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Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Limit Laws
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Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Limit Laws
First Edition, 2020
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Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Limit Laws
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
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What I Need to Know
One of the main reasons why this module was created is to ensure that it will assist
you to understand the usage of these limit laws and know how to apply these on
certain functions.
When you finish this module, you will be able to:
1. illustrate the limit laws. STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3
2. apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions (polynomial,
rational & radical). STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-4
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What I Know
Calculate the limits of the following functions. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. lim (3)
𝑥→1
A. 3 B. 5 C. 4 D. 2
2. lim ( 4𝑥)
𝑥→2
A. 3 B. 8 C. 6 D. 7
3. lim (𝑥 2 + 2)
𝑥→3
A. 15 B. 12 C. 13 D. 11
4. lim [(𝑥)(𝑥 + 3)]
𝑥→4
A. 24 B. 25 C. 27 D. 28
𝑥+1
5. lim ( )
𝑥→0 2−𝑥
2 1 3 1
A. B. C. D.
3 2 4 3
6. lim (4)
𝑥→1
A. 3 B. 5 C. 4 D. 2
7. lim ( 3𝑥)
𝑥→2
A. 3 B. 8 C. 6 D. 7
8. lim (𝑥 2 + 7)
𝑥→2
A. 15 B. 12 C. 13 D. 11
9. lim [(𝑥)(𝑥 + 5)]
𝑥→3
A. 24 B. 25 C. 27 D. 28
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𝑥+1
10. lim (𝑥−2)
𝑥→4
2 5 3 2
A. B. C. D.
3 2 2 5
11. lim (√𝑥 + 3)
𝑥→1
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
2𝑥 2+7𝑥−15
12. lim ( )
𝑥→−5 𝑥+5
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
13. lim (𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 1)20
𝑥→1
A. 3 B. –2 C. –1 D. 0
𝑥 2 −9
14. lim ( 𝑥−3 )
𝑥→3
A. – 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
𝑥−4
15. lim ( )
𝑥→4 √𝑥−2
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
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Lesson
1 Limit Laws
What are laws and why are they created? For sure there will be lots of explanation
about it, one of which is that, it is a rule that is meant to be followed for greater good.
The Limit lesson has its own laws as well and it was made because of the advantages
it can provide in solving the limits of different functions.
What’s In
Solve for the limit of the given item using the table of values. Write your solution on
a separate sheet of paper. (Use calculator whenever necessary)
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
Given: lim ( 𝑥−3 )
𝑥→3
Table A. (for x values that approaches 3 from the left)
𝑥 2.8 2.9 2.99
Table B. (for 𝑥 values that approaches 3 from the right)
𝑥 3.001 3.01 3.1
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What’s New
Read and follow the steps in solving the limit of a function using these different
methods. Fill in the blanks to complete the solution of the given. Copy and answer
the table on a separate sheet of paper.
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
Given: lim ( )
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
Steps Solution
1. Observe the given function.
Since it is a rational function,
check whether its numerator 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = (𝑥 + _____)(𝑥 − _____)
or denominator is factorable.
2. Since the numerator is
factorable, it is evident that (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
(𝑥 − 3) can be divided. lim [ ]
𝑥→3 (𝑥 − 3)
3. What is left is just (𝑥 + 2), since
it is a polynomial function;
direct substitution is lim (𝑥 + 2)
applicable because it has no 𝑥→3
domain restrictions.
4. Perform the operation.
[(3) + 2] = _____
5. Indicate the final answer. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6
lim ( ) = _____
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
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What is It
Limit laws are used as alternative ways in solving the limit of a function without
using table of values and graphs.
Below are the different laws that can be applied in various situations to solve for the
limit of a function.
A. The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant, then,
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒌) = 𝒌
𝒙→𝒄
Example:
1. lim(5) = 5
𝑥→𝑐
2. lim(−9) = −9
𝑥→𝑐
B. The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to c. That is,
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝑪
𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
1. lim (𝑥) = 8
𝑥→8
2. lim (𝑥) = −2
𝑥→−2
❖ For the remaining theorems, we will assume that the limits of f and g both
exist as x approaches c and that they are L and M, respectively. In other words,
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
C. The Constant Multiple Theorem. The limit of a constant 𝑘 times a function is
equal to the product of that constant and its function’s limit.
[𝒌 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝒌 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 ∙ 𝑳
𝒙→𝒄
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Examples: If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 , then
𝑥→𝑐
1. lim 5 . 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 . lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 5 . 3 = 15
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2. lim (−9) . 𝑓(𝑥) = (−9) . lim 𝑓(𝑥) = (−9) . 3 = −27
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
D. The Addition theorem. The limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits
of the individual functions.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙) ] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 + 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −4, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 + (−4) = −1
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2. If lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = −5 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −2, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim( 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓 (𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5 + (−4) = −9
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
E. The Subtraction Theorem. The limit of a difference of functions is the
difference of the limits of the individual functions.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 − 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 and lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = −4, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim ( 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 − (−4) = 7
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2. If lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = −5 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −2, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓 (𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5 − (−4) = −1
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
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F. The Multiplication Theorem. The limit of a product of functions is the product
of the limits of the individual functions.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 ∙ 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −4, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim( 𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓 (𝑥) . lim 𝑔(𝑥) = (3)(−4) = −12
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2. If lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = −5 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −2, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim ( 𝑓 (𝑥) . 𝑔(𝑥)) = lim 𝑓 (𝑥) . lim 𝑔(𝑥) = (−5)(−4) = 20
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
G. The Division Theorem. The limit of a quotient of functions is the quotient of
the limits of the individual functions, provided that the denominator is not
equal to zero.
𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑳
𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ ] = 𝒙→𝒄 = , 𝑴≠𝟎
𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) =3 and lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = −6, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 3 1
𝑥→𝑐
lim [ ]= = =−
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) −6 2
𝑥→𝑐
2. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 7, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 0
𝑥→𝑐
lim [ ]= = =0
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) 7
𝑥→𝑐
H. The Power Theorem. The limit of an integer power 𝑝 of a function is just that
power of the limit of the function.
𝒑
𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒑 = [𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)] = (𝑳)𝒑
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3, then
𝑥→𝑐
4
lim [𝑓(𝑥)]4 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)] = (3)4 = 81
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
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2. If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −4, then
𝑥→𝑐
3
lim [𝑓(𝑥)]3 = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)] = (−4)3 = −64
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
I. The Radical/Root Theorem. If 𝑛 is a positive integer, the limit of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root
of a function is just the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of the limit of the function, provided that the
𝑛𝑡ℎ root of the limit is a real number.
𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏√𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒏√(𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝑳
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
1. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8, then
𝑥→𝑐
3
lim 3√𝑓(𝑥) = 3√(lim 𝑓(𝑥) = √8 = 2
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
2. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 64, then
𝑥→𝑐
lim √𝑓(𝑥) = √( lim 𝑓(𝑥) = √64 = 8
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
More examples:
1. Find: lim (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→4
Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Apply Addition Law Theorem. lim (𝑥 2 ) + lim (4𝑥) + lim (−3)
𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4
2. Apply Power Theorem on the 2
first term. [lim 𝑥] + lim (4𝑥) + lim (−3)
𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4
3. Apply Multiplication Theorem 2
on the second term. [lim 𝑥] + 4 [lim 𝑥] + lim (−3)
𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4
4. Apply the limit of 𝑥 as 42 + 4(4) + lim (−3)
𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to c. 𝑥→4
5. Apply the limit of a constant is
the constant itself. 42 + 4(4) + (−3)
6. Simplify. 16 + 16 − 3 = 29
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𝑥+5
2. Solve: lim (𝑥+2)
𝑥→1
Solution:
Steps Solution
lim (𝑥 + 5)
𝑥→1
1. Apply Division Theorem.
lim (𝑥 + 2)
𝑥→1
lim (𝑥) + lim (5)
2. Apply Addition Theorem on the 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
numerator and denominator. lim (𝑥) + lim (2)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
1 + lim (5)
3. Apply the limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥→1
𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to c. 1 + lim (2)
𝑥→1
4. Apply the limit of a constant is (1) + 5
the constant itself. (1) + 2
6
5. Simplify. =𝟐
3
3. Determine: lim (√66 − 𝑥 )
𝑥→2
Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Apply Radical/Root Theorem. lim (66 − 𝑥)
√𝑥→2
2. Apply Subtraction Theorem. √lim
𝑥→2
66 − lim 𝑥
𝑥→2
3. Apply the limit of a constant is
the constant itself and the
limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is √66 − 2
equal to c.
4. Simplify. √64 = 𝟖
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𝑥−3
4. Evaluate: lim (𝑥2 −𝑥−6)
𝑥→3
Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Factor the denominator then (𝑥−3) 1
simplify. lim [(𝑥+2)(𝑥−3)]=lim [(𝑥+2)]
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
lim (1)
𝑥→3
2. Apply Division Theorem.
lim (𝑥 + 2)
𝑥→3
lim (1)
3. Apply Addition Theorem on 𝑥→3
the denominator. lim (𝑥) + lim (2)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
4. Apply the limit of a constant
is the constant itself and the 1
limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 3+2
𝑐 is equal to c.
𝟏
5. Simplify.
𝟓
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What’s More
Determine the limits of the following items using the limit laws. Write your complete
solutions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. lim (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→5
𝑥+8
2. lim (𝑥−7)
𝑥→2
3. lim (√𝑥 + 15 )
𝑥→10
4. lim (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4)
𝑥→2
5. lim (√𝑥 − 5 )
𝑥→4
𝑥+9
6. lim (5−𝑥)
𝑥→3
𝑥 2 +4𝑥−21
7. lim ( )
𝑥→−7 𝑥+7
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What I Have Learned
Express what you have learned in this lesson by answering the questions below.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. In what way did the Limit laws help you in solving for the limit of a function?
2. Is direct substitution of 𝑥 values always applicable in solving the limit of a
function? Briefly justify your answer.
What I Can Do
Tell whether the mathematical statement below is TRUE or FALSE. Explain your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
If the limit of two different functions, lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) and lim 𝑔(𝑥 )
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
exist, then so does lim[𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)].
𝑥→𝑐
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Assessment
Solve for the limit of the following items. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. lim (10)
𝑥→6
A. 11 B. 10 C. 9 D. 8
2. lim (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→5
A. 11 B. 10 C. 9 D. 8
𝑥 2 −25
3. lim ( 𝑥−5
)
𝑥→10
A. 18 B. 17 C. 16 D. 15
4. lim [(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 + 6)]
𝑥→3
A. - 8 B. 9 C. -9 D. 8
5. lim [(4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5)]
𝑥→−2
A. - 36 B. 30 C. - 32 D. 34
6. lim (9)
𝑥→5
A. 11 B. 10 C. 9 D. 8
7. lim (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→5
A. 11 B. 10 C. 9 D. 8
𝑥 2 −36
8. lim ( )
𝑥→6 𝑥−6
A. 14 B. 12 C. 13 D. 15
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9. lim [(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 2)]
𝑥→1
A. - 3 B. 6 C. -6 D. 3
10. lim [(2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5)]
𝑥→−2
A. - 6 B. 0 C. -2 D. 4
11. lim (𝑥
3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3)3
𝑥→2
A. 0 B. -1 C. 1 D. -2
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
12. lim [ (𝑥−1)
]
𝑥→1
A. 0 B. DNE C. 1 D. No answer
13. lim √𝑥 + 3
𝑥→−3
A. 1 B. 3 C. 0 D. 2
14. lim [𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)]
𝑥→3
A. 16 B. 13 C. 15 D. 12
2𝑥−10
15. lim (𝑥2 −2𝑥−15)
𝑥→5
1 1
A. 2 B. C. 5 D.
4 2
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Additional Activities
Evaluate the limit of the following items. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
√𝑥−5
1. lim (𝑥−25)
𝑥→25
𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +10𝑥+104
2. lim (√ 𝑥 2 −12
)
𝑥→4
16
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What I Know What’s More
1. A 9. A 1. lim (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3) = 12
𝑥→5
2. B 10. B
𝑥+8
3. D 11. A 2. lim ( ) = −2
𝑥→2 𝑥−7
4. D 12. C
5. B 13. D 3. lim (√𝑥 + 15 ) = 5
𝑥→10
6. C 14. D
7. C 15. B
4. lim (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4) = −2
𝑥→2
8. D
5. lim (√𝑥 − 5 ) 𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥→4
𝑥+9
6. lim (5−𝑥) = 6
𝑥→3
𝑥 2 +4𝑥−21
7. lim ( 𝑥+7
) = −10
𝑥→−7
What's In What I Can Do
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 True, because subtracting an existing
• lim ( )=5
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 limit value will result to an existing limit
difference.
What's New What I Have Learned
1. (x+2)(x-3) 1. Answer may vary
4. 5 2. Answer may vary
5. 5
Answer Key
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Additional Activities Assessment
√𝑥−5 1 1. B
1. lim ( ) = 10 2. C
𝑥→25 𝑥−25
3. D
4. C
5. A
𝑥 3 +3𝑥2 +10𝑥+104 6. C
2. lim (√ ) =8 7. C
𝑥→4 𝑥 2 −12
8. B
9. D
10. A
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. C
15. B
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References
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.
Lim, Yvette F., Nocon, Rizaldi C., Nocon, Ederlina G., and Ruivivar, Leonar A. 2016.
Math for Engagement Learning Grade 11 Basic Calculus. Sibs Publishing
House, Inc.
Mercado, Jesus P., and Orines, Fernando B. 2016. Next Century Mathematics 11
Basic Calculus. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Region III,
Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)
Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
