GROUP 1 MEMBERS

Julienne Gaile A. Alcano

Dandrey L. Andres

Glaiza Monica C. Bayaoa

Kirsten Ceshire B. Dimaano

Alfonso V. Esguerra III

Worksheet 3

1. The State in a World of Economic Interdependence

The State and other big continent are big in economic growth. These companies are always and

have been dominant within the Globalization system. They have been taking advantage of those

countries who are poor mostly in economy. They’d say that economic interdependence will

make the both of their economy grow together. But no, what they only want is the cheap prices

of their natural resources. As for the other countries that has a stable economy, good and big

enough to support their country, they took advantage of the State’s advice and used it to make

their economy grow. Some countries did not listen to the State’s advice, instead they did they

made their own way and did the best strategies on where they are best at to make their own

economy be great enough to sustain the country and its people.

The European Union reduces or eliminates the barriers among the countries within the

continent. By using the Economic Integration, they aim to reduce cost and increase the trade

between countries. Many countries have agreed in their laws. The more narrow the economic

integration, the less the barriers between countries exist. The more they also become politically

integrated.

3. The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles

Second World War ended and it lead into a new era for the Globalization way back 1945. As

they started new organizations that promotes human rights and fundamental freedom. The said

organization is widely known up to this day as United Nations (UN). The leaders of each

countries faced many great deal, challenges, and problems all throughout the history. Until one

day, they figured out the International Law and Universal Principles to be implemented for

everyone and that should be followed by those who are members of United Nations.

4. States as Targets: The Rise of the Transnational Activism

Transnational activism is a movement or an advocacy of the people across-boarder to stand for

the people’s right. Many call it global justice movement. Because, it’s aim is to give people

human rights and freedom. All should be equal.

New media have opened the wide gate for the communication network of the people spreads

widely around the globe. New media or digital media have been an easy access way to spread

news, and awareness about the happenings in the world. The public mind is powerful in social

media platforms. As for the state, in social media platforms, they are weak for they couldn’t

control the people’s rage. Everyone has a right to use social media. It is a public space for the

people who wants to communicate well.

6. Global Governance, the idea

Global Governance is where all laws, norms, policies, and institutions lies. Everything is

dependent to the Global Governance to govern and lead each state and countries that is a

member of United Nations (UN). This should have the agility, nimbleness, flexibility, the ability

to adapt, and anticipation rather than reaction. That is what the people needs.

7. An Unfinished Journey

Despite the history, a long story of Global Governance, the State still couldn’t find a successful

path where Global Governance will fall right into perfectly. But still, the State fails. Nothing is

perfect and so does the Global Governance of the world. It is dirty, rough path, and it still has an

incoherent framework that is still needed to innovate or to be upgraded.

Globalization talks about the expansion of economic activities across state borders. It is

about the growing volume and variety of cross-border flows of finance, investment,

goods and services; ideas information, legal systems, organizations and people; the

rapid and widespread diffusion of technology; and cultural exchanges. Globalization has

two faces: Desirable and Irreversible. Some finds Globalization desirable as it is growing

prosperity and higher standards of living; while the others find irreversible due to

plunders and ravages resources in the pursuit of unrestrained consumerism. There was

an existing arguments about the occurrence of globalization. Some was telling that

globalization has been occurring since the earliest trade expeditions; international trade,

as a proportion of total production in the world economy, the same in 1980s as in the

last two decades of the gold standard, while the others suggest that the current era of

globalization was unique in rapidity of its spread and intensity of interaction. There is a

few necessary clarifications. First, even in this globalizing era, the movement of people

remains restricted and strictly regulated and, in aftermath of 9/11, even more so.

Second, economic interdependence is uneven. The benefits or cost of linking and

delinking are not equally distributed among partners. Industrialized countries are highly

independent in relations with one another while the developing countries are highly

dependent on industrialized country. Third, the average of annual rate of world has

steadily slowed and decreases during the age of globalization. Form 3.5% per capita in

the 1960s, to 2.1, 1.3 and 1.0% in the 1970’s, 1980’s and 1990’s respectively. Fourth,
 and long before the Occupy Wall street movement, there was growing divergence, in

income levels between countries and people; with widening inequality among and

within nations. Assets and income are more immobility while wages shares have fallen,

profit shares have risen. Capital mobility alongside labour informal sector employment

has generated an excess supply of labour and depressed real wages in many countries.

Fifth globalization causes also many uncivil society, forces like international terrorism,

drugs people and gun trafficking; and illicit money flows.

Therefore globalization creates loser as well as winners and entails risk as well as

providing opportunities. Globalization problems do not lie in globalization per se but in

the deficiencies in its governance. Poverty and inequality- prosperity for some,

marginalization and exclusion for others have implications for social and political

stability.

9. A historical Perspective
Unpacking labels is a useful point of departure. A world government would imply and

international system with some of the capacities that we customarily associate with

functional national governments- notably powers to from citizens as well as ensure their

rights. Such a goal remains highly contested and politically unrealistic. Nay-sayers

include right-wingers fearing an intrusion by supranational authorities-captured by the

fantastical caricature of black helicopters invading the United States-as well as left-

wingers viewing actions by the Bretton Woods institutions and the World Trade

Organizations as a top-down conspiracy of the rich against the poor. In 19 th century

International institutions sprouted their roots as sovereign states made new

There were three major developments according to Inis Claude (1971). First, the first

concert of multilateral, high level political gatherings such as congress of Vienna was

devised, which established “diplomacy by conference” among the Europeans powers.

Second, by the end of 19th century the Hague system, whose goal was a universal

membership conference system that would meet regularly to build a peaceful world

politics based on law and reasoned deliberation, as well as to consider specific problems

or crises and last development was the creation of public international unions. Whereas

both the Concert and the Hague reflected the significance of the quest for security and

the importance of high political issues. This was a manifestation of the increasing

complexity of the economic, social, technical, and cultural interconnections of the

people of the modern world. To make it clear that the antecedents and growing

components of a working system of global governance can be found in the previous 2

centuries even if the term itself and its current intellectual traction grew in the 1990’s.

On the other hand many of today’s life-threatening problems – from nuclear

proliferation to climate change, from poverty to human rights abuse- require solutions

that are beyond our current global institutional capacities; and so we must be careful

not to indicate too much continuity with the past. They refrain characterizing global

governance as anew international relations paradigm to replace Westphalian

sovereignty. United Nations provides fulcrum analysis as the most universal and

legitimate organizational framework; while it cannot displace the responsibility of local,

state and national government.

confronted since 1945; knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance. A critical

role in any of the five stages can cause efforts at problem-solving to collapse. The world

organization has played and will continue to play four essential roles in identifying and

diagnosing problems and therby filling gaps; managing knowledge; developing norms

promulgating recommendation; and institutionalizing ideas.

11. Managing knowledge

The world faces global governance challenges today that were unimaginable in June

1945 at the UN Charter’s signing in San Francisco. The atomic age was ushered in after

bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki only two months later, whereas climate change and

HIV/AIDS were unknown until decades later. Many undertakings-ranging from efforts to

empower women and to halt atrocities’ as well as effort to improve navigations on the

Danube initiated technical cooperation. There were three questions arises for students

of global governance. From 21st century vantage point, when their parents or

grandparents were growing up environmental degradation, terrorism, population

growth, urbanization and women’s rights were not on the international Agenda.

Raymond Aron argued a half-century ago that the diplomat and solider live and

symbolize international relations which, insofar as they are inter-state relations, concern

diplomacy and war. Basic Research is done in universities, not in United Nations, which

is or should, however, be a knowledge-based and knowledge management organization.

remain quintessential 21st century task.

12. Developing Norms

Once a threat or problem has been identified and diagnosed, the United Nations helps

to solidify a new norm of behaviour, often through summit conferences and

international panels and commissions. Human beings are social actors; norms are

essential to functioning and existence of society; therefore, social interaction is viewed

through normative lenses, from bilateral relations between two individuals to relations

among national leaders. In spite of the obvious problems of accommodating the

perspective of 193 members, the First UN states meets to permit the expression and

eventual coagulation of official views from around the planet on international norms.

The most effective form of behaviours regulation is for complete convergence between

rules (or laws) and norms. The reason for the disconnect lies primarily in different moral

framework of social behaviour. At the international level, one of the most likely arenas

for normative dissonance is human rights because alternative moral frameworks define

and locate the rights and responsibilities of individuals, communities and state.

International law has moved ahead of norms and practices in large parts of the world.

International norms can be transmitted down into national politics and incorporated
 into domestic laws or into the policy preferences of political leaders through elite

learning.

13. Formulating Recommendations

As new problems emerge and new norms arises, the gaps in policy were highlighted as it

needed an attention. Once norms begin to change and become widespread, therefore, a

next step is to formulate a range of possibilities about how governments and their

citizens and IFOs can change behavior. The policy stage refers to the statement of

principles and actions that an organization is likely to take in the event of particular

contingencies. UN policy might promote awareness about the gravity and causes of

HIV/AIDS, encourage educational campaigns, reject HIV positive personnel in UN

operations and declare zero tolerance of sexual exploitation by UN peacekeepers. The

UN’s ability to convence and consult widely plays an enormous part in its ability to

formulate recommendations for specific policies, institutional arrangements and

regimes that follow from identifying and diagnosing a problem and developing anorm of

desirable changes. Perhaps a simple but effective way to illustrate the process of

formulating recommendations is to take a topic at the heart of global governance,

namely civil society, and examine how the UN makes its intellectual contribution. Civil

Society, at least NGOs, has been present since the signing of the Charter- article 71

provides for their participations. The recommendations and proposals from such blue-

ribbon panels as well as from secretariats often wither and die because members’

states, not the authors, are responsible for next steps. However, reports sometimes are

available when a crisis arises that facilitates actions.

Institutions provide another example of the impact of ideas. Some seven decades into

the UN’s history, virtually every problem has several global institutions working on

significant aspects of solutions. Actors in world politics can and do cooperate, and they

do so more often than they engage in conflict. Intergovernmental organizations can help

to facilitate joint action by sharing information, reducing transactions= costs, providing

incentives for concessions and establishing mechanisms for dispute resolution and

agreed on decision-making processes. IGOs can increase the number of productive

interactions among their member states that can, in turn, help build confidence and

bridges for other relations. According to John Ruggie, international regimes have been

define as social institutions around which actor expectations converge in a given area of

international relations, which create an intersubjective framework of meaning.

Institutional regimes content is socially constructed. Ruggie argues that change can

come from power or from social purpose or sense of legitimacy and that the most

change is gradual, consisting of a change in the instrumentals used to achieve objectives

rather than social purposes. Institutions embody ideas bit can also provide a platform

from which to challenge received wisdom. For instance, the generalized system of

preferences for less industrialized countries was not on the conventional free-trade

agenda but grew from both the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

and General Traffic and trade.

Once knowledge has been acquired norms articulated and politics formulated, an

existing institution can oversee their implementation and monitoring, but if they are
sufficiently distinctive from other problems, cohesive in their own cluster of attributes

and of sufficient gravity and scale, then the international community of states might

well consider creating a new IGO (or hiving off part of an existing one) dedicated to

addressing this problem area. A policy still needs to be implemented and additional

complications and short comings might appear during implementation.