Designation: E 2104 – 01

Standard Practice for

Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine
Materials and Components1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2104; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope E 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-

1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for eters2
radiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic materials E 1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of
and components used in designated applications such as gas Industrial X-ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging2
turbine engines and flight structures. E 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
1.2 The requirements in this practice are intended to control Industrial Radiographic Films2
the radiographic process to ensure the quality of radiographic E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2
images produced for use in designated applications such as gas E 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
turbine engines and flight structures; this practice is not Industrial Radiography2
intended to establish acceptance criteria for material or com- E 1817 Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radio-
ponents. When examination is performed in accordance with logical Examination by Using Representative Quality In-
this practice, engineering drawings, specifications or other dicators (RQIs)2
applicable documents shall indicate the acceptance criteria. 2.2 AWS Documents:3
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement ANSI/AWS A2.4 Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup- Testing
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering 2.3 AIA Documents:4
organization. NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Test Personnel
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 2.4 NCRP Documents:5
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- NCRP 51 Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 100 MeV Particle Accelerator Facilities
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. NCRP 91 Recommendations on Limits for Exposures to
Ionizing Radiation
2. Referenced Documents 2.5 Other Government Documents:
2.1 ASTM Standards: NIST Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installa-
E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material tions Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma-ray
Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators Sources, Energies up to 10 MeV6
(IQI) Used for Radiology2 NOTE 1—DoD Contracts:Unless otherwise specified, the issues of the
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra- documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of the
diographic Film Processing2 Department of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards (DoDISS)
E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material cited in the solicitation.
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi- NOTE 2—Order of Precedence:Contractual requirements and specific
direction from the cognizant engineering organization shall take prece-
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology2
dence over the requirements in this practice. In the event of conflict
E 1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Me- between the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text
tallic Castings2
E 1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of
Weldments2 3
Available from American Welding Society (AWS), P.O. Box 351040, Miami,
FL 33135.
4
Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1050 Eye St. N.W.,
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Washington, DC 20005.
5
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Available from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method, Task Group E07.01.05 on Radiology Applica- (NCRP), NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmount Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD
tions.. 20814.
6
Current edition approved July 10, 2001. Published September 2001. Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Gaithersburg, MD 20899.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 E 2104 – 01
of this practice shall take precedence. However, nothing in this practice TABLE 2 Maximum Allowable Unsharpness (Ug) for Directional
shall supersede applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp- Exposures
tion has been obtained. Material Thickness (t), in. (mm) Ug, in. (mm)
t # 0.5 (12.7) 0.008 (0.203)
3. Terminology 0.5 (12.7) < t # 1.0 (25.4) 0.010 (0.254)
3.1 Definitions—Definitions relating to radiographic exami- 1.0 (25.4) < t # 2.0 (50.8) 0.020 (0.508)
2.0 (50.8) < t # 4.0 (101.6) 0.030 (0.762)
nation which appear in Terminology E 1316 shall apply to the 4.0 (101.6) < t 0.040 (1.016)
terms used in this practice.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cognizant engineering organization—the company, TABLE 3 Quality Levels of Examination
government agency or other authority responsible for the Radiographic Maximum IQI Minimum Visible Equivalent IQI
design, or end use, of the material or component for which Quality Level Thickness, %A Hole DiameterB Sensitivity, %C
radiographic examination is required. This, in addition to 1-1T 1 1T 0.7
design personnel, may include personnel from engineering, 1-2T 1 2T 1.0
2-1T 2 1T 1.4
material and process engineering, stress analysis, NDE, quality 2-2T 2 2T 2.0
assurance and others, as appropriate. 2-4T 2 4T 2.8
3.2.2 component—the part(s) or element of the system A
Expressed as a percentage of material thickness.
assembled or processed to the extent specified by the drawing, B
Expressed as a multiple thickness of IQI.
C
purchase order or contract for which radiographic examination Equivalent IQI sensitivity is that thickness of the IQI expressed as a percent-
age of the specimen thickness in which a 2T hole would be clearly visible under the
is required. same radiographic conditions.
3.2.3 film system—the combination of a film type and a
processing system. A processing system is defined by chemis-
try type with specified developer immersion time and tempera- 4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the
ture. application and control of the radiographic process. This
3.2.4 like section—a separate section of material that is practice may be specified on an engineering drawing, specifi-
similar in shape and cross section to the component or part cation or contract; however, it is not a detailed radiographic
being radiographed, and is made of the same or radiographi- technique and must be supplemented. Section 7 and Test
cally similar material. Methods E 1030 and E 1032 contain information to help
3.2.5 material group—materials that have the same pre- develop detailed radiographic techniques.
dominant alloying elements and which can be examined using
the same IQI. A listing of common material groups is given in 5. Basis of Application
Practices E 747 and E 1025. 5.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami-
3.2.6 NDE facility—the NDE agency performing the radio- nations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with
graphic examination. NAS-410 and certified by the employer. Other qualification
3.2.7 radiographic quality level—the ability of a radio- documents may be used when specified in the contract or
graphic procedure to demonstrate a specified IQI sensitivity purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest
(see Table 3). unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement.
3.2.8 radiographic technique—a procedure which details 5.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Examination
the exact radiographic setup to be used for each exposure to be Agencies—NDE agencies shall be approved by the cognizant
made (see 7.1). engineering organization.
5.3 Timing of Examination—The timing of examination
4. Significance and Use shall be in accordance with 7.2 unless otherwise specified.
4.1 The requirements for radiographic examination in this 5.4 Extent of Examination—The extent of examination shall
practice are applicable to all types of metallic and nonmetallic be in accordance with 7.3 or 7.18.2.2, as applicable, unless
material used in designated applications such as gas turbines otherwise specified.
and flight structures. 5.5 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance Criteria—Reporting cri-
teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with 8.2
TABLE 1 Lead Screen ThicknessA unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are not
Lead Thickness, in. (mm) specified in this standard, they shall be specified in the
Front Screen Back ScreenB,C engineering drawing, specification or contractual agreement.
kV Range
(Maximum) (Minimum) 5.6 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items—
0-100 0.001 (0.025) 0.005 (0.127) Reexamination of repaired and reworked items shall be in
101-200 0.005 (0.127) 0.005 (0.127) accordance with 7.7.7 and 8.3, unless otherwise specified.
201-320, Ir 192 0.010 (0.254) 0.005 (0.127)
321-2 MV, Co 60 0.020 (0.508) 0.010 (0.254)
>2 MV 0.125 (3.175) 0.010 (0.254) 6. General Practice
A
Pre-packed film, with or without lead screens, may be used provided radio- 6.1 Facilities:
graphic quality level, contrast, density and back scatter requirements are met. 6.1.1 Safety—The work environment and equipment shall
B
Back scatter radiation shall still be monitored per the requirements of 7.11.
C
A back screen is not required provided the back scatter requirements of 7.11 be designed and utilized to ensure the safety of personnel and
are met through the use of alternate measures. property. NCRP 51, NCRP 91 and NIST Handbook 114 may be

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 E 2104 – 01
used as guides to ensure that radiographic procedures are TABLE 4 Process Control Checks
performed such that personnel do not receive a radiation Device or Calibration Verification Paragraph
dosage exceeding the maximum permitted by city, state, or Condition Ref.

national codes. Image Quality Indicators 6.3.5

Material When Procured
6.1.2 Radiographic Exposure Areas—Radiographic expo- Dimensional When Procured Annually (3)
sure areas shall be clean and equipped so that acceptable Physical Condition Prior to Each Use (2)
radiographs may be produced in accordance with the require- Indication Measuring Devices When Procured Prior to Each Use (2) 6.2.10
Densitometers Annually Each Shift and (1) 6.2.8.1
ments of this practice. Visible Light Meters Semi-annually
6.1.3 Darkroom—Darkroom facilities, including equipment (footlamberts or candelas)
and materials, shall be clean and maintained in such a manner Viewer Intensity When Procured Monthly and (1)
Schedule 1 (1) 6.2.9.1
as to be capable of consistently producing radiographs free of Schedule 2 daily (2) 6.2.9.1
blemishes or artifacts which might interfere with interpretation Thermometers Semi-annually
in the area of interest. Automatic Film Processors 6.2.6
Developer Temperature Prior to Each Use (2)
6.1.4 Film Viewing Area—Subdued lighting in the viewing Processor Performance Daily
room is preferred rather than total darkness. Background Base + Fog Daily
Replenishing Rate (1)
illumination lighting shall be arranged such that light reflec- Developer Immersion Time (1)
tions do not interfere with review of radiographs. Manual Film Processing 6.2.6
6.2 Equipment and Materials: Developer Temperature Prior to Each Use (2)
Processing Performance Daily
6.2.1 Radiation Sources: Base + Fog Daily
6.2.1.1 X-Radiation Sources—X-ray sources that are used Usage Log Daily
shall be capable of demonstrating the required radiographic Replenishment Log (1)

quality level. (1) Immediately after preventative maintenance, repair and changes in configu-
ration, bulb(s), or setup.
6.2.1.2 Gamma Radiation Sources—Isotope sources that are (2) Does not need to be documented.
used shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio- (3) Annual Dimensional and Alloy Verifications of IQI’s are not required when
graphic quality level. they are permanently attached to shims, blocks, or stepwedges, and/or encased in
clear plastic or similar material, provided there is no physical evidence of damage.
6.2.2 Film Systems—Only film systems (see 3.2.3) having
cognizant engineering organization approval or meeting the
requirements of Test Method E 1815 Class I , Class II, or 6.2.7 Film Digitizers—The use of film digitizers is accept-
special shall be used. able when approved by the cognizant engineering organization.
6.2.3 Non-film Recording Media—Analog and digital re- 6.2.8 Densitometers—Densitometers shall be capable of
cording media or radioscopic devices may be used when measuring light transmitted through a radiograph with a film
approved by the cognizant engineering organization. density up to the maximum utilized. The maximum measurable
6.2.4 Film Holders and Cassettes—Film holders and cas- density shall be posted on each densitometer.
settes shall be light tight, constructed of materials that do not 6.2.8.1 Densitometers shall be calibrated in accordance with
interfere with the quality or sensitivity of the radiographs and Practice E 1079 and Table 4 for the range of densities to be
shall be in appropriate working condition. utilized. Calibration shall be performed using a calibrated
6.2.5 Intensifying Screens: density strip traceable to NIST. Verification checks using high,
6.2.5.1 Lead Foil Screens—Intensifying screens of the lead low, and intermediate densities shall be made in accordance
foil type shall be used in accordance with 7.8. Screens shall with Practice E 1079 and as scheduled in Table 4.
have approximately the same area dimensions as the film used 6.2.9 Film Viewers—Viewers used for final interpretation
and shall be in intimate contact with the film during exposure. shall meet the following requirements:
Screens shall be free from any cracks, creases, scratches or 6.2.9.1 Maximum readable film density shall be determined
foreign material that could produce undesirable, nonrelevant as follows:
images on the radiograph. a. The maximum light intensity for each viewing port shall
6.2.5.2 Other Metallic Screens—Other metallic screens may be determined using a light meter that measures luminance,
be used provided the specified radiographic quality level, either in footlamberts or candelas/m2 and controlled per Table
density, and contrast are obtained and use is approved by the 4.
cognizant engineering organization. b. Readings shall be taken at the center of spot viewers, and
6.2.5.3 Fluorescent and Fluorometallic Screen/Film at the visually dimmest area of the viewing surface for all other
Combinations—Fluorescent and fluorometallic screen/film types of viewers.
combinations are not allowed unless approved by the cognizant c. The maximum readable film density shall be determined
engineering organization. in accordance with Fig. 1 and posted on the each viewer for
6.2.6 Film Processors—Film processors shall be capable of each viewer port.
producing radiographs that meet the requirements of this d. Maximum readable film density values shall be re-
practice and shall be maintained and used in accordance with established when the viewer is repaired, moved, altered, or a
manufacturers’ recommendations. Film processing shall be different, bulb, bulb designation or manufacturer is used.
controlled and monitored as recommended in Guide E 999 and e. If the posted maximum readable film density exceeds the
as scheduled in Table 4. maximum allowable, as determined by Fig. 1, by 15 % or more

3
 E 2104 – 01

FIG. 1 Maximum Film Density Allowable with Film Viewer

when the bulb was first installed, the intensity will be verified used provided the IQI material is determined to be radiographi-
in accordance with Schedule 1, Table 4. Otherwise, Schedule 2 cally similar. Materials shall be considered radiographically
will be used. similar if the following requirements are satisfied:
6.2.9.2 The light enclosure shall be designed to provide a 6.3.4.1 Two blocks of equal thickness, one of the material to
visually uniform brightness level over the entire viewing be radiographed and one of the material of which the IQIs are
screen. made, shall be exposed together on the same film at the lowest
6.2.9.3 Viewers shall be equipped with a fan or other means energy level to be used for production radiographs.
of preventing thermal damage to the radiographic film while 6.3.4.2 The film density readings shall be between 2.0 and
being viewed. 4.0 for both materials.
6.2.9.4 Except for localized high-intensity viewing ports,
viewers shall be equipped with a translucent material in each 6.3.4.3 The film density of the IQI material must be within
viewing port. the range of -10 % to +10 % of the film density of the material
6.2.9.5 A set of opaque masks, an iris-type aperture or any to be radiographed.
other method to reduce the viewing port to suit the size of the 6.3.5 IQI Control—IQIs shall be procured or fabricated to
area of interest may also be provided. the requirements of Practice E 747 or E 1025, or Annex A1, as
6.2.10 Film Viewing Aids—Magnifiers may be used to aid applicable, with certification of compliance for material and
interpretation and determine indication size. Magnification no dimensions. IQIs shall be dimensionally verified to be within
greater than 103 may be used unless otherwise approved by drawing tolerances in accordance with Table 4. Users shall
the cognizant engineering organization. The specific magnifier visually examine the physical condition of IQIs for damage and
used shall be determined by the interpretation requirements. cleanliness in accordance with the verification schedule in
Devices used for measuring indication size shall be calibrated Table 4.
and verified (i.e., visually examined for damage and cleanli-
ness) in accordance with Table 4. 7. Detail Requirements
6.3 Image Quality Indicators (IQIs): 7.1 Radiographic Technique—It shall be the responsibility
6.3.1 Hole-Type IQIs—Hole-type IQIs in accordance with of the NDE facility to develop and document a workable
Practice E 1025 or Annex A1 shall be used unless otherwise radiographic technique that is capable of consistently produc-
specified by contract requirements. Other IQI types, if used, ing the desired results and radiographic quality level. Material
shall be in accordance with the requirements of 6.3.2 and 6.3.3. and components shall be examined to an approved radio-
6.3.2 Wire-Type IQIs—Wire-type IQIs in accordance with graphic technique.
Practice E 747 may be used only with approval from the Level
7.1.1 The radiographic technique shall be approved by the
III radiographer of the cognizant engineering organization.
NDE facility’s Level III radiographer.
6.3.3 Other IQI Types—The use of other types of IQIs,
modifications to the types specified above, or Representative 7.1.2 When required by contract or purchase order, the
Quality Indicators (RQIs) in accordance with Practice E 1817 radiographic technique shall be submitted to the Level III
is permitted upon approval of the Level III radiographer of the radiographer of the cognizant engineering organization for
cognizant engineering organization. Details of the design, approval.
material designation and thickness identification of the IQI or 7.1.3 Unless otherwise specified by the purchase order or
RQI shall be in the written radiographic technique or docu- contract, the radiographic technique shall include the following
mented on a drawing that shall be referenced in the written information:
radiographic technique (see 7.1). 7.1.3.1 A drawing, sketch, or photograph showing the posi-
6.3.4 Radiographically Similar IQI Material—IQIs of ma- tions of the component, film and IQI with respect to the
terial different from the material to be radiographed may be radiation source for each exposure.

4
 E 2104 – 01
7.1.3.2 The angle of the radiation beam in relation to the 7.7 Radiographic Identification—Unless otherwise speci-
component, the source-to-film distance, and any blocking or fied by the purchase order or contract, the radiograph shall
masking material, if used. include the following information:
7.1.3.3 Part zone and acceptance criteria, if applicable. This 7.7.1 An alpha, numeric or alpha-numeric identification
may be accomplished through drawings and tables or by traceable to the part number.
reference to documents where such information is found. 7.7.2 For serialized components, a serial number or as-
7.1.3.4 The exposure parameters for X-ray machines; volt- signed radiographic number traceable to the component under
age, milliamperes, time (or mAs, as applicable), and focal spot examination.
size or effective focal spot size as required by contract. For 7.7.3 For non-serialized components, marking of the radio-
radioisotope sources, the isotope type, curie strength, time and graphic film and component shall be provided so that the
source size. radiograph may be traced to the component while being
7.1.3.5 Film size and designation, speed or classification, examined.
intensifying screen type and thickness, filters used and the film 7.7.4 View identification markers, when multiple views are
density range. taken.
7.1.3.6 Material and thickness range of the area or region to 7.7.5 Identification of the NDE facility performing the
be examined. examination.
7.1.3.7 The IQI type, size and the required radiographic 7.7.6 Date of the exposure.
quality level. If alternate IQIs are used, include details of the 7.7.7 Radiographs of a repair/rework area shall be uniquely
design or reference to applicable documents. identified (e.g., R1, R2, R3, …) indicating the number of times
7.1.3.8 Material type and thickness for blocks or shims. that repair/rework was attempted during a repair/rework cycle.
7.1.3.9 Identification of the NDE facility, radiographic tech- 7.7.8 Location Markers—Location markers used for the
nique identification and the date, or revision, of the procedure. correlation of a component to its radiographic image shall be
7.1.3.10 Radiographic identification scheme used to corre- placed in such a manner as to ensure that the image of the
marker does not interfere with the interpretation of the radio-
late technique to customer part number and part to film.
graph, and that the required coverage has been obtained. The
7.2 Examination Sequence—The sequence for radiographic location marker positions shall be established on the compo-
examination in the production operation shall be specified in nent and the position of the markers shall be maintained for the
the manufacturing or assembly process specification, contract duration of the examination. If the entire component can be
or purchase order. If not specified, radiographic examination radiographed with one film for each view and the orientation of
shall be performed at a stage in the process of manufacturing the component with respect to the film is obvious, then location
or assembly at which relevant discontinuities can be detected. markers are not required.
7.3 Examination and Coverage—The number of parts ex- 7.7.8.1 As an alternative to location markers, view identifi-
amined, and the radiographic coverage of each part shall be as cation markers (see 7.7.4) may be used provided that the
specified by drawings, radiographic techniques, radiographic orientation of the radiographs to the part can demonstrate the
manuals or other specifications, as applicable. Areas to be required radiographic coverage, and location of indications can
examined shall be identified on the drawing by using the be correlated to the component.
symbols in accordance with ANSI/AWS A2.4 or other systems 7.8 Lead Intensifying Screens—Intensifying screens of the
of designations that are easily identified on the drawing. lead foil type shall be used, in accordance with Table 1, unless
7.3.1 Fatigue Crack Detection—When parts are radio- otherwise approved by the cognizant engineering organization.
graphed to detect fatigue cracks, only the area of the film that 7.9 Filters—Use of filtration at the tube head shall require
falls within a 10° cone of radiation (solid angle measurement) approval by the cognizant engineering organization.
shall be considered valid for interpretation. An alternate
7.10 Source-to-Film Distance—The minimum allowable
technique may be qualified in another manner when approved
source-to-film distance shall be calculated by the following
by the cognizant engineering organization.
equation using the appropriate unsharpness value from Table 2,
7.4 Nonfilm Techniques—Radioscopic examination may be unless otherwise approved by the Level III radiographer of the
used when approved by the cognizant engineering organiza- cognizant engineering organization:
tion.
SFD 5 ~F · d / Ug! 1 d (1)
7.5 Multi-Film Techniques—Film techniques with two or
more films of the same or different speeds in the same or where:
separate film holder(s) shall be permitted provided that the SFD = source-to-film distance,
applicable radiographic quality level and film density require- Ug = geometric unsharpness,
ments are achieved for the area of interest. Interpretation of F = size of the radiation source (using manufacturer’s
superimposed radiographs is prohibited. nominal size or the effective focal spot size in
7.6 Surface Preparation—Components may be examined accordance with Test Method E 1165), and
without surface preparation or conditioning except as required d = distance from the source side of the object to the
to remove surface conditions that may interfere with proper film (regardless of whether or not the object is in
interpretation of radiographs. contact with the film).

5
 E 2104 – 01
NOTE 3—Unit of measurement for SFD, Ug, F and d may be in either need not be rejected unless the images obscure or interfere with
English or SI units as long as they are consistent (not mixed). the area of interest. Damaged film holders and screens shall be
NOTE 4—For panoramic exposures, the SFD may be calculated using a repaired or discarded as necessary.
Ug value twice that stated in Table 2.
7.14 Film Density—Film density shall be in the range from
7.11 Back Scatter Radiation—During each exposure the 1.5 to 4.0 (inclusive) in the area of interest unless otherwise
film shall be monitored for back scatter radiation. Each film specified by the cognizant engineering organization.
holder shall have a lead letter “B” a minimum of 0.5 in. (12.7
7.15 Radiographic Quality Levels—Table 3 provides radio-
mm) high and a minimum of 0.063 in. (1.6 mm) thick
graphic quality levels based upon IQI thickness and the
positioned behind the film and within the general area of the
associated IQI hole diameter which must be imaged on the
film to be viewed. Should the image of the lead letter “B”
radiograph. Unless otherwise specified in the contractual docu-
appear on the film as a light image, the film shall be considered
ments or drawings the quality level shall be 2-2T.
unacceptable and the component shall be reexamined after
appropriate measures (e.g., the addition of screens, lead back- 7.16 Contrast—The contrast of the radiograph shall be
ing, etc.) have been implemented to prevent discernible back determined by measuring the difference in density of the film
scatter radiation on subsequent exposures. The appearance of a through the IQI and through the adjacent material. The
dark image (higher density “B” image) may be disregarded minimum density difference shown in Fig. 2 shall be achieved
unless the dark image could interfere with interpretation in the between the IQI and the base metals for Radiographic Quality
area of interest. Levels 2-1T and 2-2T.
7.11.1 When identical parts or segments of parts are to be 7.17 General Use of Image Quality Indicators (IQIs):
examined by the same radiographic technique, the lead letter 7.17.1 IQI Selection—The IQI thickness shall be based on a
“B” may be used to qualify the initial exposure and then may thickness not greater than the nominal thickness to be radio-
be omitted for subsequent exposures provided the proximity graphed.
and nature of backscattering sources remains unchanged. 7.17.1.1 Hole-type IQIs used for the examination of mate-
7.12 Radiographic Technique Modifications— rial 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) or less in thickness shall be 0.005 in.
Modifications-Modifications to approved radiographic tech- (0.127 mm) 6 10 % thick. IQI thicknesses less than this
niques shall utilize only one of the following options: minimum may be used but are not mandatory unless required
(1) A change not to exceed 615 % kV. by contract or purchase order.
(2) A change not to exceed 615 % mAs. 7.17.1.2 IQI thicknesses that are between the thickness
(3) A change not to exceed 65 % kV and 610 % mAs. increments in Annex A1 (e.g., a hole-type IQI that is 0.006 in.
This modification shall be allowed provided the density, (0.15 mm) thick) may be used but are not mandatory.
contrast and radiographic quality requirements are still met.
7.17.1.3 For fabrication welds the IQI shall be selected as
Exceeding these limits shall require submittal to the cognizant
specified in 7.18.2.
engineering organization for approval.
7.13 Processed Radiographs—Radiographs shall be free 7.17.2 Placement of IQIs—IQI(s) shall be used on each
from artifacts and blemishes which may interfere with the exposure.
evaluation of the area of interest. 7.17.2.1 IQIs shall be placed at the outer edge of the cone of
7.13.1 Re-radiography—Whenever there is a reasonable radiation or farthest extremity of the exposure setup (that is,
doubt as to the interpretation or clarity of the radiograph, farthest from the radiation beam centerline).
re-radiography is required. 7.17.2.2 IQIs shall be placed on the source side of the
7.13.2 Film Holders—In the event that light leaks or dam- component unless otherwise approved by the cognizant engi-
aged screens produce images on the radiograph, the radiograph neering organization.

FIG. 2 Minimum Contrast of Radiographs at Various Film Densities

6
 E 2104 – 01
7.17.2.3 Panoramic Exposure—When the source is placed total thickness through which the X-ray beam will pass. If
on the axis of the object and the complete circumference is different size sections are joined, the IQI shall be based on the
radiographed with a single exposure, at least three equally thinner wall section. Backing strips or rings are not considered
spaced IQIs are to be used. as a part of the weld, base material or reinforcement (bead)
7.17.2.4 Block, or Like-Section IQI Technique—Where it is thickness upon which the IQI is based. If subsequent machin-
impractical to place the IQI upon the part radiographed, the IQI ing reduces the thickness of the weld area of interest and
may be placed on the source side of a separate block, or like follow-up NDE (ultrasonic, liquid penetrant, or radiography) is
section, from the same material group (or material that is not required, IQI size selection shall be based on final product
radiographically similar, see 6.3.4). The block, or like section thickness. If the required sensitivity cannot be obtained,
and IQI shall be placed on the outer edge of the cone of radiographic examination shall be required after final machin-
radiation. The block, or like section shall exceed the IQI ing.
dimensions so that at least three sides of the IQI shall be visible 7.18.2.1 IQI Placement for Welds—IQI placement for weld
on the radiograph. If required, the block shall be placed on a examination shall meet the following requirements unless
low absorptive material (such as polystyrene or equivalent) to otherwise approved by the Level III radiographer of the
ensure that the IQI shall not be closer to the film than the cognizant engineering organization. The IQIs shall be placed
source side of the part, or area of interest being evaluated. on the source side adjacent to, and at least 0.125 in. (3.175
7.17.3 IQI Coverage of the Area of Interest—An IQI shall mm), and not more than 1.25 in. (31.75 mm) from the weld
represent an area of interest within which radiographic densi- being radiographed. When the weld is not radiographically
ties do not vary more than +30 to -15 percent from the density similar or where part geometry precludes placement, the IQI
measured through the body of the IQI. At least one IQI per wire or hole of the required sensitivity, as applicable, may be
radiograph shall be used, except as specified in 7.17.3.1 and placed over the weld, but outside of the area of interest. When
7.17.4. Accept/reject decisions shall not be made directly weld-reinforcement (weld bead), backing rings or strips are not
beneath the IQI identification or the IQI/block combination. removed, a shim of the same material group or radiographi-
7.17.3.1 Radiograph Qualification Using Two IQIs—When cally similar material (see 6.3.4) shall be placed between the
the film density varies by more than is specified in 7.17.3, two IQI and base material to provide approximately the same
IQIs used in the following manner are acceptable. If one IQI thickness of material under the IQI as the average thickness of
shows an acceptable sensitivity in the most dense portion of the the weld reinforcement plus the wall thickness and backing
radiograph, and the second IQI shows an acceptable sensitivity strip or ring.
in the least dense portion of the radiograph, the two IQIs shall 7.18.2.2 Examination Coverage for Welds—Unless other-
serve to qualify the radiograph within these density limits wise specified on the engineering drawing, contractual docu-
provided they both meet the density requirements of 7.14. ments or approved by the Level III radiographer of the
7.17.4 Non-Requirement of IQIs—IQIs are not required cognizant engineering organization, welded parts requiring
when: radiography shall be radiographed for 100 % of the length of
7.17.4.1 Examining assemblies for debris. the weld zone, including the heat affected zone as defined by
7.17.4.2 Conducting radiography for defect removal pro- the cognizant engineering organization.
vided final examination of the area includes an IQI. 7.18.3 Junctures of Longitudinal and Circumferential
7.17.4.3 Examining to show material details or contrast Welds—Where portions of longitudinal welds adjoining a
between two or more dissimilar materials in component parts circumferential weld are being examined simultaneously with
or assemblies including honeycomb areas for the detection of the circumferential weld, additional IQIs shall be placed on the
fabrication irregularities or the presence or absence of material. longitudinal weld at the outer edge of the cone of radiation
7.17.4.4 Surfaces are inaccessible and an alternate method used to radiograph the circumferential weld.
of qualification has been approved by the cognizant engineer- 7.18.4 Longitudinal Welds—For longitudinal welds, an IQI
ing organization. shall be placed at the extreme end of the area to be interpreted.
7.18 Fabrication Welds: The long axis of the IQI shall be adjacent to and at least 0.125
7.18.1 Weld Preparation—Accessible weld surfaces to be in. (3.175 mm), but not more than 1.25 in. (31.75 mm) from the
radiographed shall be prepared, as necessary, in accordance weld edge.
with the welding process specification, if applicable. The 7.18.5 Circumferential Welds—Except as provided in
valleys between beads, weld ripples, or other surface irregu- 7.18.5.1 and 7.18.5.2, radiography shall be performed in which
larities shall be blended to a degree such that the resulting the radiation passes through only one wall. When double-wall
radiographic contrast due to surface condition cannot mask or techniques are used, either superimposed or elliptical (offset)
be confused with that of any indication. projections may be used.
7.18.2 IQI Selection for Welds—For butt joints on simple 7.18.5.1 Double-Wall Exposure, Double-Wall Viewing—
structures such as pipe or plate, the thickness on which the IQI Welds in pipe, tubes and other similar hollow items 3.5 in.
is based shall be the single-wall thickness plus actual reinforce- (88.9 mm) and less in nominal size (diameter) may be
ment thickness up to the maximum allowed. For T-joints, lap radiographed using the double-wall method where the radiation
joints, corner joints, fillet welds, weld surfacing, or for joints in passes through both walls and both walls are viewed together
complex assemblies where both sides of the joint are not for acceptance. An IQI, based on the double-wall thickness
accessible, the thickness on which the IQI is based shall be the plus twice the weld reinforcement, as applicable, shall be

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placed on the source side wall, on top of a shim approximately obliterated by subsequent handling. When subsequent process-
equal to twice the weld reinforcement. As an alternate, the ing would remove identification, the applicable marking shall
same IQI and shim may be placed on the source side of a like also be contained in the records accompanying the parts.
section that is placed adjacent to the weld being radiographed. 7.21.1 Part Marking—Impression stamping, laser marking,
When impractical to do the above, the IQI may be placed on vibro engraving, etching, ink stamping or dyeing shall be used
top of a block that is approximately equal to twice the wall as directed by the cognizant engineering organization.
thickness plus twice the weld reinforcement, as applicable. The 7.21.2 Other Identification—Other means of identification,
IQI and block shall be placed on a low-density material (such such as tagging, may be applied to parts for which construc-
as polystyrene plastic or its equivalent), adjacent to the weld tion, finish, or functional requirement preclude the use of
being examined, so that the top of the block is level with the impression stamping, laser marking, vibro engraving, etching,
upper surface of the tube or pipe. ink stamping or dyeing.
7.18.5.2 Double-Wall Exposure, Single-Wall Viewing—For 7.21.3 Symbols—Each part that has successfully passed
welds in pipe, tubes and other similar hollow items greater than radiographic examination shall be marked as follows:
3.5 in. (88.9 mm) in nominal size (diameter), only the weld 7.21.3.1 When impression stamping, laser marking, vibro
closest to the film shall be viewed for acceptance. An IQI, engraving, etching, ink stamping or dyeing is applicable,
corresponding to the single-wall thickness plus any single-wall symbols shall be used. The symbol shall contain an identifica-
weld reinforcement, shall be placed adjacent to the weld on the tion symbol of the NDE facility.
inner wall on top of a shim equal to the weld reinforcement. 7.21.3.1.1 Except for specialized applications, the symbol
When this is not possible, the same IQI and shim may be “X” enclosed in a circle shall be used to denote 100 %
placed on the inner wall of a like section of a tube or pipe radiographic examination.
placed adjacent to the weld being radiographed. When a like 7.21.3.1.2 When sampling is used, parts actually radio-
section of the tube or pipe is unavailable, the IQI may be graphed and accepted shall be marked as specified in
placed on a block adjacent to the weld being radiographed. The 7.21.3.1.1. All items in the lot accepted on a sampling basis
block thickness shall be equivalent to twice the wall thickness (part of the lot but not actually radiographed) shall be marked
plus any single-wall weld reinforcement. The top of the block using the symbol “X” enclosed in an ellipse.
shall not be any closer to the film than the inner wall of the tube 7.21.3.2 When dyeing is applicable, blue dye shall be used
or pipe. to indicate 100 % radiographic examination. When sampling is
7.18.6 Electron Beam (EB) Welds—To establish the correct used, orange dye shall be used to indicate parts accepted on a
angle for exposure during examination of EB welds the sampling basis while the parts of the lot actually examined
following black-line technique shall be used unless otherwise shall receive blue dye.
approved by the cognizant engineering organization. An un- 8. Quality Assurance Provisions
welded part (tacked, clamped or similarly assembled) shall be
8.1 Responsibility for Examination—The NDE facility is
setup such that the radiation beam is coplanar with the fusion
responsible for furnishing all supplies in conformance to
line of the weld. The resulting radiograph must show a single,
contract or purchase order requirements and, unless otherwise
sharp, continuous black line of the weld fit-up as evidence that
specified in the contract or purchase order, the performance of
the radiation beam is coplanar with the fusion line. During
all examination requirements contained herein. The examina-
examination of EB welded components, the beam to weld
tion provisions contained herein shall become a part of the
groove angle shall not exceed 6 2° from the established angle
NDE facility’s overall examination system or quality program,
without approval from the cognizant engineering organization.
unless otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering orga-
7.19 Dark Adaptation—The interpreter, after entering the nization.
viewing area, shall wait a sufficient period of time for the eyes 8.2 Examination Report—The results of all radiographic
to adapt before interpreting radiographs such that the required examinations shall be recorded and kept on file in accordance
features of the IQI are clearly discernible (i.e., required T-hole with the contract or purchase order. The examination reports
or wire and IQI outline). If the eyes are momentarily subjected shall reference this practice, or the applicable specification, and
to the full brightness of the illuminator, a minimum 30-second provide for traceability to the specific part or lot examined and
readaptation period shall be required. shall include the examiner’s identification, the date of the
7.20 Interpretation of Radiographs—Radiographs shall be examination, the disposition of the component (accept or
initially viewed without magnification for indications and film reject), and the reason for rejection of any items.
artifacts. However, magnification of 2.5 to 103 may be used as 8.3 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items—When re-
an aid in interpretation. In addition, fabrication welds and all quired, material and components which are repaired or re-
components with acceptance criteria requiring evaluation of worked shall be reexamined in the repaired area using the
indications 0.025 in. (0.635 mm) or less shall be interpreted initial radiographic technique as a minimum requirement.
using 2.5 to 103 magnification unless otherwise approved by Additional examination requirements may also be imposed by
the cognizant engineering organization. the cognizant engineering organization.
7.21 Marking—Parts shall be marked in accordance with 8.4 Process Control Checks—Process control checks shall
the applicable drawing, purchase order, contract, or as specified be performed according to Table 4. All calibrations and
herein. Markings shall be applied in a manner and location as verification checks shall be documented unless noted other-
to be harmless to the part. Identification shall not be smeared or wise. Verification checks required on a daily or per shift basis

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that are required do not need to be performed when the system 8.5.3 Storage of Radiographs—Radiographs shall be stored
is not in use, but must be documented as “Not in Use”. in accordance with Guide E 1254 unless otherwise specified by
8.5 Retention of Radiographs—Retention and delivery of the cognizant engineering organization.
radiographs and other records (see 7.1, radiographic technique; 9. Notes
and 8.2, examination report) shall be in accordance with the
provisions specified in the contract. For DoD contracts, they 9.1 Government Contracts:
shall be in accordance with the contract data requirements list 9.1.1 Data Requirements—The following Data Item De-
(see 9.1). If no specific requirements are specified for retention scriptions (DIDs) must be listed, as applicable on the Contract
or delivery of radiographs, they shall become the property of Data Requirement List (DD Form 1423) when this practice is
the purchaser of the component. applied on a contract, in order to obtain the data, except where
DoD FAR Supplement 27.475-1 exempts the requirement for a
8.5.1 Film Archival Testing—When required, archival test- DD Form 1423.
ing shall be conducted using a conditioned processor (i.e., film 9.1.2 The current issue of DOD 5010.12-L, Acquisition
to be checked shall be processed after not less than twenty Management Systems and Data Requirements Control List
production radiographs, of typically utilized size, have been (AMSDL), must be researched to ensure that only current,
processed through the film processor). The archival quality of cleared DIDs are cited on the DD Form 1423 (see 6.1, 6.28.2
the film shall be determined using the residual thiosulfate test and 6.28.8). Reference DID number DI-MISC-80653, Test
technique (kits are available from film manufacturers) and Reports.
conducted using the manufacturer’s instructions.
8.5.2 Archival Results—Results of the film archival test 10. Keywords
shall be recorded and shall include data such as date, film type, 10.1 image quality indicator; nondestructive testing; pen-
test results or other information as directed by the cognizant etrating radiation; radiographic examination; radiography; ra-
engineering organization. diology; radioscopy; X-ray

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI) DESIGN—MILITARY CONFIGURATION

A1.1 Hole-Type IQIs (Military)—Military configuration A1.1.6 The IQIs shall be identified with the material group
hole-type IQIs used to determine radiographic quality levels and thickness of the specimen to be radiographed. Lead
(see 3.2.7) shall conform to the following requirements: numbers and letters, or a material of similar radiographic
A1.1.1 IQI dimensions shall be in accordance with Fig. opacity, shall be used for identification.
A1.1. A1.1.7 The IQI thickness shall consist of a two-digit num-
A1.1.2 IQI holes shall be true and normal to the surface of ber that expresses the material thickness in one hundredths of
the IQI. Do not chamfer. an inch. For example, a specimen thickness of 0.75 in. (19.05
A1.1.3 IQI holes are not 1T, 2T and 4T for IQI thicknesses mm) requires a .75 IQI.
less than 0.010 in. (0.254 mm). A1.1.8 For identification of materials not listed in Fig. A1.1,
A1.1.4 IQI thicknesses are not 2 % for material thickness the chemical symbol of the predominant element shall be used.
less than 0.25 in. (6.35 mm) or 1 % for material thickness less When the material is a composite or does not have a predomi-
than 0.5 in. (12.7 mm). nant element, a controlled system for IQI identification shall be
A1.1.5 The IQIs shall be fabricated from the same material established and referenced in the radiographic technique (see
group (see 3.2.5) or a radiographic similar material (see 6.3.4) 7.1).
as the object to be radiographed. Material groups and their A1.1.9 Identification on rectangular design IQIs shall be
designations are listed in Fig. A1.1. Steel IQIs (FE) and permanently attached to the IQI. Identification on circular
stainless steel IQIs (SS) shall be considered to be from the design IQIs shall be placed adjacent to the IQI to provide
same material group. identification of the IQI on the radiograph.

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T Increments A B C D E F
0.005 - 0.020 incl. 0.0025 2.000 0.500 0.520 0.800 1.150 0.250
0.025 - 0.050 incl. 0.005 2.000 0.500 0.520 0.800 1.150 0.250
0.060 - 0.160 incl. 0.010 2.850 1.000 0.800 1.250 1.900 0.375
Minimum IQI Thickness = 0.005
Minimum Diameter for 1T Hole = 0.010
Minimum Diameter for 2T Hole = 0.020
Minimum Diameter for 4T Hole = 0.040

Design for IQI Thicknesses Up To and Including 0.160 in.

NOTE—(1) All dimensions are in inches. To convert inch dimensions to millimeters, multiply by 25.4.
(2) Tolerances on IQI thicknesses and hole diameters shall be 610 percent or ½ of the thickness increment between IQI sizes, whichever is smaller.
FIG. A1.1 IQI Design—Military Configuration

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