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Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Module 4
GENETIC ENGINEERING

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Earth and Life Science – Grade 11/12
Quarter 2 – Module 4: GENETIC ENGINEERING

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: JASON O. SALVADORA

Editors: HELEN Z. CORNELIO
IRENE V. DE JESUS
MARISOL D. ANDRADA

Reviewers: HELEN Z. CORNELIO

IRENE V. DE JESUS
MARISOL D. ANDRADA

Layout Artist: JASON O. SALVADORA

Cover Illustration: RAYMOND T. TORALDE

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MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Describe the process of genetic

engineering (S11/12LT-Iiej-17)

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 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON
THE PROCESS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

The manipulation of organisms and their constituent

parts to create products for the benefit of mankind has
been going on since ancient times as evidenced by
products such as wines, cheeses, etc.

Genes play an important role in the process of manipulation. The main goal is
to ensure that the “desirable characteristics” are transferred from one species to the
same or another completely different species.

In this module, you will learn about genetic engineering or genetic

modification.

.
This module will help you understand
concepts and enjoy different learning
activities.

At the end of this module, it is expected

that you will be able to:
Made through
Bitmoji App

1. Relate your knowledge of the central dogma on genetic

engineering
2. Understand the process of genetic engineering

Directions: Make a concept map using the

words shown inside the box. Create the
concept map by writing words inside a shape
TRY THIS! of your choice and then draw arrows between
the ideas that are related. Then add a phrase
or short explanation by the arrow to elaborate on how the concepts and ideas
become a whole concept through establishing relationships.
Restriction RNA Central dogma
enzymes
Protein Reproduction
Plasmid
Recombinant DNA
DNA Bacteria

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 Hi! How did you find the test?

Please see the concept map at the

answer key section and see how you did.
Don’t worry if you have not made the
Made through
same concept map, you have missed
Bitmoji App
words or some concepts were not
connected to the other concept, this just
means that there are more things that
RESTRICT and SEAL IT! you can learn from this module.
Directions: Study Figure 1 then
complete the paragraph below.
DO THIS!

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 Made through
Bitmoji App

Figure 1. Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase for creation of Recombinant DNA
Creation of Recombinant DNA molecule. Accessed July 31, 2020:
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/20.2.gif

Directions: Complete the paragraph below by supplying the missing information.

________(1)__________ cut DNA molecules at specific locations called restriction

sites. In nature, bacteria use restriction enzymes to cut foreign DNA and protect their
own DNA by methylation. Restrictions enzymes recognize short DNA nucleotide
sequences and cut at specific point in these sequences. Because the target
sequence usually occurs many times on a long DNA molecule, an enzyme will make
many cuts. Copies of a DNA molecule will always yield the same set of
________(2)_______ fragments when exposed to a specific enzyme. Restriction
enzymes leave _______(3)_______. These will bond with complementary single-
stranded stretches on other DNA molecules cut with the same restriction enzyme.
_______(4)_______ seals the strand. Thus, creating the ________(5)_______ DNA.
Reference: “DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS Part I.” DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS. Accessed July 31, 2020.
http://www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/bio212/biotech.html.

ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFY and COMPLETE ME!

EXPLORE Complete the flowchart below of the central dogma
of molecular biology by answering the questions
that follow.

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 3. _________ 2. __________ 1. ___________

1. What is the molecular basis of heredity which is double-stranded?

2. What is another nucleic acid which is single-stranded?
3. What do we call a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more
polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure?

ACTIVITY 2 HUMULIN MIRACLE.

Genetic engineering made tremendous contribution to the lives of diabetic individuals

for the creation of insulin from yeast and bacteria like E. coli. People with diabetes
cannot make their own insulin in their pancreas, a condition referred to as Type-1
Diabetes. This substance regulates the sugar level in our blood. Hence, they need to
inject insulin to control their blood sugar levels. The genetically modified insulin,
“Humulin” was licensed for the use of humans in 1982.
Reference: What is Genetic Engineering? Facts. Genome Resource Limited, February 17, 2017. https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-genetic-engineering.

Genes can be cloned in

recombinant DNA vectors.
Accessed July 31, 2020:
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/20.3.gif

Direction: Study Figure 2 below. Then, complete the statements that follow.

Figure 2. Genetically engineered insulin, “Humulin” production.

The genetic engineering process in Insulin production

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 1. A small piece of circular DNA called a _______(1)______ is extracted from
the bacteria or yeast cell.
2. A small section is then cut out of the circular plasmid by ______(2)_______,
‘molecular scissor’.
3. The gene for human ______(3)_______ is inserted into the gap in the
plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified.
4. The genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new
__________(4)_______ cell.
5. This cell then divides rapidly and starts making insulin.
6. To create large amounts of the cells, the genetically modified bacteria or yeast
are grown in large ________(5)_______ vessels that contain all the nutrients
they need. The more the cells divide, the more insulin is produced.
7. When fermentation is complete, the mixture is filtered to release the insulin.
8. The insulin is then purified and packaged into bottles and insulin pens for
distribution to patients with diabetes.
Reference: What is Genetic Engineering? Facts. Genome Resource Limited, February 17, 2017. Accessed July 31, 2020:
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-genetic-engineering.

The central dogma of molecular biology traces the genetic flow of

information from DNA to RNA and eventually to Proteins.

In genetic engineering, bacterial restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA

molecules within short, specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites),
yielding a set of double-stranded DNA fragments with single-stranded sticky
ends.

The sticky ends on restriction fragments from one DNA source can base-pair
with complementary sticky ends on fragments from other DNA molecules,
sealing the base-paired fragments with DNA ligase produces recombinant
DNA molecules.

Reference:
Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell, eds. 2011. Campbell Biology. 9th ed. Boston: Benjamin Cummings /
Pearson.

Genetic engineering, also called transformation, works by physically removing a

gene from one organism and inserting it into another, giving it the ability to express
the trait encoded by that gene. It is like taking a single recipe out of a cookbook and
placing it into another cookbook.

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1) First, find an organism that naturally contains the desired trait.
2) The DNA is extracted from that organism. This is like taking out the entire
cookbook.
3) The one desired gene (recipe) must be located and copied from thousands of
genes that were extracted. This is called gene cloning.
4) The gene may be modified slightly to work in a more desirable way once
inside the recipient organism.
5) The new gene(s), called a transgene is delivered into cells of the recipient
organism. This is called transformation. The most common transformation
technique uses a bacteria that naturally genetically engineer plants with its
own DNA. The transgene is inserted into the bacteria, which then delivers it
into cells of the organism being engineered. Another technique, called the
gene gun method, shoots microscopic gold particles coated with copies of the
transgene into cells of the recipient organism. With either technique, genetic
engineers have no control over where or if the transgene inserts into the
genome. As a result, it takes hundreds of attempts to achieve just a few
transgenic organisms.
6) Once a transgenic organism has been created, traditional breeding is used to
improve the characteristics of the final product. So genetic engineering does
not eliminate the need for traditional breeding. It is simply a way to add new
traits to the pool.
Reference: “What Is Genetic Engineering and How Does It Work?” UNL's AgBiosafety for Educators.
Accessed July 31, 2020. http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml.

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

A. Directions: Think of organisms with characteristics that can help humans or

other organisms to have specific characteristics to overcome or solve a
problem or make life easier for us.

Particular (gene) Receiving organism Benefit/Solution to a

characteristic and the problem
Organism/source
Example: Marker for Human brain Targeted operation
Bioluminescence from cells during neurological causing little to no harm
firefly operations to the patient
Example: Beta-carotene Rice To enrich the rice with
from plants Vitamin A to treat
deficiency among kids.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 GREAT WORK! You have explored the gene’s contribution
to the success of genetic engineering! Next, you will be
Made through
learning about how these DNA segments are cut and joined
Bitmoji App
together.

A. Direction: Study the images below.

First, find an organism that naturally contains the desired trait.

Fig. 3 Red pigment gene.

Accessed July 31, 2020: http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/images/basic_3a.jpg

The DNA is extracted from that organism. This is like

taking out the entire cookbook.

Fig. 4 Extraction.
Accessed July 31, 2020: http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/images/basic2a.jpg

The one desired gene (recipe) must be located and

copied from thousands of genes that were extracted.
This is called gene cloning.

Fig. 5 Gene cloning.

Accessed July 31, 2020: http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/images/basic_3.jpg

The gene may be modified slightly to work in a more

desirable way once inside the recipient organism.

Fig. 6 Genetic modification.

Accessed July 31, 2020
http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/images/basic_4.jpg

Once a transgenic organism has been created,

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traditional breeding is used to improve the
characteristics of the final product. So genetic
engineering does not eliminate the need for traditional
Fig. 7 Traditional breeding.
Accessed July 31, 2020: http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/images/basic_5.jpg

Activity 1. ANSWER ME!

Direction: Identify what is being asked.

1. What trait or characteristic is being targeted above in the images?

_______________________________________________________
2. What is being taken out from the organism after the target has been
identified?
_______________________________________________________
3. What is the term used to refer wherein copies of the specific gene is
processed?
_______________________________________________________
4. Answer True or False. The gene should not be modified slightly to work in a
more desirable way once inside the recipient organism.
5. Answer True or False. Traditional breeding is not anymore needed because
of genetic engineering.

Activity 2. CUT IT OUT!

Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific DNA sequences. For example,
BamH1 recognizes the double-stranded sequence:

5’ –GGATCC—3’
3’—CCTAGG—5’

The restriction site for this enzyme is between the two Gs above.

5’ –G|GATCC—3’
3’—CCTAG|G—5’

Directions: Using the worksheet at the last page of this module, identify the
sequence, which is recognized by the restriction enzyme, BamH1. Then, cut it out
from the paper and set aside the “sticky ends” for use later. There are two sets of

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DNA sequences in the worksheet. The first one is from an organism that can resist
fungus (green colored) and the other one is from a bacterium (colored red).

Activity 3. LIGASE-IT!

Use the “sticky ends” from the activity earlier to be “glued” together through
complementary base pairing. In the process of creating Recombinant DNA, the DNA
ligase pastes the sugar-phosphate backbones. Then just like DNA ligase, paste your
work at the box in the next page (please write labels for the original & recombinant).

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 How can pieces of DNA from different sources be joined together? A
common method uses two types of enzymes: restriction enzymes and DNA
ligase.

A restriction enzyme is a DNA-cutting enzyme that recognizes a specific

target sequence and cuts DNA into two pieces at or near that site. Many
restriction enzymes produce cut ends with short, single-stranded overhangs.
If two molecules have matching overhangs, they can base-pair and stick
together. However, they will not combine to form an unbroken DNA molecule
until they are joined by DNA ligase, which seals gaps in the DNA backbone.
Our goal in cloning is to insert a target gene (e.g., for human insulin) into a
plasmid. Using a carefully chosen restriction enzyme, we digest:

The plasmid, which has a single cut site

The target gene fragment, which has a cut site near each end

Then, we combine the fragments with DNA ligase, which links them to make
a recombinant plasmid containing the gene.

Reference:
“Overview: DNA Cloning (Article).” Khan Academy. Khan Academy. Accessed July 31, 2020.

Identity of Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes are named for the organism from which they were first isolated.

EcoRI is isolated from E. coli strain RY13.

Eco refers to the genus and species (1st letter of genus; 1st two letters of specific
epithet)

R is the strain of E. coli

I (Roman numeral) indicates it was the first enzyme of that type isolated from E. coli
RY13.

BamHI is isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H

Sau3A is isolated from Staphylococcus aureas strain 3A.

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Example of Restriction enzymes and their restriction sites.

Fig. 8. Restriction enzymes diagram. Accessed July 31, 2020: http://parts.igem.org/wiki/images/6/62/Enzymes.png

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Identify the restriction enzyme that can cleave the following DNA
sequences.

DNA Sequence Restriction enzyme

5’—G|AGCTC—3’ 1.
3’—CTCGA|G—5’
5’—A|CGCGT—3’ 2.
3’—TGCGC|A—5’
5’—T|CGCAG—3’ 3.
3’—ATCGT|C—5’

Congratulations for finishing the module.

Hope you enjoy and learned a lot from the
tasks given.

Made through
Bitmoji App

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 For the last time, share your insights and queries.

Things I have learned today __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

I wish to ask about________________________________________________

REINFORCEMENT

Directions: What is your thought about “designer babies” wherein parents can
choose the genes they want for their children to possess? Create a 100-
word essay explaining your thoughts about the topic. You can do
additional research. Please be guided by the rubrics for rating your essay
below:

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Exemplary Very satisfactory Satisfactory Fair
Arguments Exceptional The pros and cons Some pros Little to no
presentation of have been mostly and cons mention of
arguments presented were arguments
mentioned
Interpretations, The use of Used numerous The use of The use of
Inferences evidence and evidence and evidence and evidence and
reason was reason yet failed reason was reason was
highly evident to arrive at a evident. scarce.
that led to a logical conclusion
logical
conclusion
Over-all Clear and Clear and Unclear but Lacking
assessment organized organized essay organized organization
essay that but does not essay and and clarity.
reflects in- reflect in-depth does not
depth understanding of reflect in-
understanding the issue at hand depth
understanding

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 WORD BANK

1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)- A nucleic acid molecule, usually a

double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of
nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous
bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable
of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s
proteins.
2. DNA ligase- A linking enzyme essential or DNA replication; catalyzes
the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of one DNA fragment (such as an
Okazaki fragment) to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment (such as a
growing DNA chain).
3. Gene- A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific
nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
4. Gene cloning- The production of multiple copies of a gene.
5. Genetic engineering- The direct manipulation of genes for practical
purposes.
6. Genetically modified (GM) organism- An organism that has acquired
one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic
organism.
7. Recombinant DNA- DNA molecules formed when segments of DNA
from two different sources-often different species-are combined in vitro
or in a test tube.
8. Restriction enzyme-an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria,
having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific
sequence of bases.

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 ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer for the following questions.
1. What do you call the newly transferred gene to the cells of the recipient
organism?
A. DNA C. Cisgene
B. Clone D. Transgene
2. What is the other term used to refer to genetic engineering aside from genetic
modification?
A. Transformation C. Artificial breeding
B. Cloning D. Selective breeding
3. Which of the following is used to improve the characteristic of the final
product?
A. DNA C. Restriction enzyme
B. DNA ligase D. Traditional breeding
4. Which of the following seals the strand?
A. DNA polymer
B. DNA topoisomerase
C. DNA ligase
D. DNA helicase
5. Which of the following is being marketed as Humulin?
A. Tomato C. Rice
B. Insulin D. Banana

Congratulations! I hope you got the

perfect score.

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 ANSWER KEY

TRY THIS!

CENTRAL
DOGMA Genetic DNA RNA Protein
information

Genetic
Engineering

DNA ligase
Restriction
enzymes

Recombinant
DNA

Bacteria
plasmid
Reproduction

Do It. Restrict and Seal It!

1. Restriction enzymes
2. Restriction
3. Sticky ends
4. DNA ligase
5. Recombinant
Explore. Activity 1.
1. DNA
2. RNA
3. Protein

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 Activity 2. Humulin Miracle.
4. Plasmid
5. Restriction enzymes
6. Insulin
7. Bacteria or yeast
8. Fermentation
Explore. Activity 1. Answer Me!
1. Red pigment
2. DNA
3. Gene cloning
4. False
5. False
Apply what have you learned
1. EcoRI
2. SpeI
3. PstI
Assess what you have learned
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. B

REFERENCES

“What Is Genetic Engineering and How Does It Work?” UNL's AgBiosafety for
Educators. Accessed July 31, 2020.
http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml.

“What Is Genetic Engineering?” Facts. Genome Resource Limited, February 17,

2017. Accessed July 31, 2020. https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-
genetic-engineering.

“DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS Part I.” DNA TECHNOLOGY AND

GENOMICS. Accessed July 31, 2020.
http://www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/bio212/biotech.html.

“Overview: DNA Cloning (Article).” Khan Academy. Khan Academy. Accessed July
31, 2020. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-
technology/dna-cloning-tutorial/a/overview-dna-cloning.

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“What Is a RESTRICTION ENZYME?” Restriction Enzymes. Accessed July 31,
2020. http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/restrictionenzymes.html.

“BamHI Restriction Enzyme.” Takara Bio-Home. Accessed July 31, 2020.

https://www.takarabio.com/products/cloning/restriction-enzymes/bamhi.

Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell, eds. 2011. Campbell Biology. 9th ed. Boston:
Benjamin Cummings / Pearson.

CUT IT OUT WORKSHEET

5'--AGGTCCTTAACGCTAATGGT--3'
3'--TCCAGGAATTGCGATTACCA--5'

5'--CGATGGTACCGGTAACCTT--3'
3'--GCTACCATGGCCATTGGAA--5'

5'--AGGTCCTTAACGCTAATGGT--3'
3'--TCCAGGAATTGCGATTACCA--5'

5'--CGATGGTACCGGTAACCTT--3'
3'--GCTACCATGGCCATTGGAA--5'

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