Pre-Flight Calibration Service

Using Drone

ILS / VOR / PAPI

[Link] Add : #902, Charmant Bldg. 410,

[Link] Poeundaero, Sujigu, Yongin,
Email : threehae@[Link] Gyeonggi, 16842 Korea
info@[Link]
KAVICS T : +82.10.7614.7011
As in DOC. 8071. VOL1. 1.18.2 ICAO mentions the use of other equipment such
as UAVs for advanced checks on airport navigation assistance systems to increase
inspection period by inspection aircraft.

Appendix Q of Resolution A36-13 adopted by 36th session of ICAO Assembly

(September 2007) states that ‘pending the possible availability of greatly improved
ground testing facilities, radio navigation aids shall be checked through regular
flight testing.

Using the drone method can be an improvement ground testing facilities.

Equipment List
Hardware configuration and signal flow.
 Comparison table
Parameters PIR361 PNA-200 EVSF1000
Manufacturer Kavics (Korea) Canard drone (Spain) Rohde & Schwarz
(Germany)

외형

Size (mm) (Ratio) 196 x 120 x 67 (1) 106 x 163 x 98 (1.07) 95 × 177 × 360 (3.8)

Weight (Ratio) 1.6kg (1) 0.83kg (0.5) 3.9kg (2.4)

Measurement LOC,GP,VOR,MB LOC,GP,VOR LOC,GP,VOR

Wireless data Bluetooth(1km) WI-FI(1km) X

Operating hours 10시간 (Battery 내장) 1.5시간 (Battery 내장) 외부전원 (Battery X)

GPS External RTK, External drone RTK External RTK

Internal SBAS
Ground check O X O

Drone installation O (Commercial drone) O (Commercial drone) O (Custom made drone)

 PIR361 & Equipment Drone installation

Drone GPS
antenna

☜
DJI M600 PRO
PIR361

RTK data link

antenna ILS/VOR antenna

Bluetooth data link

antenna

In this type of Drone

Flight time with all equipment: 18 minutes
 ILS / DVOR / PAPI Check by Drone system

Korea
Kavics
Checks and measurements performed:
• LOC Displacement sensitivity
• LOC Width , Alarms , Structure
• LOC Course alignment
• Identification
Federal Aviation Administration :
To facilitate the establishment of the facility parameters and to provide reference points from
which the parameters can be periodically verified, ground checkpoints must be established at
each localizer facility.
Because of the different types of localizer arrays and the unique terrain and siting conditions at
each facility, it is not possible to specify the exact location and number of checkpoints.

Ground LOC Check Far Field Test

Point 2 (T2)
Total 31 test
points will be 35°

marked on the 30°

107m path 25°

20°

15°
Far Field Test 200m
Point 0 (T0) Radius
10°

5°

-5° NFM
Antenna
THRESHOLD -10°

-15°

-20° Localizer
Antenna
107m -25°

-30°

-35°

Far Field Test

Point 1 (T1)

Figure 1 - Near Field Test Points

Figure 2 - Far Field Test Points
*One solution is to use Drones to check airport navigation aids.
Because in this method, all areas of signal propagation, which includes all the necessary points in
each airport, are measured by the UAV & GPS ( RTK ) and displayed to the operator in the form of
graphs and data.
Without the need for the operator to know those points or to go to those points.

Drone LOC Check Ground LOC Check

Fly Drone
cross width
 LLZ WIDTH

DDM = +15.5

DDM = 00.0

DDM = -15.5

θ = 1.93˚ θ = 00.0˚ θ = 1.93˚

Checks and measurements performed:
• GP Displacement sensitivity
• GP Width , Alarms , Structure
• Identification
• GP Angle
The ground ILS (Instrument Landing System) calibration operations are indeed restrained to the runway threshold, since they
are performed using masts that generally don’t go higher than around 25 meters, from the ground.
*But the use of UAVs can reduce these limitations and provide more reliable results for managers to make decisions.

Drone GP Check Telescopic mast GP Check

115 m -17.5 DDM

ALT
92 m
00.0 DDM 25 m
Altitude

Photo: Rohde&Schwarz Service Center in Cologne.

70 m
+17.5 DDM

Vertical flight

Dis from GP = 1319 m ( B Point ) Dis from GP = 300 m

Telescopic mast for glide path measurements.
 GP DDM Width Error

DDM = -17.5

DDM = 00.0

DDM = +17.5

θ = 3.04˚ θ = 4.0˚ θ = 4.96˚

 GP DDM in Angle

RTK should be used in this method.

Because the GPS data error, especially
at altitude, causes a mistake in the +17.5 DDM
measurement with the UAV.

150 HZ

0 DDM
Red Analyzer DDM
90 HZ
Blue Reference DDM

-17.5 DDM

In this part of the graph, the RTK lost the signal for a few moments
and entered the GPS mode, which shows that although the drone was
fixed and the DDM did not change, the GPS data was decreasing in
height and the DDM was moving towards positive. .
Checks and measurements performed:
• 9960Hz Modulation depth & frequency
• 30Hz Modulation depth & frequency
• Measured Bearing
• Bearing Error
• Deviation
• Identification
The inability to check the 360-degree signal emitted in the DVOR / VOR system space
is another limitation of ground-based checks that can be overcome using UAVs.

Drone VOR Check Ground VOR Check

Alt 40m

r= 300 m
VOR / Bearing Print Error

Error ±2˚

Bearing Angle 0˚- 360˚

Measurements performed:
• Transition Angles For Each PAPI Unit
• PAPI System Angle
• Relative Brightness
• Angular Coverage
• Symmetry
Pre-flight calibration PAPI Using Drone Light to allow a fast, precise and economical
calibration, with very few restrictions on operational aeronautical activity!

In the field tests that were performed, it was found that the adjustment of the PAPI lights
using a clinometer has an error for various physical reasons.
PAPI Check GUI
Calibration by Clinometer
Before Drone Calibration
 Calibration by Drone
After Drone Calibration
The tests performed in this presentation were performed at the shortest distances.

If needed, if the drone has the ability to fly longer, it can go farther distances and higher altitudes.

In this case, we suggest the use of VTOL Drones that can fly up to a
radius of about 100 km and They have an altitude of about 3 km.
Advantages of using a Drone:
 Reduce the flight time of the inspection aircraft.
 Reduce the potential dangers for inspection aircraft crew.
 Reduce chain costs.
 Reduce air traffic while flying inspection aircraft.
 Reduce the workload of the flight group and ATSEP & AGL engineers.
 Reduce air and noise pollution.
 Reduction of human and system errors in ground check of navigation assistance systems.
 Increase aviation safety.
 Increasing the number of inspection aircraft courses of navigation assistance systems with intermediate
inspections by Drone.

All of Kavics solutions and procedures are developed and tested to comply with ICAO
guidelines and specifications, such as Doc. 8071, Doc. 9157, Annex 10 or Annex 14.
 Requests

 Instructions or local permits to use UAVs

as an advanced method of checking airport
navigation assistance systems.
 Increase the time between check periods
of navigation assist systems by flight
inspection aircraft.

 The need to perform pre-flight calibration

when installing navigation assist systems.
Our company wholeheartedly declares its
readiness for any field testing and
cooperation with ICAO to achieve greater
safety and reduce potential hazards to
inspection aircraft and reduce chain costs.

Thank you for your attention