Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Effects of Hazard, Exposure and
Vulnerability to Disaster Risks

CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Effects of Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability to Disaster Risk
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the
work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may,
among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners.
The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Melencia Rosario Coronel

Ruby C. Bautista
Editors: Josefina M. Fabra
Anne Marielle R. Del Mundo
Vanessa R. Ambas
Reviewers: Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos
Richard Brian L. Tutor
Yumi Angela S. Valderama
Edwin L. Cruz
Catherine R. Novillos
Illustrator: Leumel M. Cadapan
Ronan DC Vergara
Layout Artist: Leumel M. Cadapan
Maria Elinor F. Hemedes
Ren Mac Mac G. Motas
Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas
Job S. Zape Jr.
Ramonito Elumbaring
Reicon C. Condes
Elaine T. Balaogan
Fe M. Ong-ongowan
Susan DL. Oribiana
Jaypee E. Lopo
Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro
Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 8:

Effects of Hazard, Exposure and

Vulnerability to Disaster Risks
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The Module is intended to equip you with knowledge and skills in

differentiating hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities as well as explaining the
relationship of the three to disaster risk.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities;

2. explain the difference among hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities;

3. appreciate the importance of understanding the concepts about

hazard, exposure and vulnerabilities so that it will be applied in
everyday situations.

1 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 What I Know

Read each item carefully and choose the best answer. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a harmful event, material, human behavior, or disease that

may cause loss of life, injury or other health effects, harm to
property, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic
disturbance, or damage to the environment.
a. disaster
b. hazard
c. risk
d. vulnerability

2. ___________________ signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future.

It is derived from the interaction of social and environmental processes,
from the combination of physical hazard and the vulnerabilities of exposed
elements.
a. disaster
b. hazard
c. risk
d. vulnerability

3. A serious disruption of the functions of a community or a society causing

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which
exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its
own. What is it?
a. disaster
b. hazard
c. resiliency
d. risk

4. It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or

asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
a. disaster
b. disaster Risk
c. hazard
d. vulnerability

2 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
5. It refers to the element at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event.
a. exposure
b. hazard
c. risk
d. vulnerability

6. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?

a. employees
b. professional
c. indigenous people
d. small entrepreneurs

7. Which of the following is not a man-made hazard event?

a. drought
b. wars and civil strife
c. leakage of toxic waste
d. environmental pollution

8. Disaster Management includes:

a. mitigation
b. reconstruction
c. rehabilitation
d. all of the above

9. Which among the following groups of people is more vulnerable in the

event of disaster?
a. men, women, girls
b. men, women, boys
c. men, boys, old people
d. women, children, old people

10. Which of the following elements is exposed to hazard?

a. human Beings
b. building structures
c. public transport system
d. all of the above

3 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
11. Hazards can arise during excavations due to the fact that there are
many cables and pipelines buried in the ground. This is why ‘rules for
careful excavation’ have been established. What is one of these rules?
a. When using an excavator always use a toothed excavator bucket.
b. Never dig in areas where cables or pipelines are known to be buried
in the ground.
c. First, manually dig trial trenches close to the specified location of the
cables or pipelines.
d. All of the above

12. Which belongs to the elements exposed to hazard?

a. environmental Assets
b. dwellings of households
c. agricultural commodities
d. all of the above

13. Which is not an example of types of mitigation measures?

a. hazard mapping
b. flood plain mapping
c. raising of homes in flood-prone areas
d. implementing and enforcing building codes

14. It is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness or painfulness of

something.
a. migration
b. misconception
c. mitigation
d. mutation

15. Which is not belong to the General classification of elements at risk?

a. population
b. infrastructures
c. essential facilities
d. transportation facilities

4 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 Hazards, Exposure, and
Vulnerabilities from actual
situations

Several countries, including the Philippines, have experienced disasters affecting the
property, assets and lives of the Filipino people , especially the COVID 19 Pandemic,
which kills millions of people not only in the Philippines but worldwide. Today, it 's
important to be extra cautious and mindful all the time. The topic will eventually
address concepts of hazard, exposure and vulnerability and how they vary from each
other and how important they are.

What’s In

Activity 1
Direction: Below is a picture of an incident in a mining community in Itogon,
Benguet after the onslaught of the Typhoon Ompong in 2018. Look at the
picture then answer the questions after the image.

Philippine News Agency, “Itogon landslide After Ompong”, September 21,

2018, accessed May 28, 2020
https://files.pna.gov.ph/souce/2018/09/20/itogon-landslide-after-
ompong.jpg.

5 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
Guide Questions:

1. What is the hazard shown in the picture?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Which area is exposed to hazard?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. What do you think is the cause of this incident?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. If the portion of the mountain slides down towards the remaining

residential buildings on the left, what part of the community will
be most affected?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

5. Which part in the presented image will be least likely affected?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

6 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 What’s New

A Sample essay:

Figure 1. The aftermath of Typhoon Ondoy.

Back when I was 7 years old, when I still lived in the Philippines, I
woke up in the middle of night to the sounds of the trees near our home
violently swaying against the house and the terrifying howls of the wind.
Now, bare in mind, that this was the Philippines. The 2nd country of the
world to have the most typhoons. At first, we tried to ignore it, thinking
that it would pass by soon but we were quickly proven wrong though
once we got a hold of the Wi-Fi and saw online that this weather was
labeled as a Signal No. 2. It meant that this certain typhoon was capable
of generating floods and strong waves. I became even more terrified
when I saw my father get me and my sister down to the 1st floor and in
the extra bedroom. Throughout the walk, you could feel the house shake
and tremble.

Once we reached the room, with all honesty, I was sure that I was
going to die. The thing, too, is that in front of our house, stood a large
tree. And during this event, it was swaying so violently that you’d expect
it to fall directly on our house. We were saying our prayers and my
parents repeatedly told me and my sibling how much they loved us.

7 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 When the night passed by though, we were greatly relieved. We
thought the bad fortune was over. Until we saw my cousins’ house.

Flooded up to the 3rd floor. Their store collapsed. And barely any
of their items were rescued. It saddens me, really, recalling my older
cousin, Ate Hannah, who was usually the calm one, sit by the stairs to
our home, holding and crying about her stuffed-toy. It was soggy,
destroyed, and ruined.

In a way though, it brought our family closer together. My father

and I actually also traveled to my cousins’ neighborhood and passed out
clothes and mattresses. While I felt happy being able to help others, it’s
sadder seeing some of the families be so desperate.

And at the time, none of us really knew, that we have survived the
second most devastating tropical cyclone in the 2009 Pacific typhoon
season of the Philippines; Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana)

Chloe N. “Personal experience; lived in the Philippines”, January 24,

2017. https://www.quora.com/What-is-it-like-to-experience-a-
typhoon

Direction: Analyze and answer the following questions after the given
scenario.

SITUATION 1:
You are a mom. You live in Brgy. Aplaya, which is right next to Laguna
de Bay. You have a 2-storey house, and the ground floor where your sari-
sari store is situated already flooded. You wrapped your baby and went
to the second floor, but the flood is fast rising and you are likely to get
trapped. Your husband went to Barangay Hall, where they prepared
boats, but he has not yet come back.

1. Determine the hazards given in the story.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

8 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 2. What are the possible ways to lessen the vulnerability of the
exposed elements to hazard? Explain your answer.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

SITUATION 2:

You are in grade 12, at your age you usually spend your time with your friends
and go other places with them. You are very much excited because this is the
day where you and your friends have been waiting for, A moment later
President Duterte announced the Enhanced Community Quarantine in entire
Luzon because of the COVID-19 Pandemic. You and your friends decided not
to continue your outing and change it into friends gathering party near you.

1. Determine the hazard given in the story.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. What are the possible ways to lessen the vulnerability of the exposed
elements to hazard? Explain your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

9 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 What is It

Hazard is a harmful condition, substance, human behavior or

condition that can cause loss of life, injury or other health effects, harm to
property, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruption or
damage to the environment. Any risk which is imminent is threat.

Exposure is the presence of elements at risk or chance of being harmed

from a natural or man-made hazard event. Elements include the individuals,
households or communities, properties, buildings and structures,
agricultural commodities, livelihoods, and public facilities, infrastructures
and environmental assets present in an area that are subject to potential
damage or even losses. The more a community is exposed to hazard factors,
the higher is the disaster risk or higher chance disaster occurrence.

Vulnerability means the characteristics and circumstances of a

community, system, or asset, that make it susceptible to the damaging

10 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
effects of a hazard and inability of a community to prevent, mitigate,
prepare for and respond to hazardous events.

Risk implies the probability of possible adverse effects. This results

from the interaction of social and environmental systems, from the
combination of physical danger, and exposed item vulnerabilities.

Disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community or

society which causes widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses that exceed the capacity of the community or society
concerned to cope with the use of their own resources. It results from the mix
of hazards, risk conditions and inadequate capability or measures.

Exposure and vulnerability, on the other hand, are distinct. A certain

community can be exposed but it does not mean that it is vulnerable.
Buildings and structures in Japan are exposed to earthquake, but they are
not vulnerable since their architectural and engineering designs are
earthquake proof or resistant. However, to become vulnerable, it must be
exposed to hazard first.

Exposure to hazard can make a community vulnerable. But not all

communities that are exposed to hazard can be considered vulnerable.
Vulnerability depends on the preparedness and readiness to a hazard of the
community. It depends mostly on how they mitigate, respond, and recover. If
a certain community has the ability to reduce the vulnerability by reducing
the risk, the said community is already considered as less vulnerable or
resilient.

11 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
Physical elements Population

Buildings: Urban land use, Density of population, distribution

construction types, building height, in space, distribution in time, age
building age, total floor space, distribution, gender distribution,
replacement costs. handicapped, income distribution

Monuments and cultural heritage

Essential facilities Socio-economic aspects

Emergency shelters, Schools, Organization of population,

Hospitals, Fire Brigades, Police, governance, community
organization, government support,
socio-economic levels. Cultural
heritage and traditions.
Transportation facilities Economic activities

Roads, railway, metro, public Spatial distribution of economic

transportation systems, harbor activities, input-output table,
facilities, airport facilities. dependency, redundancy,
unemployment, economic
production in various sectors.
Life lines Environmental elements

Water supply, electricity supply, gas Ecosystems, protected areas,

supply, telecommunications, mobile natural parks, environmentally
telephone network, sewage system. sensitive areas, forests, wetlands,
aquifers, flora, fauna, biodiversity.

C.J. Van Wester , “General Classification of Elements at Risk”, Caribbean

Handbook on Risk Information Management, C.J. Van Wester
http://www.charim.net/methodology/52

Disaster mitigation measures are those that eliminate or reduce the impacts
and risks of hazards by means of proactive measures taken before an
emergency or disaster takes place. Mitigation is the action of reducing
something's severity, seriousness, or painfulness.

12 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 What’s More

Activity 1: Tell me!

Direction: Analyze the picture below and answer the questions that follow.

Guide Questions:
1. What can you say about the picture? What does the quotation mean?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________
2. What is the hazard in the picture/ situation?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________
3. What is being exposed in the picture/ situation?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________

13 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 4. Why do you think the character in the picture is vulnerable?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________

5. Based on your analysis, Explain the hazard, exposure and vulnerability given in
the picture.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

COMPLETE ME!
Directions: Complete the following sentences by giving the
appropriate answer needed in the blank.

Vulnerability is _______________________________________________________.
Exposure refers to _____________________________________________________
while hazard is defined as _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
Hazards may be caused by______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______and can be mitigated through_____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________.
The difference between hazard, exposure and vulnerability among each
other is
Hazard_________________________________________________________________
exposed________________________________________________________________
vulnerability___________________________________________________________
It is significant to understand hazards, exposure and vulnerabilities
because
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____

14 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 What I Can Do

Activity 2.1

Direction: Create an information brochure about the elements of hazard

exposure. Visit a community using google map (you can choose your own
community or barangay. Determine all the elements exposed to hazard in
that locality. Use your resources to create a creative brochure. Be creative
and include emergency hotlines as much as possible. You will be graded
based on the rubrics given.

Criteria’s 4 3 2 1
Accuracy All Most of the Some of the Very little of
information is information is information is the
correct and correct and correct and information is
all of the most of the some of the correct and
sources are sources are sources are none of the
listed listed listed sources are
listed
Neatness All writing is Most of the Some of the Very little of
tidy, photos writing is writing is tidy, the writing is
and artwork tidy, photos photos and tidy, photos
are precisely and artwork artwork are and artwork
placed, and are mostly somewhat are placed
all sections placed placed poorly, and
are orderly carefully, and carefully, and the sections
most of the some of the are disorderly
sections are sections are
orderly orderly
Creativity The brochure Most of the Some of the Very little of
as a whole is brochure is brochure is the brochure
interesting, interesting, interesting, is interesting,
engaging, engaging, engaging, engaging,

15 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 imaginative, imaginative, imaginative, imaginative,
and original and original and original and original
Colorful The brochure Most of the Some of the Very little of
is eye brochure is brochure is the brochure
catching and eye catching eye catching is eye
vibrant and bright and average catching and
and/or colors and/or and/or some dull and/or
coordinated mostly mismatched mismatched
colors are coordinated colors are colors are
used colors are used used
used

Kellie Hayden, “Teaching Ideas for Brochure-Making With a Rubric”,

Bright Hub Education, June 26, 2010
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/teaching-methods-tips/75435-rubric-for-brochure-project/

16 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 Assessment

Modified TRUE or FALSE

Read each item carefully and choose the best answer. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If the
statement is false, change the undelined word/s to make the statement true

___________1. Hazard is a harmful event, material, human behavior, or disease

that may cause loss of life, injury or other health effects, harm to
property, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic
disturbance, or damage to the environment.

____________2. This signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It

is derived from the interaction of social and environmental
processes, from the combination of physical hazard and the
vulnerabilities of exposed elements that was called disaster.

_____________3. Resiliency is a serious disruption of the functions of a

community or a society causing widespread human, material,
economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own. What is it?

___________4. Vulnerability is the characteristics and circumstances of a

community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard.

____________5. It refers to the element at risk from a natural or man-made

hazard event that was called vulnerability.

_____________6. Indigenous people belongs to the most vulnerable

characteristics of community or system.

____________7. Environmental pollution is an example of man-made hazard

event?

____________8. Women, children and old people are the following groups of
people which are vulnerable in the event of disaster.

17 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
____________9. Hazards can arise during excavations due to the fact that there
are many cables and pipelines buried in the ground. This is why
‘rules for careful excavation’ have been established.

___________10. Migration is the action of reducing the severity, seriousness

or painfulness of something.

Additional Activities

Direction: You were just a Grade 12 student but elected as batang kagawad
in your small community. You thought of a first project you want to impose,
What ways or actions are you going to implement in your community to help
and make it less vulnerable to hazard? Write your answer on a separate sheet.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

18 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
 Module 8
CO_Q1_DRRR SHS 19
mtgtn/bt-dsstr-mtgtn-en.aspx
2015, https://www. publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/mrgnc-mngmnt/dsstr-prvntn-
Public Safety Canada. Safety Canada Types of Disaster Mitigation”, December 22,
gov.ph/1941/04/01/executive-order-no-335-s-1941/
President, Accessed on May 20, 2020 http://www.officialgazette.
extraordinary and emergency conditions. Manila, Philippines: Office of the
civilian organizations for the protection of the civil population in
its powers and duties and providing for the coordination and control of
Executive Order No. 335. Creating a civilian emergency administration, defining
References
What I Know What's More Assessment
11. B 1. Hazard exposure. 1. TRUE
It’s a safety slogan reminding
12. C everyone to take extra cautious and
2. RISK
13. A knowledgeable in chosen field or 3. DISASTER
14. D area. So that it will not cause 4. TRUE
problem in the future.
15. A 5. EXPOSURE
2. Electrical wires
16. C 3. Electricity. 6. TRUE
17. A 4. The character on the picture is 7. TRUE
18. D not a license electrician or qualified 8. TRUE
electrician that can’t perform
19. D electrical work.
9. TRUE
10.D 5. In just one mistake of untrained 10. MITIGATION
11.D electrician it will leads to electrical
12.D shock and fire and put one’s life in
danger.
13.C It is better to find, seek or contact
14.C professional electricians to have a
15.C safety assurance and peace of
mind.
Answer Key
Ashley Macejka, “Floor Plan Rubric”, Slide Share, Nov. 25, 2014,
https://www.slideshare.net/amacejka/floor-plan-rubric

Bueza, M. 2014, The Role of LGU’s, local councils during disasters, Rappler,
(accessed on May 20, 2020). https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/44026-
role-lgu-local-councils-disaster

Campanero, N.S. and V.N. Egargo. 2017, Correlates of Vulnerability: A quantified

study of people’s vulnerability on the impact of super typhoon Yolanda in
Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary
Research 3(9): 416-432.

C.J. Van Wester , “General Classification of Elements at Risk”, Caribbean Handbook

on Risk Information Management, C.J. Van Wester
http://www.charim.net/methodology/52

Kellie Hayden, “Teaching Ideas for Brochure-Making with a Rubric”, Bright Hub
Education, June 26, 2010 https://www.brighthubeducation.com
/teaching-methods-tips/75435-rubric-for-brochure-project/

20 CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 8
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]