2

 1
 x  2

1
tan 1  x  1 tan 1  x  1  c
  
2  2  2  2x 
 

dx
57.  cos 2
x  sin 2 x
dx sec2 x
Sol.  cos2 x  sin 2 x  sec2 x(cos2 x  sin 2x ) dx


sec2 x sec2 x
 dx   dx
1 1  2 tan x
2
(cos2 x  sin 2 x )
cos x
dt
Put 1  2 tan x  t  2sec2 xdx  dt  sec2 xdx 
2
dt
 2  1 1 dt  1 log | t |  1 log |1  2 tan x |  c
t 2 t 2 2
x2
58.  (a  bx)2 dx
dt ta 2 (t  a ) 2 t 2  a 2  2at
Sol. Put a  bx  t  b. dx  dt  dx  , x  x  
b b b2 b2
150 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

x2 (t 2  a 2  2at ) dt
 dx  
(a  bx)2 b2t 2 b

1  t 2 a 2 2at  1  1
 3  2
 2  2  dt  3  1  a 2t 2  2a  dt
b t t t  b  t

1  a 2 t 1  1  a2 
  t   2 a log | t |  3 t   2a log | t |
b3  1  b  t 

1  a2 
  ( a  bx )   2a log | a  bx |  c
b3  a  bx 

59.  1  cos 2x dx

Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2 cos2 x dx   2 cos x dx  2 sin x  c

cos x  sin x
60.  1  sin 2 x
dx

cos x  sin x cos x  sin x

Sol.  1  sin 2 x
dx  
sin x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x
2
dx

cos x  sin x cos x  sin x

 dx   dx   1. dx  x  c
(sin x  cos x) 2 sin x  cos x

sin 2 x
61.  (a  b cos x) 2
dx

sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

Sol.  (a  b cos x) 2
dx  
(a  b cos x )2
dx

dt t a
Put (a  b cos x)  t  b sin x dx  dt  sin x dx   cos x 
b b
2sin x cos x cos x.sin x dx
 2
dx  2
(a  b cos x ) (a  b cos x )2
t  a 1 dt 2  t a
 2 2
 2   2  2  dt
b t b b  t t 

2 1 2  2  at 21 
b 2   t
   at  dt  log | t | 
b 2  2  1

2  a 2  a 

b 2 log | t |  t   b 2 log | a  b cos x |  a  b cos x   c
Integration 151

sec x
62.  (sec x  tan x) 2
dx

Sol. Put (sec x  tan x )  t  (sec x tan x  sec2 x ) dx  dt

dt
 sec x(tan x  sec x) dx  dt  sec x (t )dx  dt  sec x dx 
t
sec x 1 dt dt
 2
dx   2  3
(sec x  tan x ) t t t

t 31 1 1
  t 3 dt   2  c
3  1 2t 2(sec x  tan x )2
dx
63. a 2
sin x  b 2 cos 2 x
2

dx sec2 x dx
Sol.  a 2 sin 2 x  b2 cos2 x  sec2 x(a 2 sin 2 x  b2 cos2 x )


Put tan x  t  sec2 x dx  dt

sec2 x dx dt 1
 2 2 2
 2 2 2
 dt
a tan x  b a t b (at )  b 2
2

 at 
tan 1  

1  b   1 tan 1  a (tan x )   c
 
b a ab  b 
dx
64.  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)
dx 1 sin(b  a)
Sol.  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)   sin(b  a) sin( x  a) sin( x  b) dx
sin ( x  a)  ( x  b) 
 dx b  a  ( x  a)  ( x  b)
sin(b  a) sin( x  a) sin( x  b)
1 sin( x  a) cos( x  b)  cos( x  a ) sin( x  b)

sin(b  a)  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)
dx

1  sin( x  a) cos( x  b) cos( x  a) sin( x  b) 

  
sin(b  a)  sin( x  a) sin( x  b) sin( x  a) sin( x  b) 
dx

1

sin(b  a) 
cot( x  b)  cot( x  a) dx

1  log | sin( x  b) | log | sin( x  a) |  1 sin( x  b)

     log c
sin(b  a)  1 1  sin(b  a) sin( x  a)
152 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

dx
65.  cos( x  a) cos( x  b)
dx 1 sin(b  a)
Sol.  cos( x  a) cos( x  b)   sin(b  a) cos( x  a) cos( x  b) dx
1 sin  ( x  a)  ( x  b)
 
sin(b  a ) cos( x  a ) cos( x  b )
dx

1  sin( x  a) cos( x  b)  cos( x  a) sin( x  b) 

 
sin(b  a)  cos( x  a) cos( x  b)  dx


1  sin( x  a) cos( x  b) cos( x  a) sin( x  b) 

  
sin(b  a)  cos( x  a) cos( x  b) cos( x  a) cos( x  b) 
dx

1

sin(b  a) 
 tan( x  b)  tan( x  a) dx
1

sin(b  a)
log | sec( x  a ) |  log | sec( x  b ) |  c

1  sec( x  a ) 
 log c
sin(b  a)  sec( x  b) 

sin 2 x
66.  a cos 2
x  b sin 2 x
dx

sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

Sol.  a cos 2 2
x  b sin x
dx  
a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x
dx

Put (a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x)  t   a 2 cos x ( sin x)  b 2sin x cos x  dx  dt

dt
2sin x cos x(  a  b) dx  dt  2sin x cos x dx 
ba
2sin x cos x 1 dt
 a cos 2 2
dx  
x  b sin x t ba
1 1 1 1
  dt  log | t |  log | a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x |  c
ba t ba ba
1  tan x
67.  1  tan x dx
sin x
1
1  tan x x dx  cos x  sin x dx
Sol.  1  tan x dx   cos
sin x  cos x  sin x
1
cos x
Integration 153

Put (cos x  sin x)  t  (  sin x  cos x) dx  dt

dt
  log | t | log | sin x  cos x |  c
t
cot(log x)
68.  x
dx

1
Sol. Put log x  t  dx  dt
x
cot(log x) 1
 x
dx   cot(log x). .dx
x
  cot t.dt  log | sin t |  log | sin(log x) |  c
x x
69.  e .cot e .dx
Sol. Put e x  t  e x dx  dt
x x x x
 e .cot e . dx   cot e . e . dx
x
  cot t. dt  log | sin t | log | sin e | c

2x  3
70.  2
x  3x  4
dx

2x  3  f '( x) 
Sol.  dx  2 x 2  3 x  4  c   dx  2 f ( x) 
2  f ( x) 
x  3x  4
2
71.  cosec x cot x dx

Sol. Put cot x  t   cosec2 x dx  dt  cosec2 xdx   dt

2
 cosec x cot x dx   cot x cosec2 x.dx
3
1 t 2 2 3
  t (  dt )    t 2
dt    (cot x ) 2  c
3 3
2

72.  sec x log (sec x  tan x) dx

Sol. Put log(sec x  tan x )  t
1
 sec x tan x  sec2 x  dx  dt
sec x  tan x
sec x(tan x  sec x )
 dx  dt  sec x dx  dt
(sec x  tan x )
154 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 sec x log (sec x  tan x ) dx   log (sec x  tan x ).sec x.dx

2
t 2  log(sec x  tan x )
  t. dt   c
2 2
3
73.  cos x dx

cos 3 x  3cos x
Sol. Put cos 3 x  4 cos3 x  3cos x  cos3 x 
4
3 cos 3 x  3cos x
 cos x dx  
4
dx

1 1  sin 3 x  1 3

4  (cos 3 x  3cos x ) dx  
4 3
 3sin x   sin 3 x  sin x  c
 12 4

74. x 4 x  3 dx

2 1 t2  3
Sol. Put 4 x  3  t  4 x  3  t  4.d x  2t dt  dx  t dt  x 
2 4
t2  3 t 1 2 2
 x 4 x  3 dx   4 . t. 2 . dt  8  (t  3).t . dt
1 4 2 1  t 5 3t 3  t 5 t 3
 (t  3 t ) dt    
8 8  5 3  40 8
5 3
( 4 x  3)5 ( 4 x  3)3 (4 x  3) 2
(4 x  3) 2
    c
40 8 40 8
1
75. a 2
 (b  cx) 2
dx

 b  cx 
tan 1 
1 1  a   1 1 1  x  
Sol.   a 2  x 2 dx  a tan  a  
 a 2  (b  cx)2 dx 
a c

1  b  cx 
 tan 1  c
ac  a 
 Unit 7
Definite Integrals

The fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus

If f is integrable on [a, b] and if there is a differentiable function F on [a, b] such that F' =f, then
b b


a
f ( x) = F(b) – F(a). We call
 f ( x) dx , the definite integral of f from, a to b. 'a' is called the lower
a
limit, 'b' is called the upper limit of the integral.
The letter 'x' is called the variable of integration.
b b b a
Note: We write  F( x )a for F(b) – F(a). Also  F( x )a is not dependent on x and  F( x ) a    F( x ) b .
b b
The function f in  f ( x ) dx is called the 'integrand'. The numerical value of  f ( x ) dx depends
a a
on f and does not dependent on the symbol x. The letter 'x' is a "dummy symbol" and may be replaced
by any other convenient symbol.
Properties:
b b

1.  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a
a a

2.  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0
b a

3.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a b
b c b

4.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx , where a < c < b.

a a c

 a
2 f  x  dx, if f (  x)  f ( x)
a  0

5.  f ( x) dx  
a  0, if f (  x)   f ( x)


156 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 a
2 f  x  dx. if f (2a  x)  f ( x)
2a  0
6. 
 f ( x) dx  
0  0, if f (2a  x)   f ( x)



Problems
 5
2
cos 2 x
1. Evaluate  5 5
dx .
0 2 2
sin x  cos x
 5
2
cos 2 x
Sol. Let I = 
0
5 5
dx .........(1)
2 2
sin x  cos x

5
  2

2 cos   x a a
2   
I =  5 5
dx   f ( x)dx   f  a  x dx
0 2 
  2 
   0 0 
sin   x  cos   x
2  2 
 5
2
sin 2 x
= 
0
5 5
dx .........(2)
2 2
cos x  sin x
Adding (1) and (2), we get
 5  5
2 2 2 2
cos x sin x
I+I=  0
5 5
dx + 
0
5 5
dx
2 2 2 2
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x
 5 5
 2 2 2

cos x sin x
2I =   5 5
 5 5
 dx
0
 2 
 sin x  cos 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 5 5
2 2 2
cos x  sin x
= 
0
5 5
dx
2 2
sin x  cos x

2
  
  1. dx   x 0 2  0
0
2 2
 
 2I  I
2 4
Definite Integrals 157

 5
2
cos 2 x 
I=  5 5
dx 
0 2 2
4
sin x  cos x

2
x 
2. Show that  sin x  cos x dx  2
0 2
log( 2  1) .


2
x
Sol. Let I =  sin x  cos x dx
0

a a

But 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx , where a 
0 2
here

   

2   x 
2   x
2 2
 I    

 0 cos x  sin x
dx
0 sin   x  cos   x
2  2 

   
2
 2 x 
   sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x  dx
0  

  
2 2
2 x
 
0
sin x  cos x
dx  
0
sin x  cos x
dx


2
 1

2  sin x  cos x dx  I
0


2
 1
I+I 
2  sin x  cos x dx
0


2
 1
I 
4  sin x  cos x dx
0

x 1 x 2t 1 t2 x
Put t  tan  dt  sec2 dx, sin x  2
, cos x  2
and sec 2  1  t 2
2 2 2 1 t 1 t 2

When x = 0, t = 0 and when x  , t  1 . Thus
2
158 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

 1 2x
2 sec 1
 2 2  2dt
I   dx  
4 1 x 4 0 2t  1  t 2
0 (sin x  cos x )  sec2 
2 2
1
 dt
 
4 0 ( 2)  (t  1) 2
2

1
 1 2  t  1   2  1  1  2  1
  log   log    . log  
4 2 2 2  t  1 0 4 2  2  1 2 2 2  2  1

 2 1 

2 2
log 
2 1 2 2
log  
2 1 .

 
2 2
n n
3. Show that  sin x dx 
0
 cos
0
x dx .


2
n
Sol. Let I =  sin
0
x dx


Let a  , f ( x)  sin n x  (sin x) n
2
n
    
f (a  x)  f   x  sin   x 
2   2 
 (cos x )n  cosn x
a a

We know that , 0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0

 
2 2
n n
  sin x dx 
0
 cos x dx
0
Hence proved.


3
sin x
4. Evalute  dx.
 sin x  cos x
6

  sin x
Sol. Let a  , b  , f ( x) 
6 3 sin x  cos x
   
Then, a  b  x    x    x
6 3 2 
Definite Integrals 159

 
sin   x
  2  cos x
 f ( a  b  x )  f   x  
2  cos x  sin x
   
sin   x  cos   x
2  2 

3
sin x
Let I   dx.
 sin x  cos x
6

b b

We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a

 
3 3
sin x cos x
I dx  I   dx.
 sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x
6 6

Adding them, we get

 
3 3
sin x cos x
I I   dx   dx
 sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x
6 6


3 sin x cos x 
2I      dx
  sin x  cos x sin x  cos x 
6


3
sin x  cos x
 dx
 sin x  cos x
6


3 
  
2 I   1. dx  [ x] 3   
 6
3 6 6
6


3
  sin x 
I  I   dx  .
6  2 12  sin x  cos x 12
6
160 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)


x sin x
5. Evaluate  dx .
0
1  sin x

x sin x
Sol. Let I =  1  sin x dx
0

x sin x
Let a  , f ( x) 
1  sin x
(  x) sin(   x)
Then f (a  x)  f (  x) 
1  sin(   x)
(   x ) sin x

1  sin x
a a

We know that 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0

 
x sin x (  x) sin x
I dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

 sin x  x sin x
I dx
0
1  sin x

  sin x x sin x 
    dx
0
 1  sin x 1  sin x
 
 sin x x sin x
 dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

sin x
I   dx  I
0
1  sin x

sin x
 I I    dx
0
1  sin x

1  sin x  1
 2 I   dx
0
1  sin x

  1  sin x 1 
 I     dx
2 0  1  sin x 1  sin x 

  1 
  1   dx
2 0  1  sin x 
Definite Integrals 161

 
 1 
  1. dx   dx 
2 0 0
1  sin x 

  1 1  sin x 
  x 0    dx 
2 0
1  sin x 1  sin x 

 1  sin x 
    dx 
2 0
cos 2 x 

2   1 sin x 
     dx
2 2 0  cos x cos 2 x 
2


2 

2 2 0
 
sec 2 x  sec x tan x dx 
2  
   tan x  sec x 0
2 2
2 
   tan   sec     tan 0  sec 0
2 2
2 
   0  ( 1)  0  1
2 2
2  2
I  (2)  
2 2 2

x sin x 2
 dx  
0
1  sin x 2
4

6. Evaluate  x x 2  1 dx .
1

4 4
1
Sol.
2 2
 x x  1 dx   x  1   2
. x dx
1 1

n 1
1
4
1  n  f ( x) 
  x2  1   2
.2 x dx    f ( x)  . f '( x)dx  
21  n  1 
4
 2 1 
1

1  x 1 2 
 


2  1 1 
 2 1
162 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

4
 3 
2
 1 x 1

  2

3 
2 
 2 1

1 2 3 1 3
   (42  1) 2  (1  1) 3    (15) 2 
2 3  2  3  
2

7. Evaluate  4  x 2 dx .
0

2 2
 x 2 a2  x
Sol.  4  x 2 dx   22  x 2 dx 
  a 2
 x 2
dx  a  x 2
 sin 1   
2 2  a
0 0

2
x 4 x
  4  x 2  sin 1 
2 2 2 0

2  2   0 
 4  4  2sin 1      4  0  2sin 1 0 
2  2   2 
= 0 + 2sin–1(1) – 0 – 0

 2  .
2

2
8. Evalute 

sin x dx .
2
 
2 0 2

Sol.   sin x dx   sin x dx   sin x dx

  0
2 2


0 2
sin(  x) dx     
   sin xdx    x  0  x   x, 0  x   x  x
2 2
 0
2

0

   sin x dx    cos x 0 2
 2

0   
  cos x      cos  (  cos 0)
2  2 

   
 cos 0  cos       0  1
  2 
= 1 – 0 – 0 + 1 = 2.
 Definite Integrals 163

3
2x
9. Evaluate  dx.
2
1  x2
3
2x 2
3  f '( x) 
Sol. 2 1  x 2 dx   log 1  x    dx  log f ( x) 
 2  f ( x) 
= log 10 – log 5
 10 
= log   = log 2.
5

10. Evaluate  2  2 cos  d .
0

 

Sol.  2(1  cos ) d    4.cos2 d
0 0
2


   
 sin  
    2 
  2.cos   d    2.
0
 2  1 
 2 0


    
  4sin    4sin  4sin 0   4.
 2 0  2 


11. Evaluate  sin 3 x cos3 x dx.

0

Sol. Let I   sin 3 x cos3 x dx

0
a a

We have  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0

 

 I   sin x cos x dx   sin 3 (   x) cos 3 (   x) dx

3 3

0 0

   sin 3 x cos 3 x dx   I
0

 I = – I  2 I = 0  I = 0.


  sin 3 x cos 3 x dx  0.
0
164 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2
12. Evaluate  1  x dx.
0

2 1 2

Sol.  1  x dx   1  x dx   1  x dx
0 0 1

1 2
  (1  x)dx   (1  x ) dx  0  x  1  1  x  (1  x), 1  x  2  1  x  (1  x)  (1  x) 
0 1

1 2
 x2   x2 
  x     x  
 2 0  2 1

 1    4  1 
 1    (0  0)    2     1   
 2    2  2 
1 1
 1  2  2  1   1.
2 2

2
cos x
13. Evaluate  1 e x
dx.

2


2
cos x
Sol. Let I   1 e x
dx

2

  cos x
Let a   , b  , f ( x) 
2 2 1  ex
    cos( x)
f (a  b  x)  f     x   f ( x) 
 2 2  1  e x
cos x cos x x
  e
1 ex  1
1 x
e
e x .cos x

1  ex
b b

We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a

 
2
cos x 2
e x .cos x
 I  dx  I   1  e x dx

1  ex 
2 2

Adding them, we get

Definite Integrals 165

 
2
cos x 2
e x .cos x
I I   dx   1  e x dx

1  ex 
2 2

 
 cos x e x .cos x 
2 2
cos x  e x .cos x
 2I      dx   dx
 
1  ex 1  ex  
1  ex
2 2

 
2
cos x(1  e x ) 2
 2I   dx   cos x dx

1  ex 
2 2

   
 2 I   sin x  2  sin  sin   
2 2  2
 2 I = 1 – (–1) = 2

2
cos x
 I 1 I   1 e x
dx  1.

2

3
x
14. Evaluate  dx .
0 x 2  16
3 3
x 1 2x
Sol.  dx   dx
0 x 2  16 2 0 x 2  16
3
1 
  .2 x 2  16 
2 0
3
  x 2  16  0

 32  16  02  16
=5–4
= 1.
1
2
15. Evaluate  x.e  x dx .
0

1 1
2 2
x x
Sol.  x.e dx   e . x dx
0 0

 dt
Put –x2 = t  –2x dx = dt  x dx 
2
Upper Limit : x = 1  t = –1 and Lower Limit : x = 0  t = 0
166 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

1 1
 x2   dt 
 x.e dx   et .  
0 0  2 
1
1 1 1
   et dt    et 
20 2 0

1 1 0 11 

2
 e  e      1
2e 

1 1 1 1 
    .
2e 2  2 2e 
5
1
16. Evaluate  dx .
1 2x 1
5 5
dx  2 2x 1
Sol. 
1 2x 1
dx  
 2 
1
5
  2x 1 
1

 10  1  2  1  9  1
= 3 – 1 = 2.
4
x2
17. Evaluate  dx .
0
1 x
4 4
x2  1 
Sol. 0 1  x dx  0 ( x  1)  x  1 dx
4
 x2 
   x  log x  1 
2 0

 42  0 
   4  log 4  1     0  log1
 2  2 
 8  4  log 5  0
  4  log 5
2
x2
18. Evaluate  x 2  2 dx .
1

2 2
x2  2 
Sol. 1 x 2  2 dx  1 1  x 2  2  dx
Definite Integrals 167

2 2
1
  1 dx  2  2
dx
1 1 x2    2

2
2  1 x 
  x 1   2. tan 1
 2 2  1

2  1 2  1  
  2  ( 1)   tan  tan 1 

2 2  2  

 1 
 3  2  tan 1 2  tan 1 
 2
4

19. Evaluate  2  x dx .
0

4 2 4

Sol.  2  x dx   2  x dx   2  x dx
0 0 2

2 4
  (2  x) dx   (2  x ) dx
0 2

2 4
 x2   x2 
  2 x     2 x  
 2 0  2 2

 4   16   4 
  4   0    8     4   
 2   2  2 
= 2 + [0 + 4 – 2]
=4


20. Evaluate
2
sin 5 x .

0
sin 5 x  cos5 x


Sol. Let I =
2
sin 5 x ........(1)
 0
sin 5 x  cos5 x
a a

We know that 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0

 

5
 sin 5   x  
2
sin x 2
2  2
cos5 x
I=  sin 5
x  cos5 x
  5  5 
dx  
cos 5
x  sin 5
x
dx ........(2)
0 0 sin   x   cos   x  0
2  2 
168 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Adding (1) and (2),

 
2
sin 5 x 2
cos5 x
 II   dx   dx
0
sin 5 x  cos5 x 0
cos5 x  sin 5 x

2
 sin 5 x cos5 x 
 2I  0  sin 5 x  cos5 x cos5 x  sin 5 x  dx



 sin 5 x  cos5 x 
2
 0  sin 5 x  cos5 x  dx

2
 
  1.dx   x 0 2 
0
2

 
 2I  I
2 4

2
sin 5 x 
I   5 5
dx 
0
sin x  cos x 4

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
21. Evaluate  dx .
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Sol. Let I =  dx ........(1)
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x
a a

We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0

   

2 2 2

2 sin 2   x   cos 2   x 
sin x  cos x  2   2  dx
 I  sin 3
dx  I  
x  cos3 x      
0 0 sin 3   x   cos3   x 
 2   2 

2
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
I  dx ........(2)
0
cos3 x  sin 3 x
Adding (1) and (2),
 
2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x 2
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
 I I   dx   dx
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x 0
cos3 x  sin 3 x
Definite Integrals 169


 sin 2 x  cos 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
2
2I  0  sin 3 x  cos3 x  cos3 x  sin 3 x  dx

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
  dx
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x

2

2I   0 dx  0
0

I0

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x
dx  0.


2
dx
22. Evaluate  4  5cos x .
0

x 2dt 1 t2
Sol. Let tan  t  dx   cos x 
2 1 t2 1 t2
 
Upper Limit : x = 0  t = tan 0 = 0 and Lower Limit : x   t  tan  1
2 4

 2dt
2 1
dx 1 t2
  
0
4  5cos x 0  1 t2 
4  5 2 
 1 t 
1
2dt

0 4(1  t )  5 1  t 2 
2

1 1
2dt 1
 2 2
 2  2 2 dt
0
9t 0
3 t
1
1  3 t 
 2.  log
2(3)  3  t  0

1 4  1
 log    log 1   log 2
3 2  3
170 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)


4
sin x  cos x
23. Evaluate  9  16sin 2 x dx .
0


4
sin x  cos x
Sol.  9  16sin 2 x dx
0

Put sin x – cos x = t (cos x + sin x) dx = dt

t2 = (sin x – cos x)2 = sin2 x + cos2 x – 2 sin x cos x
t2 = 1 – sin2x
 sin2x = – t2 +1 = 1 – t2
  
U.L.: x   t  sin  cos  0
4 4 4
L.L.: x  0  t  sin 0  cos 0  1

4 0
sin x  cos x dt
 dx  
0
9  16sin 2 x 1
9  16( t 2  1)
0
dt
 
1
16t 2  25
0
dt
  2 2
1 5   4t 

0
 1 5  4t 
 2(5) .log 5  4t 
 
 4 
 
1

1  5  4(1) 
 log1  log 
40  5  4(1) 

1  1
  0  log 
40  9
1 1
 .log
40 9
1 1 1
 .log 91  log 9  log 32
40 40 40
1
 log 3.
20
Definite Integrals 171


2
a sin x  b cos x
24. Evaluate  dx .
0
sin x  cos x

2
a sin x  b cos x
Sol. Let I =  dx ........ (1)
0
sin x  cos x
a a

We know that 0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0

    
a sin   x  b cos   x
2
2  2 
I dx
   
0 sin   x  cos   x
2  2 


2
a cos x  b sin x
I  dx ........ (2)
0
cos x  sin x
Adding (1) and (2), we get
 
2 2
a sin x  b cos x a cos x  b sin x
I+I=  dx   dx
0
sin x  cos x 0
cos x  sin x

2
a sin x  b cos x  a cos x  b sin x
 2I   dx
0
sin x  cos x

2
a (sin x  cos x)  b(cos x  sin x)
 dx
0
sin x  cos x

2
(a  b)(sin x  cos x)
 dx
0
sin x  cos x

2

 (a  b) 1. dx  (a  b)( x) 0 2
0


2 I  ( a  b)
2

 I  ( a  b)
4
172 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)


x
25. Evaluate  dx .
0
1  sin x

x
Sol. Let I =  1  sin x dx
0

a a

We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0

 
(  x) x
I   dx   dx
0
1  sin(   x) 0
1  sin x

  x 
 I    dx
0
 1  sin x 1  sin x 
 
 x
 dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

1
  dx  I
0
1  sin x

1 1  sin x
 I I     dx
0
1  sin x 1  sin x
 
1  sin x 1  sin x
 2 I   2
dx   
0
1  sin x 0
cos 2 x

  1 sin x 
I     dx
2 0 cos x cos 2 x 
2



  (sec 2 x  sec x tan x) dx
20
 

2
 tan x  sec x 0


  tan   sec     tan 0  sec 0
2
 

2
 0  ( 1)  0  1   2  
2

x
 dx  .
0
1  sin x
Definite Integrals 173

1
log(1  x)
26. Evaluate  dx .
0
1  x2
1
log(1  x)
Sol. 
0
1  x2
dx

2 2 2 2
Put x  tan   dx  sec  d   1  x  1  tan   sec 

Upper Limit : x  1  tan   1    , Lower Limit : x  0  tan   0    0
4

1 4
log(1  x ) log(1  tan  ) 2
0 1  x2 dx  
0
sec2 
sec  d 


4
  log (1  tan ) d 
0


4

Let I   log (1  tan ) d 

0

a a

We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0


4
  
I   log 1  tan  4    d 
0


4
 1  tan  
  log 1  1  tan   d 
0


4
 (1  tan )  (1  tan ) 
  log 
0
1  tan   d 


4
 2 
  log  1  tan   d 
0


4
  [log 2  log(1  tan )] d 
0

 
4 4
 
0
log 2 d    log (1  tan ) d 
0
174 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)


4

I  log 2  1. d   I
0

  
 I I  log 2.  0 4  log 2    0
 4

 2I  log 2
4

I log 2
8

x sin x
27. Evaluate  dx .
0
1  cos 2 x
a a

Sol. We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx

0 0


x sin x
Let I =  1  cos
0
2
x
dx

 
(  x) sin(   x) (   x) sin x
I 2
dx   dx
0
1  cos (  x) 0
1  cos 2 x
  
 sin x  x sin x  sin x x sin x
I   2
dx   2
dx   dx
0
1  cos x 0
1  cos x 0
1  cos 2 x

sin x
I   dx  I
0
1  cos 2 x

sin x
 I I    dx
0
1  cos 2 x
Put cos x  t  sin xdx   dt
Upper Limit : x    t  cos   1 , Lower Limit : x  0  t  cos 0  1
1
 dt
 2I  
1
1 t2
1
 1
I 
2 1 1 t2
dt

 
  [tan 1 t ]11   [tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (1)]
2 2
       2
     
2  4 4  2 2 4
Definite Integrals 175


4
28. Evaluate  log 1  tan x  dx .
0


4
Sol. Let I   log 1  tan x dx
0

a a

We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0


4
  
I   log 1  tan  4  x  dx
0


4
 1  tan x 
  log 1  1  tan x  dx
0


4
1  tan x  1  tan x 
  log 
0
1  tan x  dx


4
 2 
  log  1  tan x  dx
0

  
4 4 4
  log 2  log 1  tan x  dx 
0

0
log 2 dx   log 1  tan x  dx
0


4
I   log 2 dx  I
0


4
 I I  (log 2)  1.dx
0


 2 I  (log 2)  x 0 4

  
2 I  log 2   0  log 2
4  4

I  log 2
42

4

  log 1  tan x  dx  8 log 2
0
176 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

Unit 8
Differential Equations

Definition: An equation involving one dependent variable and its derivatives with respect to one
independent variable is called as Ordinary Differential Equation.
dy
Ex:  5 x  cos x
dx
2 3
 d2y   dy  x
 2   3   e  4
 dx   dx 
Definition: If a D.E. contains one dependent variable and more than one independent variables,
then it is called as Partial D.E.
z z  2  2  2
Ex: x.  y  z,   0
x y x 2 y 2 z 2
where, z  f ( x, y ) where,   f ( x, y, z )

We learn about Ordinary D.E.

Definition: The order of a D.E is the order of the highest order derivative occuring in it.
Definition: The degree of a D.E is the largest exponent of the highest order derivative occuring in it
after the equation has been expressed in a form of a polynomial equation in derivatives.
(The exponent of x and y need not be an integer)
dy x1/ 2
1. 
dx y1/ 2 1  x1/ 2 
order = 1, degree = 1
2 5/ 3
d 2 y   dy  
2.  1 
   
dx 2   dx  
 Differential Equations 177

3 2 5
 d 2 y    dy  
  2   1    
 dx    dx  
order = 2, degree = 3
2 2 3/ 2
 d 2 y    dy  
3. 1   2   2    
 dx    dx  
2 3
  d 2 y  2    dy  2 
 1   2     2    
  dx     dx  
order = 2, degree = 4
d2y dy  dy 
4. 2
 2  y  log  
dx dx  dx 
Order is 2 and Degree is not defined since the equation cannot be expressed as a polynomial
equation in the derivatives.
d2y
5.   p2 y
dx 2
order = 2, degree = 1
2 2
 d3y   dy  x
6.  3   3   e  4
 dx   dx 
order = 3, degree = 2
6/5
 d 2 y  dy  3 
7.*  2     6y
 dx  dx  

3
d 2 y  dy  5
 2     6 y 6
dx  dx 
order = 2, degree = 1
The general form of an ordinary differential equation of nth order is
 dy d 2 y dny 
F  x, y, , 2 ,....., n   0
 dx dx dx 
Solution of a D.E: A solution of a D.E is a relation between dependent variable, independent variables
and along with some arbitrary constants satisfying the D.E.
178 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

General Solution :A solution of a D.E in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the order
of the D.E is called the general solution.
Particular Solution :A particular solution of a D.E is a solution obtained by giving particular values to
the arbitrary constants in the general solution.
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1. Form the D.E corresponding to y  cx  2c 2 , where c is a parameter..
sol: Given: y  cx  2c 2 ............(1)
It has only one arbitrary constant
So differentiating once with respect to x, we get
dy
 c 1  0
dx
dy
Substituting c  in equation (1), ‘c’ gets eliminated
dx
2
 dy   dy 
 The required D.E is y    x  2  
 dx   dx 
2. Form a D.E corresponding to y  A cos 3 x  B sin 3 x where A,B are parameters.
Sol: Given: y  A cos 3 x  B sin 3 x ............. (1)
Since there are two arbitrary constants or parameters,
differentiating two times successively with respect to x, we get
dy
 3 A sin 3 x  3B cos 3 x
dx
d 2 y d  dy 
    9 A cos 3x  9 B sin 3x
dx 2 dx  dx 
= 9  A cos 3x  B sin 3 x 
= 9y [ from (1)]
d2y
 2  9 y is the required D.E, where A and B are eleminated
dx
d2y
 9y  0
dx 2
3. Find the order of the D.E. obtained by eliminating the arbitrary constants b and c from the
equation xy  ce x  be x  x 2
Sol: There are two arbitrary constants b and c in the equation
xy  ce x  be x  x 2 ...... (1)
 Differential Equations 179

So differentiating twice successively w.r.t. x, we get

dy
x.  y.1  ce x  be x (1)  2 x
dx
d 2 y dy dy
x 2  .1   ce x  be x  2
dx dx dx
d 2 y dy dy
x 2  
dx dx dx

 ce x  be  x  2 
= ( xy  x 2 )  2 [ from (1)]

d2y dy
 x. 2
 2  xy  x 2  2 is the D.E.
dx dx
 Order = 2.
4. Find the order of the D.E. of the family of all circles with their centres at the origin.
Sol.: The general equation of the circle with centre (0, 0) is
x2  y 2  r 2 ............ (1)
r2 is the arbitrary constant.
So, differentiating equation (1) only once, we get
dy dy
2x  2 y 0 x y 0
dx dx
 Order = 1.
5. Form the D.E. of the following family of curves where parameters are given in brackets.
(i) y  c( x  c) 2 ........ (1)
differentiating once w.r.t. x we get
dy
 c.2( x  c) ....... (2)
dx

(1) y c( x  c)2
Now  
(2)  dy  c.2( x  c)
 
dx

y xc
 
dy 2
dx
2y
  xc
dy
dx
180 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

2y
c  x
 dy 
 
 dx 
Substituting C value in (1) we get,
2
 2y   2y 
x   
y  dy      dy  
      dx  
dx
   

dy
x.  2y
dx 4. y 2
y  2
dy  dy 
dx  
dx
3
 dy   dy 
 y     x  2 y  4 y2
 dx   dx 
3
 dy  dy
    4 xy  8 y 2
 dx  dx
(ii) xy  ae x  be  x , a, b are parameters
Sol. xy  ae x  be  x .......(1)
Since there are two parameters, differentiating equation (1) twice sucessively w.r.t.x, we get
dy
x.  y.1  ae x  be  x
dx
dy
 y  ae x  be  x
 x. .........(2)
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
d 2 y dy dy
x. 2
 .1   ae x  be  x  xy [ from (1)]
dx dx dx
d2y dy
x. 2
 2.  xy  0 is the required differentiating equation
dx dx
(iii) y  a cos( nx  b) , a, b are parameters
Sol: y  a cos( nx  b)
Since there are two parameters, differentiating (1), twice sucessively w.r.t.x, we get
dy
  a sin( nx  b)  n .......(1)
dx
 Differential Equations 181

dy
   an sin( nx  b)
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t.x.
d2y
 a n cos(nx  b)  n
dx 2
 a n 2 cos(nx  b)
  n 2  a cos( nx  b) 
 n 2 y [ from (1)]

d2y
 2
 n 2 y is the required differential equation
dx
Solving Differential Equations:
Methods to solve first order, first degree D.E.
dy
The general first order, first degree D.E. contains the terms of , x and y.
dx
dy
So it is of the form, = F(x, y) where F is a function of x and y.
dx
Variables Separable Method:
If the given D.E. can be written in the form of f ( x ).dx  g ( y ).dy  0 , then its solution can be
obtained by integrating each term. This method of solving the D.E. is called variables separable method.
Long Answer Type Questions
dy
1. Solve : x  y 0
dx Note: After integration on both sides, write
dy
Sol. Given D.E is, x  y 0 the constant of integration, C, on
dx
dy any one side.
y  x
dx
 ydy   xdx
Integrating on both sides,we get

 ydy    xdx
y2 x2
   c
2 2
x2 y 2
  c
2 2
 x 2  y 2  2c , is the required solution
182 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

dy
2. Solve  e x y
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E:  e x y
dx
dy
  e x .e y
dx
dy
  e x .dx
ey

 e  y dy  e x dx

Integrating on both sides, we get

y
e dy   e x dx

 e  y  e x  c
 e x  e  y  c  0 is the required solution

dy y 2  2 y
3. Solve 
dx x 1
dy y 2  2 y
Sol. Given D.E is 
dx x 1
dy dx
 2 
y  2 y x 1
dy 1
 2
 dx
y  2y x 1
1
 2 dy  log | x  1|  c
y  2 y  12  12
1
 2
dy  log | x  1| c
 y  1  12
1 y 1 1
 log | | log | x  1|  log c
2 1 y 11
y
 log | | 2 log  x  1  c
y2
y 2
 log  log   x  1  c 
y2
y 2
 log  log  x  1  c 2
y2
 Differential Equations 183

y 2
  c 2  x  1
y2
2
 y  c 2  y  2  x  1 , is the required solution.

4. Solve y 1  x  dx  x 1  y  dy  0
Sol. y 1  x  dx  x 1  y  dy  0

 y 1  x  dx   x 1  y  dy

y 1  x  dy
 
 x 1  y  dx


1  x   y

dy
x 1  y dx


1  x  dx  1  y dy
x y

Integrating on both sides, we get

 
1  x dx  1 y
dy
x  y

1 x 1 y
    dx     dy
x x  y y

1  1 
     1dx     1dy
x  y 
   log x  x    log y  y   c
  log x  x  log y  y  c
 x  y  log x  log y  c  0 , is the required solution

5. Solve 1  x2 1  y 2 dx + xy dy = 0

Sol.  xydy   1  x 2 1  y 2 dx

ydy 1  x 2 dx
 
1 y2 x
Integrating on both sides, we get
ydy 1 x2 dx
    1
1  y2 x
184 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

L.H.S :
ydy
 1 y 2

1 2y  f 1 ( x) 
  dy   dx  2 f ( x ) 
2 1 y2  f ( x) 

1
 .2 1  y 2
2
ydy
 1 y 2  1  y
2

1  x2
R.H.S =  dx [  Put 1  x 2  t 2  t  1  x 2
x
dx  x2  t 2  1  x  t 2  1
  1  x2 .
x tdt
 2 xdx  2tdt  dx  x
tdt
  t. 2
t 1 dx tdt tdt
  
t2 x x.x x 2
 2 dt
t 1 dx tdt
 2 ]
x t 1
t 2 1 1
 2 dt
t 1
 t 2 1 1 
  2  2 dt
 t 1 t 1 

 1 
  1  2 dt
 t 1 
1 t 1
t log
2.1 t 1

1  x2 1 1  x2  1
 dx   log c
x 2 1  x2  1

Substituting LHS, RHS in (1), we get

 1 1  x2  1 
1  y 2    1  x 2  log c
 2 1  x 2  1 
 Differential Equations 185

1 1  x2 1
 1  y 2  1  x 2  log c
2 1  x2  1
2
2 1  2 x  1  x 2

1
 1  y  1  x  log   c 
1  x2  1

1  x2  1  2
2 2
 1 x 1  1  x2  1 1  x2  1  1  x  1
2

 x  x2
 x 
2

 1  y 2  1  x 2  log  c
 2

 1  x 2
 1   1  x  1
2
 1  x  1
2

 1  y 2  1  x 2  log x  log  1  x  1  c
2

6. Solve 1  x 2 dy  1  y 2 dx  0

Sol. Given 1  x 2 dy  1  y 2 dx  0

 1  x 2 dy   1  y 2 dx
dy dx
 
2
1 y 1  x2

Integrating on both sides, we get

1 1
 dy    dx
1 y2 1  x2

 sin 1 y   sin 1 x  c

 sin 1 x  sin 1 y  c is the required solution.

dy 1  y 2
7. Solve 
dx 1  x 2
dy 1  y 2
Sol. 
dx 1  x 2
dy dx
 2

1 y 1  x2

Integrating on both sides, we get

dy dx
 2

1 y 1  x2
Tan 1 y  Tan 1 x  c , is the required solution.
186 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

dy
8. Solve  e yx
dx
dy
Sol.  e yx
dx
dy e y
 
dx e x
dy dx
 
e y ex
 e  y dy  e  x dx
Integrating on both sides, we get

  e  y dy   e  x dx

e y e x
  c
1 1
 e  y  e  x  c , is the solution.

Solve  e  1 ydy   y  1 dx  0
x
9.

Sol. Given  e x  1 ydy   y  1 dx  0

  e x  1 ydy    y  1 dx

ydy  dx
  x
y 1 e 1

Integrating on both sides, we will get

ydy  dx
  x ....................(1)
y 1 e 1
y
L.H.S:  y  1 dy
y 11
 dy
y 1

 y 1 1    1   1 
    dy   1     dy   1. dy     dy
 y 1 y 1    y 1    y 1 
 y  log | y  1|
 Differential Equations 187

dx dt dt
RHS: e x Put e x  t  e x dx  dt  dx   .
1 ex t
dt

t (t  1)

1 1 
    dt
 t t 1
 log t  log t  1
dx
e x  log e x  log e x  1  log c
1
substituting LHS, RHS in (1) we get the required solution as
y  log y  1   log e x  log e x  1  log c

 y  log  y  1  log e x  log(e x  1)  log c

 ( y  1)(e x  1)c   ex  1 ex 1 x 
y  log e    x  x  x  1  e 
 ex   e e e 

( y  1)(e x  1).c
 ey 
ex
 e y  c( y  1)(1  e  x )
Problems for Practice:
dy x3
1. Solve:  e x y  x 2e y Ans:
y x
e  e  c
dx 3
2. Solve: tan y dx  tan x dy  0 Ans: sin x.sin y  c
10. Solve 1  x 2 dx  1  y 2 dy  0

Sol.  1  x 2 dx   1  y 2 dy
Integrating on both sides, we get

 1  x 2 dx    1  y 2 dy

x 1 y 1 
 1  x 2  sinh 1 ( x)    1  y 2  sinh 1 y   c
2 2 2 2 

 x 1  x 2  y 1  y 2  sinh 1 x  sinh 1 y  2c
188 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

dy xy  y
11. Solve 
dx xy  x
dy xy  y
Sol. 
dx xy  x
dy y ( x  1)
 
dx x( y  1)
dy y x 1
  .
dx y  1 x
y 1 x 1
 dy  dx
y x

 y 1  x 1
    dy     dx
 y y  x x

 1  1
 1   dy  1   dx
 y  x
Integrating on both sides
 1  1
  1   dy   1   dx
 y  x
 y  log y  x  log x  c , is the required solution.
dy
12. Solve D.E. is  yx ____(1)
dx
Sol. Put y  x  t 2
differentiating w.r.t x
dy dt
 1  2t
dx dx
dy dt
  1  2t
dx dx
Subsituting in (1), we get
dt
1  2t t
dx
dt t  1
 
dx 2t
 t 1  2tdt
 dt    dx   dx
 2t  t 1
 Differential Equations 189

Integrating on both sides, we get

t.dt
2  dx
t 1 
t 11
2 dt = x
t 1
 t 1 1 
2   dt  x
 t  1 t  1

 1 
2  1  dt  x
 t  1

2 t  log t  1   x  c

 2  y  x  log y  x  1  x  c  t 2  y  x  t  y  x 

is the required solution of the given D.E.

Problems for Practice

dy
1. Solve:  1  e x y Ans: e  ( x  y )  x  c  0
dx
[Hint: put x  y  t ]
dy
13. Solve  (3 x  y  4) 2
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E. is  (3 x  y  4) 2 ___ (1)
dx
put 3 x  y  4  t
differentiating w.r.t ‘x’, we get
dy dt
3.1 + 0
dx dx
dy dt
  3
dx dx
Subsituting in (1), we get
dt
 3  t2
dx
dt
  t2  3
dx
 dt  (t 2  3)dx.
190 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

dt
 2
 dx.
t 3
Integrating on both sides, we get
dt
t  dx
2
3 
1
 dt   dx
t  ( 3) 2
2

1  t 
 tan 1    xc
3  3

1  3x  y  4 
 tan 1    x  c , is the required solution of the given D.E.
3  3 
dy
14. Solve  x tan( y  x)  1
dx
dy dt
Sol: Put y  x  t so that 1  .
dx dx
Therefore, the given equation becomes
dt
1  x tan t  1
dx
dt
(or)  x tan t.
dx
Therefoe, cot t dt  x.dx so that  cot t dt   x dx .
x2
Hence, log | sin t |  c
2
x2
i.e. log sin( y  x)   c , which is the required solution.
2
1  dy 
15. Solve sin    x  y
 dx 

1  dy 
Sol. Given D.E. is sin    x  y
 dx 
dy
 sin( x  y )
 __(1)
dx
Put x  y  t
differentiating w.r.t to ‘x’
 Differential Equations 191

dy dt
1 
dx dx
dy dt
  1
dx dx
Substituting in (1), we get
dt
 1  sin t
dx
dt
  1  sin t
dx
 dt  (1  sin t ) dx
dt
  dx
1  sin t
Integrating on both sides, we get
dt
 1  sin t   dx
 1 1  sin t 
    dt   dx
 1  sin t 1  sin t 
1  sin t
 dt   dx
1  sin 2 t
1  sin t
 dt   dx
cos 2 t
 1 sin t 
  2
 2 
dt   dx
 cos t cos t 
   sec 2 t  tan t sec t  dt   dx

  sec 2 t. dt   tan t sec t dt   dx

 tan t  sec t  x  c
 tan( x  y )  sec( x  y)  x  c , is the required solution of the given D.E.
dy
16. Solve :  tan 2 ( x  y )
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E. is  tan 2 ( x  y ) ____ (1)
dx
Put x y t
differentiating w.r.t to ‘x’, we get
192 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)

dy dt
1 
dx dx
dy dt
  1
dx dx
Substituting in (1), we get
dt
 1  tan 2 t
dx
dt
  1  tan 2 t
dx
dt
  sec 2 t
dx
 dt  sec2 t . dx
dt
  dx
sec 2 t
 cos 2 t dt  dx
Integrating on both sides, we get
2
 cos t dt   dx

1 cos2t
 dt   dx
2
1
 (1  cos 2t ) dt   dx
2
1  sin 2t 
 t  xc
2  2 

sin 2t
t
 2  xc
2
1 t=x+y
 t  sin 2t  2 x  2c , put
2
1
 x  y  sin 2  x  y   c  0
2