2

ELECTRONICS SYSTEM PROBLEM 3. A stripline is Pref = τ Pinc

AND TECHNOLOGIES formed using a multilayer
board (dielectric constant = Pref = (0.71)2 (500)
TRANSMISSION LINES 2). The center track is 0.15 Pref = 252.05 W
PROBLEM 1. A parallel wire inch wide and 0.005 inch
thick and the PC board first- PROBLEM 5. In wire
line spaced at 1.27 cm has a
layer thickness is 0.05 inch communication system,
diameter of 0.21 cm. What is
thick, with an overall board calculate the return loss in
the characteristic
thickness of twice the single dB, if the load impedance is
impedance?
layer. What is the 600 ohms and the
A. 300 Ω characteristic impedance? characteristic impedance of
B. Xx the line is 300 ohms.
C. Xx A. 14.7 Ω
B. Xx A. 9.54 dB
D. Xx
C. Xx B. Xx
Solution: D. Xx C. Xx
D. Xx
2D Solution:
Zo = 276log
d Solution:
Zo =
2(1.27) Return loss (dB) =
[ ] 60 4t

[ ]
Zo = 276log
0.21 ∈ Z L +Z O

Zo = 298.8 Ω
√ ∈r
(
0.67 π 0.8+
c
h ) 20 log ( Z L −Z O )
Zo = 300 Ω Return loss (dB) =
Zo =
600+300
60 4 ( 0.05 x 2 ) 20 log ( 600−300 )
[ ]
PROBLEM 2. In a coaxial line
∈
if the inner diameter is 0.51 √2 0.005
cm and the center conductor 0.67 π (o .15) 0.8+( )
0.0525 Return loss (dB) =
has a diameter of 0.22 cm. 9.54 dB
What is the characteristic
PROBLEM 6. The VSWR on a
impedance?
Zo = 14.7 Ω loss-free line of 50 ohm
A. 9.54 dB characteristic impedance is
PROBLEM 4. In an improper
B. Xx 4.2. Determine the value of
loaded transmission line,
C. X the purely resistive load
determine the power
D. Xx impedance which is known
reflected from the load if the
to be larger than 50 ohms.
Solution: incident power at the load is
500 W and the reflection A. 210 ohms
2D
Zo = 138log coefficient is 0.71. B. Xx
d C. Xx
A. 252.05 W
0.51 D. Xx
Zo = 138log B. Xx
0.22 C. Xx Solution:
Zo = 50.4 Ω D. Xx

Solution:
 RL B. Xx 200 x 10
−6
VSWR = C. Xx ¿
ZO
D. Xx 10 x 10−3
RL = (VSWR)(ZO) G = ¿
Solution: 2¿
RL = (4.2)(50) = 210 ohms ¿¿
60 π¿
PROBLEM 7. A microstrip line Zo = cos h−1 N
√ ∈r ¿
is formed using a 0.095 inch
G = 1.23 mS/m
thick PC board (dielectric 60 −1
Zo = cos h (13.98)
constant = 1.8), with a √1 PROBLEM 10. What is the
bottom ground plane and a characteristic impedance of
Zo = 35.36 Ω
single 0.15 inch wide, 0.008 an open-line with conductors
inch thick track on the top. Where: 4 mm in diameter separated
What is its characteristic by 15 mm?
impedance? N=
A. 241.52 Ω
4 D2 d d
A.
B.
72.4 ohms
Xx
1
2 [( ) ( ) ( )]
d1 d2
− 1 − 2
d2 d1
B.
C.
Xx
Xx
C. Xx D. Xx
N=
D. Xx
2 Solution:
solution:

Zo =
1
2 [( 4 ( 30 )
(12)(10) ) ( ) ( )]
−
12
10
−
10
12
Zo =
276
√ ∈r
log
2D
d
87 5.98 h N = 13.98
√∈r +1.41
∈
[
0.8 b+c ] PROBLEM 9. For a parallel Zo =
276
log
2(15)
4 [ ]
wire line, determine the √ ∈r
Zo =
conductance if the Zo = 241.52 Ω
87 5.98 (0.095)
∈
[
√ 1.8+1.41 0.8 ( 0.15 )+ 0.008 ] conductivity is 200 x 10-6 S/m
and the conductor diameter PROBLEM 11. The forward
power in a transmission line
is 12mm. the conductor
Zo = is 150 W and the reverse
spacing is 10 mm.
87 5.98 h power is 20 W. Calculate the
√∈r +1.41
∈
[ (
0.8 b+c 0.8+
c
h ) ] A.
B.
C.
D.
1.23 mS/m
Xx
Xx
Xx
SWR on the line.

A.
B.
13.98
Xx
Zo = 72.4 Ω
C. Xx
PROBLEM 8. Determine the Solution: D. Xx
impedance of a balanced 2- πσ Solution:
wire with unequal diameters G = 2D
d1 = 12mm and d2 = 10 mm. ¿ Pref
d 1−¿
Pinc
The spacing between wires is √¿
SWR = Pref
30 mm. 1+¿
Pinc
√¿¿
A. 13.98 ¿
 1−¿
20
150
Vp B. Xx
√¿ Vf = =
20 c C. Xx
SWR = 1+¿
150 6 D. Xx
√¿ ¿ 22.36 x 10 m/s
¿ 8
3 x 10 m/ s Solution:
SWR = 2.15
Vf = 0.0745 Vp c.V f
PROBLEM 12. What is the λ = VP =
f f
characteristic impedance of a Where:
coaxial cable using a solid Vp = 3 x 108 (0.63)
polyethylene dielectric 1 1 λ = ¿
= ¿
having a relative permeability ¿
of 2.3, and inner conductor
√ LC √ ( 50 x 10 ) ( 40 x 10−12 )
6

of 1 mm diameter and outer λ = 6.75 m

VP = 22.36x106 m/s
conductor of diameter 5 λ
mm? PROBLEM 14. What is the Length=
2
characteristic impedance of a
A. 63.6 Ω coaxial cable using a solid Length = 3.375 m
B. Xx polyethylene dielectric
C. Xx Length = 11.07 ft.
having a relative permeability
D. Xx of 2.3, and the inner
Solution: conductor of 1 mm diameter
and the outer conductor of
138 D diameter 5 mm?
Zo = log
√ ∈r d A. 4.24 ft.
138 5 B. Xxx
Zo = log
√2.3 1 C. Xxx
D. Xx
Zo = 63.6 Ω
Solution:
PROBLEM 13. Calculate the
velocity factor of a coaxial Vp c.V f
λ = VP =
cable used as a transmission f f
line, with the characteristic
impedance of 50 ohms, 3 x 108 (0.69)
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
capacitance is 40 pF/m, and
λ = VP ¿
¿
inductance equal to 50 ¿ PROBLEM 1. How far away is
µH/m. the radio horizon of an
λ = 5.175 m = 16.974 ft.
antenna 100 ft. high?
A. 22.36x106 m/s PROBLEM 15. What is the
B. Xx A. 14.14 miles
actual length in feet of one-
C. Xx B. Xx
half wavelength of a coax
D. Xx C. Xxx
with velocity factor of 0.63 at
D. Xx
Solution: 28 MHz?
Solution:
VP = c.Vf A. 11.07 ft.
d= √ 2h t = √ 2(100) A. 26.5 W/m2 ionospheric layer is 1.5x1012
B. Xx per cubic meter?
d = 14.14 mi C. Xx
A. 11 MHz
PROBLEM 2. What is the D. Xx
B. Xx
maximum line-of-sight Solution: C. Xx
between a paging antenna D. Xx
2
250 ft. high and a pager ε2 (100)
P= =
receiver 3.5 ft. of the ∝ 377 Solution:
ground?
P = 26.5 W / m2 fc = √9 N max
A. 25 miles
B. Xx
PROBLEM 5. If the critical fc = √9 1.5 x 1012
frequency is 10 MHz in the
C. Xxx fc = 11 MHz
sky wave propagation, what
D. Xx
is the best frequency to use PROBLEM 7. In wave
Solution: assuming 30 ° of propagation, determine the
radiation angle? refractive index of an
d= √ 2h t + √ 2h r
A. 17 MHz ionospheric layer with 100 x
d= √ 2(250) = B. Xx 106 free electrons per cubic
√ 2(3.5) C. Xxx meter at 5 MHz frequency.
D. Xxx A. 0.99
d = 25 mi
Solution: B. Xx
PROBLEM 3. At a certain C. Xx
time, the MUF for OFW = 85% MUF D. Xx
transmissions at an angle of
OFW = 0.85 (20) Solution:
incidence of 75 ° is 17
MHz. what is the critical OFW = 17 MHz
81 N
frequency?

A. 4.4 MHz
Where:
N=
√ 1−
f
3

fc 81(100 x 106 )
B.
C.
D.
Xx
Xx
Xx
MUF =

10
cosθ
= 20 MHz
= N=
√ 1−
(5 x 106 )2
cos 60 N = 0.99
Solution:
PROBLEM 8. What is the
fc = MUF cos θ resultant field strength
fc = (17 MHz)cos 75 ° θ=90−30=60 ° between waves travelling in
different paths (direct and
fc = 4.4 MHz PROBLEM 6. In a skywave refracted paths) when the
propagation, what is the product of the antenna
PROBLEM 4. What power
critical frequency if the heights (transmitting and
density is required to
maximum number of free receiving) above the
produced electric field
electrons in a certain reflecting plane is equal to
strength of 100 volts per
half-wavelength times the
meter in air?
total direct distance path
between two antennas?
a recurving antenna at a
height of 4 meters and a
ERP = log-1 ( 34.53
10 )
distance of 30 km. (gain of
antenna is 1.64). ERP = 2839.31 W
A. 0 V/m PROBLEM 12. A microwave
A. 41.78 µV/m
B. Xx transmitting antenna is 600
B. Xx
C. Xx feet high. The receiving
C. Xx
D. Xx antenna is 240 feet high. The
D. Xx
Solution: maximum transmission
Solution: distance is ______.
ε = ε d sin2 π ( 2δλ ) εR = εo
( 4 π ht hr
λd 2 ) A.
B.
56.55 mi.
Xx
λ C. Xxx
ε = ε sin2 π ( )
d 3 D. Xx
2λ
2
ε = ε d sinπ 30 x 10
¿ Solution:
εR = 1.875 ¿
ε = 0 V/m 4 π (20)(4)
D= √ 2h t + √ 2h r
¿ D= √ 2(600) +
PROBLEM 9. According to the
ε o (70.14 )¿
Philippine Electronics Code, √ 2(240)
the Maximum Accumulated ε R = 41.78 µ V/m
D = 56.55 mi
Permissible Dose (MPD of
radiation associated with a PROBLEM 11. What is the
PROBLEM 13. As specified by
radio transmitter) of a 68 effective radiated power
the National Committee on
years old man is ______. (ERP) of a repeater with 450
Radiation Protection
W transmitting power
Measurements (USA), what
A. 250 rems output, 4 dB feedline loss, 6
would be the maximum
B. Xx dB duplexer loss, 7 dB
accumulated permissible
C. Xx circulator loss and feedline
dose to the whole body of a
D. X antenna gain of 25 dB?
50 year old man?
Solution: A. 2839.31 W
A. 160 rems
MPD = 5 (N – 18) B. Xx
B. Xx
C. Xx
C. Xx
MPD = 5 (68 – 18) D. Xx
D. Xx
MPD = 250 rems Solution:
Solution:
PROBLEM 10. In a VHF ERP(dBW) = PT(dBW) – total lossdB
MPD = 5 (N – 18), rems
mobile radio system, the + gaindB
base station transmits 100 W MPD = 5 (50 – 18)
450
at 160 MHz frequency using
half-wave dipole antenna 20
ERP(dBW) = 10log ( )
1
– MPD = 160 rems
meters above ground. (4 + 6 + 7) + 25 PROBLEM 14. The total
Calculate the field strength at power delivered to the
ERP(dBW) = 34.53 dBW
radiator of an isotropic 27.3 dB at the output. What Solution:
antenna is 200,000 W. is the noise temperature of
NF 2−1
determine the power density the amplifier? NF = NF1 + +
at the distance of 100 G1
A. 249.4 K NF 3−1
meters?
B. X
G1 G2
A. 1.59 W/m2 C. X
B. Xx D. X 4−1
C. Xx NF = 3 + +
Solution: 10
D. Xx 5−1
Solution: F= ( nS ) ( NS )
¿
-
out
(10)(20)

Pt NF = 3.32
P= 2 F = (30 dB – 27.3 dB)
4 πr F = 10logNF
200,000 W F = 2.7 Db
F = 10log (5.2) = 5.2 dB
P= 2
4 π (100) F = 10logNF
Problem 3. An amplifier
P = 1.59 W/m2 F operating over a 4-MHz
F = 10log-1
10 bandwidth has a 100Ω input
PROBLEM 15. Calculate the
resistance. It is operating at
electric field density in 2.7 0
NF = 10log-1 27 C, has a voltage gain
millivolts per meter at 30 kW 10
of 200 and has input signal of
from a 5 km source.
NF = 1.86 5 µ V rms . Determine rms
A. 189.74 mV/m output noise signal?
Te = To (NF – 1)
B. Xx
A. 515 µV
C. Xx Te = 290 (1.86 – 1)
B. X
D. Xx
Te = 248.4 K C. X
Solution: D. X
Problem 2. A three-stage
ε = √30 Pt ε amplifier has the following Solution:
R
r power gains and noise
Vout = AVin = (200)(2.57x10-6)
figures (as ratios, not in
5 x 10 decibels) for each stage: Vout = 5.15x10-4V = 515
ε = √(30)(¿¿ 3) Stage 1, power gain = 10, µV
5 x 10 3 noise figure = 3; Stage 2,
¿ Where:
power gain = 20, noise figure
ε =189.74 mV /m – 4; Stage 3, power gain = 30, Vin = √ 4 kTW R ¿
noise figure = 5. Calculate the
total noise figure. Vin =

NOISE A. 5.2 dB
√ 4 (1.38 x 1 0−23)( 27+273)(4 x 1 06)(100)
Problem 1. The signal-to- B. X Vin = 2.57x 10−6 V = 2.57
noise ratio is 30 dB at the C. X µV
input to an amplifier and D. X
Vin = 515 µV thermal noise voltage for a to the input of a mixer stage
10-kHz bandwidth if they are that has a noise figure of 15
Problem 4. Determine the
in series. dB preceded by an amplifier
noise current for a diode
that has a noise figure of 6
with a forward bias of 1 mA A. 2.035 µV
dB and an available power
over a kHz bandwidth? B. X
gain of 20 dB.
C. X
A. 0.0057 µA
D. X A. 6.32 dB
B. X
B. X
C. X Solution:
C. X
D. X
Vn = √ 4 kTW R T D. X
Solution:
Vn = Solution:
S
( ) ∈ ¿ √ 4 (1.38 x 1 0−23)(300)(10 x 1 03 )(4NFk=Ω)NF NF 2−1
N S +
In =
N ( )
out =
Vn = 2.035 µV
1
G1
¿ Where: 31.62−1
10 NF = 3.98 +
100
5 RT = 5 kΩ + 20 kΩ = 25 kΩ
NF = 4.29
NF = 2 Problem 7. Calculate the
thermal noise voltage of the In dB:
Problem 5. A transistor
two resistors, 5 kΩ and 20kΩ F = 10 log NF = 10 log 4.29
amplifier has a measured S/N
at 27o C if they are
power of 10 at its input and 5 F =6.32 dB
connected in parallel.
at its output. Calculate the
transistors NF. A. 0.81 µV Problem 9. What is the input
B. X equivalent signal-to-noise
A. 2 ratio for a receiver with a
C. X
B. X noise figure of 15 dB and an
D. X
C. X output signal-to-noise ratio
D. X Solution: of 60 dB?
Solution: Vn = √ 4 kTW R T A. 75 dB or 31622776.6
B. X
Vn = √ 4 kTW R ¿ Vn =
C. X
Vn = √ 4 (1.38 x 1 0−23)(300)(10 x 1 03 )(4 k Ω)
D. X
√ 4 (1.38 x 1 0−23)(300)(10 x 1 03 )(25 1 03 )µV
V =x0.81
n Solution:
Vn = 2.035 µV Where:
Where: (5 k Ω)(20 k Ω)
F (dB) = ( NS ) input -
RT =
RT = 5 kΩ + 20 kΩ = 25 kΩ 5 k Ω+20 kΩ
RT =4000 Ω
( NS ) output

Problem 6. Two resistors,

5kΩ and 20kΩ are at
o
27 C . Calculate the
Problem 8. Calculate the
overall noise figure referred
15= ( NS ) input – 60
 S Solution: B. X
( ) N
input = 15 – 60 = 75
BWR = 10log
C. X
dB D. X
=
S S Solution:
( ) N ( )
dB = 10log
N
occupied baseband of
¿ noise test signal S
= (overall) = lo
( ¿ ¿ voicechannel bandwidth ) N
( NS ) = 10lo input
BWR = 10lo g
S
NT
g ( −175 dB
10 )
= g ( 4028−60
3.1 ) S
= (overall) = lo
31622776.6 N
BWR = 31.07 dB
Problem 10. What is the
noise level in a voice channel
Problem 12. Calculate the
g ( o .142S S )
equivalent noise
if the S/N is 71.25 dB?
temperature of a receiver S
Express noise level in pWpO? = (overall) = 8.48 dB
with a noise figure of 1.5 dB. N
A. 42 Problem 14. If all the stages
A. 119.64 K
B. X in a tandem circuit have
B. X
C. X identical signal-to-noise of 15
C. X
D. X dB, then what is the overall
D. X
Solution: signal-to-noise ratio in dB of
Solution: the connection when there
p = 0.56lo are 5 stages?
tcp
F
NF = lo g−1
( NS ) dB 10
g −1
[ ] 10 NF = lo g−1
1.5
10
=
A.
B.
C.
D.
8.01 dB
X
X
x
p tcp = 0.56lo 1.41
90−71.25 Solution:
g−1
[ 10 ] Te = To (NF – 1)
S
p tcp = 42 pWpO
Te = 290 (1.41 – 1) Overall
N
= ( NS ) dB =
Te = 119.64 K -MdB
Problem 11. If the occupied
Problem 13. What is the S
baseband of white noise test Overall =15 – 10log
overall signal-to-noise ratio N
signal is 60-4028 kHz,
in dB of a tandem connection M
determine the bandwidth
with the following individual
ratio. S
signal-to-noise ratio: First Overall =15 – 10log5
A. 31.07 dB stage = 10 dB; second stage = N
B. X 15 dB and third stage = 20 S
C. X dB? Overall = 8.01 dB
N
D. X
A. 8.48 dB
Problem 15. In psophometric P¿ V 2RMS V 2P
%Ps = x 100 % PEP = =
noise measurement, what is PT RL 2 RL
the psophometric noise
power in pWp if the Pc
%Ps = x 100 % V p = √ PEP (2 R L ) =
psophometer reads 10 mV of 1.32 Pc
= √ 100(2)(75)
noise voltage?
%Ps = 75.76%
A. 0.167x10 -18 V p = 122.5 V
Problem 2. Find the percent
B. X
of modulation of an AM Problem 4. An AM
C. X
signal if 8 V signal carrier is transmitter delivers 100 W
D. X
modulated by three different carrier power, when the
Solution: frequencies with amplitudes supply deliver 10 A from a 15
1 V, 2 V, 3 V. V. What load impedance is
pWp =
required by this amplifier in
( psophometric V ) 2
A. 46.8 %
order for it to deliver the
x 10- B. X
600 Ω rated power?
12 C. X
D. x A. 1.125 ohms
−3
10 x 1 0 2 B. X
pWp = x 10-12 Solution:
600 C. X
√12 +22 +3 2 D. X
pWp = 0.167 x10-18 MT = = 0.468
8 Solution:
Then: V rms2 Vp 2

Pave = =
M = mT x 100% = 46.8% R 2 Za

Problem 3. An SSB V cc
Za =
transmitter radiates 100 W in Ic
a 75 ohms load. The carrier
signal is modulated by two Vp 2

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Za =
tones, with frequencies 2 kHz 2 Pave
Problem 1. Determine the and 3 kHz with equal
magnitude and only the (15)2
power saving in percent Za =
lower sideband is 2( 100)
when the carrier is
transmitted with a
suppressed in an AM signal Z a = 1.125 Ω
modulated to 80%. suppressed carrier. What is
the peak voltage across the Problem 5. In AM, what is
A. 75.76% load? the side band power
B. X percentage assuming 100%
C. X A. 122.5 V
modulation and with carrier
D. X B. X
and total power of 100 W
C. X
Solution: and 150 W respectively?
D. X
A. 33.33% or 1/3
Solution:
B. X
 C. X Problem 7. A measure of Vo 2
Po = =
D. X steepness of the skirts or the R
skirt selectivity of a receiver (200 ) 2
Solution: = 800 W
is the shape factor. What is
50
P SB the shape factor of a receiver
% PS = ( )
PT
x 100 % whose 60-dB bandwidth is 12
kHz and a 6 dB bandwidth of
Problem 9. An AM
transmission of 3kW is 100 %
0.5 P C 3 kHz? modulated. If it is
% PS = ( )
1.5 PC
x
A. 4
transmitted as an SSB signal,
what would be the power
100 % B. X
transmitted?
C. X
% PS = 33.33 % D. X A. 500 W
Problem 6. An AM receiver B. X
Solution:
uses a double tuned IF C. X
transformer with coupling BW −60 dB D. X
SF = =
constant of 1.5kc. The quality BW −60 dB Solution:
factor of the primary and 12 kHz 2
=4 m Pc
secondary winding is 60 and 3 kHz PSB = =
30 respectively. What is the 4
bandwidth of the Problem 8. A 200 V without
(1 ) 2 ( 200 )
transformer if the IF is 455 modulation and 250 V with
4
MHz? modulation is measured
across a 50 ohms resistive PSB = 500 W
A. 16.38 kHz load using true-RMS reading
B. X meter. What is the overall Problem 10. The dc power
C. X efficiency without supply of an SSB transmitter
D. X modulation if the transmitter is 24 V. What is the average
draws 1.0 kW of power from power of the transmitter if
Solution: on voice peaks the current
the ac line?
1 achieves a maximum of 9.3
kc = = A. 80 % A?
√Q P Q S B. X
1 C. X A. 55.8 to 74.4 W
√(60)(30) D. X B. X
C. X
k c = 0.024 Solution: D. X
k opt = 1.5 kc = Po Solution:
n = x 100%
1.5(0.024) Ps
1 1
Pave = PEP to
k opt = 0.036 800W 4 3
BW = k opt fo =
n = ( 1000W ) x 10 PEP
% = 80%
0.036(455 kHz)

BW = 16.38 kHz
 1 B. X 2
PT = PC 1+ m
Pave =
4
(223.2) to
C. X 2 ( )
1 D. X
(223.2) M = 0.97 ; PC = PS
3
Solution:
Pave = 55.8 to 74.4 W 2

Problem 11. An AM receiver

Pavg =
PEP
2
= [
PT = PS 1+ (0.97)
2 ]
is tuned to broadcast station 100 PT = 1.47 PS = 1.47
at 600 kHz. Calculate the 2 (100) =147 W
image rejection in dB,
Pavg = 50 W
assuming that the input filter Problem 15. A standard AM
consists of one tuned circuit Problem 13. In the SSB, receiver is tuned to a station
with a Q of 40. determine the maximum at 650 kHz, if the
suppression of the unwanted intermediate frequency of
A. 38.57 dB the receiver is 455 kHz, what
sideband if the deviation
B. X is the image frequency (high-
from a perfect 90o phase shift
C. X side injection)?
is 5o?
D. X
A. 27.2 dB A. 1560 kHz
Solution: B. X
B. X
A sig C. X C. X
IR = = D. X D. X
Pimage
√ 1+Q 2 p2 Solution: Solution:

f si = f s + 2f i
IR = √ 1+( 40)2 (2.12)2 dB suppression = cot

IR = 84.8 ( ϕ2 ) f si = 650 kHz + 2(455 kHz)

IR = (dB) = 20 log84.8 f si = 1560 kHz

5
IR = (dB) = 38.57 dB dB suppression = cot ()
2 FREQUENCY MODULATION

Problem 12. An SSB system dB suppression = 27.2 dB Problem 1. Using Carson’s

transmits a peak envelope rule, what is the bandwidth
power of 100 W into a 75 Problem 14. An AM of an FM signal with 5 kHz
ohms load. The carrier signal transmitter has an output maximum frequency
is modulated by two tones, power of 100 W at no deviation and 2.5 kHz
with frequencies 2 kHz and 3 modulation with efficiency of maximum modulating
kHz with equal magnitude 60%. What will be the output frequency?
and only the lower sideband power with 97% modulation?
A. 15 kHz
is transmitted with a A. 147 W B. X
suppressed carrier. B. X C. X
Determine the average C. X D. X
power into the load. D.
Solution:
A. 50 W Solution:
BW = 2 ( δ max + f m(max) Problem 4. What frequency Fc = 104.9 MHz
) deviation is caused by noise
Problem 6. In FM
in an FM receiver which has
BW = 2 (5 kHz + 2.5 kHz) broadcasting, what is the
an input S/N of 2.8 and the
channel number of the
BW = 15 kHz modulating frequency of 1.5
station with a given carrier of
kHz?
Problem 2. Calculate the 99.1 MHz?
maximum bandwidth A. 547.8 Hz
A. 256
required of a standard FM B. X
B. X
broadcast station. C. X
C. X
D. X
A. 180 kHz D. X
B. X Solution:
Solution:
C. X δ = ϕ fm
D. X N = 5(fc – 47.9)
δ = (0.3652)(1.5x10 ) 3

Solution: N = 5(99.1 – 47.9)

VN N
By Carson’s rule: Sin ϕ = = N = 256
VS S
BW = 2 ( δ max + f m(max) Problem 7. What is the rms
N
) Φ = sin-1 ( )
S
output voltage of a PLL FM
detector if it uses VCO with
BW = 2(75 kHz + 15 kHz) = proportionality constant of
180 kHz. Φ = sin-1 ( 2.81 ) 200 kHz/V and if it receives
an FM signal with a deviation
Problem 3. The operating
Φ = 20.92 ° of 65 kHz sine-wave
frequency of an FM
modulated?
transmitter is 168.96 MHz.
Φ = 0.3652 rad
Calculate the frequency of A. 0.23 V
the carrier crystal oscillator if Problem 5. In FM B. X
it uses three frequency broadcasting, what is the C. X
multipliers – a doubler, a carrier frequency in MHz of a D. X
tripler and a quadrupler. station with a channel
number of 285? Solution:
A. 7.04 MHz
B. X A. 104.9 MHz δ
Eo(peak) =
C. X B. X k1
D. X C. X
65
D. X Eo(peak) = = o.325 V
Solution: 200
Solution:
The total multiplication E o( peak )
Eo(rms) =
produced by the frequency N √2
Fc = + 47.9
multipliers = 2x3x4 = 24 5
0.325
Eo(rms) = = 0.23 V
168.96 285 √2
Fo = = 7.04 MHz Fc = + 47.9
24 5
Problem 8. A phase-locked Where: A. 75 kHz
loop has a VCO with a free- B. Xx
Φ = 30 ° = 0.52 rad
running frequency of 10 C. Xx
MHz. As the frequency of the Problem 10. A system uses a D. Xx
reference input is gradually deviation of 100 kHz and a
Solution:
raised from zero, the loop modulating frequency of 15
locks at 8 MHz and comes kHz. What is the approximate δ act
out of lock again at 14 MHz. bandwidth?
%M= x 100%
δ max
Determine the lock range.
A. 230 kHz δ max (%M )
A. 8 MHz B. X δ act =
100 %
B. X C. X
C. X D. X (80 % )
D. X ¿
Solution: δ act = 75 kHz ¿
Solution: ¿
BW = 2 ( δ + fm) = 2 (100 ¿
FLR = 2 (fLR – fi) kHz = 15 kHz)
δ act = 60 kHz
FLR = 2 (14 MHz – 10 MHz) BW = 230 kHz
Where:
FLR = 8 MHz Problem 11. A phase-looked
loop has a VCO with a free- For FM broadcast,
Problem 9. A phase
running frequency of 14 δ max = 75 kHz
modulator has kp = 2 rad/V.
MHz. as the frequency of the
What rms voltage of a sine
reference input is gradually Problem 13.determine the
wave would cause a peak
raised from zero, the loop modulation index of a
phase deviation of 30
locks at 12 MHz and comes standard FM broadcast
degrees?
out of lock again at MHz. having a hypothetical
A. 0.184 V calculate the capture range. maximum carrier frequency
B. X modulation of ± 12 kHz
A. 4 MHz and a maximum modulating
C. X
B. Xx frequency of 4 kHz.
D. X
C. Xx
Solution: D. Xx A. 3
B. Xx
Φ 0.52rad Solution: C. Xx
Em = =
Kp 2 rad /V D. Xx
f CR
Fi = fLR +
Em = 0.26 V = Epeak 2 Solution:
E peak f CR = 2(14 – 12) = 14 δ max
Erms = M=
√2 MHz fm
0.26 Problem 12. What is the 12 kHz
Erms = M=
√2 frequency swing of an FM 4 kHz
broadcast transmitter when
Erms = o.184 V modulated 80 % ? M=3
Problem 14. What is the
modulation index of an FM
transmitter whose frequency
deviation is 50 kHz, while its
audio frequency is 10 kHz?

A. 5
B. Xx
C. Xx
D. Xx

Solution:

δ act
M=
fm
50 kHz
M=
10 kHz
M=5

Problem 15. The carrier

swing necessary to provide
80% modulation in the FM
broadcasting band is
_______.

A. 120 kHz
B. Xx
C. Xx
D. Xx

Solution:

δ act
%M= x 100%
δ max
C .S.
δ act =
2

M% δ act
M= = =
100 δ max
C.S
2 δ max

C . S .=2 Mδ max

C.S. = 2 (0.80)(75) = 120 kHz