SANJAY RAGHAV - 9871800069

Revision Notes
Indefinite Integration 07
1) Anti - derivative of a function is known as INDEFINITE INTEGRAL and the process of finding all
anti – derivatives is known as INDEFINITE INTEGRATION or simply integration.
d
 f x   f / ( x)
Let dx
 f x dx  f x   C
/
then,
Where C is the arbitrary constant and is known as Constant of Integration.
2)
d
dx 
 
f ( x)dx  f ( x)

3) Some basics of integration (Remember formulas related to differentiation)

1.  n dx  nx  c , where n is a constant.
x n1 ax  bn1
 x dx   c or  (ax  b) dx  c
n n
2.
n 1 d
(n  1) (ax  b)
dx
1 1 log ax  b
3.  x dx  log x  c or 
(ax  b)
dx 
d
c
(ax  b)
dx
e dx  e x  c
x
4.
ax d
 a dx   c Remember (a x )  a x log a
x
5.
log a dx

6.  sin xdx   cos x  c

7.  cos xdx  sin x  c
8.  tan xdx   log(cos x)  c =log secx + c
9.  cot xdx  log(sin x)  c

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10.  sec xdx  log(sec x  tan x)  c

11.  cos ecxdx  log(cos ec x  cot x)  c

 1  cos 2 x  1 sin 2 x
12.  sin 2 xdx     dx  {x  }c
 2  2 2
 1  cos 2 x  1 sin 2 x
13.  cos 2 xdx     dx  {x  }c
 2  2 2

 tan xdx   sec x  1dx  tan x  x  c

2 2
14.

15.  sec xdx  tan x  c

2

16.  cos ec xdx   cot x  c

2

17.  cot xdx   cos ec x  1dx   cot x  x  c

2 2

3 1 3 1 cos 3x
18.  sin 3 x dx   ( sin x  sin 3x)dx   cos x  c
4 4 4 4 3
1 1 1 sin 3x 3
19.  cos 3 x dx   ( cos 3x  cos x)dx   sin x  c
4 4 4 3 4
20.  sin 3 x dx   sin x . sin 2 x dx   sin x1  cos 2 x dx
Put cos x  t   sin x dx  dt  sin x dx   dt

 t 
t3 cos 3 x
2
 1 dt 
t  c   cos x  c
3 3
Do the same procedure for cos3x also.
Infact this process can be used for all those cases where the power of sin and cos is an ODD
number.

 1  cos 2 x  1 sin 2 x
21.  sin 2 xdx     dx  {x  }c
 2  2 2
 1  cos 2 x  1 sin 2 x
22.  cos 2 xdx     dx  {x  }c
 2  2 2
 1  cos 2 x  1  cos 2 2 x  2 cos 2 x
2

23.  sin xdx   

4
 dx   ( ) dx
 2  4
Do the same process for cos4x also

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Infect this process can be used for all those cases where the power of sin and cos is an
EVEN number.

1 log ax  b
24.  (ax  b) dx 
d
 c (we take modulus in the argument of logarithmic function
(ax  b)
dx
as the logarithmic function is defined for positive real numbers only.)
e axb
25.  e axb dx  c
d
(ax  b)
dx
n axb
26.  n axb dx   c where n(0, ) {1}.
d
log n (ax  b)
dx
cos( ax  b)
27.  sin( ax  b) dx   d c
(ax  b)
dx
sin( ax  b)
28.  cos(ax  b) dx = d c
ax  b 
dx
 log cos( ax  b) log sec( ax  b)
29.  tan( ax  b)dx  d  c or
d
 c
(ax  b) (ax  b)
dx dx
log sec( ax  b)  tan( ax  b)
30.  sec( ax  b ) dx =
d
 c
(ax  b)
dx
4)   f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
 k f ( x)dx  k  f ( x) dx , where k is the constant.
5) Integration by substitution method.
a) Choose a new variable y = g(x) { where g(x) is suitably chosen}
b) Determine the value of dy by using
dy
 g / ( x)
dx
dy  g / ( x) dx
c) Make the substitution in given integral to get a new integral in the variable y.
d) Integrate the new integral.
e) Replace the value y to get the value of given integral in terms of x.

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For ex:
log x 1
 x
dx , let log x = y , differentiate w.r.t x both sides, dx  dy, dx
x
log x y2 log x  2
 
x
dx =  y dy  2  c  2  c

6) Integration using 9 special formulae ( 6 + 3)

1 1 xa
a)  2 dx  log c
x a 2
2a xa
1 1 ax
b) a 2
x 2
dx 
2a
log
ax
 c (remember: the sign in numerator will be the sign of a)

1 1  x
c) x 2
a 2
dx  tan 1    c
a a
1  x
d)  a x2
dx  sin 1    c
2
a
1
e)  x a
2 2
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c

1
f)  x  a
2 2
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  c

(THREE NEW FORMS)

x 2 a2  x
 a  x dx  a x  sin 1    c
2 2 2
a)
2 2 a
x 2 a2
b)  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a2 
2
log x  x 2  a 2  c

x 2 a2
c)  x  a dx 2 2
x a 2
log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
7) Integration by parts:
This method is useful in integrating the product of functions.

 f ( x) g ( x)dx  f ( x)  g ( x) dx   [ f ( x) .  g ( x) dx]dx
/

 1.2dx  1  (2) dx   [ f (1) .  (2) dx]dx

/

Remarks: we can choose the first function as the function which comes first in the word ‘ILATE’,
where
a) I stand for Inverse trigonometric functions.
b) L stand for Logarithmic functions.*

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c) A stands for Algebraic functions.

d) T stands for Trigonometric functions.
e) E stands for Exponential functions.
(The one that comes first will be considered as first function)

(The one that comes Second to be integrate first)

This method does not integrate the product of functions completely. Rather it introduces a new
integral. This method is successful only if the new integral is easier to evaluate.
Note:This is not a universal method, as there might be some exception in few cases.

8) Integration of the type  e x [ f ( x)  f / ( x)]dx  e x . f ( x)  c

For ex:  e x [cot x  cos ec 2 x]dx  e x . cot x  c

9) Integration of type I
px  q px  q
(1).  2 dx (2).  dx (3).  ( px  q) ax 2  bdx
ax  b ax  b 2

a) In any integral of the above type, we reduce the given interval to the sum of two integrals.
b) The first integral can be evaluated by the method of substitution and the second integral can
be evaluated by using nine special formulae mentioned above.
px  q px q
 ax 2  b dx =  ax 2  b dx   ax 2  b dx
px  q px q
 ax 2  b dx =  ax 2  b dx +  ax 2  b dx

 ( px  q) ax 2  bdx =  px. ax 2  bdx +  q. ax 2  bdx

10) Integration of type II

1 1
(1).  2 dx, (2).  dx (3).  ax 2  bx  c dx
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
2

a) In any integral of the above type, we first complete the square.

2
b c  b  c b2
ax 2  bx  c  a[ x 2  x  ]  a[ x     2 ]
a a  2a  a 4a

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b
b) On applying the substitution, x   y , and then using the nine special formulae (given in
2a
8), the given integral can be evaluated.

11) Integration of type III

px  q px  q
(1).  2 dx, (2).  dx (3).  ( px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
2

a) In any integral of the above type, we put

d
px  q  A (ax 2  bx  c)  B  A(2ax  b)  B  2aAx  ( Ab  B)
dx
b) Equate both sides to obtain the value of A and B. Replace A and B to get the value of
(px+q).
c) Replace the value of (px + q) in the given integral. The integral reduces to the sum of two
integrals. The first integral can be evaluated by the method of substitution and the second
integral can be evaluated by the method of completing the squares.

12) Integration using partial fractions.

Partial fractions of type I

P( x) x 2  6x  3
 Q( x) dx for ex:  x( x  2)( x  2) dx
a) Degree of P(x) < degree of Q(x).
b) Q(x) takes the form (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) ……(x – n), here a, b, c….. are all
P( x) A1 A2 An
distinct.    ................... , where A1 , A2 , ...... An are cons tan ts.
Q ( x ) ( x  a ) ( x  b) ( x  n)
c) Equate LHS and RHS to determine A1, A2, …….An.
d) Evaluate the given integral.

13) Partial fractions of type II

P( x) 3x  1 5 x 2  3x  1
 Q( x) dx for ex:  ( x  2) 2 dx or  ( x  2) 2 ( x  3) dx
a) Degree of P(x) < degree of Q(x).
b) Q(x) takes the form (x – a)k (x – b) (x – c) ……(x – n), here a, b, c….. are all
P( x) A1 A2 Ak Ap Ar Aq
   ....     ... ,
distinct. Q( x) ( x  a) ( x  a) 2 ( x  a ) k ( x  b) ( x  c ) ( x  n)
where A1 , A2 , ...... An are cons tan ts.
c) Equate LHS and RHS to determine A1, A2, …….An.

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d) Evaluate the given integral.

3x  1 A B
For ex:   , equate both sides to find A and B.
( x  2) 2
( x  2)  x  2 2

14) Partial fractions of type III

P( x) 3x 2  1 5 x 2  3x  1
 Q( x) dx for ex:  ( x  2) 2 dx or  ( x  3) dx
a) Degree of P(x)  degree of Q(x).
b) Divide P(x) by Q(x) and find quotient S(x) and remainder R(x). then,
P( x) R( x)
 S ( x)  , where degree of R(x) < degree of Q(x).
Q( x ) Q( x )
c) Write the given integral as follows
P( x) R( x)
 Q( x) dx   S ( x)dx   Q( x) dx

15) Partial fractions of type IV

P( x) 3x  5 x x
 Q( x) dx for ex:  ( x  2)( x 2  1) dx or  ( x 3  1) dx   ( x  1)( x 2  x  1) dx
a) Degree of P(x) < degree of Q(x).
3x  5 A Bx  C
b)   2
x  2( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1)
2

16) Partial fractions of type V

P( x)
 Q( x) dx where P(x) and Q(x) contain only even power of x in their respective numerator and
denominator.
x2 x 
 4 x2  9
2

For ex:  ( x 2  1)( x 2  9) dx or  
x 2  16 x 2  25
dx

P( x)
a) In the rational fraction , put x 2  y to get a new rational function.
Q( x)
b) Resolve the new rational function into partial fractions.
c) Replace y by x2 and integrate to evaluate the given integral.

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17) ALWAYS REMEMBER

[Link] Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction

px  q A B
;a≠b 
( x  a)( x  b) x a x b
1.

px  q A B

( x  a) 2 x  a ( x  a) 2
2.

px 2  qx  r A

B

C
( x  a)( x  b)( x  c) x a x b x c
3.

px 2  qx  r A

B

C
( x  a ) 2 ( x  b) x  a ( x  a) x  b
2
4.

px 2  qx  r A Bx  c
 2
( x  a)( x 2  bx  c) x  a ( x  bx  c)
5.
Where x2+bx+c can not be factorised
further.

18) Integrals of particular type:

x2  a x2  3
a)  x 4  bx 2  a 2 dx for ex :  x 4  10 x 2  9dx
1) Divide both numerator and denominator by x2.
2
 a
2) Express the denominator in the form  x    k 2 for some k .
 x
a 1
3) Apply the substitution x   y. It reduces the integral to the form  2 dy
x y k2
Which can be evaluated by using one of the nine formulae mentioned in 8).

x2  a x2  3
b)  x 4  bx 2  a 2 dx for ex :  x 4  10 x 2  9dx
1) Divide both numerator and denominator by x2.
2
 a
2) Express the denominator in the form  x    k 2 for some k .
 x

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a 1
3) Apply the substitution x 
x
 y. It reduces the integral to the form
k2
dy y 2

Which can be evaluated by using one of the nine formulae mentioned in 8).
x2 
1 x 2  1  x 2 1  
1  x2 1  x 2 1 
c)  x4 1  2
dx  .
x4 1
dx 
2  x 4  1
 dx   x 4  1 dx
1 
1 x 2  1  x 2 1  
1  x2 1  x 2 1 
d)  x4 1  2
dx  .
x4 1
dx 
2  x 4  1
 dx   x 4  1 dx

19) Integrals involving Inverse Trigonometric Function

a) Eliminate inverse trigonometric function(s) by making a suitable substitution.
b) Evaluate the new integral by the methods discussed earlier.
tan x
1 n

For ex: (1)

1 x  2
dx , Here put tan 1 x  y , it reduces to  y n dy

20) Some more special integrals.

 x  x  7d ( x ) , let x  
 y, it reduces to  y 2  y  7 dy
4 2 2 2
(1)

 cot( e ) d (e ) , let e  y.
x x x
(2)

SANJAY RAGHAV 9871800069

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SANJAY RAGHAV 9871800069

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21)

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