OPOL COMMUNITY COLLEGE
BSIT Department Learning Activity Package
Subject Code: IT 313 No. of Hours: 5 hrs /week
Subject Title: Advanced Database System
LAP WEEK 1
The Database Environment and its Development Process
A. Topic Outline
TOPIC Objectives Activities
1. Definitions Review the meaning of Lab
2. Database Environment database Work/Presentation
3. Approaches to Understand data and
database design metadata
Understand File Processing
and its disadvantage
Understand the Database
Approach
Understand the different
approaches to database
design
B. Course Learning Outcome
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
CLO 1: Design a database application based on user requirements applying widely used modeling
notation and techniques.
CLO 2: Develop a simple database application and understand the background and knowledge of some
advanced topics in database that have become key techniques in modern database theory and
practices; typical topics include advanced SQL queries.
C. Topic Learning Outcome
No Topic Learning Learning Learning Activity Mapping of
Outcome Evidence Topic
Learning
Outcome to
CLO
TLO1 Create a simple Completed Lab Lecture/Lab CLO 2
data dictionary Activity activities /Quizzes
D. Learning Plan
1. Discussion Salient Concepts
Definitions
Database: organized collection of logically related data
Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events
o Structured: numbers, text, dates
o Unstructured: images, video, documents
Information: data processed to increase knowledge of the person using the data
Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user data
Data Versus Information
2
OPOL COMMUNITY COLLEGE
BSIT Department Learning Activity Package
The terms data and information are
closely related and in fact are often used interchangeably. However, it is useful to distinguish
between data and information. Information is defined as data that have been processed in such a
way that the knowledge of the person who uses the data is increased
File Processing
Prior to the advent of databases, data was stored in individual files, each being used by a
separate program. This was the traditional file processing approach to data storage. As business
applications became more complex, it became evident that traditional file processing systems had
a number of shortcomings and limitations. Database systems were developed to overcome these
shortcomings. However, there is still a lot of data that is stored in traditional file systems. Legacy
systems still abound with traditional files. Even Excel spreadsheets, which are relatively modern,
would be considered to fall within the same category as file systems. Many companies store their
important data in myriad spreadsheets, and as their businesses become more complex, they run
up against the limitations of these storage methods.
Disadvantages of File Processing
Program-Data Dependence
o All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Duplication of Data
o Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
Limited Data Sharing
o No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
o Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
o 80% of information systems budget
Problems with Data Dependency
Each application programmer must maintain his/her own data
Each application program needs to include code for the metadata of each file
Each application program must have its own processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating, and deleting data
Lack of coordination and central control
Non-standard file formats
Problems with Data Redundancy
Waste of space to have duplicate data
Causes more maintenance headaches
The biggest problem:
o Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies
o Compromises in data integrity
The Database Approach
Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient form
Elements of Database
1. Data Models
a. Entities
b. Relationships
3
OPOL COMMUNITY COLLEGE
BSIT Department Learning Activity Package
2. Relational Database
3. DMBS
A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that enables the
use of a database approach. The primary purpose of a DBMS is to provide a systematic
method of creating, updating, storing, and retrieving the data stored in a database.
Advantages of the Database Approach
Program-data independence
Planned data redundancy
Improved data consistency
Improved data sharing
Increased productivity of application development
Enforcement of standards
Improved data quality
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
Reduced program maintenance
Improved decision support
The Database Development Process Approaches
1. SDLC Approach
2. Prototyping Approach
2. Assessment
1. Contrast the following terms:
Data vs Information
Database vs DBMS
Database Approach VS File Processing approach
2.What is data redundancy?
3.A driver’s license bureau maintains a database of licensed drivers. State whether each of the
following items represents data or metadata. If it represents data, state whether it is structured or
unstructured data. If it represents metadata, state whether it is a fact describing a property of data
or a fact describing the context of data. The first one is done for you.
ITEM
a. Driver’s name, address, and birth date Metadata - structured
b. The fact that the driver’s name is a 30-
character field
c. A photo image of the driver
d. An image of the driver’s fingerprint
e. The make and serial number of the
scanning device that
was used to scan the fingerprint
f. The resolution (in megapixels) of the camera
that was
3. LAB ACTIVITY (Learning Outcome 1)
Direction: Read the problem and identify the data needed to be captured and stored in a database.
Create a meta -data for each of identified data.
Note: This Lab Activity shall be discussed as part of the topic during the lecture presentation, and
will serve as a general application to the topics covered in this LAP
Problem:
4
OPOL COMMUNITY COLLEGE
BSIT Department Learning Activity Package
Perfect Pizza wants to install a system to record
orders for pizza and chicken wings. When regular customers call Perfect Pizza on the phone, they
are asked their phone number. When the number is typed into a computer, the name, address,
and last order date is automatically brought up on the screen. Once the order is taken, the total,
including tax and delivery, is calculated. Then the order is given to the cook. A receipt is printed.
Occasionally, special offers (coupons)are printed so the
customer can get a discount. Drivers who make deliveries give customers a copy of the receipt
and a coupon (if any). Weekly totals are kept for comparison with last year’s performance
The first one is done for you
Data Identified Structured [y/n] Type Length Description
Phone number y numeric 10 Phone number
data
