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OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS.
EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS.
RAND > Topics >
Delphi Method
FEATURED The Delphi method was developed by RAND in the 1950s to forecast
the effect of technology on warfare. It has since been applied to health care, education,
management, and environmental science. Today, groups of experts or stakeholders use
online tools such as ExpertLens to anonymously answer questionnaires, receive feedback
that represents the “group response,” discuss, and revise their answers to see whether they
can approach expert consensus.
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TOOL ESSAY
ExpertLens: An Online Modified-Delphi Giving Patients a Voice in Medical
Approach to Stakeholder Engagement and Guidelines
Expert Elicitation Dec 31, 2019
Oct 25, 2021 Clinical guidelines are the user manuals of
When making complex decisions, modern medicine. They can dictate
researchers and policymakers often seek insurance coverage and help hospitals set
the input of many stakeholders and quality standards. Yet they often lack the
individuals with varied perspectives. perspective of those who care the most
ExpertLens is an online, modified-Delphi about good treatment: patients and their
application developed by research and caregivers. Researchers are working to
programming experts at the RAND change that.
Corporation to help achieve these goals
easily and cost effectively.
Explore Delphi Method
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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Improving Mental Health Guardianship: From Prevention
to Treatment
The authors sought to identify the most promising
strategies for improving the mental health guardianship
process in Los Angeles County for adults with mental
illness who are gravely disabled.
Dec 7, 2021
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COMMENTARY
Engaging Different Types of Practitioners in the Complex
Social Policy Area of Adverse Childhood Experiences
Understanding how stakeholders make sense of and
prioritize available evidence can help improve the
policies and practices that affect people's lives. A
modified Delphi approach could engage with
stakeholders with different, overlapping expertise and
help open a way to this understanding.
Oct 21, 2021
REPORT
Engaging multi-disciplinary practitioners in a complex
field of social policy: A methodological discussion paper
This paper shares lessons learnt from engaging multi-
disciplinary practitioners in a complex field of social
policy in a consensus building exercise using an adapted
Delphi-method. It is written for other organisations or
researchers considering a similar approach.
Oct 21, 2021
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Consensus-based Approach to Managing Opioids,
Including Opioid Misuse and Opioid Use Disorder, in
Patients with Serious Illness: Protocol for a Modified
Delphi Process
Using a modified Delphi approach, we created seven
patient cases that capture important management
challenges in individuals with serious illness prescribed
opioid therapy.
Sep 22, 2021
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Informing the Development of a Standardized Clinical
Definition of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Protocol
for a Modified-Delphi Expert Panel
The goal of this paper is to describe a protocol for a
systematic expert panel process to inform the
development of a clinical definition of neonatal
abstinence syndrome.
Jul 23, 2021
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REPORT
Online Dispute Resolution: Perspectives to Support
Successful Implementation and Outcomes in Court
Proceedings
Online dispute resolution provides a forum for the
resolution of court matters that was especially
important during the COVID-19 pandemic. A panel of
experts identified strategies to improve access to justice
using these platforms.
May 14, 2021
REPORT
Informing the Development of Standardized Clinical
Definitions of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: Results of Two
Modified-Delphi Expert Panels
The authors describe the results of two modified-Delphi
expert panels used to inform the work of a federal
steering committee on the development of clinical
definitions of neonatal abstinence syndrome and
neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome.
May 3, 2021
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Online Modified-Delphi: A Potential Method for
Continuous Patient Engagement Across Stages of
Clinical Practice Guideline Development
In this Perspective, we make the case for, and provide an
approach to, using online Delphi approaches--
particularly the online modified-Delphi--for engaging a
panel of patients continuously throughout all stages of
CPG development.
Mar 31, 2021
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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Priority-Setting to Address the Geriatric
Pharmacoparadox for Pain Management: A Nursing
Home Stakeholder Delphi Study
Our objective was to explore the extent of consensus
among expert stakeholders regarding what analgesic
issues should be prioritized for comparative-
effectiveness studies of beneficial and adverse effects of
analgesic regimens in nursing home residents.
Feb 25, 2021
REPORT
Measures and Methodology for International
Comparisons of Health Care System Performance: Final
Report
RAND researchers worked with 15 experts in quality
measurement, clinical care, and health economics to
generate potential measure constructs that could
improve the U.S. ability to learn from international
comparisons of health system performance.
Feb 24, 2021
JOURNAL ARTICLE
ADAPT Study: Adaptation of Evidence-Informed Complex
Population Health Interventions for Implementation
And/Or Re-Evaluation in New Contexts: Protocol for a
Delphi Consensus Exercise to Develop Guidance
A Delphi consensus exercise to gather expert opinion on
the adaptation, implementation and re-evaluation of
complex population health interventions in new
contexts.
Jan 22, 2021
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Nature and Predictors of Response Changes in Modified-
Delphi Panels
This article describes the extent and direction of
response changes between modified-Delphi rounds and
identifies factors that affect participants' response
changes.
Jan 7, 2021
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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Response Changes in Delphi Processes: Why Is It
Important to Provide High-Quality Feedback to Delphi
Participants?
Participants in Delphi studies change some of their
responses after group feedback and discussion. The
results support previous findings that suggest that even
modest changes between Delphi rounds may affect the
final study findings.
Sep 24, 2020
BLOG
How Accurate Were Predictions for the Future?
Anticipating the risks and opportunities posed by all
kinds of change is a RAND specialty. In 1964, using
RAND's now-famous Delphi method, experts pondered
topics like medical advancements, space, artificial
intelligence, and controlling the weather.
Jul 14, 2020
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Patient and Caregiver Perspectives on Guideline
Adherence: The Case of Endocrine and Bone Health
Recommendations for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
The purpose of this study is to explore factors that are
likely to affect patient/caregiver adherence to endocrine
and bone health recommendations for Duchenne
Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
Feb 14, 2020
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eight Priorities for Improving Primary Care Access
Management in Healthcare Organizations: Results of a
Modified Delphi Stakeholder Panel
The panel achieved consensus on definitions of optimal
access and access management, on eight urgent and
important priorities for guiding access management
improvement, and on 1–3 recommendations per priority.
Each recommendation is supported by referenced, panel-
approved suggestions for implementation.
Feb 12, 2020
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BROCHURE
Effecting Change, Improving Health
The RAND Corporation is dedicated to transforming the
wellbeing of all people by improving health care systems
in the United States and abroad.
Feb 7, 2020
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Using an Online Modified-Delphi Approach to Engage
Patients and Caregivers in Determining the Patient-
Centeredness of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Care
Considerations
Clinical guidelines that meet patient-centeredness
criteria are likely to be consistent with the preferences,
needs, and values of families dealing with Duchenne
muscular dystrophy.
Nov 21, 2019
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Participant Experiences with a New Online Modified-
Delphi Approach for Engaging Patients and Caregivers in
Developing Clinical Guidelines
Participants were satisfied with an online approach to
participating in guideline development.
Nov 21, 2019
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RAND Topic: Delphi Method
Topic Synonyms: Delphi Technique
Research conducted by
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RAND NATIONAL SECURITY RAND
PROJECT AIR FORCE RESEARCH DIVISION HEALTH CARE
RAND
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