BMIT3094 ADVANCED COMPUTER NETWORKS

Tutorial 2

1. With reference to Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2, all the routers had been configured with Open Shortest
Path First (OSPF) configurations and the routers have reached the convergence state.

Figure 2 -1: A network topology

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(i) Describes the precedence how the router derives router ID. (6 marks)
The OSPF router ID is used to uniquely identify the router in the OSPF routing
domain. The router ID was derived in one of three ways and with the following
precedence:
- IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command, if present
- Highest IP address of any of the router's loopback addresses, if present
- Highest active IP address on any of the router'l physical interfaces

(ii) Identify the router ID for R1, R2 and R3. Justify your answer.

R1: 192.168.13.1 (9 marks)

There are no manual configurations and loopback interface, so the highest IP address non-
loopback interface is selected.
R2: 60.60.60.1
There are no manual configurations for router ID so the next is looking into the highest IP
address on the loopback interface which is 60.60.60.1 in the scenario.
R3: 10.10.10.1
This router ID should be manually configured because it does not match any of the IP
addresses in the interfaces.

(iii) Refer to the network topology shown in Figure 2-1, will a Designated Router (DR) and a
Backup Designated Router (BDR) be elected? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
- No. (1 mark)
- This is point-to-point network. (1 mark)
- A Designated Router (DR) and a Backup Designated Router (BDR) will be elected on
multiaccess networks like Ethernet and Frame Relay. (2 marks)

2. Refer to the OSPF configuration shown in Figure 3-1 and the network topology shown in
Figure 3-2, answer the following questions:

Figure 3-2: A network topology

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a. Determine the router ID for R1 in Figure 3-1. Justify your answer.

Router ID for R1 is 10.1.2.1

Since there is no router ID configured using command, OSPF will use the IP address
configured for the loopback interface as Router ID.

b. Refer to both Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2, identify and rectify any OSPF configuration
error(s).

Error Correction
Network address and wildcards mask are Network 10.3.21.0 0.0.0.3
wrongly configured.

10.3.2.0 0.0.0,255

c. Refer to the network topology shown in Figure 4-1, provide TWO (2) reasons why it is
recommended to set interface G0/0 on R1 to passive interface.
To stop unnecessary traffic from being sent out an interface where there are no other
OSPF routers.

To provide security to the OSPF routing process by preventing a rouge device from
injecting false or less than optimal routing information.

3. Multiaccess networks can create two challenges for OSPF regarding the flooding of LSAs.
What are these challenges?

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The two challenges for OSPF regarding the flooding of LSAs:

- Creation of multiple adjacencies - Ethernet networks could potentially interconnect many
OSPF routers over a common link. Creating adjacencies with every router would lead to an
excessive number of LSAs exchanged between routers on the same network.

- Extensive flooding of LSAs - Link-state routers flood their LSAs any time OSPF is
initialized, or when there is a change in the topology. This flooding can become excessive.

4. In a multiarea environment, it is normal that the link-state update overhead is high and the SPF
calculation run frequently across all the routers running Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).
Justify your answer. (6 marks)
- Disagree with this statement. In a multiarea environment, it is abnormal that the link-state
update overhead is high and the SPF calculation run frequently.
- When a large OSPF area is divided into smaller areas or multiarea, the link-state update
overhead and the SPF calculation should be low. Less routers
- Multiarea OSPF is useful in larger network deployments to reduce processing and memory
overhead, because there are fewer routers exchanging LSAs.
- Localizes impact of a topology change within an area. For instance, it minimizes routing
update impact, because LSA flooding stops at the area boundary.

5. A network associate is troubleshooting the OSPF configuration in two routers named FASC and
FEBE. The routers are unable to establish an adjacency between them. Figure 4-1 shows the
output of the show ip ospf interface s0/0/0 command for routers FASC and FEBE. Analyse the
output shown in Figure 4-1, identify the error(s) and proposed the solutions. (6 marks)

Problem: Hello interval and Dead interval are not matched between FASC and FEBE routers.
Solution1: Change Hello interval to 5 and change Dead interval to 20 on FEBE router Or
Solution2: Change Hello interval to 10 and change Dead interval to 40 on FAS

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6. With reference to the Figure 5-1, answer the following questions.

Figure 5-1: An OSPF network

(i) What is the default interface priority for R1, R2 and R3?
The default priority of multiaccess broadcast interfaces is 1 for R1, R2, and R3.

(ii) What is the router ID for R1, R2 and R3?

- R1 router ID is 10.1.1.1
- R2 router ID is 10.1.2.1
- R3 router ID is 10.1.3.1

(iii) Which router are DR, BDR and DRothers?

- R3 will play the role of DR(Designated Router)
- R2 will play the role of BDR(Backup Designated Router)
- R1 is DRouters

(iv) Modify the interface priorities to make R1 a DR and R3 a BDR.

- If the interface priorities are equal on all routers, the router with the highest router ID is
elected the DR.
- Instead of relying on the router ID, it is better to control the election by setting interface
priorities. This also allows a router to be the DR in one network and a DROTHER in
another.

7. A network associate is troubleshooting the OSPF configurations of router R1. As shown in

Figure 6-1, the router R1 could not have the OSPF enabled. With the assumption that the
configurations in R2 are correct and there is no hardware problem, evaluate the possible cause
of this problem.

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Figure 6-1 An OSPF n etwork

(8 marks)
To set the priority of an interface, use the command ip ospf priority value, where value is 0 to 255.
- A value of I does not become a DR or a BDR.
- A value of 1 to 255 on the interface makes it more likely that the router becomes the DR or
the BDR.

The commands being used to change the R1 F0/0 interface priority to highest - 255 and make R1 a DR
and then reset the OSPF process.

(2 marks each; Total 8 marks)

- OSPFv3 requires a 32-bit router ID to be assigned before OSPFv3 can be enabled on any
interface.
In this scenario, the router R1 has yet to be assigned router ID. This is because:
- An explicitly router ID is not configured on R1 nor
- There is any loopback interface with IPv4 address nor
- There are IPv4 addresses configured for the interfaces

8. Based on Figure 1-1, determine the OSPF using network command configurations in EDGE
and FOCS routers to allow PC1, PC2, PC3 and any PCs on the Internet to communicate with
each other. Use OSPF process-id 54 and area-id 0. Configuration of default static routes
completed in the respective router. Use Table 1-2 to document your answer.

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Figure 1-1: A network topology

Table 1-2: Documentation Table

Router name OSPF configurations

EDGE Router ospf 54
Network 172.168.12.0. 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
default-information originate
FOCS Router ospf 54
network 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
network 192.168.44.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
network 192.168.55.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

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