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Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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1-1 Plain and Reinforced Concrete

Concrete is either Plain or Reinforced. By definition, Plain Concrete is an artificial stone as a result
of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. The conglomeration of these materials
producing a solid mass is called plain concrete.

Reinforced Concrete on the other hand, is a concrete with reinforced embedded in such a manner that
the two materials act together in resisting forces.

The different types of cement used in construction are:

1. The ordinary portland cement

2. The rapid hardening portland cement which is preferred when high early strength is desired.

3. The blast furnace or sulphate cement which is used on structures designed to resist chemical attack.

4. The low heat portland cement used for massive section designed to reduce the heat of hydration.

5. The portland pozzolan cement with a low hardening characteristic concrete.

6. The high alumina cement.

The high alumina cement is sometimes called Aluminous Cement Fundu. Its chemical composition is
different from that portland cement having predominant alumina oxide contents of at least 32% by weight.
The alumina lime ratio is within the limit of 0.85% to 1.3%.

This type of cement has a very high rate of strength development as compared with the ordinary
portland cement. Aside from its rapid hardening properties , it can resist chemical attack by sulphate and
weak acids including sea water. It can also withstand prolonged exposure to high temperature of more
than 1,000° C. Alumina cement however, is not advisable for mixing with any other types of cement.

The main composition of cement are:

1.60 to 65% Lime

18 -25% Silica

3 - 8% Alumina
3 - 5% Iron Oxide

2 - 5% Magnesia

1 - 5% Sulfur Trioxide

AGGREGATES

Aggregates that are used for concrete work are classified into two categories:

1. Coarse Aggregates such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles retained
on a 5mm sieve.

2. Fine Aggregates such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand with particles
passing on a 5mm sieve.

Size of aggregates. For coarse aggregate (gravel), the maximum nominal size are usually 40mm,
20mm, 14mm, 10mm diameter. The choice from the above sizes depends upon the dimensions of the
concrete member particularly the spacing of steel bars reinforcement. Good practice however, demands
that the maximum size of the coarse aggregate (gravel) should not exceed 25% of the minimum thickness
of the member nor exceed the clear distance between the reinforcing bars and the form.

The aggregates should be small enough for the concrete mixture to flow around the reinforcement. This
is referred to as workability which is ready for compacting.

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1-2 THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING

T
he purpose in concrete mixing is to select an optimum proportion of cement, water and aggregates to
produce a concrete that will meet the following specification requirements:

1. Workability of concrete

2. Strength

3. Durability

4. Economy

The proportion that will be finally adopted in concrete mixing has to be established by actual trial and
adjustments process in order to attain the desired strength of concrete required. The process would be as
follows:

1. The water cement ratio is first determined at the first hour of mixing to meet the requirements of
strength and durability.

2. The aggregate cement ratio is then chosen and established to satisfy the workability requirements.

Laboratory test results showed that the water-cement content ratio is the most important consideration
in mixing because it influences not only the strength and durability of the concrete but also the workability
of fresh concrete being poured inside th forms. Concrete mixture which are in paste form is preferred than
those that are flowing with water.

The ACI requirements for concrete are enumerated as follows:

1. Fresh concrete shall be workable. Meaning - that fresh concrete could flow freely around the
reinforcements and fill all the voids inside the form.

2. That, the hardened concrete shall be strong enough to carry the design load.

3. That, hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to which it is expected to perform.

4. The concrete should be economically produced.

Concrete Mixture may be Classified as either:

 a. Designed Mixture

b. Prescribed Mixture

Designed Mixture. Where the contractor is responsible in selecting the mixture proportion to achieve the
required strength and workability.

Prescribed Mixture. Where the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion. The contractor's
responsibility is only to provide a properly mixed concrete containing the right proportions as prescribed.

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1-3 THE UNIT OF MEASURE

Prior to the adoption of the Metrication otherwise known as System International (SI), solid concrete
structure is estimated in terms of cubic meter although the components thereof such as cement, aggregates
and water measured in pounds, cubic foot and gallons per bag respectively.

TABLE 1-1 CONVERSION FROM INCHES TO METER

Approximate Approximate
Number Accurate Value Number Accurate Value
Value Value
1 .0254 .025 21 .5334 .525
2 .0508 .050 22 .5588 .550
3 .0762 .075 23 .5842 .575
4 .1016 .100 24 .6096 .600
5 .1270 .125 25 .6350 .625
6 .1524 .150 26 .6604 .650
7 .1778 .175 27 .6858 .675
8 .2032 .200 28 .7112 .700
9 .2286 .225 29 .7366 .725
10 .2540 .250 30 .7620 .750
11 .2794 .275 31 .7874 .775
12 .3048 .300 32 .8128 .800
13 .3302 .325 33 .8382 .825
14 .3556 .350 34 .8636 .850
15 .3810 .375 35 .8890 .875
16 .4064 .400 36 .9144 .900
17 .4318 .425 37 .9398 .925
18 .4572 .450 38 .9652 .950
19 .4826 .475 39 .9906 .975
20 .5080 .500 40 1.0160 1.000

Lately however, after the adoption of the SI unit of measures, the 94 pounds per bag cement which is
equivalent to 42.72 kilograms was changed and fixed at 40 kilogram per bag. Such changes therefore,
requires adjustment of all measurements relative to the proportion of concrete.

The traditional wooden box used to measure the sand and gravel is 12 inches wide by 12 inches long
and 12 inches high having a net volume of one cubic foot. very recently, a 50 kilograms cement was
released in the market for commercial purposes. This new development was already incorporated in our
tables and illustrations which would be noticed in the variation of values presented in Table 1-2. The
values presented in Table 1-1 could be useful in two ways:
 1. One for the accurate conversion of length from English to Metric

2. The approximate value which will be generally used in our simplified methods of estimating.

For Instance:

A.) In solving problems, the probability of committing error is high if more number is being used.

Example:

It is easier to use .10 meter (the approximate equivalent of 4 inches) than .1016 the exact equivalent of
4" be it by multiplication or by division processes.

8 = 80 by inspection and analysis

.10

8 = 78.7 by long process of division
.1016

B.) To memorize the values given on Table 1-1 is a waste of time and not a practical approach. A
simple guide will be adopted so that one could easily determine the equivalent values from English to
Metric or vice versa.

Example:

1. To convert Meter to Feet.... Divide the length by .30

Say 6.0 m. = 20 ft. >>>HELP
.30

2. To convert Feet to Meter.... Multiply by .30

Say, 30 feet x .30 = 9.0 meters >>>HELP

3. To convert Inches to Meter:...Just remember the following values of equivalent:

Take note that all length in inches are divisible by one of these four numbers and could be easily
converted to meters by assuming up their quotient equivalent.

Example:

a.) What is the meter length equivalent of 7 inches?
By simple analysis, 7 inches could be the sum of four and 3
Therefore:

4 inches = .10 m.
3 inches = .75 m.
Answer .175 meter

>>>HELP


b.) how about 21 inches?

5 x 4" = 20"
5 x .10 = .50 m.
plus 1" = .025 m.
Answer = .525 m.

>>>HELP

PROBLEM EXERCISE


Using the above simple guide, convert the following numbers to meter or vice versa.>>>

Inches to Meter Meter to Feet and Inches
47" 2.75

66 3.35

128 5.98

349 8.77

587 12.49

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1-4 CONCRETE PROPORTION

T
he most common and easy way of proportioning concrete is by the volume method using a measuring
box for sand and gravel as explained in Section 1-3. The reasons behind its traditional acceptance and use
is the convenience in measuring and and fast handling of the aggregates from the stock pile to the mixer.

The volume method of concrete proportioning had long been practiced in most all types of concrete
construction and time have proven it to be effective and successful. However, in construction where space
for materials stock piling and mixing does not permit, ready-mixed concrete is the most practical solution.

FIGURE 1-1


TABLE 1-2 CONCRETE PROPORTION

Class Mixture Cement Sand Gravel
40 kg./ Bag 48 kg./ Bag Cu. M. Cu. M.
AA 1 : 1 1/2 : 3 12.0 9.5 .50 1.0
A 1 : 2 : 4 9.0 7.0 .50 1.0
B 1 : 2 1/2 : 5 7.5 6.0 .50 1.0
C 1 : 3 : 6 6.0 5.0 .50 1.0


It is interesting to note that the volume of sand and gravel for all classes of mixture is constant at .50
cu. m. and 1.0 cu. m. respectively. This is true on the assumption that the cement paste enters the void of
the sand and at the same instance the combination of these two materials fills the void of the gravel and
thereafter, forming a solid mass called concrete equivalent to one cubic meter.

Base from actual concreting work, one cubic meter of gravel plus one half cubic meter sand mixed with
cement and water will obtain a little bit more than one cubic meter solid concrete. The small excess over
one cubic meter will be considered as contingency.

Comments

In actual concreting and masonry work, there are several factors that might affect the accuracy of
the estimate. Some of which are enumerated as follows:

1. Inaccurate volume of delivered aggregates which is very common. Delivery truck measurements
must be checked to assure that the volume of aggregates delivered is exactly as ordered.

2. Dumping of aggregates on uneven ground surface and grass areas reduces the net volume of the
aggregates.

3. Improper measuring of the aggregates during the mixing operation. this is common practice when
the work is on its momentum where laborers fails to observe the right measuring of aggregates being
delivered to the mixer.

4. The cement and fine aggregate for grouting concrete joints is often overlooked in the estimating
process.

5. Cement waste due to bag breakage is usually caused by reckless hauling and handling.

6. Pilferages of materials, although this could be avoided through an effective construction
management.

Ordering of coarse aggregate must be specific as to:

a.) Kind of gravel, either crushed stone or natural gravel from the creek.
b.) The minimum and maximum size of the stone must be specified. It should be free from mixed sand
because sand is cheaper than gravel. Natural gravel from the creek requires screening to obtain a well
graded coarse aggregate. remember that screening involves additional cost of labor and reduction in the
net usable volume of gravel.

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1-5 CONCRETE SLAB

T
he discussions from cement to concrete proportions plus the Tables presented could be more
meaningful and appreciated if accompanied by illustrations or examples of actual applications.

ILLUSTRATION 1-1

A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimensions of 4 inches thick, 3.00 meters wide and 5.00
meters long. Determine the number of cement in bags, sand and gravel in cubic meters required using
class C mixture.

FIGURE 1-2 CONCRETE SLAB



SOLUTION:

1. Determine the volume of the proposed concrete pavement. Convert 4 inches to meter = .10 m. (see
Table 1-1)

V = .10 x 3.00 x 5.00
V = 1.5 cubic meter

2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "C" mixture;
Multiply:

Cement : 1.5 x 6.0 = 9.0 bags
Sand : 1.5 x .50 = 0.75 cu. m.
 Gravel : 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.50 cu. m.

Take note that the computation is for 40 kg cement. Suppose that there is no available 40 kg. cement and
what is available is 50 kg. per bag. How many bags will be ordered using the later?

SOLUTION:

1. Knowing the volume to be 1.5 cu. m.

2. Refer again to Table 1-2. Under 50 kg cement class "C" mixture;
Multiply:
Cement : 1.5 x 5.0 = 7.5 bags
Sand : 1.5 x .50 = .75 cu. m.
Gravel : 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.5 cu. m.

3. Since we cannot buy 7.5 bags cement , order 8 bags at 50 kg per bag.



ILLUSTRATION 1-2

A barangay road 6.00 meters wide and one kilometer long after base preparation requires concreting .
Find the number of bags cement, sand and gravel in cubic meters required using class "A" concrete if the
slab is designed at 6 inches thick.

FIGURE 1-3

SOLUTION:

1. Determine the volume of the concrete pavement.
Convert 6" to meter = .15 m.; 1 - kilometers is 1,000 m.

V = thickness x width x length
V = .15 x 6.00 x 1,000 m.
V = 900 cu m.

2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement;

Cement : 900 x 9.0 = 8,100 bags
Sand : 900 x .50 = 450 cu. m.
Gravel : 900 x 1.00 = 900 cu. m.

3. If there is no available 40 kg. cement, a 50 kg. cement requires :

Cement : 900 x 7.0 = 6,300 bags
Sand and Gravel = The same as computed above.


PROBLEM EXERCISE


A concrete road 15 meters wide 5 kilometers long is designed with a thickness as shown in the
following cross section. Specifying class "A" concrete, determine the quantity of 40 kg. cement, sand and
gravel required. If there is no available 40 kg cement, how many bags at 50 kg. per bag would be needed
instead?

FIGURE 1-4

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1-6 ESTIMATING CONCRETE SLAB BY THE AREA METHOD

Estimating concrete slab by the area method is much easier than the Volume Method explained in Sec.
1-5. However, this could be done easily with the aid of Table 1-3 which really offer the quantity of
cement, sand and gravel per square meter depending upon the required thickness of the slab.

TABLE 1-3 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL FOR SLAB AND WALLS PER
SQUARE METER
M i x t u r e C l a s s Sand Gravel
Thick cm. 40 kg Cement 50 kg Cement
cu. m. cu. m.
A B C A B C
5.0 .450 .375 .300 .350 .300 .250 .0250 .050
7.5 .675 .563 .450 .525 .450 .375 .0375 .075
10.0 .900 .750 .600 .700 .600 .500 .0500 .100
12.5 1.125 .938 .750 .875 .750 .625 .0630 .125
15.0 1.350 1.125 .900 1.050 .900 .750 .0750 .150
17.5 1.575 1.313 1.050 1.225 1.050 .875 .0880 .175
20.0 1.800 1.500 1.200 1.400 1.200 1.00 .1000 .200
22.5 2.030 1.688 1.350 1.575 1.350 1.125 .1125 .225
25.0 2.250 1.875 1.500 1.750 1.500 1.250 .1250 .250
27.5 2.475 2.063 1.650 1.925 1.650 1.375 .1380 .275
30.0 2.700 2.250 1.800 2.100 1.800 1.500 .1500 .300



ILLUSTRATION 1-3

Adopting the problem of Illustration 1-1 and 1-2 using the Area Method with the aid of Table 1-3 the
solution will be :

Solution for Illustration 1-1

1. Solve for the pavement area.

Area = width x length
A = 3.00 x 5.00 m.
A = 15 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 1-3. For a 10 cm. (4") slab using class "C" Mixture using 40 kg. cement;
Multiply :

 Cement : 15 x .60 = 9.0 bags
Sand : 15 x .05 = .75 cu. m.
Gravel : 15 x .10 = 1.5 cu. m.


3. Compare this quantity to that of Illustration 1-1, the results are the same.


Solution for Illustration 1-2

1. Find the area of the barangay concrete road.

A = width x length
A = 6.00 x 1,000 m.
A = 6,000 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 1-3. Using class "A" concrete for a 15 cm. thick concrete slab ;
Multiply :

Cement : 6,000 x 1.350 = 8,100 bags
Sand : 6,000 x .075 = 450 cu. m.
Gravel : 6,000 x .150 = 900 cu . m.

3. Compare this result with that of Illustration 1-2. The answers are the same. Thus, solving for the
quantity of cement, sand and gravel for pavement and walls can be done in two different ways. By the
Volume Method and the Area Method.



PROBLEM EXERCISE


1. By the area method, determine the quantity of cement, sand and gravel of the proposed concrete
parking area 5 inches thick with a general dimensions of 50 meters by 120 meters using class A mixture.

 FIGURE 1-5


2. By the Volume and Area method, determine the quantity of cement, sand and gravel of the concrete
pavement 4 inches thick using class B concrete.

FIGURE 1-6

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1-7 CONCRETE COLUMN


E
stimating the quantity of materials for concrete post, column and the like structures is done in two
different ways :

1. By the Volume Method
2. By the Linear Meter Method

ILLUSTRATION 1-4

A reinforced concrete square column is 12 meters long with a cross sectional dimensions of 16 by 16
inches. Determine the cement, sand and gravel content of the column if it is poured with class "A"
concrete.


SOLUTION :

A. By the Volume Method
1. Convert first all measurements form inches to meter, then find the volume of the column. Refer to
Table 1-1.

16 inches = .40 meters

2. Solve for the cross sectional area of the column

Area = .40 x .40
A = .16 sq. m.

3. Determine the volume of the column :

Volume = Area x Height
V = .16 x 12 meters
V = 1.92 cubic meters

4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using a 40 kg. cement class "A" concrete
Multiply :

Cement : 1.92 x 9.0 = 17.28 say 18 bags
Sand : 1.92 x .50 = 0.96 say 1.0 cu. m.
Gravel : 1.92 x 1.0 = 1.92 say 2.0 cu. m.


5. Order: 18 bags cement at 40 kg. per bag
1.0 cu. m. sand
2.0 cu. m. gravel


ILLUSTRATION 1-5

A concrete column is 7 meters high with a cross sectional dimensions of 20 x 24 inches. Determine the
quantity of cement, sand and gravel content of the column if there are 8 columns in the row using class "A"
concrete.

FIGURE 1-7


SOLUTION

1. Find the volume of one column. convert first all dimensions from inches to meters. (Refer to Table
1-1 use approximate value)

20 inches = .50 m.
24 inches = .60 m.

2. Solve for the cross sectional area of the column.

Area = .50 x .60 = .30 sq. m.

3. Find the volume of the 8 columns.

Volume = .30 x 7.00 ht. x 8 columns
V = 16.8 cu m.

 4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "A" mixture
Multiply :
Cement : 16.8 x 9.0 = 151.2 say 152 bags
Sand : 16.8 x .50 = 8.4 cu. m.
Gravel: 16.8 x 1.0 = 16.8 cu. m.

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1-8 ESTIMATING CONCRETE COLUMN BY THE LINEAR METER METHOD

A
nother way of estimating the quantity of materials for concrete column is by the Linear Meter
Method. Under this method, the length of the column is first determined, then with the aid of Table 1-4, the
quantity required is found by multiplying the length by the corresponding value of cement, sand and
gravel.

ILLUSTRATION 1-6

Adopting the problem of Illustration 1-5 where there are 8 columns at 7 meters high each, we have:

SOLUTION :

1. Find the total length of the 8 columns:

8 pcs. x 7.00 m. = 56 meters

2. Refer to Table 1-4. Along 50 x 60 cm. column, using 40 kg cement class "A" concrete :
Multiply :

Cement : 56 x 2.700 = 151.2 say 152 bags
Sand : 56 x .150 = 8.4 cu. m.
Gravel : 56 x .300 = 16.8 cu. m.

3. Comparing this result to that of Illustration 1-5, the answers are the same.


PROBLEM EXERCISE


1. From the following figure and data, solve for the quantity of cement sand and gravel by the volume
method and by the linear meter method using class "A" concrete


FIGURE 1-8



TABLE 1-4 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL FOR POST,
BEAM AND GIRDER PER METER LENGTH

M i x t u r e C l a s s Sand
Size Gravel
40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement
cu.
cm. cu. m.
A B A B m.

15 x 15 .203 .169 .158 .135 .011 .023

15 x 20 .270 .225 .210 .180 .015 .030
15 x 25 .338 .281 .263 .225 .019 .038
15 x 30 .405 .338 .315 .270 .023 .045
15 x 35 .473 .394 .369 .315 .026 .053
15 x 40 .540 .450 .420 .360 .030 .060

20 x 20 .360 .300 .280 .240 .020 .040
20 x 25 .450 .375 .350 .300 .025 .050
20 x 30 .540 .450 .420 .360 .030 .060
20 x 35 .630 .525 .490 .420 .035 .070
20 x 40 .720 .600 .560 .480 .040 .080

25 x 25 .563 .469 .438 .375 .031 .063
25 x 30 .675 .563 .525 .450 .038 .075
25 x 35 .788 .656 .613 .525 .044 .088
25 x 40 .900 .750 .700 .600 .050 .100
25 x 45 1.013 .844 .788 .675 .056 .113
25 x 50 1.125 .938 .875 .750 .063 .125

30 x 30 .810 .675 .630 .540 .045 .090
30 x 35 .945 .788 .735 .630 .053 .105
30 x 40 1.080 .900 .840 .720 .060 .120
30 x 45 1.215 1.013 .945 .810 .068 .135
30 x 50 1.350 1.125 1.050 .900 .075 .150

35 x 35 1.103 .919 .858 .735 .061 .123
35 x 40 1.260 1.050 .980 .840 .070 .140
35 x 45 1.418 1.181 1.103 .945 .079 .158
35 x 50 1.575 1.313 1.225 1.050 .088 .175
35 x 55 1.890 1.575 1.470 1.260 .105 .210

40 x 40 1.440 1.200 1.120 .960 .080 .160
40 x 45 1.620 1.350 1.260 1.080 .090 .180
40 x 50 1.800 1.500 1.400 1.200 .100 .200
40 x 55 1.980 1.650 1.540 1.320 .110 .220
40 x 60 2.160 1.800 1.680 1.440 .120 .240

45 x 45 1.823 1.519 1.418 1.215 .101 .203
45 x 50 2.025 1.688 1.575 1.350 .113 .225
45 x 55 2.228 1.856 1.733 1.485 .124 .248
45 x 60 2.430 2.025 1.890 1.620 .135 .270

50 x 50 2.250 1.875 1.750 1.500 .125 .250
50 x 55 2.475 2.063 1.925 1.650 .138 .275
50 x 60 2.700 2.250 2.100 1.800 .150 .300

55 x 60 2.970 2.475 2.310 1.980 .165 .330
55 x 70 3.465 2.888 2.695 2.310 .193 .385
55 x 80 3.960 3.300 3.080 2.640 .220 .440
55 x 90 4.455 3.713 3.465 2.970 .248 .495
55 x 100 4.950 4.125 3.850 3.300 .275 .550

60 x 60 3.240 2.700 2.520 2.160 .180 .360
60 x 70 3.780 3.150 2.940 2.520 .210 .420
60 x 80 4.320 3.600 3.360 2.880 .240 .480
60 x 90 4.860 4.050 3.780 3.240 .270 .540
60 x 100 5.400 4.500 4.200 3.600 .300 .600

65 x 60 3.510 2.925 2.730 2.340 .195 .390
65 x 70 4.095 3.413 3.185 2.730 .228 .455
65 x 80 4.680 3.900 3.640 3.120 .260 .520
65 x 90 5.265 4.388 4.095 3.510 .293 .585
 65 x 100 5.850 4.875 4.550 3.900 .325 .650

70 x 70 4.410 3.675 3.430 2.940 .245 .490
70 x 80 5.040 4.200 3.920 3.360 .280 .560
70 x 90 5.670 4.725 4.410 3.780 .315 .630
70 x 100 6.300 5.250 4.900 4.200 .350 .700

75 x 70 4.725 3.938 3.675 3.150 .263 .525
75 x 80 5.400 4.500 4.200 3.600 .300 .720
75 x 90 6.075 5.063 4.725 4.050 .338 .675
75 x 100 6.750 5.625 5.250 4.500 .375 .750

80 x 80 5.760 4.800 4.480 3.840 .320 .640
80 x 90 6.480 5.400 5.040 4.320 .360 .720
80 x 100 7.650 6.375 5.950 5.100 .525 .850

85 x 80 6.120 5.100 4.760 4.080 .340 .680
85 x 90 6.885 5.738 5.355 4.590 .385 .765
85 x 100 7.650 6.375 5.950 5.100 .425 .850

90 x 90 7.290 6.075 5.670 4.860 .405 .810
90 x 100 8.100 6.750 6.300 5.400 .450 .900

95 x 90 7.695 6.413 5.985 5.130 .428 .855
95 x 100 8.550 7.125 6.650 5.700 .475 .950
100 x 100 9.000 7.500 7.000 6.000 .500 1.000

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1-10 RECTANGULAR COLUMN

T
he procedure of estimating rectangular column is practically the same as that of the square column. It
could either be by the volume method or the linear meter methods. The choice depends upon the
convenience of the estimator.

ILLUSTRATION 1-9

A series of eight rectangular concrete column with a typical cross sectional dimensions of 40 x 60
centimeters is supporting a beam. The columns has a clear height of 5.00 meters from the floor line of the
beam. Using class "A" concrete mixture, determine the quantity of cement, sand and gravel required.

FIGURE 1-12

SOLUTION ( By the Linear Meter Method )


1. Determine the total length of the eight columns.

8.00 x 5.00 m. ht. = 40 meters

2. Refer to Table 1-4. Along the 40 x 60 column size using 40 kg. cement class "A" concrete mixture;
Multiply:

Cement : 40 x 2.160 = 86.4 say 87 bags
Sand : 40 x .120 = 4.8 say 5 cu. m.
Gravel : 40 x .240 = 9.6 say 10 cu. m.
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1-12 CIRCULAR COLUMN

E
stimating the quantity of materials for circular column is typically the same as that of the volume
method for the square and rectangular column using Table 1-2. However, Table 1-5 was also prepared for
the circular column problem to avail of the Linear Meter Method of estimating.


TABLE 1-5 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL PER METER LENGTH OF
CIRCULAR COLUMN

Size M i x t u r e C l a s s Sand Gravel
40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement
cm cu. m. cu. m.
A B A B
25 .422 .368 .344 .295 .025 .059
30 .636 .530 .495 .424 .035 .071
35 .866 .722 .673 .577 .048 .096
40 1.131 .942 .880 .754 .063 .126
45 1.431 1.193 1.113 .954 .080 .159
50 1.767 1.473 1.374 1.178 .098 .196

55 2.138 1.782 1.663 1.425 .119 .238

60 2.545 2.121 1.979 1.696 .141 .282

65 2.986 2.488 2.323 1.991 .166 .332
70 3.464 2.866 2.694 2.309 .192 .385
75 3.976 3.313 3.093 2.651 .221 .442
80 4.524 3.770 3.519 3.016 .251 .503
85 5.107 4.256 3.972 3.405 .284 .567
90 5.726 4.771 4.453 3.817 .318 .636
100 7.069 5.890 5.498 4.712 .393 .785

FIGURE 1-14

ILLUSTRATION 1-11

A circular concrete column has a diameter of 60 cm. and 6.00 meters high. Find the quantity of cement,
sand and gravel required if there are five columns of the same size in a row.


SOLUTION - 1 ( By the Volume Method )

1. Solve for the cross sectional area of the circular column.

A = пr² A = 0.7854 x D² ( Formula )
A = 0.7854 x .60²
A = .283 sq. m.

2. Find the volume of the 5 columns.

V = 5 pcs. x .283 x 6m. ht.
V = 8.49 cu. m.

3. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "A" mixture;
Multiply :

Cement : 8.49 x 9.0 =76.4 say 77 bags
Sand : 8.49 x .50 = 4.25 say 5 cu. m.
Gravel : 8.49 x 1.0 = 8.49 say 9 cu. m.

SOLUTION - 2 ( By the Linear Meter Method )

1. Determine the total length of the 5 circular column

L = Number of column x Height
L = 5 pcs. x 6.00 m.
L = 30 meters

2. Refer to Table 1-5. Along 60 cm. column diameter under 40 kg cement, using class "A" mixture ;
Multiply :

Cement : 30 x 2.545 = 76.3 say 77 bags
Sand : 30 x .141 = 4.2 say 5 cu. m.
Gravel : 30 x .282 = 8.4 say 9 cu. m.



PROBLEM EXERCISE


1. A building has 12 octagonal column and 18 hexagonal column 9.00 meters high with a cross sectional
dimensions as shown in the following figure. Using class "A" concrete, determine the quantity of cement,
sand and gravel required.

FIGURE 1-15

2. From the following figure, determine the quantity of cement sand and gravel using class "A" concrete.
(use the volume method)

FIGURE 1-16

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1-13 CONCRETE PIPES

E
stimating the quantity of materials for concrete pipe is done through the following processes.

1. Find the net volume of the concrete. That is, by subtracting the volume occupied by the hole from
the gross volume of the pipe.

2. Knowing the net volume, refer to Table 1-2 to get the quantity of cement, sand and gravel or;

3. Use Table 1-6.

FIGURE 1-17


ILLUSTRATION 1-12

A road construction requires 12 pieces of 90 cm. diameter concrete pipes for drainage purposes.
Determine the quantity of cement, sand and gravel necessary for the manufacture of said pipes using class
"A" concrete. (excluding reinforcement which will be discussed later in Chapter - 3)

FIGURE 1-18

SOLUTION - 1 (By the volume Method)

1. Solve for the gross volume of the concrete pipe.

Volume = 0.7854 D²h
V = 0.7854 x 1.102 x 1.00 m.
V = 0.95 cu.m.

2. Solve for the volume of the hole.

V = 0.7854 x d²h
V = 0.7854 x.90² x 1.00 m.
V = .636 cu. m.

3. Subtract the result of step 2 from step 1 to get the net volume of the concrete pipe.

Vn = .95 - .636 = .314 cu. m.

4. Total volume of the 12 pipes

Vt = 12 x .314 = 3.77 cu m.

5. Refer this volume to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "A" mixture ;
Multiply :
Cement : 3.77 x 9.0 = 33.93 say 34 bags.
Sand : 3.77 x .50 = 1.88 say 2 cu. m.
Gravel : 3.77 x 7.0 = 3.77 say 4 cu. m.

TABLE 1-6 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL PER PIPE IN BAGS AND CUBIC
METER RESPECTIVELY

Diameter Cement in Bags
Sand Gravel
cm. Class of Mixture
cu. m. cu. m.
D d A B
25 15 .283 .236 .016 .032
30 20 .354 .295 .020 .040
40 25 .689 .575 .038 .077
45 30 .796 .663 .044 .088
55 40 1.000 .840 .056 .112
60 45 1.114 .928 .062 .124
65 50 1.220 1.016 .068 .136
80 60 1.980 1.650 .110 .220
 85 65 2.121 1.768 .118 .236
90 70 2.262 1.885 .126 .251
100 80 2.545 2.121 .141 .283
110 90 2.828 2.357 .157 .314
120 100 3.111 2.592 .173 .346
145 120 4.683 3.903 .260 .520
175 150 5.743 4.786 .319 .638


SOLUTION - 2 (By Linear Meter Method or Per Pipe)

1. Take note that a 90 cm. pipe refers to the hole diameter. For the purpose of estimating the volume of
concrete, we consider the outside diameter of the pipe which is 110 centimeters. Thus

2. Refer to Table 1-6. Along the 110 cm. diameter pipe, under 40 kg. cement class "A" mixture ;
Multiply :
Cement : 12 pipes x 2.828 = 33.93 say 34 bags
Sand : 12 pipes x .157 = 1.88 cu. m.
Gravel : 12 pipes x .314 = 3.77 cu. m.


PROBLEM EXERCISE



1. A building design has a spiral reinforced concrete column 5.00 meters high with a general cross
sectional diameter of 24 inches. Determine the required materials by the volume method using class "A"
concrete.
a.) The number of cement at 40 kg. per bag
b.) The number of cement at 50 kg. per bag
c.) The quantity of sand and gravel in cubic meter.

2. A road drainage system requires 80 pieces of 24 inches and 50 pieces of 36 inches concrete pipes.
As a contractor, how many bags of 40 kg. cement, sand and gravel you need to manufacture the above
pipes? Should there be no available 40 kg. cement, how many bags at 50 kg will you order instead ?

3. A commercial building has 36 pieces heptagonal and 12 pieces octagonal columns with a diameter of
36 inches and 48 inches respectively. If the columns are 14 meters high, solve for the required cement,
sand and gravel using class "A" concrete.

4. A concrete road 7.20 meters wide 8 inches thick one 10 kilometers long specify class "A" concrete.
List down the cement, sand and gravel required.

5. From the following figure, list down the concrete materials required for :
a.) Floor slab b.) Concrete beam c.) Girder


FIGURE 1-19

6. Using class "A" mixture, list down the concrete materials for the following:

FIGURE 1-20

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2-6 ADOBE STONE

A
dobe stone is commonly used for fencing materials as substitute to concrete hollow blocks for
economic reasons. Lately however, the used of the adobe stone was no longer limited to the ordinary
zocalo and fencing work but also extensively used as finishing and decorative materials for exterior and
interior of buildings.

Space for FIGURE 2-13

The use of adobe stone for buttresses, cross footings, fences and stairs minimizes
the use of mortar filler. Plastering is sometimes disregarded specially when the design calls for exposure
of the natural texture of the stones.

TABLE 2-9 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR ADOBE MORTAR PER SQUARE
METER*

No. 40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement
Class of Mixture Class of Mixture Sand
Com. Size per
cu. m.
sq. m. B C D B C D
15 x 15 x
12 .281 .211 .176 .222 .164 .141 .024
45
15 x 20 x
10 .252 .189 .158 .200 .147 .126 .021
45
15 x 30 x
11 .228 .171 .143 .180 .133 .114 .019
30
15 x 30 x
8 .208 .156 .130 .165 .122 .104 .017
40
15 x 30 x
6.5 .190 .143 .119 .151 .111 .095 .016
45

Average thickness = 20 mm


TABLE 2-10 QUANTITY OF ADOBE STONE, CEMENT AND SAND FOR BUTTRESSES AND
FOOTINGS

BUTTRESS and FOOTING Cement Mortar per Stone
Buttress No. Number 40 kg. Cement Sand
cross of of stone Class of Mixture cu. m.
section course per m. ht. B C D
30 x 45 2 12 .027 .021 .017 .0023
 45 x 45 3 18 .029 .022 .018 .0025
45 x 60 4 24 .027 .021 .017 .0023
45 x 75 5 30 .032 .024 .020 .0026
45 x 95 6 36 .034 .025 .021 .0028


ILLUSTRATION 2-7

From Figure 2-14, compute for the quantity of stone, cement and sand using class
“C” concrete.

FIGURE 2-14

SOLUTION

A. ADOBE STONE

1. Determine the length of the fence minus the space occupied by the buttresses.

Length = 15.00 m. – ( .30 x 3 post )
L = 40.1 meters.

2. Solve for the net area of the wall.

Net area = 14.10 m. x 2.00 m. ht.
An = 28.20 meters

3. Refer to Table 2-9. Using a 15 x 15 x 45 cm. adobe stone;
Multiply :

28.20 x 12 = 338.4 say 339 pcs.

B. BUTRESS

1. The total height of the four posts :

m. x 4 post = 8.00 m.

2. Refer to Table 2-10. Using a 30 x 45 buttress;
Multiply :

8.00 x 12 pcs. per meter height = 96 pieces
Add the stone footing per buttress = 4 (see table 2-10)

96 + ( 4 pcs. x 4 posts ) = 112 pcs.

3. Length of the fence minus the space occupied by the buttress footing.

15.00 m. – ( .45 x 3 ) = 13.65 m.

4. Multiply by 6 stone per meter length ( See Table 2-10 )

13.65 m. x 6 = 82 pcs.

C. CEMENT MORTAR

1. Fence wall area = 28.20 sq. m.
Refer to Table 2-9. Using class “C” mixture 40 kg. cement
Multiply :

Cement : 28.20 x .211 = 5.95 say 6 bags
Sand : 28.20 x .024 = .68 say 7 cu. m.

2. Buttress (post) and Footing = 112 pieces
Refer to Table 2-10. Using class ”C” mixture 40 kg. cement
Multiply :

Cement : 112 x .021 = 2.35 say 3 bags
Sand : 112 x .0023 = .26 cu. m.

3. Fence Footing = 82 pcs. Refer to Table 2-10. Using class “C” mixture ;
Multiply :

 Cement : 82 pcs. x .021 = 1.72 say 2 bags.
Sand : 82 pcs. x .0023 = .18 cu. m.

D. CEMENT PLASTER ( One Face )

1. Find the total surface area of the wall plus the surface area of the buttresses to be plastered.

Length = 15.00 m. + 2 (.15) + ( .15 x 6 )
L = 16.2 m.

Area = 16.2 m. x 1.50 m. height
A = 24.3 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 2-11. Using 40 kg. cement class “C” mixture ;
Multiply :

Cement : 24.3 x .225 = 5.5 say 6 bags
Sand : 24.3 x .025 = .61 cu. m.

3. This is for one side plaster only. However, if two sides will be plastered, double the quantity.

TABLE 2-11 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR PLASTERING MORTAR PER
SQUARE METER

Bag Cement and Mixture Class
Sand
Side 40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement
cu. m.
B C D B C D
One face .300 .225 .188 .238 .175 .150 .025
Two faces .600 .450 .375 .476 .350 .300 .025


PROBLEM EXERCISE

1. From the following figure, using class “B” mortar mixture prepare the bill of materials.
 a.) 15 x 20 x 45 adobe stone
b.) Buttresses and Footing
c.) Cement Mortar and Plaster
d.) Sand

FIGURE 2-15

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3-7 POST AND COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

T
he reinforcement of post and column to be considered in this study of estimate are :

1. The Main or Vertical reinforcement
2. The Lateral Ties or
3. The Spiral Ties for circular column

The quantity and length of the main reinforcement is determined by the "Direct Counting Method"
giving special attention to the additional length for :

a. Lap joints of end splices
b. Allowance for bending and or hook
c. Additional length for beam depth and floor thickness if the height indicated in the plan is from
floor to ceiling.
d. Distance from floor to footing.
e. Provisions for splices of succeeding floors.

FIGURE 3-10

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3-8 BEAM AND GIRDER REINFORCEMENTS

T
he Direct Counting so far is the best method in determining the main reinforcement of beams and
girders. However, in determining the length of steel bars, the following physical conditions of the beam in
relation with their support must be considered.
1. Verify the plan if the span of the column where the beam is resting indicates the following
conditions :

a.) Center to center of the column
b.) Outer to center of the column
c.) Outer to outer of the column
d.) Inside to Inside span

2. Verify the splicing of the reinforcement if it is adjusted to the commercial length of steel bars.
Have this in mind, the "lesser the splice the lesser is the cost."

3. Identify the bars with bend and hook, for adjustment of their order length .

FIGURE 3-11 SPAN OF BEAM

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4-1 WOOD

Wood is that fibrous substance which composes the trunk and the branches of a tree that lies
between the pith and the bark. The versatility of using wood in every construction has lifted its present
importance and high demand in almost all types of construction.

Even with the introduction of new materials and methods of construction, wood is evidently much in
use. Wood, because of its strength, light weight, durability and ease of fastening become one of the most
important building materials.

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4-13 STUDS

Stud is the structural member in building construction where the siding or partition boards are
fastened. It is sometimes referred to as ribs of wooden walls or partitions. Lumber intended for studs
should be straight and uniform in width of either S2s or S4s for uniformity of wall thickness.

The advantages of using S2s and S4s lumber are :

1. Lumber are straight, uniform in thickness and of good quality.

2. It is economical in terms of labor cost.

3. The work progress is not affected or delayed.

There are two methods presented on how to find the quantity of studs at a given vertical and
horizontal spacing.

1. The Direct Counting Method

2. The Square Meter Method

The Direct Counting Method is done by counting the number of vertical and horizontal member
from a detailed plan. In the absence of a detailed drawing plan, an imaginary counting through
arithmetical computation will do as an alternative.

The Area or Square Meter Method is by simply finding the area of the wall multiplied by the
values given on Table 4-3 corresponding to the size and spacing of the studs.

TABLE 4-3 NUMBER OF BOARD FOOT OF STUDS AND NAILING JOIST PER
SQUARE METER

Lumber Spacing in Centimeters (center to center)

Size In. 30 x 30 30 x 60 40 x 40 40 x 60 60 x 60

1 x 2 4.230 3.256 3.208 2.771 2.333

2 x 2 8.460 6.513 6.417 5.445 4.667

2 x 3 12.688 9.769 9.625 8.312 7.000

 2 x 4 16.920 13.026 12.833 11.083 9.333

2 x 5 21.146 16.282 16.042 13.854 11.667

2 x 6 25.375 19.539 19.250 16.625 14.000

ILLUSTRATION 4-9

A wall partition 6.00 meters long and 2.60 meters high specify the use of 2" x 4" studs spaced at
60 centimeters on center both ways. Find the total board foot required.

SOLUTION ( By Direct Counting )

1. Find the number of Vertical Studs.

6.00 m. = 10 + 1 = 11
.60

( What we get is the number of spacing . Add 1 to find the exact number of studs.)

2. Find the number of Horizontal Studs.

2.50 m. = 4.2 + 1 = 5.2 say5 pcs. at 6.00 m. long

.60

3. Order :

Vertical Studs 11 pcs. – 2" x 4" x 10' = 73.3 bd. ft.

Horizontal Studs 5 pcs. – 2" x 4" x 20' = 66.6 bd. ft.

Total…...... 139.9 bd. ft.

SOLUTION ( By the Area Method )

 1. Solve for the area of the wall partitions.

A = 6.00 x 2.5

= 15 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 4-3. Using 2" x 4" at 60 cm. spacing;

Multiply :

15 x 9.333 = 140 bd. ft.

Comment

Comparatively, computation by the Area Method with the aid of Table 4-3 instantly gives a result
in board foot. Unlike the first solution the number of pieces and length were known outright ahead of the
board foot. However, as to which method will be used, depends upon the choice and purpose of the
estimator.

There are instances where small discrepancies arises between the results of the methods. This is
due to the adjustment of lumber from odd to even length. Naturally, if length is adjusted to the next even
length the number of board foot will also increase while the area covered remains the same. Under this
circumstances, small discrepancies between the two methods cannot be avoided but to a negligible
amount.

ILLUSTRATION 4-10

A partition wall measures 8.00 meters long by 2.70 meters high specify the use of 2" x 3" studs
with a general spacing at 40 centimeters for vertical and 60 cm. for horizontal center to center distance.
List down the necessary wall studs.


FIGURE 4-18

SOLUTION 1 ( By Direct Counting )

1. Find the number of Vertical Studs

8.00 = 20 spacing + 1 = 21 studs.

.40

2. Convert the height from meter to feet. Divide by .30.

2.70 = 9 ft.
.30

3. Order : 21 pcs. 2" x 3" 10 ft. = 105 [Link].

4. Find the number of Horizontal Studs.

2.70 = 4.5 + 1 = 5.5 pcs. at 4.00 m.

.60

5. Since the wall is 8.00 m. long, multiply by 2



5.5 x 2 = 11 pcs.

Summary

21 pcs. 2" x 3" x 10' = 105 bd ft.

11 pcs. 2" x 3" x 14' = 77 bd ft.

Total…………….. 182 bd. ft.

SOLUTION 2 ( By the Area Method )

1. Solve for the area of the wall partition.

8.00 m. x 2.70 m. = 21.6 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 4-3. Using 2" x 3" studs at 40 x 60 spacing;

Multiply :

21.6 x 8.312 = 179.54 say 180 bd. ft.

3. Note the difference of 2 bd. ft. between the solutions which is negligible.

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5-1 FORMS

The structural members of a building are built-up into its desired shape and dimension through the
use of form. Form is a temporary boarding, sheating or pan used to produced the desired shape and size of
concrete.
Concrete mixture is generally semi-fluid that reproduces the shape of anything into which is poured.
Thus, concrete forms should be water tight, rigid and strong enough to sustain the weight of concrete. It
should be simple and economically designed in such a manner that they are easily removed and re-
assembled without damage to themselves or to the concrete.

Selection of forms are based on :

1. Cost of the materials
2. The construction and assembling cost
3. The number of times it could be used.
4. Strength and resistance to pressure and tear and wear.

Classification of Forms :

A. Materials
1. Wood
2. Metal
3. Plastic
4. Composite

B. Shape
1. Straight
2. Circular

C. Solid or Hollow Cast
1. Single
2. Double

D. Methods of Construction
1. Ordinary
2. Unit

E. Uses
1. Foundation
2. Wall
[Link]
4. Beams and Girders
5. Slab
6. Sidewalks, etc.

F. Construction of Forms consist of :
1. Retaining board
2. Supporters or studs
3. Braces
4. Spacer
5. Slab
6. Bolts and nails

G. Types of Post and Wall Form
1. Continuous
2. Full unit
3. Layer unit
a. Continuous
b. Sectional

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5-2 GREASING OF FORMS

Forms are constantly greased before it is used. The purposed of greasing the form is to make the
water proof. Thus, preventing the absorption of water in the concrete which causes swelling and warping.
Greasing of forms also prevent adherence of concrete into the pores of the wood.

Crude oil is the most economical and satisfactory materials for this purpose. The crude oil is mixed
with No. 40 motor oil to a proportion of 1:3 mixture or with varying viscosity according to the
temperature. Thicker mixture is recommended on warm weather. However, greasing of forms should not
be allowed after the steel bars have been set to its position. Metal forms also need oil application to
prevent rust formation.

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5-3 SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

Scaffolding is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks providing platform for working
men to stand on while erecting or repairing of building. It is further defined as a temporary framework for
other purposes.

Staging on the other hand, is a more substantial framework progressively built-up as tall building
rises up. The term staging is applied because it is built up in stages one storey at a time.

Numerous accidents in building construction usually happened because of faulty construction
method and insufficient supports and braces. One tragic incident happened in the construction of the Film
Palace in Metro Manila where several lives including the supervising engineer were buried alive in
cement and rubbles when the forms and staging swayed and rammed down in total collapse.
Staging is not simple as others may think of it. It requires special skill and experienced men to do
work. Incidentally, the primary cause of accidents and failure of the framework is the use of inferior
quality of lumber, inadequate support and braces, nails and others for economy or negligence. Definitely,
poor quality lumber has no place in horizontal members of staging work if the builder is aware of the
value of life and property involved in building construction. Lumber intended for temporary structure to
support heavy load such as concrete should be selected from straight grain of wood free from shakes or
knots and other defects.

The used of coconut lumber is gaining wide acceptance due to the scarcity of wood and the prohibitive
price of lumber. However, extra care should exercised in selecting the quality of the coco lumber. Those
with or near the bank is considered harder and stronger in quality. Closer spacing of the supports and
braces should be always in mind when using coco-lumber as scaffolding. Do not rely to much on coco-
lumber fastened with nails always remember the principles of post and lintel type of construction.

The different parts of staging to consider are :

1. Vertical support
2. Footing base (as needed)
3. Horizontal and diagonal braces
4. Block and wedges support
5. Nails


 FIGURE 5 – 1

Cost is the primary consideration in selecting the kind of materials to be used as form. Cost is a
broad term in construction which under this particular item refers to:

1. Initial investment on materials
2. Assembling cost
3. The number of times it could be used.
4. Durability of the materials to resist pressure and tear and wear.

The common material used as forms for all types of construction during the time of lumber
abundancy as early as 1960’s is the T & G. Unfortunately, with the present condition of our forest where
the price of wood is highly prohibitive like gold, using a T & G lumber as form is very costly unless its
use is extremely necessary. Presently, the materials being used as form is either plywood or metal sheet.
The use of plastic as form is the next alternative after wood and metal considering its weight,
durability and recycling properties. However, the problem to be encountered is the cost of fabrication.
Ordering the desired size and form in few quantities might turn out to be more expensive than the used of
plywood and metal sheet which could be fabricated on site without delay.

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5-4 PLYWOOD AS CONSTRUCTION FORM

Plywood is a versatile construction metal. It is not only use as wall partitions but cabinet,
furnitures, boat building as well as forms for reinforced concrete construction.
Plywood thickness varies from:
a. 4 mm.
b. 6 mm.
c. 12 mm.
d. 20 mm.
Commercial sizes of:
a. 90 x 180 cm.
b. 120 x 240 cm.

Plywood as form has the following advantages:

1. It is economical in terms of labor cost.
2. It is light weight and handy.
3. It has smooth surface which may not require plastering.
4. Less consumption of nails.
5. Ease of assembling and disassembling.

ILLUSTRATION 5 – 1

Six concrete posts 4.00 meters high with a uniform cross sectional dimensions of 30 x 30 centimeters
specify the use of 12 mm. marine plywood on a 2” x 2” wood frame. Prepare the bill of materials.




FIGURE 5 – 2 PLYWOOD FORM ON 2 X 2 FRAME

SOLUTION

1. Solve for the lateral surface of one column

A = .30 x 4 sides x 4.00 meters height
= 4.8 sq. m.

2. Total area of the six columns
Total area = 4.8 x 6 = 28.8 sq. m.

3. Refer to Table 5-1. Using 1.20 x 2.40 plywood (4’ x 8’)
Multiply :
28.8 x .46 = 13.2 say 14 pcs.

4. Solve for the frame. Refer to Table 5-1. Using 2” x 2” lumber.
Multiply :
28.8 x 13.50 = 388.8 say 389 bd. ft.

5. The height of the post is the length of the frame, thus
Order: 389 bd. ft. 2” x 2” x 14 ft.

Tip: To get per pcs.:

2” X 2” x 14’ = 4.6 bd. ft.
12

388.8 = 84.52 pcs. say 84 pcs.
4.6

TABLE 5-1 QUANTITY OF PLYWOOD FORM AND ITS FRAME FOR COLUMNS PER
SQUARE METER LATERAL AREA

Plywood Size of Frame Ribs *
Number
Size Board Ft. Per Square Meter
of Pieces
In Meter 2 “ x 2 “ 2 “ x 3 “
.90 x 1.80 .84 13.50 21.00
1.20 x 2.40 .46 13.50 21.00

The values given under the frame or ribs are computed from the longitudinal rib type form (see Figure 5-
2) considering its economical advantages.

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5-5 FORMS OF CIRCULAR COLUMN

The plain galvanized iron sheet otherwise known as plain G.I. sheet is the most common material
used as sheeting for circular, oval, elliptical or other types considering its versatility forming any shape of
geometrical design. Where G.I. sheet is specified as form for a cylindrical column, wood board and
build-up supporters are necessary to form the circumferential arc frame. The standard dimension of the
plain G.I. sheet is 90 centimeters wide by 2.40 meters long.

Estimating Procedure:

1. Find the circumference of the circle where :

C = 3.1416 x diameter

2. Multiply the circumference by the column height. C x ht.

3. Divide the result found in step 2 by 2.16 the effective covering area of one G.I. sheet.

4. Where extra cuts could not be avoided, an allowance to 5 to 10% or a minimum of one sheet is
sufficient.

5. Solve for the number of supporters of rib. Divide the circumference by .10 if the spacing is 6 inches.

6. Provide 2 pieces circumferential supporter for every joint of the unit form which is equivalent to 90
centimeters the width of one G.I. sheet.

ILLUSTRATIONS 5 – 2

Determine the required number of plain G.I. sheet for 6 circular columns 4.50 meters high each with
a uniform cross-sectional diameter of 60 centimeters using 2” x 2” supporters.

SOLUTION: (USING A SECTIONAL LAYER UNIT FORM)

1. Solve for the circumference of one column.

C= 3.1416 x .60 m. = 1.88 m.

2. Multiply by the column height to find the surface area.

Area = 1.88 x 4.50 = 8.46 sq. m.

3. Find the area of the 6 columns.
Multiply:
 Total surface area = 8.46 x 6 = 50.76 sq. m.

4. Find the number of sheet required. Divide by the effective covering of one sheet = 2.16


50.76 = 23.5
2.16

5. Consider 10% waste allowance

23.5 x 1.10 = 25.85 say 26 pcs.

6. Solve for the 2” x 2” frame of one form at 10 cm. spacing

1.88 circumference = 18.8 say 19 pcs. + 2 = 21
.10

7. For 6 columns: 21 x 6 = 126 pcs. of 2” x 2” lumber.
126- 2” x 2” x 16 ft. column ht. = 672 board ft.

8. Circumferential semi-circular supporter of 2” x 2”
14.50 column ht. = 5 pcs. x 2 = 10 pcs.
.90 unit form

The unit form is always in pair so we multiply by 2.

9. Total for 6 columns : 60 pcs. .80 x -3/4” Plywood
3 pcs. on each plywood.

= 20 PCS. ¾ “ x 4’ x 8’ Marine plywood

10. Order:
26 pcs. 90 x 240 (36” x 8’) plain G.I. sheets
126 pcs. 2” x 2” x 16 ft. = 672 bd. ft.
20 pcs. 3/4 “ x 4’ x 8’ marine plywood

 FIGURE 5 -3 CIRCULAR FORM

Comment:

For particular purposes, we adopted the layer unit form from for circular column 90 cm high based
on the width of plain G.I. sheet when the form requires repetitive use (see Figure 5-3) One layer unit
form refers to one section of the form. For instance, if the height of the circular column is 2.70 meters,
there will be 3 layers of unit form at 90 centimeters high. This type of form is use for ease of assembling
and dismantling without greater damage to the form and to the concrete. For one time use of form, the
continuous or full unit type is satisfactory.

TABLE 5-2 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND FORM FOR CIRCULAR COLUMN LAYER
UNIT TYPE
Lumber Spacing of Rib Supporter
Sizes Board Foot per G.I. Sheet as Form
Inches 10 cm 15 cm 20 cm
1 x 2 13.0 9.0 7.0
2 x 2 26.0 18.0 14.0
2 x 3 39.0 27.0 21.0
¾ “ plywood 0.77 0.77 0.77

ILLUSTRATION 5-3

Solving the problem of Illustration 5-2 using Table 5-2
Number of columns 6 pcs.
Height 4.50 m.
Diameter .60 m.
Lumber supporter 2” x 2”
Circumference 1.88 m.

SOLUTION

1. Find the lateral surface area of the 6 circular columns.
A = 1.88 x 4.50 height x 6 column
A = 50.76 sq. m.

2. Divide by the effective covering area of one G.I.
sheet: .90 x 2.40 = 2.16 sq. m.

50.76 = 23.50 pcs
2.16

3. Consider 10% allowance: 23.50 x 1.10 = 25.85 say 26

4. Solve for the supporter frame or ribs at .10 cm.
Refer to Table 5-2 Using 2” x 2” lumber:
Multiply:
26 pcs. x 26.0 bd. ft. = 676 board foot.
(Note the difference of 4 bd. ft. which is insignificant)

5. Solve for the circumferential supporter frame using ¾ x 4’x8’ plywood. Refer to Table 5-2 .
Multiply:
26 plain sheet x 0.77 = 20 pcs.

6. Order: 26 pcs. .90 x 2.40 m. plain G.I. sheet
676 bd. ft. 2” x 2” x 16’ ft. lumber
20 pcs. ¾ “ x 4’ x 8’ marine plywood

Comment:

Take note that in the above solution we need 20 pcs. marine plywood for 6 columns having 5 layer
unit forms per cost. On the other hand, if we use a continuous form, only 2 pieces of .80x .80 marine
plywood will be needed for each form. Thus, for the 6 columns what is needed is only 12 pcs. .80 x .80
or a total of 4 pieces ¾ “ x 4’ x8’ marine plywood.

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table of contents | next >>

5-6 FORM FOR BEAM AND GIRDER

Form for beam and girder is composed of only three parts. One bottom form and two side forms
ordinarily made of plywood board supported by 2” x 2” or 2” x 3” wood frame. This type of form is
rigidly supported with sufficient vertical and diagonal bracing to carry the heavy lad of concrete that
weighs approximately 65 kilograms per cubic foot. The ease of dismantling is the primary consideration
in assembling of forms. The freedom from pain and difficulty in removing the form depends on how it is
fastened.

TABLE 5-3 FORM FOR BEAM AND GIRDER

Width of Form Bd. ft. of Frame per Sq. M.
Plywood
cm of Beam – 3 sides
Size Others
20, 30, 40, 60
Cm. 1 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3
number per sq.m.
120 x 240 0.40 .43 3.2 6.4 9.50

ILLUSTRATIONS 5 – 4

Eight concrete beams with cross sectional dimensions of 30 by 60 centimeters has a uniform clear
span of 4.50 meters. Using a ½ “ x 4’ x 8’ plywood form on 2 x 2 lumber frame, list down the required
materials.

SOLUTION

A. Plywood Form

1. Find the surface area of the two sides of beam.

Area = 2 ( .60 x 4.50 m. ) = 5.40



FIGURE 5-4

A = 5.40 sq. m. x 8 beams
A = 43.20 sq. m.

2. Find the area of the bottom surface of the beam.

A = .30 x 4.50 m. x 8 beams
A = 10 8 sq. m.

3. Add 1 and 2 to find the total area.

Total Area = 43.20 + 10.8
= 54 sq. m.

4. Refer to Table 5-3. Using a 120 x 240 (4’ x 8’) plywood under column width of form;
Multiply:

54 sq. m. x 0.40 = 21.6
say 22 pcs. ½ “ x 4’ x 8’ plywood

B. 2” x 2” Frame

[Link] total area of the bottom and two sides of the beam is 54 sq. m. Refer to Table 5-3. Using 2” x 2”
frame:
Multiply:
54 sq. m. x 6.4 = 346 board ft.

2. Order: 22 pcs. 1/2 ‘ x 4 ‘ x 8’ plywood
 346 bd. ft. 2” x 2” x 16 ft.

ILLUSTRATIONS 5-5

Ten concrete beam with a general dimensions 0f 30 x 50 cm. has a uniform clear span of 6.00
meters. If 12 mm ( ½ “ x 4’ x 8’) marine plywood will be used as form on a 2” x 3” lumber, prepare the
bill of materials.

FIGURE 5-5

SOLUTION

1. Find the bottom surface area of the beam.

A = .35 x 6.00 m. span x 10 beam
A = 21 sq. m.

2. Find the area of the two sides of the beam.

A =2 sides ( .55 x 6.00 ) x 10 beams
A = 66 sq. m.

3. Add 1 and 2 to get the total surface of the area.

Total = 21 + 68
= 87 sq. m.

4. Refer to Table 5-3. Under column Others, determine the number of plywood forms required.
Multiply :
87 sq. m. x .43 = 37.41 say 38 pcs. plywood

5. Find the required frame. Refer to Table 5-3. Under 2” X 3” lumber frame;
Multiply:

87 sq. m. x 9.50 = 826.5 say 827 board ft.

6. Order: 38 pcs. ½ “ x 4’ x 8’ marine plywood
827 bd. ft. 2” x 3”

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table of contents | next >>

5-7 ESTIMATING THE SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

E
stimating the materials for scaffolding and staging is someone difficult considering the volume
and various parts involved. The computation requires time and wider imagination in counting the different
parts of the structure such as the vertical and horizontal support, the diagonal braces plus the blocks and
wedges which are not shown even on a detailed plan of the building.
The usual practice of most estimator is to make an estimate by either the quantity of the materials or
by the lump sum amount in the bill of materials for forms and staging. Table 5-5 was prepared to facilitate
the process of estimating scaffolding and staging.

FIGURE 5-6

TABLE 5-4 QUANTITY OF LUMBER FOR SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

Column Beam Flooring
Lumber
Board Ft. per Meter Ht. Bd. Ft. per Meter Ht. Board ft.
Size
Vertical Horizontal Brace Vertical Horizontal per Sq.M.
2” x 2” 4.70 21.00 11.70 4.00 4.70 6.10
2” x 3” 7.00 31.67 17.50 6.00 7.00 9.10
2” x 4” 9.35 42.25 23.35 8.00 9.35 12.10

ILLUSTRATION 5-6

One section of a reinforced concrete building has 9 columns with a clear height of 4.00 meters as shown
on Figure5-6. Determine the required staging under the following specifications.

Vertical support …………………2” x 3” lumber
Horizontal brace ………………...2” x 2” lumber
Diagonal Brace …………………2” x 2” lumber

SOLUTION

A. Scaffolding for columns

1. Find the total length of the 9 columns;

4.00 m. x 9 = 36 meters

2. Refer to Table 5-4 .Using 2” x 3” vertical support ;
Multiply :
36 x 7.00 = 252 board ft. 2” x 3” x 14 ft.

To get number of pieces:
2” x 3” x 14’ = 7
12

252 = 36 pcs.
7

3. Find the horizontal support, refer to Table 5-4. Using 2 x 2 lumber
Multiply:
36 x 21.00 = 756 bd. ft. 2” x 2” lumber

To get the number of pieces:
2” x 2” x 16 ‘ = 5.3
12

756 = 142.6 or 143 pcs.
5.3

4. Diagonal braces. From Table 5-4
Multiply:
36 x 11.7 = 421 bd. ft. 2” x 2” lumber

To get the number of pieces:
2” x 2” x 16’ = 5.3
12

421 = 79.43 say 80 pcs.
5.3

B. Scaffolding for Beams

1. Find the total length of the beams

 L = (4.50 x 6 pcs.) + (4.00 x 6 pcs.)
L = 27 + 24
= 51 meters

2. Refer to Table 5-4. Using 2” x 3” vertical and horizontal support
Multiply:

a.) For vertical support using 2” x 3” lumber

51 x 6 = 306 bd. ft.

b.) For horizontal brace using 2” x 2”;
Multiply:
51 x 4.7 = 240 bd ft. 2” x 2” lumber

C. Scaffolding for Slab

1. A= 4.50 x 4.00 x 4 units
Area = 72 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 5-4. Using 2” x 3” support;
Multiply:

72 x 9.10 = 655 bd. ft. 2” x 3” lumber

D. Floor Slab Form

1. Floor Area divided by the Area of one plywood = 2.88

72 sq. m. = 25 pcs. 4’ x 8’ plywood
2.88

Comment

1. In our computation of the floor Slab Form, the gross area of the floor which is 72 sq. m. was divided by
2.88 the area of one commercial size plywood resulting to 25 pieces. The space occupied by the beam
was not subtracted to be considered as allowance in cutting and assembling of the form.

2. In the construction multi-storey building, the transfer of the forms and scaffoldings, from one floor to
the next is an inevitable normal operation wherein wastage of materials cannot be avoided due to tear and
wear. Thus, percentage of waste varies depending upon the following factors.

1. The difference in height between floors may require adjustment of the vertical support.
2. The difference in sizes of beams and girders also requires adjustment of the forms.
3. The tear and wear of forms and scaffolding are caused by the dismantling, transferring and re-
assembling.
4. Reckless use and handling of the materials includes the making of firewood and pilferages during the
period of construction.
5. The use of inferior quality of lumber result to high, percentage of waste and risk to the workers.
6. The percentage of waste in dismantling, transferring and re-assembling the form varies from 10 % to
20 % per floor depending upon the physical condition of the structure, the quality of the materials
and the manner of how they are handled.

PROBLEM EXERCISE

1. A building has 24 rectangular columns and 8 circular columns 5.80 meters high with a cross sectional
dimensions of 15 inches by 22 inches and 10 inches radius respectively. Solve for the number of 12 mm x
120 x 240 cm. ( ½ “ x 4’ x 8’) plywood form and the corresponding frame thereof using 2” x 2” lumber.


FIGURE 5-7

2. From the following figure, prepare the bill of materials for

a.) ½ “ x 4’ x 8’ marine plywood form
b.) Scaffoldings for columns, beams and slab using 2” x 3” for major support and 2” x 2” lumber for
diagonal and horizontal braces.

FIGURE 5-8

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6-1 GALVANIZED IRON SHEET

Galvanized iron sheet is either Plain or Corrugated. Plain G.I. Sheet is widely used for roofing,
gutter, flashing, down spout, ridge, hip roll and many other tinsmithing work. Plain G. I. sheet standard
commercial size is 90 centimeters wide by 240 centimeters long. Corrugated G.I. sheet on the other hand,
is commonly used for roofing and siding materials having standard width of 80 centimeters with varying
length from 1.50 to 3.60 meters at an interval of 30 centimeters. Long span corrugated sheet up to 6.00
meters is also available.


Corrugated G.I Roof Sheet

FIGURE 6-1 CORRUGATED G.I. SHEET

TABLE 6-1 STANDARD WEIGTH OF GALVANIZED IRON SHEET
IN KILOGRAMS

LENGTH IN METERS AND FEET
Gauge Thick
No. Cm. 1.5 m. 1.8 m. 2.1 m. 2.4 m. 2.7 m. 3.0 m. 3.60 m.
5 ft. 6 ft. 7 ft 8 ft. 9 ft. 10 ft. 12 ft.
14 .203 22.36 26.83 31.30 35.78 40.25 44.72 53.66
15 .180 20.25 24.30 28.35 32.40 36.45 40.50 48.60
16 .163 18.44 27.76 25.39 29.02 32.64 36.27 43.52
17 .147 16.43 19.72 23.00 26.29 29.58 32.86 39.43
18 .132 14.73 17.67 20.62 23.56 26.51 29.45 35.34
19 .117 13.03 15.63 18.24 20.84 23.45 26.05 31.27
20 .102 11.32 13.58 15.85 18.11 20.38 22.64 27.17
 21 .094 10.43 12.52 14.60 16.69 18.78 20.86 25.03
22 .086 9.62 11.54 13.46 15.38 17.31 19.23 23.08
23 .079 8.73 10.47 12.22 13.96 15.71 17.45 20.94
24 .071 7.91 9.49 11.07 12.66 14.24 15.82 18.29
25 .064 7.03 8.43 9.84 11.24 12.65 14.05 16.86
26 .056 6.19 7.43 8.66 9.90 11.14 12.38 14.86
27 .051 5.76 6.91 8.06 9.22 10.37 11.52 13.82
28 .048 5.33 6.39 7.46 8.52 9.59 10.65 12.78
29 .043 4.90 5.88 6.86 7.84 8.82 9.80 11.76
30 .041 4.48 5.37 6.27 7.16 8.06 8.95 10.74

The thickness of galvanized iron sheet is measured in terms of Gauge number from 14 to 30. The
sheet becomes thinner as gauge number becomes larger. For roofing materials, gauge 26 is the most
extensively used for various tinsmithing work although gauge 24 is specified for gutters, valley rolls and
flashing.
How to distinguish the difference in thickness between the consecutive gauges from 14 to 30 is so
difficult even with the aid of caliper. Gauge is expressed in terms of hundredth of an inch and the only
way by which one could be sure that he is buying the right thickness of the sheet is by weight measure.
Table 6-1 is presented for this purpose.

Comment :

Before making an estimate of corrugated G.I. roofing sheets, the following important data should be
considered first.

1. Verify the specifications for side lapping if it is 1- ½ or 2 ½ corrugations.

2. If it is 1 ½ corrugations, the effective width covering per sheet is .70 meters or .60 meters for 2 ½
corrugations.

3. The standard end lapping joint is from 25 to 30 cm.

4. The spacing between purlins should be proportionally adjusted to the length of the G.I. sheets to
avoid unnecessary cutting of the sheets. In short, the length of the roof sheet shall govern the spacing
distance of the purlins. For this purpose, refer to Table 6-2.

5. A good roofing design are those that minimizes the end lapping. Always specify longer length of
roofing sheet for economical reasons.


FIGURE 6-2

TABLE 6-2 EFFECTIVE COVERING OF G.I. ROOFING SHEETS PURLINS
SPACING AND NUMBER OF FASTENERS PER SHEET

Effective Width Covering Number of
Purlins
Length Side Lapping Nails or
Spacing
Feet-Meter Rivets
1 – ½ 2 – ½ cm.
Per sheet
6” – 1.80 .70 .60 .75 .14
7” – 2.10 .70 .60 .60 .18
8” – 2.40 .70 .60 .70 .18
9” – 2.70 .70 .60 .60 .22
10” – 3.00 .70 .60 .67 .22
12” – 3.60 .70 .60 .66 .26

Procedures in Estimating G.I. Roof Sheet and its Accessories

1. Determine the length of the purlins along the gutter line. The distance is perpendicular with the roof
direction.

2. Divide this length by the effective width covering of one G.I. sheet which is 70 centimeters for 1 – ½
side lap corrugations or 60 centimeters for 2- ½ side lap corrugations. The result is the number of
corrugated G.I. sheets for one row.

3. Determine the length of the rafter or top chord. Choose the right combination of roofing sheets that
will satisfy this length considering the 30 centimeters standard and lapping.

4. Multiply the result found in step -2 by each length of G.I. sheet combination as found in step -3.

5. Determine the number of G.I. nails or rivets and washer in kilograms using Table 6-2 and Table 6-3.

 6. Take note that the number of plain G.I. anchor strap and lead washer is the same as the quantity of the
rivets. The G.I. washer is double the quantity of the rivets ( see Table 6-3)

7. Solve for the number of plain G.I. sheets required for anchor strap with the aid of Table 6-4.


TABLE 6-3 QUANTITY OF ROOF ACCESSORIES IN KILOGRAMS

Materials Number of pieces per Kilogram
G.I. Roof Nails 120
G.I. Rivets 180
G.I. Washers 126
Lead Washers 75
Umbrella Nails 120


TABLE 6-4 SIZE AND QUANTITY OF STRAPS IN ONE PLAIN G.I. SHEET

Size of Purlins Size of G.I. Strap Number of Strap
Inches Inches In One Plain Sheet
2” x 3” !” x 9” 384
2” x 4” 1” x 10” 342
2” x 5” 1” x 11” 312
2” x 6” 1” x 12” 288

ILLUSTRATION 6-1

From the Figure 6-3, find the number of corrugated G.I. roof sheets and its accessories required if
the side lapping specify 1 – ½ corrugations with 30 cm. end lapping on a 2” x 3” purlins.

 FIGURE 6-3

SOLUTION

A. Corrugated G.I. Sheet

1. Divide the length of the gutter by the effective covering of one sheet. Refer to Table6-2 under 1 ½
corrugation the value is .70.
Divide:
14.00 m. = 20 sheets in one row
70

2. The length of the rafter is 6.00 meters. Thus, a combination of 3.60 m. and 2.70 m. long G.I. Sheet or
12 ft. x 9 ft.
Order :
20 pcs. 32” x 12’ corrugated G.I. sheet and
20 pcs. 32” x 9’ corrugated G.I. sheet

B. Rivets

1. Refer to Table 6-2. For a 12 ft. and 9 ft. long roof sheet,
Multiply:
For 12 ft. long : 20 x 26 = 520 pieces
For 9 ft. long : 20 x 22 = 440
Total rivets …………. 960 pieces

2. Convert to kilograms. Refer to Table 6-3,
Divide :
9.60 pieces = 5.3 say 5.5 kilograms
180

C. G.I. Washers

1. Double the number of rivets;
960 x 2 = 1,920 pcs.

2. Convert to kilograms. Refer to Table 6-3 for G.I. washers
Divide:
1,920 = 15.24 say 15.5 kilograms
126

D. Plain G.I. Strap on 2” x 3” Purlins

1. Total number of rivets = 960 pieces

2. Refer to Table 6-4. Using a 2” x 3” purlins,
Divide:
 960 = 2.5 pieces plain G.I. sheet
384

E. Lead Washers

1. The number of rivets is the number of lead washer = 960

2. Refer to Table 6-3 For lead washers;
Divide :
960 = 12.8 say 13 kilograms
75

SUMMARY

20 pcs. 32” x 12 ft. corrugated
G.I. sheet
20 pcs. 32” x 9 ft.
5.5 kg. G.I. rivets
15.5 kg. G.I. washers
13.0 kg. lead washers
2.5 pcs. plain G.I. sheets

ILLUSTRATION 6-2

From Figure 6-4, find the number of corrugated G.I. sheets including the umbrella nails required if
the roof sheets are laid at 2 – ½ side lap corrugations and 30 centimeters end lapping on a 2” x 3” purlins.

FIGURE 6-4

SOLUTION

A. Corrugated G.I. Sheets

1. Determine the number of roof sheet. Refer to Table 6-2, Using 2 ½ corrugations;
Divide:
18.00 m = 30 pcs.
.60

2. The length of the rafter is 6.00 meters or a combination of 3.60 and 2.70 meters. (12’ and 9’) roof
sheet (see Table 6-5) multiply each sheet length by the result of step -1.

30 pcs. 32” x 12 ft. and
30 pcs. 32” x 9 ft. G.I. roof sheets.

3. Take note that this is only one side of the roof. For two sides, double the quantity.
2 x 30 = 60 pcs x 32 x 12 ft
2 x 30 = 60 pcs. x 32 x 9 ft.

B. Umbrella Nails

1. Determine the number of umbrella nails for the 12 ft. and 9 ft. roof sheets. Refer to Table 6-2;
Multiply :
60 pcs. of 1 ft. x 26 = 1,560 pieces
60 pcs. of 9 ft. x 22 = 1,320 pieces
Total……...2,880 pieces

2. Convert to kilograms. Refer to Table 6-3;
Divide:
2,880 = 24 kilograms of umbrella nail
120

ILLUSTRATION 6-3

From Figure 6-5, find the number of corrugated G.I. sheets, G.I roof hails, and lead washers
required if the side lapping specify 2 - ½ corrugations.

SOLUTION

A. Corrugated G.I. Sheet

1. Determine the number of roof sheet. Refer to Table 6-2;
Divide :
12.90 m. = 21.5 say 22 pcs.
.60



FIGURE 6-5

2. Determine the length of the rafter = 4.80 m. or 16ft. Refer to Table 6-5. For 16 ft. it requires a
combination of 10 ft. and 7 ft. or 9 ft. and 8 ft. Thus, Order:
22 pcs. of 32” x 10 ft. and
22 pcs. of 32” x 7 ft. roofing sheets

3. Again, take note that this is only for one side of the roof. To include the other side, double the
quantity.
2 x 22 = 44 pcs. of 32” x 9’ and
2 x 22 = 44 pcs of 32” x 8’ roof sheets.

B. Roof Nails and Lead Washers

1. Solve for the quantity of roof nails. Refer to Table 6-2;
For 3.00 m. (10 ft.) sheet: 44 x 22 = 968 pcs.
For 2.10 m. (7 ft.) sheet: 44 x 18 = 792 pcs.
Total roof nails………………… 1,760 pcs

2. Convert 1,760 pcs. into kilograms. Refer to Table 6-3;
Divide:
1,760 = 14.7 say 15 kilos G.I. roof nails
120

1760 = 23.5 say 24 kilos lead washers.
75

ILLUSTRATIONS 6-4

From Figure 6-6, find the number of corrugated roof sheets, rivets, washers, lead washers,
including the plain G.I. strap required if the roof is laid at 2 – ½ side lap corrugations and 30 cm. end
lapping on a 2” x 4” purlins.

FIGURE 6-6

SOLUTION

A. Roofing Sheets

1. Determine the number of roofing sheet in one row along the 18.00 m. length of the gutter. Refer to
Table 6-2 for 2 - ½ side lap corrugation.

Divide:
18.00 m. = 30 pcs.
.60

2. Determine the length of the rafter. For a 6.00 meters long, choose a combination of 12 ft. and ft. roof
sheet. See Table 6-5,

30 pcs. of 32” x 12 ft. and
30 pcs. of 32” x 9 ft. corrugated G.I. sheet

3. Take note that the above quantity is only for one side of the roof. To include the other side double the
quantity.
2 x 30 = 60 pcs. 12 ft. and
2 x 30 = 60 pcs. 9 ft. roofing sheets

4. Considering that the roof is a hipped type, wastage on cutting can not be avoided, hence add 5%
allowance if the angle of the hip is 45° and 10° if not 45°. The percentage allowance shall be
multiplied to the total number of sheets. Get a longer sheet to avoid excessive waste in cutting. Thus,

60 + 60 = 120 pcs. x 5% = 6 pcs. of 12 ft.

5. Order : 66 pcs. 32” x 12 ft. and
60 pcs. 32” x 9 ft. corrugated G.I. sheets

B. G.I. Rivets

1. Determine the number of rivets. Refer to Table 6-2;
Multiply:
For 12 ft. sheet: 60 x 26 = 1,560 pcs.
For 9 ft. sheet: 60 x 22 = 1,320 pcs.
Total number of rivets……2,880 pcs.

2. Convert to kilograms: Refer to Table 6-3;
Divide:
2,880 = 16 kilograms
180

C. G.I. and Lead Washers

1. Double the number of rivets = 2880 x 2 = 5,760 pcs.
Refer to Table 6-3,
Divide:
5760 = 45.7 say 46 kilograms
126

2. Lead washer is the same number as the rivets. Refer to Table 6-3
Divide:
2,880 pcs. = 38.4 say 39 kilograms
75

D. Plain G.I. Anchor Strap

1. Refer to Table 6-4. The Size of G.I. strap on a 2” x 4” purlins is 1" x 10" .

2. Number of strap is equal to the number of rivets = 2,880.
Solve for the number of plain sheet. Refer to Table 6-4.
 Divide:
2,880 = 8.42 say 9 pcs. 36” x 8 ft. plain G.I. sheet
342

TABLE 6-5 COMBINATION OF CORRUGATED G.I. ROOF SHEETS
ON A GIVEN RAFTER LENGTH

RAFTER NO. OF COMBINATION OF ROOF SHEET
LENGTH SHEET LENGTH OF METERS (FEET)
3.00 1 3.00 (10’)
3.30 1 3.30 (11’)
3.60 1 3.60 (12’)
3.90 2 2.10 ( 7’ ) and 2.10 ( 7 ’)
4.20 2 2.40 ( 8’ ) and 2.10 ( 7’ )
4.50 2 2.40 ( 8’ ) and 2.40 ( 8’ )
4.80 2 3.00 (10’) and 2.10 ( 7’ )
5.10 2 3.00 (10’) and 2.40 ( 8’ )
5.40 2 3.00 (10’) and 2.70 ( 9’ )
5.70 2 3.00 (10’) and 3.00 (10’ )
6.00 2 3.60 (12’) and 2.70 ( 9’ )
6.30 2 3.60 (12’) and 3.00 (10’ )
6.60 2 3.60 (12’) and 3.30 (11’ )
6.90 2 3.60 (12’) and 3.60 (12’ )
3.00 (10’) and 2.40 ( 8’ ) and 2.40
7.20 3
(8’)
3.00 (10’) and 3.00 (10’ ) and 2.10
7.50 3
(7’)
3.00 (10’) and 3.00 (10’ ) and 2.40
7.80 3
(8’)
3.60 (12’) and 3.00 (10’ ) and 2.10
8.10 3
(7’)
3.60 (12’) and 3.00 (10’ ) and 2.40
8.40 3
(8’)
3.60 (12’) and 3.60 (12’ ) and 2.10
8.70 3
(7’)
3.60 (12’) and 3.60 (12’ ) and 2.40
9.00 3
(8’)

3. Solve for the common wire nails to fasten the anchor strap.

2,880 straps x 3 nails per strap = 8,640 pcs.

4. Convert this to kilograms. 1 kilo of 4 d, 32 mm, CW nails approximately 695 pcs.
Divide :

8,640 = 12.43 say 13 kilograms 4d CW nails.
695

SUMMARY
66 pcs. 32 “ X 12 ft corrugated G.I.
sheet
60 pcs. 32 “ x 9 ft “ “
“
9 pcs. 36 “ x 8 ft. Plain G.I. sheet
16 kg. G I. rivets
39 kg. G.I. washers
13 kg. 4d ( 1- ½ “) common wire
nails
Comment :

The estimating procedure for a hipped roof is the same as that of the lean–to or gable type roofing
considering the effective covering of one sheet as constant divisor. However, a little variations might
occur in actual tinsmithing work under the following considerations.

1. If the hipped roof is not pattern at 45 degrees, extra cut of the G.I. roofing sheet is inevitable.
2. Error might be committed in cutting and or lapping of the roof sheets.

Under any of the preceding circumstances, an allowance of 5% to 10% is necessary.

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6-2 GUTTER, FLASHING, RIDGE, HIPPED AND VALLEY ROLL

In building construction, these items are categorized under the tinsmithing work. estimating these
type of accessories is simply determining the number of plain G.I. sheet needed fabricate the gutter,
flashing and the different rolls according to the shape as shown on the plan.
The primary consideration in tinsmithing work is economy which simply mean: “To utilize every
inch of the tin sheet”. As much as possible, any unwise cutting of the tin sheet should be avoided.
Cutting should start from the widest to the narrowest part of the roof accessories. Experienced tinsmith do
start cutting from the gutter, then to the flashing down to the smallest plain G.I. strap to avoid waste.



Estimating Procedures :

1. Determine the total length of the gutter in meter.
2. Divide this length by 2.35 meter to find the number of gutter required. (2.35 m. is the effective
length of one gutter.)
3. Find the total width of one gutter. ( see the detailed plan.)
4. Divide .90 meter (36 inches width of one plain G.I. sheets by the result of step-3 to find out how
many gutter could be made out from one plain G.I. sheet. The fractional value or extra cut will be
reserved for other smaller parts.
5. Divide the result of step-2 by the result of step-4. the result is the required number of G.I. sheets.



FIGURE 6-7


ILLUSTRATIONS 6-5

From Figure6-7, find the number of plain G.I. sheets required to fabricate the open gutter as illustrated.

SOLUTION

1. Find the total length of the gutter.

Length = 2 (18.00 ) + 2 ( 10.00 )
= 36.00 + 20.00
L = 56.00 meters.

2. Divide the length by 2.35 meters the effective length of one gutter.

56.00 = 23.82 say 24 pcs.
2.35

3. The total width of the gutter is 52.5 centimeters (see cross section of gutter). Subtract 52.5 from 90
centimeters the standard width of one plain G.I sheet.

90 cm. – 52.5 = 37.5 cm. extra cut.

This 37.5 centimeters excess cut from one plain G.I. sheet could be set aside momentarily to be
considered in making other roof accessories such as flashing, downspout, anchor strap for riveting etc.
Thus, only one gutter at 2.40 m (8 ft.) long could be made out from one plain G.I sheet.

4. Therefore, order :

24 pcs. 90 cm. x 240 cm.(36” x 8 ft.) Plain G.I. sheet.

Comment :

It will be noted that the standard commercial width of one plain G.I. sheet is 90 cm. or 36 inches.
The total width of one gutter is 52.5 cm., subtracting 52.5 from 90 will result to an extra cut of 37.5
centimeters. This simply mean that only one gutter could be made out from one plain G.I. sheet with an
excess cut of 37.5 centimeters. The 37.5 centimeter excess does not necessarily mean to be considered as
waste because there are several parts in the tinsmithing work that requires smaller cut or dimensions such
as flashing, down spout and straps.


ILLUSTRATION 6-6

From the following Figure 6-8, find the number of plain G.I. sheet required to fabricate the gutter, ridge
roll and flashing.

FIGURE 6-8

SOLUTION

A. ) Gutter

1. Find the total length of the roof gutter. From Figure 6-8, the total length is =20 meters.

2. Refer to Table 6-6. Divide this length by the effective length of one gutter.

20 m = 8.5 say 9 pcs. gutter
2.35

3. Determine the total width of one gutter. From Figure 6-8, the total width is = 45 cm. Divide the width
of the plain G.I. sheet by 45 cm.

90 cm.= 2 pcs
45

4. This simply mean that 2 pcs. gutter could be made out from one plain G.I. sheet. Thus, divide the
result of step 2 by 3.

9 pcs. = 4.5 say 5 pcs. plain G.I. sheet
2

B.) Flashing

1. Determine the total length of the flashing. From Figure 6-8,
Multiply:
4 x 4.50 m. = 18 meters

2. Find the number of flashing. Refer to Table 6-6;
Divide :

18 m. = 7.8 say 8 pcs.
2.30

3. Width of plain G.I. sheet divided by width of flashing

90 cm = 2 pcs. of flashing in one plain G.I. sheet
45

4. Divide the result of step 2 by step 3. to find the number of plain sheet required for flashing.

8 = 4 pieces
2

C.) Ridge Roll

1. Find the total length of the ridge roll = 10 meters.
 Refer to Table 6-6, for ridge roll;
Divide :

10.00 m. = 4.5 pcs. ridge roll
2.20

2. Determine how many ridge roll can be made out from one plain G.I sheet.

90 cm. = 2 pcs.
45 cm.

3. Divide step- 1 by step – 2 tofind the number of plain G.I. sheet required.

4.5= 2.25
2

5. Order 2 pcs. .90 m x 2.40 m. (36” x 8’) plain G.I. sheet. Get the balance of .25 from the excess cut of
gutter.

Summary

For Gutter ; 5 pcs. 90 cm. x 240 cm. plain G.I. sheet
Flashing ; 4 pcs. 90 cm. x 240 cm. plain G.I. sheet
Ridge Roll ; 2 pcs. 90 cm. x 240 cm. plain G.I. sheet
Total ; 11 pcs. plain G.I. sheets

TABLE 6-6 ROOF ACCESSORIES

ITEM Effective Length in Meters
Gutter 2.35
Flashing 2.30
Ridge Roll 2.20
Valley Roll 2.30
Hipped Roll 2.20
Soldering Lead ¼ bar (.25) per Solder Joint
Moriatic Acid 10 cc per Soldering Lead

D.) Valley and Hipped Roll

The estimating procedure for valley and hipped roll is the same as that of the gutter, flashing and ridge
roll with the aid of Table 6-6.

TABLE 6-7 CORRUGATED PLASTIC ROOF SHEET

Commercial Size Effective Width Covering
 In. / Ft. Meter Corrugation
1 – ½ 2 – ½
26” x 8’ .650 x 2.40 .46 m. .31 m.
29” x 8’ .725 x 2.40 .53 m. .38 m.

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6-3 ASBESTOS ROOFING

Unlike galvanized iron roofing sheet where accessories from gutter down to the smallest anchor
straps are made on site out from the standard size of plain G.I. sheet, estimating asbestos roofing material
is much simpler because all the roof accessories and parts to be used such as gutter, ridge, hip and valley
rolls are factory made ready for installation.

Different Kinds of Asbestos Roofing

1. Standard corrugated sheet
2. 4-V Corrugated sheet
3. Kanaletas
4. Placa Romana
5. Tencor corrugated sheet
6. Ardex lightweight corrugated sheet

1. Standard Ardex

2. Super Ardex

Estimating Procedures:

1. The number of corrugated asbestos roofing is determined by dividing the gutter length by the
effective width covering of one sheet.

2. In finding the number of flashing, gutter, ridge, hip and valley roll, divide the total length by the
effective length of the accessories.

3. Other parts such as ridge end cap, apron flashing, gutter corner, down spout and fittings are
determine by direct counting. They are already made according to factory standard sizes.

ILLUSTRATION 6-7

From Figure 6-9 , find the standard asbestos roofing sheet including its accessories required.


FIGURE 6-9

SOLUTION

A.) Standard Corrugated Sheet

[Link] the total length of the gutter.

2 x 26.00 m. = 52.00 meters.

[Link] to Table 6-8. Divide 52.00 meters by the effective width of one sheet :

52.00 m. = 62 pcs. standard asbestos sheet.
.838

B.) Gutter

1. The total length of the ridge roll is = 26.00 m. Refer to Table 6-8, divide by the effective length of
gutter.

2 x 26.00 m. = 22.26 pcs.
2.336 m.

C.) Ridge Roll

1. The total length of the ridge is = 26.00 meters. Refer to Table 6-8 for ridge roll.
Divide:
26.00 m. = 31.0 ridge roll
.838

D.) Flashing

[Link] the total length of the flashing ( see figure)
3.00 m. x 4 sides = 12 meters

2. Refer to Table 6-8,For outside flashing
Divide:

12.00 m = 5.25 say 6 pcs. outside flashing
2.286

E.) Ridge End Cap

1. From Figure 6-9 by actual count, there are 2 pieces ridge end cap. Thus, order 2 pcs.

Summary
62 pcs. 1.20 x 3.00 Standard
corrugated sheet
23 pcs. standard
gutter
31 pcs. standard ridge
roll
6 pcs. standard
flashing
2 pcs. standard ridge end
cap



TECHNICAL DATA FOR ESTIMATING ASBESTOS ROOFING

** Standard Corrugated Sheet

TABLE 6-8 STANDARD CORRUGATED SHEETS

Length 1.20 x 3.00 m.
End lapping : Below 20 degrees .30 m.
Above 20 degrees .15 m.
Effective width .838 m.
Ridge Roll effective length .838 m.
Gutter effective length 2.336 m.
Outside flashing 2.286 m.
Hip roll 1.676 m.



FIGURE 6-10 STANDARD CORRUGATED SHEET

** 4-V Corrugated Sheet

TABLE 6-9 CORRUGATED SHEET TECHNICAL DATA

Standard Length 2.438 meters
Effective width .965 meters
Ridge Roll effective length .965 meters
Outside Flashing effective length 2.286 meters

FIGURE 6-11 4-V CORRUGATED SHEET


**Kanaletas

TABLE 6-10 KANALETAS

 ITEM Length in Meters
Length 7.315 m.
Effective width .885 m.
Eaves Flashing .885 m.
Outside Flashing Effective
2.40 to 3.00 m.
Length

FIGURE 6-12 KANALETAS

**Placa Romana

TABLE 6-11 PLACA ROMANA

ITEM Length in Meters
Standard Length .812 meters
Effective length .600 meters
Standard Width 1.180 meters
Effective length 1.100 meters
End Lap .200 meters
Side Lap .080 meters
Ridge Roll effective length 1.100 meters
Outside Flashing effective length 2.286 meters
Ridge Flashing effective length 1.100 meters
Eaves Flashing effective length 1.100 meters


FIGURE 6-13 PLACA ROMANA


**Tencor

TABLE 6-12 TENCOR CORRUGATED SHEET

ITEMS Length in Meters
Standard length 2.44 m.
Lapping .15 or .30 m.
Effective Length 2.29 or 2.14 m.
Standard Width .748 m.
Effective Width .675 m.
Outside Flashing 1.50 to 3.00 m.
Minus Lapping .15 m.
Ridge Roll .953 m.

FIGURE 6-14 TENCOR CORRUGATED SHEET

**Ardex

TABLE 6-13 ARDEX CORRUGATED SHEET

MEASUREMENT
ITEM
Standard Super
Standard Width .52 m. 1.05 m.
Effective Width .45 m. .97 m
Nominal Length .75 to 3.15 m. 2.40 to 3.60 m.
Ridge Roll effective length .95 m. .95 m.
Outside Flashing 1.50 to 2.00 m. 1.50 to 3.00 m.
Side Lapping .15 m. .15 m.

FIGURE 6-15 ARDEX

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6-4 COLORBOND KLIP-LOK

Colorbond is a corrosion resistant zinc coated steel sheet prepainted steel ribbed tray roofing and
walling with the following special features.

FIGURE 6-16

1. Concealed fastening
2. Lock action rib design
3. Attractive fluted rays
4. Near flat roof slopes
5. Less supports-wider
spaced
6. Strong lightweight steel
7. Custom cut long lengths

Technical Data

Steel base thickness 0.60 mm
Total coated thickness 0.63 mm
Weight per meter length of panel 2.66 kg.
Weight per covered area 6.55 kg / m²
Length available up to 15 meters
Longer length through special order up
35 meters
to
Overall width .427 m.
Effective width coverage .406 m.

TABLE 6-14 RECOMMENDED FASTENERS
 (TWO FASTENERS REQUIRED PER CLIP)
Fastening over Insulation
Support member Normal Fastening
up to 100 mm (4”)
No. 10-16 x 7/8” (22
No. 10-16 x 5/8” wafer
Steel up to 3/32” mm) wafer head self
head self drilling and
(2.5mm) thick drilling and tapping
tapping screw
screw
No. 10-24 x 5/8” wafer No. 10-24 x 7/8 (22 mm)
Steel 3/32” to 3/16
head self drilling and wafer head self drilling
2.5 – 5 mm thick
tapping screw and tapping screw
No. 10-24 x 7/8 (22 mm)
No. 10-24 x 5/8” wafer hole for No. 10-24 x
Steel over 3/16
head thread cutting 7/8” wafer head self
(5mm thick)
screw. Drill 4.5 mm drilling and tapping
screw
2” x 9 G (50 x 3.75 mm) 2 1/2 “ x 9 G (60 x 3.75
counter sunk head G.I. mm) counter sunk head
spiral nail or No. 10-12 G.I. spiral nail or No. 10
Hardwood
x 1” (25 mm) type 17 – 12 x 1 3/4 “ (45 mm)
wafer head self drilling type 17 wafer head self
wood screw drilling wood screw
No.10-12 x 1 3/4 “
No. 10-12 x 1 3/4 “ type
(45mm) type 17 wafer
Softwood 17 wafer head self
head self drilling wood
drilling wood screw
screw

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6-5 BANAWE HORIZONTAL METAL TILE

Technical Data
Nominal width .228 m.
Effective width coverage .204 m.
Length 12.19 m.
Minimum roof slope 15 degrees

FIGURE 6-17 CROSS SECTION OF BANAWE METAL TILE

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6-6 MARCELO ROOFING SYSTEM

FIGURE 6-18


Technical Data

Width 1.14 m.
Length 1.11 m.
Effective width coverage .95 m.
Effective Area coverage per sheet .92 sq. m.
Number of fastener per sheet first
15 pcs. per sheet
row
Succeeding rows 10 pcs. per sheet
Average No. of fasteners per sheet 12 pcs. per sheet

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6-7 COLORBOND CUSTOM ORB

FIGURE 6-19

Technical Data:

Normal width .86 m.
Effective coverage .76 m.
Length 1.35 m.
Longer length Special order
Maximum recommended length for
Continuous sheet without expansion joints 24
m.
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6-8 MILANO LONGSPAN STEEL BRICKS

FIGURE 6-20

Technical Data:

Steel base thickness (No. 26) 0.40 mm.
Total coated thickness 0.46 mm
Weight per sq. m. 4.53 kg.
Weight per length 3.44 kg.
Effective coverage 0.67 m.
Length up to 6.00 m.
Longer length Special order
Recommended roof slope 10° min.

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6-9 COLORBOND TREMDEX HI-TEN

FIGURE 6-21

Technical Data :

Steel base thickness 0.40 m.
Total coated thickness 0.46 m.
Weight
Per unit area 4.28 kg. / sq. m.
Per unit length 3.26 kg. / sq. m.
Normal width 0.83 m.
Effective width coverage 0.76m.
Available length up to 15 m.
Longer length Special order
Minimum slope
Single sheet 3 degrees
Roof with end lap 5 degrees

Fasteners :
1. For Hardwood: Use Type 17 self drilling wood screw No. 12 x 50 mm. hexagonal head with
neoprene washer.
2. For Softwood: Add 12 mm to length of screw.
3. There should be four fasteners per sheet at all supports.
4. For side lap fastener, use Type S point self drilling screw No. 10 x 16 mm. hexagonal head with
neoprene washers.

5. Teks self drilling screw to steel support up to 4.5 mm. thick use No. 12 x 45 mm. hexagonal head
with neoprene washer.

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6-10 BRICK TILE ROOFING

Technical Data :

Weight per place
Description Number required
in kilograms
Marceille Type (flat) 3.60 14.0 per sq. m.
Ondula Type (wavy) 4.00 15.0 per sq. m.
SR. ( Standard Ridge) 2.80 2.5 per Ln. m.
Half Marceille 2.00 1.0 per Ln. m.
JRT – 1 3.00 13.0 per sq. m.
JRT – 2 3.75 4.0 per sq. m.
JRT – 3 3.20 1.0 per Ln. m.
JRT – 4 3.20 1.0 per Ln. m.
JRT – 5 2.20 4.0 per Ln. m.
SRT – 1 4.00 13.0 per sq. m.
SRT – 2 2.20 1.0 per Ln. m.
SRT – L 2.25 1.0 per Ln. m.
SRT – R 2.25 1.0 per Ln. m.
JSR – 1 2.00 1.0 per Ln. m.
JSR – 2 3.00 4.0 per Ln. m.
SRT – U 1.75 25.0 per sq. m.
SRT – T 1.50 25.0 per sq. m.

PROBLEM EXERCISE

From the following Figure, using 2 – ½ corrugations and 30 cm. end lapping on a 2” x 4” purlins,
solve for the following materials.

1. Number of corrugated G.I. roof sheets
2. Number of rivets, washers, and lead washers in kilograms
3. Number of plain G.I. sheet for anchor strap
4. Number of plain G.I. sheet for:
a. Gutter and flashing
b. Ridge, hip and vallery roll
c. Number of nails to fasten the anchor straps in kilograms.



FIGURE 6-22

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7-1 CERAMIC TILE

Ceramic Tile is one of man’s oldest building material continuously in use due to its unique,
functional and decorative properties. Ceramic tiles offer an almost unlimited choice of patterns and
colors which does not fade and is practically indestructible.
Decorative ceramic tiles were widely used during the period of the Medieval Islamic Architecture
from Persia to Spain and was extended up to the period of the contemporary Architecture.

Ceramic Tiles are Classified into :

1. Glazed Tiles

2. Unglazed Tiles

Glazed tiles – are principally used for walls and light duty floors.

Unglazed tiles – are hard, dense and homogeneous composition, primarily used for floors and walls.

Various Types of Tiles

1. Porcelain Tiles – are made from the pressed dust processed into fine smooth dense and shapely formed
face.

2. Natural Clay Tiles – are made from either the pressed method or the plastic method from dust clay that
produce a dense body with distinctive slightly textured appearance.

3. Ceramic Mosaic Tiles – are mounted on a 30 cm. x 30 cm. paper as binder of the tiles to facilitate its
laying or setting.

4. Quarry Tiles – are made through the plastic extraction process from natural clay or shale.

5. Faience Mosaic Tiles – are tiles less than 15 square centimeters in facial form.

[Link] Purpose Ceramic Tiles :

a.) Non-slip tiles
b.) Ship or gallery
c.) Frost proof tiles
d.) Conductive tiles

 FIGURE 7 – 1

ILLUSTRATION 7 – 1

From Figure 7 – 1, determine the quantity of the following materials :

a.) 10 x 20 cm. glazed wall tiles
b.) 20x 20 cm. unglazed floor tiles
c.) Cement and sand for mortar
d.) White cement for joint filler

SOLUTION -1 (BY FUNDAMENTAL METHOD)

1. Solve for the wall area
A = 1.50 x (5.00 + 3.00)
A = 1.50 x 8
A = 12 square meters

2. Solve for the wall glazed tiles. Wall area divided by the area of one tile

12 square meter = 12
.10 x .20 .02

= 600 pcs. 10 x 20 cm ( 4” x 8”) glazed tiles.

3. Solve for the floor tiles. Floor area divided by the area of one tiles.

Floor Area : A = 5.00 x 3.00
One tile Area : a = .20 x .20

15 = 375 pcs.
.04

4. Solve for cement mortar and paste filler.

Total area of wall and floor = 12 + 15 = 27 sq. m

5. Refer to Table 7 – 1 along Portland cement paste mortar:
Multiply :
Cement mortar: 27 sq. m. x .076 = 2.0 bags
White cement : 27 sq. m. x .50 = 13.5 say 14 kg.

6. For breakage allowance, 5 to 10% is satisfactory.


TABLE 7-1 QUANTITY OF TILES PERS SQUARE METER

NUMBER OF PIECES PER
CLASSIFICATION SIZE

IN. CM. SQ. FT. SQ. M.
MOSAIC TLES 12 X12 30 X 30 1.0 11.1

GLAZED AND 3” X 3” 7.5 X 7.5 16.0 177.80
UNGLAZED
4” X 4” 10 X 10 9.0 100.0
TILES
4 ¼ X 4 ¼ 10.6 X 10.6 8.0 88.4
4” X 8” 10 X 20 4.5 50.0
6” X 6” 15 X 15 4.0 44.5
8” X 8” 20 X 20 2.25 25.0
8” X 16” 20 X 40 1.125 12.5
9” X 9” 22.8 X 22.8 1.78 19.14
10” X 10” 25 X 25 1.44 16.0
12” X 12” 30 X 30 1.0 11.1
5 PT. HEX. TILES 2 5 6.0 / ft. 20.0 / m
4 PT. HEX. TILES 2 5 4.9 / ft. 16.0 / m.


External corner bead – By direct count
Internal corner bead – By direct count
Portland Cement paste mortar --------- .076 bags per sq. m.
White cement filler paste ---------------- 5 kg. Per sq. m

SOLUTION – 2 (BY THE AREA METHOD)

1. Solve for the wall area

A = 1.50 x (5.00 + 3.00)
A = 1.50 x 8
 A = 12 square meter

2. Refer to Table 7-1. Using 10 x 20 glazed tiles;
Multiply:

12 sq. m. x 50 pcs. = 600 pcs

3. Solve for the floor area.
Floor area = 5.00 m x 3.00 m
A = 15 sq. m.

4. Refer to Table 7-1. Using a 20 x 20 cm. floor tiles;
Multiply:

15 sq. m. x 25 pcs =375 pieces

5. Solve for the cement mortar and paste filler

Total area of wall and floor = 12 + 15
Total Area = 27 sq. m.

6. Refer to Table 7-1. Along Portland cement mortar and filler
Multiply:
Cement mortar: 27 sq. m. x .076 = 2.0 bags
White cement: 27 sq. m. x .50 = 13.5 say 14 kg.

7. For cutting and breakage allowance, 5% to 10% is satisfactory.

ILLUSTRATION 7-2

From Figure 7-2, determine the quantity of the following materials.

a. Mosaic floor tiles
b. 10 x 10 cm. (4” x 4”) glazed wall tiles
c. Internal bead and capping
d. Internal corner bead
e. External corner bead
f. Ordinary cement
g. White cement


ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A COMFORT ROOM

FIGURE 7-2




SOLUTION

A.) Mosaic Floor Tiles

1. Solve for the floor area

A=1.50 m. x 2.00 m.
A= 3.0 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 7-1. Using 30 cm. x 30 cm. mosaic tiles;
Multiply:
3.0 sq. m. x 11.1 = 33.3 say 34 pcs.

B.) Glazed wall tiles

1. Solve for the lateral area of the wall.

Perimeter = 2(2.00) + 1.50 + (1.50 - .60) = 6.40 m.
Wall area = 6.40 x 1.50 ht. = 9.6 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 7-1. Using 10 x 10 cm. (4” x 4”) glazed tiles;
Multiply:
9.6 x 100 = 960 pcs. Wall tiles

3. Add 5% allowance for cutting and breakage;

960 x .05 = 48 says 50 pcs.

4. Order: 960 + 50 = 1,010 pcs. 10 x 10 cm. glazed tiles.

C.) Internal Bead

1. Solve for the length or perimeter of inside corner

2 (2.00 m) + 2 (1.50 m) = 7.00 meters.

2. Solve for the length of 4 vertical corners.

4 x 1.50 m. ht. = 6.00 meters

3. Add 1 and 2 to get the total length of the inside corners.

7.00 + 6.00 =13.00 meters

4. Divide this length by the length of the internal bead or tile which is 10 centimeters.

13.00 m. = 130 pcs. 10 cm. internal bead
.10

D. Capping

1. Solve for the perimeter of the wall tiles.

P = 2 (2.00) + (1.50 +.90) = 6.40 m.

2. Add capping along door jamb. +

1.50 m. x 2 sides.................... 3.00 m.
Total ………………. 9.40 m.

3. Divide by one capping or tile length.

9.40 = 94 pcs.
.10

4. Add 2 to 5%allowance for breakage.

E. Internal Corner Bead

By the direct counting, there are 4 corners, order 4 pieces.

F. External Corner Bead

By direct counting, order 4 pieces.

G. Ordinary and White cement for paste and filler

1. Solve for the total floor and wall area

3.00 + 9.6 = 12.6 sq. m.

2. Solve for the ordinary cement. Refer to Table 7-1 :
Multiply:
12.6 x .076= .95 says 1.0 bag cement

3. Solve for the white cement filler. Refer to Table 7-1 :

12.6 x .50 kg. Per sq. m.
= 6.3 say 7 kilograms white cement


Summary

34 pcs. 30 x 30 (12” x 12”) mosaic
tiles
960 pcs. 10 x 10 (4” x 4”) glazed wall
tiles
130 pcs. 10 cm. Internal bead
94 pcs. 10 cm. Capping
4 pcs. Internal corner bead
4 pcs. External corner bead
1 bag cements 40 kg. Ordinary
cement
7 kilograms white cement

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7-2 MARBLE TILES

M
arble is a hard metamorphic limestone white or colored and sometimes streaked or mottled in
a crystalline or granular state and capable of taking high polish. It is used in sculpture, furnitures, topping
slab and floor etc.

Marble as construction materials have been extensively ancient time of the Greek to the Roman
Empire down to the modern and used from the contemporary Architecture.

ILLUSTRATION 7-3 FLOOR PLAN

From the figure 7-3, solve for the number of 30x 60 cm. marble tiles required including the cement
and sand for class “B” mortar mixture.

FIGURE 7-3

SOLUTION

1. Solve for the floor area.

A-1 = 20.00 x 7.00 = 140 sq. m.
A-2 = 10.00 x 7.00 = 70 sq. m.
Total Area …..210 sq. m.

 2. Refer to Table 7-2. Using 30 x 60 cm. marble tiles;

Multiply:
210 sq. m. x 5.6 = 1,176 pcs.

3. Add 3-5 % allowance for breakage.

4. Solve for cement mortar using class B mixture. Refer to Table 7-2; Multiply :
Cement: 210 sq. m. x .30 = 63 bags
Sand: 210 sq. m. x .025= 5.25 cu. m.

5. Solve for Polymer liquid, hardener and kalsomine powder.
Refer to Table 7-2.

Polymer liquid: 210 x .035 = 7.35 says 8 gallons
Hardener : 210 x .030 = 6.30 says 7 quarts
Kalsomine powder: 210 x .045 = 9.40 says 10 kilos

TABLE 7-2 QUANTITY OF MARBLE TILESAND MORTAR PER SQUARE METER

CEMENT BAGS SAND
SIZE NUMBER MIXTURE
CM. PER SQ.M.
A B C CU. M.
15 x 30 22.3 .45 .30 .225 .025
20 x 20 25.0 .45 .30 .225 .025
20 x 40 .45 .30 .225 .025
30 x 30 11.1 .45 .30 .225 .025
30 x 60 5.6 .45 .30 .225 .025
40 x 40 6.3 .45 .30 .225 .025
60 x 60 2.8 .45 .30 .225 .025

Polymer Liquid ……………….. .035 gallons per square meter
Hardener ……………………... .030 quarts per square meter
Kalsomine powder …………… .045 kilograms per sq. m.
*Cement mortar computed at an average thickness of 2.5 cm. (1 “)

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7-3 VINYL AND RUBBER TILES

T
he standard specifications for vinyl and rubber tiles provides that:
“It shall be non-fading, odorless and non-slip even when wet and shall be strong enough to
withstand the ordinary tear and wear, cleaning and moving of furniture’s without damage and shall be
self dealing.”

Tiles shall be laid to conform with the manufacturer’s specifications which partly states that:

a) Adhesive cement shall be applied to the floor every after the tiles are laid on the surface.
b) Tiles are pressed with linoleum roller to avoid blisters.
c) After completion, all worked shall be cleaned of cement, dirt and other substances.
d) Apply two-coat of wax and polish to smooth shiny finish.


TABLE 7-3 VINYL AND RUBBER TILES

GALLONS OF
STOCK SIZE NUMBER PER
ADHESIVE
SQ. M.
PER SQ. M.
.20 x .20 ( 8” x 8” ) 25.00 .042
.225 x .225 ( 9” x 9” ) 19.75 .042
.25 x .25 (10” x 10”) 16.00 .042
.30 x .30 (12” x 12”) 11.11 .042
.40 x .40 (16” x 16”) 6.25 .042
.60 x .60 (24” x 24”) 2.78 .042


ILLUSTRATION 7-4

An office room with a general dimension of 7.00 x 9.00 m. is undergoing renovation. Determine
the number of 30 x 30 cm. vinyl tiles required including its adhesive for installation.



SOLUTION

1. Solve for the floor area

7.00 x 9.00 = 63 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 7-3. Using a 30 x 30 cm vinyl tiles;
 Multiply:
63 sq. m. x 11.11 = 700 pcs.

3. Solve for the adhesive cement. Refer for Table 7-3;
Multiply:
63 x .042 = 2.65 say 3 gallons.

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7-4 GRANOLITHIC FLOOR

G
ranolithic floor is a marble type mosaic floor finish that uses Portland cement as base
materials. It has characteristics of durability, beauty and variety installed in either by:

a. Monolithic or Cast-in-place
b. Pre-Cast

Monolithic or Cast-in-place means massively, solid, single and uniform floor finish cast in place.
A mixture of cement and marble chips to a proportion of 1:3 is casted on top of a rough floor slab surface
to an average thickness of 1.25 cm. The floor is then grinded after it has attained sufficient hardness to
withstand abrasion and vibration caused by the grinding machine. Grinding of the floor surface should not
be allowed earlier than 48 hours after casting.

Pre-cast refers to granolithic tiles in various dimensions hydraulically pressed and molded in a
factory. The distinctive difference between the cast in place and the pre-cast installation is the manner and
place of casting or molding. The former being installed on site and the latter at the factory site. Thus, pre-
cast is installed in a tile form while cast–in-place is installed in a fresh mixed form.
Normally, a dividing hard brass strips with alloy zinc are installed in between tiles to control and
localize any shrinkage or flexure cracks. The dividing strip thickness ranges from 1.56 mm to 3.12 mm. or
thicker depending upon the design and specifications.





TABLE 7-4 GRANOLITHIC FLOORING

CEMENT BAGS

STOCK SIZE PIECES PER SQ. M. SAND
MIXTURE BRASS DIVIDER
M. PER CU. M.
METER / SQ. M.
SQ. M. A B PER SQ. M.
.20 x .20 25.00 .338 .225 .018 10.8
.25 x .25 16.00 .338 .225 .018 8.9
.30 x .30 11.11 .338 .225 .018 8.0
.40 x .40 6.25 .338 .225 .018 5.8
.60 x .60 2.78 .338 .225 .018 3.4


ILLUSTRATIONS 7-5

For an 8.00 m. by 10.00 meters room that specify cast in place granolithic floor, list down the
materials required.

FIGURE 7-4

SOLUTION

1. Determine the floor area.

A = 8.00 x 10.00
A = 80 sq. m.

2. Determine the quantity of white cement required.

80 x .172 = 13.76 say 14 bags

(Note: the value of .172 and .0125 is a constant number for white cement and marble chips
respectively per square meter of mortar at 1.25 cm. thick.)
3. Determine the quantity of marble chips required.
80 x .0125 = 1.0 cu. m. marble chips.

SOLUTION By Pre-Cast Installation

1. Find the floor area:
A = 10 x 8
A = 80 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 7-4. Using a 40 x 40 granolithic tiles;
Multiply:
80 sq.m. x 6.25 = 500 pcs.

3. Using class B mortar , refer to Table 7-4;
Multiply:
Cement : 80 x .225 = 18 bags
Sand : 80 x .0188 = 1.5 cu. m.

4. Solve for the brass divider. Refer to Table 7-4;Multiply:
80 sq. m. x 5.8 = 464 meters.

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7-5 CEMENT TILES

C
ement tile is a mixture of cement, sand and water hydraulically pressed, locally manufactured in
the following commercial sizes:

25 mm x 15 x 15 cm. 1” x 6” x 6”
25 mm x 20 x 20 cm. 1” x 8” x 8”
25 mm x 25 x 25 cm. 1” x 10” x 10”
25 mm.x 30 x 30 cm 1” x 12” x 12”


Estimating the quantity of cement tiles required includes the mortar assumed at an average
thickness of 20 mm. (3/4 “). The methods applied in estimating cement tiles is either:

1. The unit measure method
2. By Area method using Table 7-4

ILLUSTRATION 7-6
Find the number of 20 x 20 cm. cement tiles required for a school classroom with a general
dimensions of 7.00 x 9.00 m. using class B mortar mixture.

FIGURE 7-5
SOLUTION
1. Solve for the floor area.

A= 7.00 x 9.00
A= 63 square meters

2. Refer to Table 7-4. Using a 20 x 20 cement tiles ;
Multiply:
63 sq. m. x 25 =1,575 pieces

3. Refer again to Table 7-4. Using class B mortar;
Multiply :
Cement : 63 x .225 = 14.20 say 15 bags
Sand: 63 x .018 = 1.13 say 1.5 cu. m.

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7-6 WOOD TILES

W
ood tile is a combination of wood pieces in various dimensions with thickness that ranges
from 6 mm. to 8 mm. Wood tiles are carefully laid at a time
On a plane smooth surface concrete floor slab applied with good kind of white glue. The tiles is
then grinded with no. 330 and 100 sand paper 24 hours after setting to produce a fine and smooth even
surface. Sandpaper dust is then mixed with wood glue and used as filler of tile joints.

Wood Tiles is Estimated as follows :

1. Solve for the net floor area to be covered with wood tiles in square meter.
2. Wood tile is normally sold in a square foot. Thus, multiply the floor area found by 10.76 to get
the equivalent in a square foot.
3. Multiply the floor area by .165 to get the number of wood glue in gallons per square meter.

ILLUSTRATIONS 7-7

An office room measuring 12.00 meters wide and 20.00 meters long specify wood tile flooring.
Prepare the bill of materials.

FIGURE 7-6

SOLUTION

 1. Find the area of the floor.

A= 12.00 x 20.00
A= 240 sq. m.

2. Convert to feet because wood tile is purchased in square foot. Multiply by 10.76.

A= 240 x 10.76
A= 2,583 square foot.

3. Add 5 % allowance for cutting and edging.

2,583 x .05 =129.15 say 130

4. Add step 2 and 3.

2583 + 130 = 2,713
Order: 2,713 square foot wood tiles.

5. Determine the wood glue at .165 gallon per square meter.

240 sq. m. x .165 = 39.6 say 40 gallons.

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7-7 PEBBLES AND WASHOUT FINISH

P
ebbles are small roundish stone used for walls and floor finishes called washout and pebbles
respectively. Pebble stone is mixed with pure cement to a proportion of either 1 : 2 or 1:3 mortar mixture
then applied to a well prepared wall or floor slab. With the use of water sprinkler, the pebble mortar
applied on the wall or floor slab is then washed with water to a desired texture before the concrete finally
set. Twenty four hours later, the pebble surface is then scrubbed with a steel brush and a solution of water
and muriatic acid to obtain the desired natural stone finish.

ILLUSTRATION 7-8

A wall roughly plastered has general dimensions of 2.00 meters high and 10 meters long require
stone pebbles washout finish. List down the materials required.

FIGURE 7-7
SOLUTION

1. Solve for the wall area
A = 2.00 x 10.00
A = 20 sq.m

2. Determine the thickness of the stone pebble finished say 16 mm. (5/8”) or .016 m. ; Multiply
by the wall area.
20 x .016 =.32 cu. m.

[Link] to Table 2-1. Using class “B” mixture;
Multiply :
Cement : .32 x 12.0 = 3.84 say 4 bags
Pebbles: .32 x 1.0 = .32 cubic meter stone pebbles

PROBLEM EXERCISE

1. A public comfort room has a floor dimensions of 4.00 meters wide and 10 meters long. The
floor is finished with 20 x 20 cm. marble tiles 2.00 meters high. Solve for :

a.) Number of 10 x 20 cm. marble tiles for wall
b.) Number of 20 x 20 cm. unglazed ceramic floor tiles.
c.) Cement mortar using class A mixture
d.) Quantity of Polymer liquid, hardener and kalsomine powder as filler for the marble
joints.

Make a sketch floor plan and elevation before computing for the materials.

2. From the following floor plan and elevation of a swimming pool, solve for the number of tiles
required using 10 x 10 cm. glazed tiles for the walls and 20 x 20 cm. unglazed floor tiles including
the mortar and white cement joint filler.

FIGURE 7-8

3. From the following floor plan, solve for the number of wood tiles in square foot including the
white glue, polymer liquid, hardener and kalsomine powder required.



FIGURE 7-9

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8-1 BOLTS

B
olt is a pin rod with a head at one end and threaded at the other end to receive a nut.

The Different types of Bolt used in Construction are:

1. Machine bolt
2. Countersunk bolt
3. Key Head bolt
4. Stud bolt

Machine bolt has a head at one end and a short thread at the other end.

Countersunk bolt has a beveled head fitting into a countersunk hole.

Key head bolt has a head shaped end fitted to a groove which will not turn when the nut is screwed
into the other end.

Stud bolt is a headless bolt threaded at both ends.

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8-2 SIZE AND LENGTH OF BOLTS

T
he length of a bolt required is the sum of the thickness of the pieces being connected plus 12 mm
or (1”). With respect to the size or the diameter of the bolt, depends upon the thickness of the object to be
bolted.

The following are Important reminders about your bolt:

1.) Lumber up to 5 cm. thick use ….. 6 mm ¼ “ diameter
2.) 7.5 cm. thick (3”) lumber use …...10 mm. 3/8 “ diameter
3.) 10 cm. (4”) thick lumber use …….12 mm ½ “ diameter
4.) Drill hole is 1.5 mm (1/16”) larger than the bolt diameter unless snug fit is necessary.
5.) Always use washers under head and nut of machine bolt.
6.) For carriage bolt, use washer under nut only.
7.) Use toggle bolt for attaching fixture to plaster wall.
8.) Use expansion bolt for fastening to masonry.
9.) For fastening exposure, use brass or cadmium plated finish bolt.


TABLE 8-1 U.S STANDARD THREAD OF BOLTS

Length
D I A M E T E R O F B O L T S

Inches ½ 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/8 1 ¼
mm. 12 16 20 22 25 28 31

10.0 1.44 2.45 3.64 5.24 7.23 9.78 12.60
12.5 1.69 2.85 4.21 6.01 8.24 11.06 14.18
15.0 1.94 3.24 4.78 6.78 9.26 12.33 15.76

17.5 2.19 3.64 5.35 7.55 10.27 13.61 17.35
20.0 2.45 4.03 5.92 8.32 11.29 14.89 18.93
22.5 2.70 4.43 6.49 9.09 12.30 16.1 20.51

25.0 2.95 4.82 7.06 9.86 13.31 17.44 22.09
27.5 3.20 5.22 7.63 10.63 14.33 18.72 23.67
30.0 3.46 5.61 8.20 11.40 15.34 20.00 25.26

32.5 3.71 6.01 8.77 12.17 16.36 21.27 26.84
35.0 3.96 6.40 9.34 12.94 17.37 22.55 28.42




Estimating Procedure in Determining the Length of Bolts

FIGURE 8-5
A.) Wooden Post Anchored by post strap. The length of the bolt is equal to the width of the post
plus the two thickness of the post strap plus 20 mm allowance for the thread and nut.
L= Width of post + 13 mm +20 mm

FIGURE 8-6
B.) Post and Single Beam is equal to the width of the Post plus the thickness of the beam.
Length of bolt = Width of post + thickness of beam

FIGURE 8-7
Post with two Beams of the Same Thickness. The length of the bolt is equal to the width of the
post plus two thickness of the beam minus 20 mm dap. (There are two dap opposite the column sides but
only one is subtracted because the other 20 mm dap is reserved for the thread that will receive the
nut.)

Length of bolt = Width of Post + 2 beam thickness -20 mm.
 FIGURE 8-8

Post and Two Beams of Different Thickness. Length of Bolt is equal to the Width of the post plus t-1 +
t-2 minus 20 mm.

Length of Bolts on Trusses

FIGURE 8-9

Length of Bolts is equal to the thickness of the members in layer plus 20 mm allowance to
receive the nut.


TABLE 8-2 WEIGHT OF BOLTS WITH SQUARE HEADS AND HEXAGONAL NUTS PER 10
BOLTS

Diameter of 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1
 Bolts 6 7 9 10 12 14 16 19 22 25
No. of thread
20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 9
Per Inch

Diameter of 5 6 8 9 11 12 13 18 19 22
13 1 5 23 27 15 17 32 3 55
Top Drill
64 4 16 64 64 64 32 64 4 64

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8-3 SCREW

I
n carpentry work, screw is sometimes used instead of nails due to the following advantages:
1. Greater holding power
2. Neat in appearance
3. Less chance of injuring the materials
4. Ease of removal in case of repair

How to Choose Screw

1. Select one that is long enough wherein one half to two thirds of its length will enter the best in
which will threads are embedded.

2. The length of the screw should be 1/8” or 3 mm less than the combined thickness of the boards
being joined.

3. Use fine thread screw for hard wood and coarse for soft wood.

How to Use the Screw

1. Always drill lead hole for the screw.
2. Hole on top board should be slightly larger than the shank in second board slightly smaller than
the threaded portion.
3. In soft wood, bore to depth half the length of the thread.
4. In hard wood, bore nearly as deep as the length of the screw
5. For lag screw, drill hole two thirds its length then drive in with hammer, an finally tighten with
wrench.
How to Buy Screw

1. Screws are classified by gauge (thickness) and length. Each gauge has a variety of different
lengths which may be obtained up to 12 cm. (5 inches).
2. When ordering screw, specify head shape (e.g. round head), finish (brash), gauge number and
length from 2 to 5 centimeters.
3. Square headed lag screw comes in diameter of 6 mm. to 25 mm. (1/4 to 1 inch) with its length
from 4 cm. to 30 cm. (1 1/2 “ to 12 inches.)

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8-4 WOOD SCREW

W
ood screw is a screw nail with handed coarse thread to give a grip.


Materials Used
1. Iron
[Link]
3. Brass
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]


Shape of the Head
1. Flat 8. Headless
2. Round [Link]
(wood screw)
3. Fillister 10. Square
(log screw)
4. Oval 11. Hexagonal
5. Winged 12. Clove
6. Bung 13. Grooved
7. Punched

Shape of the Point
1. Standard
2. Full length
3. Coarse

Duty
1. Wood (light duty)
2. lag (heavy duty)

Finish
1. Bright 6.
Bronzed
2. Blued 7.
Coppered
3. Nickel plated 8.
Japanned
4. Silver plated 9.
Lacquered
 5. Brass 10.
Galvanized

TABLE 8-4 STANDARD WOOD SCREW AND NUMBER PER KILOGRAMS

Inches 1/2 1 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 5 6
mm 12 25 37 50 62 75 87 100 112 125 150
Number 6,211 3,443 2,329 1,779 1,414 1,186 1,126 910 739 655 515

FIGURE 8-10 STANDARD WOOD SCREW POINT



The Three Shapes of Screw Point are :

1. Gimlet Point – Is used on wood and coach screw.

2. Diamond Point – Is used when more driving is done before turning as in drive and log screw.

3. Conical Point – Same as the diamond point.

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8-5 NAILS

T
he first handmade nails were used in the United States which lasted up to the end of the
Colonial Period. In France, light nails for carpenters were made by hand and hammer out of steel wire as
early as the days of Napoleon 1. In 1851, the wire nails was first introduced by William Herser of New
York. Twenty five years later in 1876, Father Goebel introduced the manufacture of wire nails. And at last
part of the 18th century, twenty three patents for nail making a machine were approved in the United States
which was later introduced in England.

Kinds of Nails as to :

1. Cross-Sectional Shape
a.) Cut (rectangular) b.) Wire (circular)

2. Size
a.) Tacks b.) Sprigs c.) Brads d.) Nails e.) Spike

3. Materials
a.) Steel b.) Brass c.) Copper

4. Finish
a.) Plain b.) Coated c.) Galvanized d.) Blued

5. Service
a.) Common b.)Flooring c.) Finishing d.) Roofing e.) Boat




FIGURE 8-14 LENGTH OF NAIL
(Actual Size)

2d to 60 d. For general construction----------------------------------
Common nail
2d to 40 d. For light construction household use---------------------
--Box
2d to 40 d. For Interior trim------------------------------------------
Casing
2d to 20 d. For Cabinet work furnitures------------------------------
-Finishing nail
2d to 20 d. Flooring construction -------------------------------------
Cut
3/16 “ to 3“ For light work moldings----------------------------------
-Wire brad
6” to 12 “ For heavy construction -----------------------------------
-Spike










Tacks

Tacks are small sharp pointed nails with tapering sides and a thin flat head. Tacks are nails chiefly
used in fastening carpets and flashing of anything materials.

FIGURE 8-17

TABLE 8-5 NUMBER OF WIRE TACKS PER KILOGRAM
Inches Length (mm) Number per Kilogram
1/8 3 35,200
3/16 5 23,465
1/4 6 17,600
5/16 8 14,080
3/8 10 11,732
7/16 12 8,800
9/16 14 5,865
 5/8 16 4,400
11/16 17 10,120
3/4 19 2,930
13/16 20.5 2,514
7/8 22 1,200
15/16 24 1,953
1 25 1,760
1-1/16 27 1,599
1-1/8 28 1,465

Sprigs

Sprigs are small headless nails sometimes called barbed dowel pins. The regular size of sprigs
ranges from 12 mm. to 5.0 cm. gauge No.8 wire or 4 mm diameter.

Brads

Brads are small slender nails with small deep heads. The common variety is made in sizes from
2.5 cm. (2d) to 15 cm (6d) in length. Flooring brads ranges from 5 cm. to 10 cm. long.

TABLE 8-6 FLOOR BRADS TECHNICAL DATA

Length Gauge Dia. Head Approx. Gauge No. of Nails
Size
mm No. Gauge No./ kg. No. Per kg.
6d 50 11 6 322 12 14,500
7d 32 11 6 277 12 12,500
8d 37 10 5 200 11 9,000
9d 44 10 5 173 11 7,800
10d 75 9 4 131 10 5,900
12d 81 8 3 95 9 4,300
16d 87 7 2 76 8 3,450
20d 100 6 1 57 7 2,600

Nails

Nail is a popular name for all kinds of nail except those extreme size such as Tacks and Spike.
The most generally used nails are called common nails of sizes from 2.5 cm. to 15 cm.

Spikes

An ordinary spike is a stout piece of metal from 7.5 cm. to 30 cm. in length much thicker in
proportion than a common nail.
Spikes much in used in fastening railroads rails, construction of docks, piers and other works
using larger timber.
There are two kinds of Spike;
[Link] flat head, diamond point
 [Link] oval head, chisel point

FIGURE 8-18 Boat Spike

Are small kind of nail driven mostly in a hard timber with a clear cut sharp chisel point.

TABLE 8-7 COMMON WIRE NAILS TECHNICAL DATA

SIZE GAUGE LENGTH APPROXIMATE NUMBER
No. Inches mm. Per kg. Per keg.
2d 15 1 1/14 25 1,831 82,400
3d 14 1 1/2 31 1,177 53,000
4d 12.5 1 1/2 37 666 30,100
5d 12.5 1 3/4 44 580 26,100
6d 11.5 2 50 382 17,200
7d 11.5 2 1/4 56 344 15,500
8d 10.25 2 1/2 63 208 9,400
9d 10.25 2 3/4 69 188 8,500
10d 9 3 75 138 6,250
12d 9 3 1/4 81 124 5,600
16d 8 3 1/2 88 93 4,200
20d 6 4 100 58 2,625
 40d 4 5 112 45 2,040
50d 3 5 1/2 125 34 1,540
60d 2 6 150 20 910


TABLE 8-8 COMMON BRADS TECHNICAL DATA

SIZE LENGTH APPROXIMATE NUMBER
Inches mm. Per kg. Per keg.
2d 1 25 1,904 85,700
3d 1 1/4 31 1,206 54,300
4d 1 1/2 37 662 29,800
5d 1 3/4 44 566 25,500
6d 2 50 397 17,900
7d 2 1/4 56 340 15,300
8d 2 1/2 63 224 10,000
9d 2 3/4 69 197 8,900
10d 3 75 146 6,600
12d 3 1/4 81 137 6,200
16d 3 1/2 88 108 4,900
20d 4 100 68 3,100
30d 4 1/2 112 53 2,400
40d 5 125 40 1,800
50d 5 1/2 137 28 1,300





TABLE 8-9 ORDINARY SPIKE TECHNICAL DATA

SIZE LENGTH APPROXIMATE NUMBER
Inches mm. Per kg.
10d 3 75 90
12d 3 1/4 81 83
16d 3 1/2 88 66
20d 4 100 50
30d 4 1/2 112 37
40d 5 125 28
50d 5 1/2 137 22
60d 6 150 19
175 mm 7 175 15
200 mm 8 200 9
 225 mm 9 225 8
250 mm 10 250 7
300 mm 12 300 6

FIGURE 8-19 CONCRETE NAILS

TABLE 8-10 QUANTITY OF CEMENT COATED NAILS

LENGTH PENNY GAUGE NUMBER PER KG
1” 2d 15 1863
1 ¼ 3d 14 1195
1 ½ 4d 12 ½ 651
1 ¾ 5d 12 ½ 559
2 6d 11 ½ 367
2 ¼ 7d 11 ½ 330
2 ½ 8d 10 ¼ 220
2 3/3 9d 10 ¼ 202
3 10d 9 145
3 ¼ 12d 9 149
3 ½ 16 8 103
4 20d 6 64
4 ½ 30d 5 48
5 40d 4 37
 5 ½ 50d 3 31
6 60d 2 24


TABLE 8-11 USES AND APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF NAILS

Required
Material Unit per Size Kind of Nail
kilogram
Floor Joist and bridging sq. m. .17 30 d CWN
At 30 cm. on center

T & G wood board
1” x 4” sq. m. .15 6 d Flooring Brad
1” x 6” sq. m. .09 6 d Flooring Brad

Siding Wood Board on
Studs at 60 cm. o.c.
1” x 6” sq. m. .08 6 d Casing Brad
1” x 8” sq. m. .06 6 d Casing Brad

Stud / Nailing Strips
at 40 cm. o.c. sq. m. .08 8 d CWN
at 60 cm. o.c. sq. m. .05 8 d CWN

Scaffolding meter ht. .73 20 d CWN
of each
Post

Plywood Board Per
4 ft. x 8 ft. sheet
nailed at .15 cm o.c. on
joist at 40 x 60 cm. dist. .055 2 d Finishing Nail
On studs spaced at
40 x 40 cm. distance sq. m. .033 2 d Finishing Nail

Rafters, purlins at 70

cm.
Distance and cleats sq. m. .20 20d CWN

Ceiling Joist at
40 x 60 cm. spacing sq. m. .055 8 d Finishing Nail



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9-1 INTRODUCTION

C
arpenters who have tried to build stairs have found it to be an art itself. Technically building
staircase requires structural carpentry and craftsmanship of cabinet making. It is like constructing an
inclined bridge between two points on different floors with uniform well proportional treads and riser
that are safe and comfortable to climb and descend. To start with, it is important to know and familiarize
with the technical terms comprising staircase.

Baluster - is a small supporting the handrail or a coping.

Balustrade - is a series or row of baluster joined by handrail or a coping as the parapet of a balcony.

Bearers - a support for winders wedged into the walls secured by the stringer.

Carriage - that portion which support the steps of a wooden stairs.

Close String – a staircase without open well as in dog stairs.

Cocktail Stair – is a term given to a winding staircase.

Circular stair – a staircase with the steps winding in a circle or cylinder.

Elliptical stairs – those elliptical in plan where each tread assembly is converging in a elliptical ring in a
plan.

Flight of stairs – is a series of steps leading from one landing to another.

Front string - the string on the side of stairs where handrail is placed.

Flyers – are steps in a flight that are parallel with each other.

Geometrical stairs – is a flight of a stair supported by the wall at the end of the steps.

Half space – is the interval between two flight of steps in staircase.

Handrail – a rail running parallel with the inclination of the stairs that holds the balusters.

Hollow newel – an opening in the middle of the staircase as distinguished from solid newel wherein the
ends of steps are attached.

Housing – the notches in the string board of a stair for the reception stairs.

Knee – is the convex bend at the back of the handrail.

Landing – is the horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.

Newel - the central column where the steps of a circular staircase wind.

Nosing – the front edge of the steps that project beyond the riser.

Pitch – the angle of inclination of the horizontal of the stairs.

Ramp – a slope surface that rises and twists simultaneously.

Rise – the height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing or the height between successive treads or
stairs.

Riser – the vertical face of a stair step.

Run – the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight.

Spandril - the angle formed by a stairway.

Staircase – is the whole set of stairs, the structure containing a flight of a stair.

Stair builders truss – crossed beams which support the landing of a stair.

Stair head – the initial stair at the top of a flight of a stair or staircase.

Stair headroom – the clear vertical height measured from the nosing of a stair tread to any overhead
obstruction.

Stair well – the vertical shaft which contains a staircase.

Step – a stair which consists of one tread and one riser.

Steps – the assembly consisting of a tread and riser.

String – the part of a flight of stairs which forms its ceiling or soffit.

Soffit – the underneath of an arch or molding.

String Board – the board next to the wall hole which receives the end of the steps.

Tread – the horizontal part of a step including the nosing.

Tread run – the horizontal distance between two consecutive risers or, on an open riser stair, the
horizontal distance between the nosing or the outer edges of successive treads all measured perpendicular
to the front edges of the nosing or tread.

Tread length – the dimension of a tread measured perpendicular to the normal line of travel on a stair.

Tread width – the dimension of a tread plus the projection of the nosing.

Wall string – the board placed against the wall to receive the end of the step.

Well – the placed occupied by the flight of the stairs.

FIGURE 9-1


Well hole – the opening in the floor at the top of a flight or stairs.

Well staircase – a winding staircase enclose by the walls resembling a well.

Winders – steps not parallel with each other.

Wreath – the whole of helically curved hand rail.

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9-2 STAIRCASE LAYOUT

T
he fundamental procedures in laying out a staircase are enumerated as follows:

1. Determine the clear height of the riser in meter. Normally the standard comfortable rise per step
is from 17 to 18 centimeters. The maximum height of a step riser is 20 centimeters and is only
allowed on special considerations where the physical conditions dictate. However, this height is
understood to be not comfortable for both ascending and descending the stairs.

2. Determine the number of steps from the first to the next floor by the dividing the total height of the
rise by the chosen step riser of either 17 or 18 centimeters.

3. Divide the run distance by the effective width of the tread which normally measured as follows:
Width of tread Effective width
25 cm ------------------------------ 20 cm
30 cm-------------------------------25 cm
35 cm-------------------------------30 cm
The effective width of the tread is its width minus the nosing.

 FIGURE 9-2


4. If the result of step 3 is less than that of step 2, adjust the length of the run or the width of the
tread to obtain an equal distances and proportional steps.

5. The height of the risers should be equal and uniform from the first to the last step of the stair, thus,
there should be no fractional value in dividing the rise by the riser per step.



FIGURE 9-3


6. If fractional value could not be avoided in dividing the rise by the riser, adjust the fractional
value in equal proportion to the number of risers, but in no case shall the riser per step be greater
than 19 centimeters nor less than 17 centimeters. Otherwise, the stairs will not be considered as
comfortable to ascend and descend.


ILLUSTRATIONS 9-1

From figure 9-3 determine the number of steps and the height of the riser if the total height of the
rise is 2.20 meters using a 30 centimeters width of the tread.

SOLUTION:

1. The height of the rise of 2.20 meters. Assume a 17 cm. riser
Divide:
Rise = number of risers
Riser

2.20 = 12.94
.17

3. The answer has a fractional value of .94. The rule says; “there should be no fractional value
in dividing the rise by the riser.” Thus, adjust to have an equal height per riser.

4. From the result of step 2, use the whole value of 12 disregarding the decimal amount of .94.

2.20 = .183 m. or 18.3 centimeters
 12

5. The 18.3 cm. is now the height of the risers per step instead of 17 cm. as assumed. This value is
within the range of 17 cm. and 19 cm. considered as ideal and comfortable stair.

6. Determine the distance of the run using the formula.

Run = No. of Steps – 1 x Effective width of the tread.

Where:
Effective width = Tread width – Nosing
Nosing is from 2 to 5 cm.

Run = 12 – 1 x 25 cm.
Run = 2.75 meters

There are instance however, where the length of the run and the height of the rise are known or
given, the question is how to determine the width of the tread and the height of each risers.

ILLUSTRATIONS 9-2

Determine the height of the riser and the width of the tread when the rise is 2.65 meters and the run
is 2.75 meters.

SOLUTION:

1. Assume that the riser height is 18 centimeters.

2. Divide the rise height by 18 centimeters.

2.65 = 14.72 say 15 steps
.18

3. Assuming that there are 15 steps instead of 14.72, determine the final height of the riser.

2.65 = 17.7 cm.
.15

This value is between 17 and 19 centimeters which is acceptable.

4. Assume that the tread width is 30 centimeters. The effective width of the step is 30 – 05 nosing
= 25 centimeters.



CROSS SECTION AND DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE STAIR
FIGURE 9-4

5. If there are 15 steps, multiply by the effective width of the tread.
Run = Number of steps – 1 x 25 (see figure 9-4)
Run = (15 – 1) x 25 = 350 cm. or 3.50 meters

Take note that 3.50 meters is longer than 2.75 meter distance of the run as specified in the
problem, therefore, adjustment of the tread width is necessary, thus:

a. From step 4, assume tread width = 25 not 30 centimeters.
b. The effective width is 25 cm minus 5 cm. nosing = 20 cm.
c. Check distance by the trial multiplication;

Number of steps x effective width = run
14 x .20 = 2.80 meters

This value is acceptable since the existing distance of the run is 2.75 meters with a difference of 5
cm. which could be adjusted proportionally to the number of the steps.

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9-3 THE STRINGER

S
tringer is the incline plane that support the treads and the risers of the stair. The length of the
stringer is determine by the use of the Pythagorean Formula or by actual measurement using a meter rule
or tape.

The “Steel Square” is very useful and effective tool in staircase framing.
Know its functions and a satisfactory result will be obtained. Stringer is classified according to the
methods of attaching the risers and the tread as illustrated below:

CUT TYPE CLEATED BUILT-UP RABBETED
TYPE

FIGURE 9-5

Cut type Stringer – is popularly in most modern and contemporary house designs.

Cleated type stringer – is used for very rough work.

Built – up type stringer – is adopted on a wide stairs that requires a center stringer.

Rabbeted type stringer – is adopted on fine work and usually made at the mill. The risers and tread are
held in the rabbets by wedges that are set with glue.

ILLUSTRATION 9-3

Determine the length of an open cut type stringer with the following data:
Run distance = 3.50 m.
Height of the rise = 2.50 m.

FIGURE 9-6

SOLUTION

1. Using the formula:

Stringer length = (run) ² + (rise) ²

SL = √ (3.50)² + (2.50)²

= √ 18.50

= 4.30 meters or 14.3 ft.

2. Determine the number of steps assuming 18 centimeters riser height.
Divide:
Rise = 2.50 m. = 13.88 say 14 steps
Riser .18

TABLE 9-1 HEIGHT OF RISE, LENGTH OF STRINGER AND RUN OF STAIRWAY IN METERS

Length of Stringer Length of Run Height of Rise
No. of
Tread Width Tread Width Riser height at
Steps
25 cm. 30cm. 25 cm. 30 cm. 17 cm. 18 cm.

4 1.05 1.23 .80 1.00 .68 .72
5 1.31 1.54 1.00 1.25 .85 .90
6 1.57 1.85 1.20 1.50 1.02 1.08
7 1.84 2.16 1.40 1.75 1.19 1.26
8 2.10 2.47 1.60 2.00 1.36 1.44
9 2.36 2.78 1.80 2.25 1.53 1.62
10 2.62 3.08 2.00 2.50 1.70 1.80
11 2.89 3.39 2.20 2.75 1.87 1.98
12 3.15 3.70 2.40 3.00 2.04 2.16
13 3.41 4.00 2.60 3.25 2.21 2.34
14 3.67 4.31 2.80 3.50 2.38 2.52
15 3.94 4.62 3.00 3.75 2.55 2.70
16 4.20 4.93 3.20 4.00 2.72 2.88
17 4.46 5.24 3.40 4.25 2.89 3.06
18 4.73 5.55 3.60 4.50 3.06 3.24
19 5.00 5.85 3.80 4.75 3.23 3.42
20 5.62 6.16 4.00 5.00 3.40 3.60

This problem can be solved by referring to Table 9-1. See the value of 4.31 m. along the14 steps
and 3.50 m. length of run below the .30 cm. and the 2.52 m. rise below the 18 cm. riser column.

Stairs Inclination Angle

Ladder 50° to 90°
Ramp 1° to 20°
Stairs 20° to 50°
Ideal Stairs 30° to 35°

TABLE 9-2 SPIRAL STAIRS

Open Riser of Treads Cantilevers Treads
Tread Degrees No. of Tread Riser Head Room
In Circle cm. meter

22° - 30’ 16 17.5 2.10
28° - 0’ 12-13 18.0 2.00
30° - 0’ 12-13 20.0 2.00



FIGURE 9-7


The National Building Code on Stairs Provides that:

1. The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum diameter-dimension of any landing
should be at least 110 centimeters.

2. The maximum rise of stairs steps should be between 17 and19 centimeters. A rise less than 16
centimeters nor more than 19 centimeters is not considered as ideal stair.

3. The minimum width of the tread exclusive of the nosing shall be 25 centimeters.

4. The maximum height of a straight flight between landing is generally 3.60 meters except those
serving as exit from places of assembly where a maximum height of 2.40 meters is normally
specified.

5. The number of stairway in a building depends upon the number of probable occupants per floor,
the width of a stairway and the building floor area. The distance from any point in an open floor
area to the nearest stairway shall not exceed 38 meters.
6. The combined width of all the stairway in any floor shall accommodate at one time the total
 number of persons occupying the largest floor area under the condition that one person of each
.33 square meter floor area on the landing and halls within the stairway enclosure.

7. In building of more than 12 meters high and in all mercantile building regardless of height the
required stairways must be completely enclosed by fireproof partitions and at least one stairway
shall continue to the roof.

1. Make a sketch plan of an ideal L-shape staircase with the following data:

Width of stair = 2.00 meters
Rise = 3.00 meters
Tread = 30 centimeters
Nosing = 5 centimeters
Riser height = ?
Run = ?

 FIGURE 9-8


2. From the following figure, make a sketch plan of an ideal U-shape staircase where the riser do not
exceed 19 centimeters nor less than 17centimeters with a 30 centimeters tread and 5 centimeters nosing.
The rise of the stair is 3.50 meters.

 FIGURE 9-9

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10-1 PAINT

Paint is commonly referred to as a “Surface Coating”. It is defined as “a coating applied to surface
or subtrate to decorate, to protect, or to perform some other specialized functions.”

Almost everybody knows the word paint, its uses, color including the brand which are rated as
poor, good and durable. There are those who have little knowledge of rated a brand based on how it is
advertised. Others on the cost of the paint.

Generally, a good quality paint is a little bit costlier than that a poorer one. However, in terms of
surface area coverage, ease of work durability, a good quality paint is cheaper than that of poorer one.
Thus, never have a second thought of having the best from the reputable brand, otherwise, to think of
saving a few cents for your paint might turn out later to be more expensive.

Obtaining a good quality paint from a reputable brand however, is not a guarantee that you have a
long lasting paint .There are numerous kinds of paint as there are various kinds of surface to be painted.
Applying a premium quality paint to a surface not suitable for such type of paint is considered a technical
failure which cannot be guaranteed by the cost neither the brand of the paint. It is therefore imperative to
know which kind of paint for what kind of surface to be applied with.

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10-2 INGREDIENTS OF PAINT

Paint has the following Ingredients:

1. Vehicle
2. Solvent
3. Pigment
4. Additives

VEHICLE

Vehicle is that substance in the paint which gives a film continuity and provides adhesion to the
surface or subtrate. It is called vehicle because it carries the ingredients to the subtrate which will remain
on the surface after the paint has dried.
The vehicle contains a film former which is the combination of the following:

1. Resins
2. Plasticisers
3. Drying oil, etc.

The vehicle is divided into the following components:

1. Solid Thermoplastic Film Formers- The solid resin is melted for application and then solidifies
after application.

2. Lacquer Type Film Formers- The vehicle dries by solvent evaporation.

3. Room Temperature Catalyzed Film Formers – A chemical agent blended into the coating before
application cause cross-linking into a solid polymer at room temperature.

4. Heat-Cured Film Formers- Heat causes cross-linking of the film former or activates a catalyst
that is not active until heat has been applied.

5. Oxidizing Film Formers- Oxygen from the air enters the film and cross-link to form a solid gel.

6. Emulsion-type Film Formers- The solvent evaporation and the droplets of plastic film former
floating in it to flows together to form a film.

SOLVENT
Solvent are low viscosity volatile liquid used in coating to improve application properties.

PIGMENT
Paint Pigments are solid grains or particles of uniform and controlled sizes which are generally
insoluble in the vehicle of the coating.

The Paint Pigment contributes to the following properties:

a. For the decoration of function – It contributes opacity, color and gloss control.
b. For the protective function – It contribute specific properties such as hardness, resistance to
corrosion and rapid weathering, abrasion, and improved adhesion.
c. It makes sanding easier, retard flame and serves as insulation against electricity.
d. Pigments serve to fill spaces in paint films.


ADDITIVES

Additives are ingredients formulated in the paint to modify the properties of either the vehicle or
the pigmentation or both. They give the wet paint or dried paint film properties which are not present in
the vehicle and pigmentation system. Additives improve a certain properties of vehicle such as speed
drying, pigment resistance to fading or the entire paint such as the ease of application.

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10-3 ESSENTIAL AND SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF GOOD QUALITY PAINT

A good quality paint must have the following essential and specific properties.

1. Adhesion – Coating must stick to the surface or subtrate to bing other properties into work.

2. Ease of Application – Paint must be easily applied in the accordance with the methods as
prescribed by the manufacturer. It should go into the subtrate to a specific film thickness and be
dried within the specified time with the desired appearance possessing the necessary specific
properties.
3. Film Integrity- the cured or dried film of paint must have all the film properties as claimed by
the manufacturer. There should be no weak spots in the film caused by imperfect film drying or
curing.

4. Consistent quality- paint must be consistent in quality such as color, viscosity, application
properties and durability from can to can, batch by batch, shipment by shipment.

5. Specific Properties- paint should be considered for particular use such as:

a. Kitchen Enamel – must resist grease, heat and repeated cleaning.

b. Stucco or Latex Paint – must resist water, alkali and sunlight and must permit passage
of water of vapor.

c. Swimming Pool Paint – Must have specific chlorine, water and sunlight resistance.

d. Exterior Commercial Aircraft Finishes – must resist ultra violet degradation, erosion
by air loss of adhesion at high speed, rapid change of temperature, chemical attack by the
hydraulic fluids of the aircraft, and film rupture from the flexing of the film by the denting
of the surface.

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10-4 THE ELEMENTS OF A GOOD PAINTING JOB

P
ainting is the final touch in the construction work. It is where all the construction defects,
ugliness and roughness from masonry, carpentry, tinsmithing and others are corrected, smoothened and
beautified.

The elements of a good painting job are:

1. Correct Surface Preparation – the primary and essential property which is necessary for a
paint is Adhesion. Good adhesion demands good surface preparation.

2. Choice of the Proper Paint System – Apply the right kind of paint on the right surface. For
instance, always apply the right kind of primer before the final top coat. Water base paint for
masonry and concrete. Oil base paint for wood and equivalent surface etc.

3. Good Application with the Right Technique and Tools.
a.) Maintain a uniform wet and dry film thickness.
b.) Correct application and number of sequence as specified by the manufacturer.
c.) Always use the right kind of tools with good quality

4. Correct Drying Circle – The final properties of the dried coating develop during the drying
cycle. Unless conditions are favorable, correct film properties will never develop.

5. Protection Against Water – The primary cause of paint failure is moisture. Moisture is
considered as a menace to the best of paint job. It is very frustrating to see your lovely and
newly painted house deteriorating so soon specially if you bought good paint, used good tools
and spend a lot for labor.

Water is the hidden enemy of paint. It is a pervasive element of deterioration and it causes the following:

a.) Rusting and other corrosion
b.) Paint peeling
c.) Masonry efflorescence and spalling
d.) Corrosive water solution (staining sea water)

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10-5 SURFACE PREPARATION

T
he quickest way to achieve paint failure is through improper surface preparation. It is just as
important to a quality a surface preparation as it is to specify a painting system.

1. GENERAL

1. Surface examination – no exterior painting or interior finishing shall be done under conditions
which may jeopardize the quality or appearance of the painting or the finishing.

2. Preparation – all surface to receive paint should be cleaned and in proper condition. Wood work
shall be sandpapered and dusted clean. All knot holes pitch pockets or sappy portions shall be
shellacked or sealed with knot-sealer. Nail holes, cracks are defects shall be puttied after the first
coat with putty matching color of the stain or paint.

3. Interior Woodwork – finishes shall be sandpapered between coats. Cracks, holes, or imperfections
in plaster shall be filled with patching plaster and smoothed off to match adjoining surfaces.

4. Plaster or Masonry – Masonry or plaster shall be completely dried before any sealer or paint is
applied. After the primer-sealer coat is dried, all visible suction spots shall be toughed up before the
succeeding coats are applied. Work should not be continued until after all spots have been sealed. In
the presence of high alkali conditions, surfaces should be washed to neutralize the alkali.

5. Metals – Shall be clean, dry and free from mill scale and rust. Remove all grease and oil from the
surface. Unprimed galvanized metal shall be washed with metal etching solution and allowed to dry
before applying a primer.

6. Concrete and Brick Surface – the surface shall be wired brushed clean. Glazed surfaces and those
with traces of patching compound shall be sandpapered or acid etched before applying a primer.


2. CLEANING METHODS

1. Sandblasting – there are three general methods applied in sandblasting namely ;

1. Conventional Dry Sandblasting – the sand is not recycled. However, dust respirators and other
safety precautions should be observed since environment restrictions on dry blasting are becoming
increasingly severe.

2. Vacuum Sandblasting – this method reduces health hazard because the sand is recovered outright.
However, it is costlier and less efficient compared with the dry blasting method but its efficiency can
be increased by holding the vacuum cone at a sight distance from the surface. The vacuum method is
useful inside shops in areas where dust might damage machineries.

3. Wet Sandblasting – this method reduces the hazard of dust and may be required by legal
restrictions. The wet sand and paint residues accumulate on ledges and other flat areas where rinsing
operation is necessary.

2. Wire-Brushing and Scraping – power and hand wire- brushing are used in a small jobs in cleaning
areas after and on surfaces where sandblasting is not feasible. Hand scraping is used on small areas
in places where access is difficult and for final clean up after other methods have been employed.
3. Power Tools – power tools such as rotary wire and disc tools, rotary impact chippers and needle
sealers may be used if sandblasting is not feasible

4. Water Blasting – water blasting is an effective method in cleaning and removing old paint from
large masonry surfaces. It is generally used and acceptable for health and environmental
requirements. Water blasting method is preferred for underwater or marine work.

3. CHEMICAL METHODS

1. Acid- etching – is the use of an acid solution with or without a detergent to roughen a dense glazed
surface. Rinse thoroughly the acid-etched surface to remove the residual soluble reaction of calcium
and magnesium chloride which affect the adhesion and stability of latex paint in particular.

2. Paint Remover- both the conventional solvent-base and the water rinseable types of paint removers
may be used to remove old paint. Most paint removers contain wax. This wax should be removed
completely before painting because it destroy adhesion and inhibit the drying of paint.

3. Steam cleaning – steam cleaning with or without detergents is frequently used in food packing
plants. A mildewcide is usually added. Low pressure steam cleaners are used on home and office
walls.

4. Alkali cleaning – Alkali cleaners should not be used on masonry surfaces adjacent to aluminum,
 stainless steel or galvanized metal. Surfaces which are cleaned with alkali cleaners must be
thoroughly rinse and clean with water. Residual alkali and detergents can cause greater damage to
paint if they are not removed completely.

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10-6 KINDS OF PAINT, USES, AND AREA COVERAGE

Coverage
KIND OF PAINT USES THINNER DRYING TIME Per 4 lts

*PRIMERS*
2 hrs. Allow
1. Interior Primer For interior Paint over- 25 to 30
and sealer wood surfaces thinner night before sq. m.
recoating
6 hrs. Allow
2. Exterior wood For exterior Paint over- 30 to 40
primer wood surfaces thinner night before sq. m.
recoating
3 hrs. Allow
3. Prepakote Primer for ferrous
Paint over- 35 to 40
Red oxide and non-ferrous
thinner night before sq. m.
primer materials
recoating
For exterior and
3 hrs. Allow
Interior metal
[Link] chromate Paint over- 30 to 40
surfaces exposed
primer thinner night before sq. m.
to normal Indus-
recoating
trial environment
Rust preventive 3 hrs. Allow
[Link] lead Paint 30 to 40
primer for ferrous over-
primer thinner sq. m.
surfaces night before
6 hrs. Allow
For steel, alumi-
Epoxy over- 30 to 40
[Link] primer num, galvanized
reducer night before sq. m.
iron
recoating
*WATER BASE MASONRY PAINT*
Exterior & ½ lts. 30 min. Allow 6
1. Acrylic latex 30 to 40
Interior water / hrs. before
paint sq. m.
masonry surfaces 4 lts. recoating
Exterior & 30 min. Allow 6
2. Acrylic semi- 30 to 40
Interior water hrs. before
gloss latex sq m.
masonry surfaces recoating
Exterior & 30 min. Allow 6
3. Acrylic gloss 30 to 40
Interior water hrs. before
latex paint sq. m
masonry surface recoating
for chalky surface
4. Acrylic gloss to improve adhe- 1 hour. Allow 4 30 to 40
Gloss Emulsion sion of new coats water hours before sq. m.
Paint of Latex paint recoating

for furniture,
cabi-
nets, doors, win-
5. Latex hi-gloss 1 hour. Allow 4
dows, tools, toys, use as is 30 to 40
enamel hours before
wrought iron and sq. m.
recoating
primed metals
and appliances

Tinting color Acrylic colors water
30 min. Allow 6
6. Acrylic Primer to old and 30 to 40
water hrs. before
concrete sealer new concrete sq. m.
recoating
7. Masonry 24 hrs. Allow
Primer for old 30 to 40
surface Use as is overnight before
chalky paint film sq. m.
conditions recoating
8. Tinting Colors Acrylic Colors water
*ROOF PAINT*
For galvanized
1. All weather
iron sheet, asbes- 4 hrs. Allow 40 to 50
acrylic roof water
tos, concrete, overnight before sq.m.
shield
bricks and stucco
For G.I. sheet,
CHB, stucco,
6 hrs. Allow
2. Portland concrete, bricks Paint 30 to 40
overnight before
cement paint and other zinc thinner sq. m.
recoating
coated metal
surfaces
G.I. roof and
6 hrs. Allow
3. Davies roof other metal such Paint 30 to 40
overnight before
paint as aluminum and thinner sq. m.
recoating
steel
*ENAMEL AND GLOSS PAINT*
For exterior and 5 hrs. Allow 8
1. Quick drying Paint 30 to 40
interior wood and hours before
enamel thinner sq. m.
metal surf recoating
6 hrs. Allow
2. Interior Semi- Interior wood and Paint 25 to 30
overnight before
gloss enamel metal surfaces thinner sq. m.
recoating
3 hrs. Allow
3. Flat wall For interior wall Paint 40 to 50
overnight before
enamel and ceiling thinner sq. m.
recoating
4. Exterior gloss For exterior Paint 6 hrs. Allow 48 40 to 50
paint wood and thinner hours before sq. m.
properly primed recoating
metal surfaces
5. Tinting colors Oil base tinting
*VARNISHING*
For dark wood to
1. No. 48 Davies be changed to
wood light natural finish
Use as is
bleach and making old
1and 2 wood color
uniform
For patching up
2. no. 77 Davies 10 minutes 30
wood defects like 20 to 25
Lax-tire plastic Use as is minutes for
knots, nail holes sq. m.
wood dough dry hard
and cracks
Sealer for open 12 min. Allow
3. wood filler Paint 25 to 35
grain of interior overnight before
paste thinner sq. m.
wood recoating
4. Non- grain
For wood 30 to 40
raising wood 30 minutes
surfaces sq. m.
stain
For paneling,
cabinets, floors,
Allow 24 hours 30 to 40
5. Oil wood stain furniture, door
before recoating sq. m.
jambs, and other
wood work
To seal and finish
interior wood
35to 40 sq.
6. Finishing oil surf, such as overnight
m.
furnitures wood
& panelling
For floors,
7. Valspar or Paint 40 to 50
sidings furniture, 24 hours
spar varnish thinner sq. m.
deck of boats, etc.
For interior and
exterior wood
8. Daxpar Paint 40 to 50
surfaces, nautical 24 hours
varnish thinner sq. m.
and aeronautical
varnish
For interior new
10 minutes
9. Hi- solid wood furnitures Lacquer 40to 50 sq.
Allow 30 minutes
sanding sealer and fixtures, thinner m.
before recoating
cabinet, doors
10. Hi- solid For furnitures, Lacquer Allow 30 minutes 30 to 40
clear gloss cabinets, fixtures thinner before recoating sq. m.
lacquer door paneling and
trim
For interior wood
11. Hi- solid
furnitures Lacquer Allow 30 min. 30 to 40
semi- gloss
cabinets, door thinner before recoating sq. m.
lacquer
shelves etc.
For interior wood
furniture,
12. Hi- solid Lacquer Allow 30 minutes 30 to 40
cabinets, door
dead flat lacquer thinner before recoating sq. m.
jamb, trim
paneling etc.
For furnitures,
13. Water white cabinets , doors Lacquer Allow 30 minutes 30 to 40
gloss lacquer panel and interior thinner before recoating sq. m.
walls
*AUTOMOTIVE FINISHING*
For properly
1. Lacquer Lacquer Allow 30 minutes 40 to 50
primed metal and
enamel thinner before recoating sq. m.
wood
For exterior and
2. Automotive Lacquer 40 to 50
interior metal or 30 minutes
lacquer thinner sq. m.
wood surfaces
3. Lacquer For metal and Lacquer 40 to 50
30 minutes
primer wood surface thinner sq. m.
For exterior and
Lacquer 10 minutes dry to 20 to 30
4. Lacquer putty interior metal &
thinner sand in 1 hour sq. m.
wood surfaces
Automotive fin.
5. Pro-lux auto Paint 2 hours dry hard 30 to 40
for residential
enamel thinner in 10 hours sq. m.
and commercial
For exterior and 2 hours. Allow 8
6. Pro-lux Paint 30 to 40
interior wood and hours before
enamel primer thinner sq. m.
metal surfaces recoating
For exterior and
7. Pro-lux
interior metal & Use a is
glazing putty
wood surfaces
* INDUSTRIAL PAINT *
For steel tanks,
exterior & 1 hour. Allow 24
1. Silver finish 40 to 50
interior metal Use as is hrs. before
aluminum sq. m.
wood and recoating
masonry
 For interior and
exterior surfaces 1 hour. Allow 24 40 to 50
2. Heat-Resisting like radiators, Use as is hours before sq. m.
boilers, pipes and recoating
general industrial
equipment
For superheated
steam lines,
3. High heat 1 hour at 450 º F 40 to 50
boiler casings, Use as is
resisting paint maximum sq. m.
drum and rocket
launchers
For asbestos
1 hour. Allow 24
4. Asphalt base cement 20 to 30
Use as is hours before
Aluminum composition and sq. m.
recoating
metal
1 hour. Allow 24
For asphalt and 20 to 30
5. Traffic paint Use as is hours before
masonry surface sq. m.
recoating
12 hours. Allow
6. Blackboard For wood and Paint 35 to 40
overnight before
slating metal surface thinner sq. m.
recoating
7. Davies Anti- For hulls and 12 hours. Allow
Paint 30 to 40
corrosive marine below water line overnight before
thinner sq. m.
paint of ship recoating
For properly
primed surfaces 12 hours. Allow
8. Marine boat Paint 30 to 40
between the light 24 hours before
topping paint thinner sq. m.
and deep load recoating
lines of ship
For properly
8 hours. Allow 12
9. Anti- fouling primed surface Paint 30 to 40
hours before
paint below the water thinner sq. m.
recoating
line of ships
For use above the
water line of sea
10. Hull, deck, 12 hours. Allow
vessels, Paint 30 to 40
mast and topside 24 hours before
equipment and thinner sq. m.
paint recoating
structures near the
sea
Marine engine 1 hour. Allow 24
11. machinery Paint 30 to 40
and equipment hours before
engine enamel thinner sq. m.
casing recoating
for steel, alumi- 6 hours. Allow
12. Epoxy Epoxy 30 to 40
num, galv. ,iron, overnight before
enamel reducer sq. m.
wood & concrete recoating
13. Epoxy For body repair epoxy 2 hours
glazing putty aircraft, care and
equipment
Multi-purpose
thermosetting
plastic material 8 hours full 30 to 40
14. Epoxy glue for cementing or Use as is
strength in 96 hr. sq. m.
bonding rigid
materials
Use as thinner for
15. Pure pale
exterior house Use as is
boiled linsed oil
paint
Treatment to
16. Concrete 30 to 40
neutralize Use as is 24 hours
neutralizer sq. m.
masonry surface
25 to 35
17. rust remover Paint stripper Use as is overnight
sq. m.
18. Paint 25 to 35
Paint stripper Use as is overnight
remover sq. m.
Destroy molds
mildews on new
19. Mildewcide water
and previously
painted surface


SOURCE : Davies Paint Manual of Information

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10-7 ESTIMATING YOUR PAINT

P
aint manufacturer specification includes the estimate area coverage per gallon with a net content
of 4 liters. Generally, the estimated area coverage is in the range interval of 10. For instance, one gallon
of quick drying enamel covers 40 to 50 square meters surface area which simply mean a minimum of 40
and a maximum of 50 square meters depending upon the texture of the surface to be painted.
The problem therefore is, what amount for which surface texture will be used? To simplify our
estimate, surface texture will be classified into three categories such as:

1. Coarse to rough ……. 40 or 30 sq. m. for water base paint
2. Fine to coarse ……… 45 or 35 sq. m. for water base paint
3. Smooth to fine……… 50 or 40 sq. m. for water base paint

ILLUSTRATION 10-1

A concrete fire wall measures 30 meters long and 12 meters high. Determine the number of
gallons (4 liters content) required using Acrylic Gloss Latex Paint if the wall is:

a. Wooden troweled finish (coarse to rough)
b. Paper finished (fine to coarse)
c. Fine to smooth (putty finish)

SOLUTION:

1. Coarse to Rough Surface

1. Solve for the wall area.

30 x 12 = 360 sq. m.

2. 360 sq.m. divided by 30 sq. m. area coverage per gallon of neutralizer and water solution :

360 = 12 gallons
30

3. If one quart of neutralizer is mixed with 2 ½ gallons of water;
Divide:
12 gallons = 4.8 say 5 quarts neutralizer
2.5

4. Solve for the concrete primer. Refer to section 10-6 under masonry water base paint using
acrylic concrete sealer as primer, the area coverage per gallon is 30 to 40 sq. m.

 5. For a coarse to Rough surface;
Divide:
360 sq. m. = 12 gallons acrylic concrete primer
30

6. Solve for the Acrylic gloss Latex Paint final coating using 30 sq. m. area coverage per gallon;
Divide:
360 sq. m. = 12 gallons
30 sq. m./gal.

Solution for Fine to Coarse Surface

1. Solve for the net area of the wall = 360 sq. m.

2. Solve for the concrete neutralizer 360 sq. m. = 10.3
35 sq. m./gallon

3. If one quart of neutralizer is mixed with 2 ½ gal. of water;
Divide:
10.3 = 4.1 quarts neutralizer
2.5
4. Solve for the concrete primer sealer (use 35 sq. per gal.)
Divide:
360 sq. m. = 10.28 gallons
35

5. Solve for Acrylic Gloss Latex Paint.
same as step 4 = 10.28 gallons

C. Solution for Fine to Smooth Surface

1. Divide the wall area by 40 sq. m. coverage per gallon

360 = 9.0 gallons surface primer
40

2. For final coat, the same, 9 gallons.

3. For Neutralizer 9.0 gal. = 3.6 say 4 liter
2.5 gal.

ILLUSTRATION 10-2

A 10 classroom elementary school building with a general dimensions of 6.00 meters wide by 8.00
meters long requires painting of the roof and the plywood ceiling. The plan specifies two coatings of
Acrylic Roof Shield and Quick Drying Enamel for the roof and ceiling respectively. Prepare an order list
of the following materials:

a. Roof paint
b. Wood primer for ceiling
c. Quick drying enamel paint
d. Paint thinner

SOLUTION:

A. Roof Paint

1. Find the total roof area.

A= 8.00 x 82.00 m.
A= 656 sq. m.

FIGURE 10 -1

2. Refer Section 10-6 under roof paint. The area coverage of Acrylic Roof Shield paint per gallon is 40
to 50 sq. m. Use 45 as the average.

656 sq. m. = 14.6 ay 15 gallons
45

3. For two coatings, Multiply: 15 x 2 = 30 gallons

4. Paint thinner is not required. Clean water is used instead because is a water base paint.

B. Enamel Paint for the Ceiling

 1. Solve for the total ceiling area including the eaves.

A = 8 x 82 = 656 sq. m.

2. Solve for the primer paint. Refer to Section 10-6. Under the Exterior Wood Primer, the area
coverage per gallon is 30 to 40 sq. m.

3. For plywood ceiling, use the average value of 35 sq. m. per gallon.
Divide:
656 = 18.7 say 20 gallons wood primer
35

4. Solve for the Quick Drying Enamel top coat. Refer to Section 10-6. The average coverage area per
gallon is 30 to 40 sq. m. Use the average 35.
Divide:
656 = 18.7 say 20 gallons
35

5. For two coatings of top coat, multiply 20 x 2 = 40 gallons

6. Solve for the paint thinner at an average of ½ liter per gallon of paint.

Primer…………………………..20 gallons
Quick Dry Enamel……………. 40 gallons
Total……………….. 60 gallons

7. Multiply : 60 x .50 (½) = 30 liters or
8 gallons paint thinner. Add 5 to 10% allowance for thinning and washing of paint brush and tools.

Summary

30 gallons Acrylic roof shield

20 gallons wood Primer
40 gallons Quick Dry Enamel
32 liters paint including 2 gallons allowance

Comment:

1. The paint thinner of any type is considered as the most abused materials in all painting job. It is used
for washing of hands, cleaning of paint brushes and tools. Sometimes as fuel and torches or lamps.

2. Frequent washing of paint brush and roller after use will consume large amount of paint thinner. This
could be avoided if the brush is wrap-up with paper after used then placed inside a gallon container
with water to avoid cleaning and hardening but is ready for use the next day or anytime as needed.

3. However, if paint brush, rollers and other tolls were used in a epoxy paint or primers that are mixed
 with catalyst, cleaning after used is mandatory because the hardening process of epoxy paint mixed
with catalyst can not be prevented due to the chemical reactions that has already started like cement
mixed with water.

4. Protect your paint brush and roller from damages by cleaning as follows:

a.) For Epoxy Paint mixed with Catalyst – Clean your tools with epoxy or acrylic thinner. For
economical reason use lacquer thinner then wash with water and soap.

b.) For Water Base Paint - Wash thoroughly with water and soap immediately after use.

c.) Lacquer Paint or Varnish – Clean with lacquer thinner then water and soap.

d.) Gloss Paint, flat and quick dry enamel – Clean with paint thinner or kerosene then water and soap.

e.) Lacquer thinner estimate for varnishing work should be sufficient enough to anticipate frequent
thinning, multiple rubbing, cleaning of tools and evaporation.

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10-8 PAINT FAILURES AND REMEDY

The different types of paint failures are identified as follows:

1. Blistering or peeling 7. Bleeding
2. Chalking 8. Mildew
3. Flaking 9. Staining
4. Fading [Link] and Flaking
5. Cracking and aligatoring
6. Peeling or cracking of paint on G.I. Sheets

Blistering or Peeling

Remedy:
1. Locate and eliminate the sources of moisture.
2. Scrap off old paint around the blistered area. Let dry and apply good primer then final paint of
good quality.

Chalking – the paint was too thin for the required film.

Remedy:
Be more generous to your paint. Spend a little more for two coatings.

Flaking – the result of inadequate or poor surface preparation. The paint flakes off in scales or powder
and chalk off.

Remedy:
Scrape-off the paint on affected area than seal all cracks against moisture. Apply good primer then
final coat.

Fading – Fading is a normal behavior of paint. But, if fading is too fast and excessive, that means you
applied a poor kind of paint. This is what usually happened when for a few cents of difference in cost the
quality is sacrificed.

Remedy:
Repaint. Next time be sure to buy the best of paint brand. Remember, good paint contains more
and better pigment.

Cracking and Aligatoring – Results when paint was applied in several heavy coats not observing the
sufficient drying time between coats. The primer or undercoat used may not be compatible with the final
coat. For instance, using a quick drying enamel as final coat over a flat wall paint. Or a lacquer or acrylic
paint over an ordinary oil base paint, etc.

Remedy:
 Remove the paint. Clean the surface properly. Apply good kind of primer then final coat.

Peeling or Cracking of Paint on G.I. Sheet – Indicates the use of improper metal primer or no primer
applied. The paint film has no adhesion on the surface.

Remedy:
Strip off the paint. Clean with solvent. Dry, then apply galvanized paint (see roof paint on Section
10-6)

Bleeding – is the result of inadequate sealing of the surface at the first application of paint.


Remedy:
Scrape off the surface then repaint.

Mildew – Mildew thrives on high humidity and temperature. The fungus are stimulated and grows on the
paint film. If covered with new coat of paint, just the same it will grow through the new coat.

Remedy:
Wash the surface with mildew wash solution diluted with water. Scrub the surface. Rinse with
clean water and dry for 48 hours then apply final coat.

Staining – is an effect of wood preservative or rust of nails.

Remedy:
1. Remove the paint on affected area.
2. Remove rust on nails, then apply lead primer to metal and wood primer.
3. Apply the final coat with good quality paint.

Checking and Flaking – is caused by expansion or contraction of wood.

Remedy :
See Remedy for blistering.

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10-9 WALL PAPERING

T
he term “wall paper” refers not only to paper substances that are pasted on walls and ceiling
but also include vinyl, cork, fabrics, grass cloth, foils and many other surface covering materials.

Estimating your wall paper requires extra rolls in anticipation of the following:

1. For replacement of ruined or damaged materials in the process of working and handling.

2. For additional areas which are not included in the plan or overlooked in actual surface measuring.

3. For future repair which requires the same pattern, color texture and design.

4. Trim can be used as a decorative boarder. Wall paper is sold by yard or meter in roll.

Vinyl Wall Paper is classified into three kinds:

1. Vinyl laminated to paper
2. Vinyl laminated to cloth.
3. Vinyl impregnated cloth on paper backing. This is extremely durable easy to clean and resistance to
damage.

Caution in Buying Vinyl Wall Paper

1. Examine the label if it is vinyl coated only. This kind is not wear or grease resistant nor washable type.

2. Never confuse them with vinyl wall paper.

3. In buying your vinyl wall paper, always use and specify vinyl mildew resistance adhesive only.

4. Vinyl wall paper stretches if pulled. Hair line like cracks will appear at seems as wall paper shrinks
when it dries. Thus, avoid stretching your vinyl wall paper.

Foil

Foil is another wall paper simulated metallic finish or aluminum laminated paper. Do not fold or
wrinkle the foil because there is no remedy to crease. Smooth surface is required to avoid reflective
surfaces as foil magnify any imperfections on the surface to which is attached. Remember to specify
mildew resistant vinyl adhesive only.

Grass Cloth, Hemp, Burlap, Cork

These are mounted on paper or backing which could be weakened from over soaking with paste.
Hence, paste one strip at a time.

Flocks

Flocks are made of nylon or rayon available on paper, vinyl or foil wall papers. Use paint roller or
squeegee for best result

Wall Paper Estimating Procedures

1. Determine the surface area to receive wall paper.

2. Subtract the area opening such as doors, windows etc.

3. Divide the net wall area by the effective covering of the wall paper size as presented in Table 10-1 to
find the number of roll

4. Add 5 to 10% allowance depending upon the design pattern.

5. Multiply the number of rolls by the corresponding amount or adhesive to get the number of boxes
required.


TABLE 10 -1 WALL PAPER TECHNICAL DATA

Width Length / roll Effective Covering Adhesive
cm. meter per roll (sq. m.) Box per Roll
52 10.05 5.22 .17
54 10.05 5.42 .18
71 13.70 9.72 .32

PROBLEM EXERCISE

1. A narra plywood partition contains 48 pieces ¼ “ x 4’ x 8’ board specify 5 coat lacquer varnish
including the primer coat of sanding sealer. List down the required materials as follows:

a. Sand paper no.150 (rough) 220 and No. 400 (fine)
b. Wood stain
c. Lacquer Sanding Sealer
d. Lacquer clear gloss
e. Lacquer thinner

2. A national highway 80 kilometers long requires center line white alternate marker 6 inches wide 3
meters long. How many gallons of road paint is required?

3. A solid fire wall measures 45 meters long by 18 meters high is to be painted with Acrylic – Latex gloss
paint. The plan specifies two final coat over the primer. Solve for the following materials if the wall
finish is coarse, fine and smooth.

a. Primer
b. Gloss latex paint
c. Neutralizer

4. A school building has 20 classroom measuring 7.00 x 9.00 meters with an eaves measuring 120
centimeters from the wall including the fascia board. Using a Quick Dry Enamel Gloss for the ceiling and
roof shield paint for the roof solve for:

a. Paint primer
b. Quick dry enamel paint
c. Paint thinner
d. Roof paint for two coatings

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11-2 GLASS JALOUSIE

One important consideration in estimating glass jalousie is the clear height of the window opening.
If a window is two accommodate glass jalousie, its height must be adjusted to the number of blade
intended to be installed. Table 11-2 provides the standard height of jalousie corresponding to the number
of blade.

With respect to the width of the glass jalousie, it does not present any problem because the glass
blade can be adjusted to the design length. The glass blade however, should not be longer than 90
centimeters.

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11 – 4 WOOD PILES

S
pecifications: Piles shall be peeled removing all the rough bark at least 80% of the inner bark. Not
least than 80% of the surface of any circumference shall be clean wood. No string of inner bark remaining
on pile shall be over 2 centimeters wide and 20 centimeters long. All knots shall be trimmed close to the
body of the pile.

TABLE 11 – 6 WOOD PILES

Length of Pile Diameter from Butt Minimum Tip
In Meter Min. cm. Max. cm. Diameter cm.
Under 12 meters 30 45 20
12 to 18 meters 32 45 18
Over 18 meters 35 50 15

The diameter of the piles shall be measured in their peeled condition. When the pile is not exactly round,
the average of 3 measurements may be used. The butt diameter for the same length of pile shall be as
uniform as possible. All piles shall retain preservative of at least the amount given in the following table:

FIGURE 11 – 7 MINIMUM PRESERVATIVE PER CUBIC METER OF WOOD PILES

Type of Processing
Use and Type
Empty Cell Process Full Cell Process
General use 193 kg. 321 kg
Marine use 193 kg. 321 kg

FIGURE 11 – 8 RANGE OF SKIN FRICTION FOR VARIOUS SOIL

Value in Kilograms per Square Meter
Type of Soil
Minimum Maximum
1. Silt and Soft Mud 244 489
2. Silt Compacted 587 1,712
3. Clay and Sand 1,956 3,913
4. Sand with some clay 2,446 4,891
5. Sand and Gravel 2,935 8,804

Lumber shall be treated by pressure method with creosoted coal solution or creosote petroleum solution


TABLE 11 – 9 ALLOWANCE BEARING POWER OF DIFFERENT SOIL

 Value in Tons per Sq. M.
Kind of Soil
Min. Max. Usual
Quick Sand and Alluvial Soil 5.38 10.76 5.38
Soft Clay 8.07 32.28 21.50
Wet Clay and Soft Sand 10.76 21.50 16.14
Clay and Sand in alternate layers 10.76 43.04 21.50
Firm and Dry Loom or Clay hard
dry clay or Fine Sand 21.50 43.04 32.28
Confined Sand 10.76 43.04 32.28
Compact Coarse Sand or stiff
Gravel 32.28 64.56 43.04
Sand and Gravel Well Cemented 53.80 107.60 86.08
Good Hard pan or Hard Shale 53.80 107.60 86.08
Rock 53.80 269.00 161.40

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11–5 BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENT

(Hot asphalt type – Approx. ½ or 1.25 cm. thick)


TABLE 11–10 BITUMINOUS MACADAM WEARING COURSE

Bituminous Aggregate
Application Materials Weight Coarse Key
Liter / sq. m. Kilograms Liters / sq. m.
First Spreading 90
First Application 4.0
Second Spreading 13
Second Application 1.8
Third Spreading 11
Third Application 1.4
Fourth Spreading 8
Total 7.2 90 32

TABLE 11–11 BITUMINOUS MACADAM PAVEMENT
(Hot Asphalt Type Approximately 2 ¼ or 5.7 cm. Thick)

Bituminous Aggregate
Activity Materials Coarse Choker Key
Liter/ sq. m. Kilogram Liter/ sq. m.
First Spreading 90
Second Spreading 10
First Application 5.5
Third Spreading 10
Second Application 3.5
Fourth Spreading 8
Third Application 2.0
Fifth Spreading 8
Total 11.0 90 36


TABLE 11–12 BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENT
(Hot Asphalt Type Approximately 1.6 cm. thick)

Bituminous Aggregate
Operations Materials Weight Coarse Key
 Liter / sq. m. Kilograms Liters / sq. m.
First Application 1.0
First Spreading 22
Second Application 1.3
Second Spreading 6.5
Third Application 0.7
Third Spreading 4.5
Total 3.0 22 11

Values given with bulk specific gravity of 2.65

Open Graded Plan Mix Surface Course
The approximate amount of materials per square meter of the open graded plan-mix surfacing
course and the sequence of placing shall be as follows:

1. Plant-mixed aggregate - 80 kilograms
2. Choker aggregate - 3 kg.
3. Bituminous materials - .45 liter
4. Choker aggregate - 3 to 5 kilograms

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11–6 FILLING MATERIALS

Estimating procedures:

1. Compute for the volume to be filled up
2. Determine the kind of filling materials
3. Multiply the result found in step one by the corresponding percentage of additional volume (see Table
11-3)
4. Add results to obtain the compact volume.


TABLE 11-13 FILLING MATERIALS

% Additional to
Materials (Loose Volume) Obtain Compact
Volume
Earth fill 23 to 25 %
Earth and Sand 18 to 20 %
Selected Borrow 15 to 18 %

ILLUSTRATION 11 – 4

A residential lot as shown in Figure 11-2 requires filling. Compute the materials required using (a) earth
fill (b) S.B.

FIGURE 11 – 2


SOLUTION

A. Using Earth Fill

1. Solve for the volume of A.
15 x 20.00 x .50 = 150 cu. m.

2. Find the volume of B.
15.00 x 20 x 1.30 =195 cu. m.
2
Total Volume……..345 cu. m.

3. From Table 11-3, consider 23% compaction allowance.
345 x .23 = 79.4 say 80 cu. m.

4. Add result step 2 and 3
345 + 80 = 425 cu.m.


B. Using Selected Borrow

1. The volume of A is = 150 cu. m.
2. The volume of B is = 195 cu. m.
3. Total Volume ………345 cu. m. loose volume
4. Add 18% allowance for compact volume (see Table 11-3)
5. 18% of 345 = 62 cu. meter
6. Add : 345 + 62 = 407 cu. m. compact volume

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11-7 NIPA SHINGLE ROOFING

FIGURE 11-3

TABLE 11-14 NIPA SHINGLE TECHNICAL DATA

End Effective Covering in No. of Pieces per No. of Rattan per
Lap cm. Square Meter Square Meter Square Meter
in. Class A Class B A B * **
.1300
10 (4”) .1090 7.70 9.18 1.8 3.6

7.5 (3”) .0975 .0818 10.27 12.23 2.0 4.0
5.0 (2”) .0650 .0545 15.38 18.31 2.8 5.6
2.5 (1”) .0325 .0273 30.77 36.62 4.0 8.0
* Rattan ties for every other bamboo split ribs.
**Rattan ties for every bamboo split ribs.


Nipa Shingle is a native local product commonly used as roofing materials. The nipa palm tree
which grows on swampy area is the source of nipa shingles. One palm stalk contains approximately 174
to 180 nipa leaves.
Nipa shingle is classified into two: Class A and Class B. The nominal length is 150 and 120
centimeters long. The former contains approximately 82 pieces nipa leaves while the latter has
approximately 68 pieces.

Roof Slope

The slope of the roof is one important consideration if nipa shingle is to be used. The durability and life
span of the nipa shingle depends upon the slope or the inclination of the roof. The higher the slope, the
longer is the life, the lower the slope the more frequent you buy nipa shingles to change your roof.
Slope of rafters less than 45% is not advisable for the following reasons:

1. Spacing of the nipa shingles would be relatively far from the succeeding row. Thus, the roof layer is
relatively thin.

2. To install the nipa shingle at a closer spacing will only invite rain water to flow back inside the house.

3. Rain water is hard to drain on a lower pitch roof. Moisture is the number one enemy of the nipa leaves,
bamboo and wood roof framing.

4. Not only nipa shingles but even galvanized sheet deteriorate faster when installed at lower pitch.

ILLUSTRATION 11 – 5

The area of a roof framing is 30 square meters having a general dimensions of 3.00 x 10.00 meters. Find
the number of nipa shingles required adopting 7.5 cm (3”) and lapping tied on the bamboo split ribs at
every other intervals using Class “A” nipa shingles.

SOLUTION

1. Determine the area of the roof. Refer to Table 11 – 14 under class A = 7.5 (3”) lapping.
Multiply:
30 sq. m. x 10.27 = 308 pcs.

2. Nipa shingles is sold in bundles of 25 pcs.
Divide:
308 = 12.32 say 13 bundles
25
3. Solve for required Rattan Splits. Refer to Table 11 – 14.
For rattan split;
Multiply :
30 sq. m. x 2 pcs / sq. m. sq. m. = 60 pcs.

4. Determine the number of bamboo poles required.
Refer to Table 11 – 15. Using Class B bamboo:
Divide:
30 sq. m. = 3.3 say 4 pcs.
9

5. Bamboo poles are also classified into three; Class A, B, and C which are then divided into splits
approximately 3.8 cm. to 5 cm. nailed on the purlins at an intervals of 20 to 25 centimeters apart.

TABLE 11 – 15 BAMBOO POLES DIVIDED INTO 4 TO 6 STICKS
Bamboo Number of Approx. Length Coverage per
Class Splits in Meters Square Meter
 A 8 9.0 12
B 6 7.5 9
C 4 6.0 4

Too fresh or too dried bamboo is relatively brittle. Thus, easily cracked when fastened with nails. Care
should be exercised to avoid the cracks or splitting of the bamboo grain for it will weaken your structure.
Cracks and splitting could be avoided if the following procedures are observed.

1. Divide the newly cut fresh bamboo into the desired sizes.

2. Do not install nor fasten the fresh bamboo splits with nails until after sun dried for at least 8 hours.
Nailing should be done the following day.

3. For a well dried bamboo, soak or immerse in water overnight then fastened with nails the following
day.

FIGURE 11-4

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11-8 ANAHAW ROOFING

TABLE 11-16 ANAHAW ROOFING TECHNICAL DATA
End Lapping Number of Leaves Number of 3 m. Rattan
cm. Per Square Meter Per Square Meter
7.5 84 7
10.0 60 6
15.0 45 5

Note:

a. Add 10 pieces anahaw leaves per meter length along the gutter line or lower end portion of the roof.

b. Add 10 pieces anahaw leaves per meter length of the ridge and the hip line.

c. Add 5% allowance for damaged leaves. Dishonest supplier insert damaged leaves in each bundle
which could not be detected until after it is opened for installation. However, if your supplier is dead-
honest, disregard this letter c.

IILUSTRATION 11-6

From Figure 11 – 5, Find the number of anahaw leaves and rattan splits required.

FIGURE 11 – 5

SOLUTION

1. Solve for the area of roof A and roof B.

Area A = 30 sq. m.
 Area B = 30 sq. m.
Total Area = 60 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 11 – 16, adopting 10 cm (4”) end lapping;
Multiply :
60 x 84 = 5,040 pcs.

3. Determine the length of :
a.) Ridge Line = 10.00 meters
b.) Gutter Line = 20.00 meters
Total……………30.00 meters

4. Referring to notation of Table 11 – 16;
Multiply:
10 pcs. X 30 meters = 300 leaves

5. Add result of step 2 and step 4

5,040 + 300 = 5,340 pcs. Anahaw leaves

6. Determine the number of rattan required. Refer to Table 11 - 6 ;
Multiply:
60 x 6 = 360 pcs.

7. In the absence of rattan splits, the best substitute is the coralon nylon chord used by fishermen.
Appropriate one kilogram per 5,000 leaves.

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M


Triangle : Area = Base x Altitude
2

Parallelogram: Area = Base x Altitude

Trapezoid : Area = Sum of Parallel Side x Altitude
2

Circle : Area = 0.7854 x Diameter ²
3.1416 x radius ²

Circumference = 3.1416 x Diameter
= 6.2832 x radius

Ellipse : Area = 0.7854 x Short diameter x Long diameter

Cone : Surface =Slant ht. x circumference (curve only) of Base

Volume = Area of Base x Height
3
Cylinder : Surface = Length x Circumference x Area of Ends

Volume = 0.7854 + Length x Diameter ²

Sphere : Surface = 3.1416 x Diameter ²
= Circumference x Diameter

Volume = 0.5263 x Diameter ³

= Circumference x Diameter ²
6

= Vol. of Circumscribing Cylinder
3

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CON

ENGLISH PILIPINO

POST HALIGI
GIRDER GILILAN
JOIST SOLERAS
FLOORING SAHIG, SUWELO
GIRT SEPO

BEAM BIGA
TRUSS KILO
BOTTOM CHORD BARAKILAN
TOP CHORD TAHILAN
PURLINS REOSTRA
COLLAR PLATE SINTURON
FASCIA BOARD SENEPA
EXTERNAL SIDING TABIKE
VERTICAL STUD PILARETE
HORIZONTAL STUD PABALAGBAG

CEILING JOIST KOSTILYAHE
WINDOW SILL PASAMANO
WINDOW HEAD SOMBRERO
WINDOW OR DOOR JAMB HAMBA
OPEN STRINGER HARDINERA

CLOSE STRINGER MADRE DE ESKALERA
TREAD BAYTANG
RISER TAKIP SILIPAN
HANDRAIL GABAY
MOLDING MULDORA

EAVE SIBE
PROJECTION BOLADA
FRAMEWORK BALANGKAS
GUTTER KANAL
CONDUCTOR ALULOD

WROUGHT IRON STRAP PLANTSUWELA
BOLT PIERNO
SCAFFOLDING PLANTSA
STAKE STAKA
PLASTERRED COURSE KUSTURADA

STUCCO OR PLASTER PALITADA
SCRATCH COAT REBOKADA
PICKWORK ON MASONRY PIKETA
VARNISH FINISH MONYEKA
SPACING OR GAP BIYENTO

CONCRETE SLAB (ROUGH) LARGA MASA
ALIGNMENT ASINTADA
PLUMB LINE HULOG
CEMENT TILES BALDOSA
CEMENT BRICK LADRILYO
DOOR FILLET BATIDORA
GROOVE KANAL
WOOD GRAIN HASPE
PATTERN OR SCHEDULE PLANTILYA
HINGE BISAGRA

PANELED DOOR DE BANDEHA
EARTHFILL ESKUMBRO
MASONRY FILL LASTILYAS
ADOBE ANCHOR LIYABE
SOLDER HINANG

SOLDERING LEAD ESTANYO
TEMPER (METAL WORK) SUBAN, SUBUHAN

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Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents

CHAPTER–1 CONCRETE
1-1 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
1-2 The Principles of Concrete Mixing
1-3 The Unit of Measures
1-4 Concrete Proportions
1-5 Concrete Slab
1-6 Estimating Concrete Slab by the Area Method
1-7 Concrete Column
1-8 Estimating Concrete Column by the Linear Meter Method
1-9 Post and Footing
1-10 Rectangular Column
1-11 Rectangular Beam and Girder
1-12 Circular Column
1-13 Concrete Pipes

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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 TABLE 1-1 CONVERSION FROM INCHES TO METER

Approximate Approximate
Number Accurate Value Number Accurate Value
Value Value
1 .0254 .025 21 .5334 .525
2 .0508 .050 22 .5588 .550
3 .0762 .075 23 .5842 .575
4 .1016 .100 24 .6096 .600
5 .1270 .125 25 .6350 .625
6 .1524 .150 26 .6604 .650
7 .1778 .175 27 .6858 .675
8 .2032 .200 28 .7112 .700
9 .2286 .225 29 .7366 .725
10 .2540 .250 30 .7620 .750
11 .2794 .275 31 .7874 .775
12 .3048 .300 32 .8128 .800
13 .3302 .325 33 .8382 .825
14 .3556 .350 34 .8636 .850
15 .3810 .375 35 .8890 .875
16 .4064 .400 36 .9144 .900
17 .4318 .425 37 .9398 .925
18 .4572 .450 38 .9652 .950
19 .4826 .475 39 .9906 .975
20 .5080 .500 40 1.0160 1.000
INCHES AND FEET CONVERT TO METER
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METER CONVERT TO INCHES AND FEET

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FIGURE 1-1


FIGURE 1-2 CONCRETE SLAB
 TABLE 1-2 CONCRETE PROPORTION

Cement Sand Gravel
Class Mixture
40 kg./ Bag 48 kg./ Bag Cu. M. Cu. M.
AA 1 : 1 1/2 : 3 12.0 9.5 .50 1.0
A 1 : 2 : 4 9.0 7.0 .50 1.0
B 1 : 2 1/2 : 5 7.5 6.0 .50 1.0
C 1 : 3 : 6 6.0 5.0 .50 1.0


FIGURE 1-3 CONCRETE SLAB
 TABLE 1-3 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL FOR SLAB AND WALLS PER
SQUARE METER
M i x t u r e C l a s s Sand Gravel
Thick cm. 40 kg Cement 50 kg Cement
cu. m. cu. m.
A B C A B C
5.0 .450 .375 .300 .350 .300 .250 .0250 .050
7.5 .675 .563 .450 .525 .450 .375 .0375 .075
10.0 .900 .750 .600 .700 .600 .500 .0500 .100
12.5 1.125 .938 .750 .875 .750 .625 .0630 .125
15.0 1.350 1.125 .900 1.050 .900 .750 .0750 .150
17.5 1.575 1.313 1.050 1.225 1.050 .875 .0880 .175
20.0 1.800 1.500 1.200 1.400 1.200 1.00 .1000 .200
22.5 2.030 1.688 1.350 1.575 1.350 1.125 .1125 .225
25.0 2.250 1.875 1.500 1.750 1.500 1.250 .1250 .250
27.5 2.475 2.063 1.650 1.925 1.650 1.375 .1380 .275
30.0 2.700 2.250 1.800 2.100 1.800 1.500 .1500 .300
ILLUSTRATION 1-1

A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimensions of 4 inches thick, 3.00 meters wide and 5.00
meters long. Determine the number of cement in bags, sand and gravel in cubic meters required using
class C mixture.

FIGURE 1-2 CONCRETE SLAB
ILLUSTRATION 1-2

A barangay road 6.00 meters wide and one kilometer long after base preparation requires concreting .
Find the number of bags cement, sand and gravel in cubic meters required using class "A" concrete if the
slab is designed at 6 inches thick.

FIGURE 1-3
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1-9 POST AND FOOTING

S
tructurally, post is always supported by slab called footing. estimating the quantity of materials
could be done in two ways:

1. By the Volume Method
2. By the Linear Meter and Area Methods combined. (Linear method for the post and area method
for the slab.)

ILLUSTRATION 1-7

A concrete post 4.00 meters high with cross sectional dimensions of 20 cm. x 25 cm. is supported by a
footing slab 20 cm. thick by 80 cm. square. Using class "A" concrete, find the quantity of concrete
materials if there are 12 posts of the same size.

FIGURE 1-9 POST AND FOOTING


SOLUTION :

A. By the Volume Method

1. Find the volume of the 12 posts

V = 12 x ( .20 x .25 ) x 4.00 m.
V = 2.4 cu. m.

2. Solve for the volume of 12 footing slab.

V = 12 ( .20 x .80 x .80 )
 V = 1.54 cu. m.

3. Find the total volume o the post and footing slab.

V = 2.4 + 1.54
V = 3.94 cu. m.

4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "A" concrete
Multiply :

Cement : 3.94 x 9.0 = 35.46 say 36 bags.
Sand : 3.04 x .50 = 1.97 say 2.0 cu. m.
Gravel : 3.94 x 1.00 = 3.94 say 4.0 cu. m.


B. Solution by the Linear and Area method

1. Determine the total length of the 12 posts

L = 12 x 4.00
L = 48 meters

2. Refer to Table 1-4. Along the 20 x 20 cm. column size class "A" mixture ;
Multiply :

Cement : 48 x .450 = 21.6 bags
Sand : 48 x .025 = 1.2 cu. m.
Gravel : 48 x .050 = 2.4 cu. m.

3. Find the total area of the footing slab.

A = 12 x ( .80 x .80 ) = 7.68 sq. m.

4. Refer to Table 1-3. Using 40 kg. cement class "A" concrete, 20 cm thick slab;
Multiply :

Cement : 7.68 x 1.800 = 13.824 bags
Sand : 7.68 x .100 = .768 cu. m.
Gravel : 7.68 x .200 = 1.54 cu. m.

5. Add the results of step 2 and step 4

Cement : 21.60 + 13.824 = 35.424 say 36 bags
Sand : 1.20 + .768 = 1.97 say 2 cu. m.
Gravel : 2.40 + 1.54 = 3.94 say 4 cu. m.


FIGURE 1-10


ILLUSTRATION 1-8

From Figure 1-10, determine the number of 40 kg. cement, sand and gravel required using class "A"
concrete for the footing and class "C" concrete for the flooring.

SOLUTION : ( By the Volume Method )

A. Footing Slab

1. Solve for the volume of F

Volume = .15 x .80 x .80
V = .096 cu. m.

2. Total volume of 4 footing slab

Vt = .096 x 4 .................... 0.384

B. Pedestal

i
1. Solve for the volume of P

Vp = .30 x .30 x .90
Vp = .081 cu. m.

2. Multiply by 4 pcs. = .081 x 4 .................. 0.324
Total volume .............................. 0.708 cu. m.

3. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg cement class "A" concrete
Multiply :
 Cement : .708 x 9.0 = 6.37 bags
Sand : .708 x .50 = .354 cu. m.
Gravel : .708 x 1.00 = .708 cu .m.

C. Concrete Floor Slab

1. Determine the volume of the concrete floor slab.

Volume = .10 x 3.00 x 4.00
V = 1.2 cu. m.

2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "C" mixture
Multiply :
Cement : 1.2 x 6.0 = 7.2 bags
Sand : 1.2 x .50 = 0.6 cu. m.
Gravel : 1.2 x 1.0 = 1.2 cu. m.

Summary of the Materials

Cement : 6.37 + 7.2 = 13.57 say 14 bags
Sand : .354 + .60 = .95 cu. m.
Gravel : .708 + 1.2 = 1.9 cu. m.



PROBLEM EXERCISE



1. Using the same problem of illustration 1-8, solve for :
a. Number of cement at 50 kg. per bag.
b. Sand in cubic meter.
c. Gravel in cubic meter.

2. Determine the quantity of cement, sand and gravel of the following figure by the linear meter and the
square meter method.


FIGURE 1-11


3. Concrete hollow block fence 54 m. long has concrete post with a general dimensions of 20 cm. x 30
cm. 2.50 m. high spaced at 3 m. distance resting on a 24" square footing 6" thick. List down the materials
required.

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TABLE 1-4 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL FOR POST, BEAM AND GIRDER
PER METER LENGTH

Size M i x t u r e C l a s s Sand Gravel
40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement
cm. cu. m. cu. m.
A B A B
15 x 15 .203 .169 .158 .135 .011 .023
15 x 20 .270 .225 .210 .180 .015 .030
15 x 25 .338 .281 .263 .225 .019 .038
15 x 30 .405 .338 .315 .270 .023 .045
15 x 35 .473 .394 .369 .315 .026 .053
15 x 40 .540 .450 .420 .360 .030 .060

20 x 20 .360 .300 .280 .240 .020 .040
20 x 25 .450 .375 .350 .300 .025 .050
20 x 30 .540 .450 .420 .360 .030 .060
20 x 35 .630 .525 .490 .420 .035 .070
20 x 40 .720 .600 .560 .480 .040 .080

25 x 25 .563 .469 .438 .375 .031 .063
25 x 30 .675 .563 .525 .450 .038 .075
25 x 35 .788 .656 .613 .525 .044 .088
25 x 40 .900 .750 .700 .600 .050 .100
25 x 45 1.013 .844 .788 .675 .056 .113
25 x 50 1.125 .938 .875 .750 .063 .125

30 x 30 .810 .675 .630 .540 .045 .090
30 x 35 .945 .788 .735 .630 .053 .105
30 x 40 1.080 .900 .840 .720 .060 .120
30 x 45 1.215 1.013 .945 .810 .068 .135
30 x 50 1.350 1.125 1.050 .900 .075 .150

35 x 35 1.103 .919 .858 .735 .061 .123
35 x 40 1.260 1.050 .980 .840 .070 .140
35 x 45 1.418 1.181 1.103 .945 .079 .158
35 x 50 1.575 1.313 1.225 1.050 .088 .175
35 x 55 1.890 1.575 1.470 1.260 .105 .210

40 x 40 1.440 1.200 1.120 .960 .080 .160
40 x 45 1.620 1.350 1.260 1.080 .090 .180
40 x 50 1.800 1.500 1.400 1.200 .100 .200
40 x 55 1.980 1.650 1.540 1.320 .110 .220
40 x 60 2.160 1.800 1.680 1.440 .120 .240

45 x 45 1.823 1.519 1.418 1.215 .101 .203
45 x 50 2.025 1.688 1.575 1.350 .113 .225
45 x 55 2.228 1.856 1.733 1.485 .124 .248
45 x 60 2.430 2.025 1.890 1.620 .135 .270

50 x 50 2.250 1.875 1.750 1.500 .125 .250
50 x 55 2.475 2.063 1.925 1.650 .138 .275
50 x 60 2.700 2.250 2.100 1.800 .150 .300

55 x 60 2.970 2.475 2.310 1.980 .165 .330
55 x 70 3.465 2.888 2.695 2.310 .193 .385
55 x 80 3.960 3.300 3.080 2.640 .220 .440
55 x 90 4.455 3.713 3.465 2.970 .248 .495
55 x 100 4.950 4.125 3.850 3.300 .275 .550

60 x 60 3.240 2.700 2.520 2.160 .180 .360
60 x 70 3.780 3.150 2.940 2.520 .210 .420
60 x 80 4.320 3.600 3.360 2.880 .240 .480
60 x 90 4.860 4.050 3.780 3.240 .270 .540
60 x 100 5.400 4.500 4.200 3.600 .300 .600

65 x 60 3.510 2.925 2.730 2.340 .195 .390
65 x 70 4.095 3.413 3.185 2.730 .228 .455
65 x 80 4.680 3.900 3.640 3.120 .260 .520
65 x 90 5.265 4.388 4.095 3.510 .293 .585
65 x 100 5.850 4.875 4.550 3.900 .325 .650

70 x 70 4.410 3.675 3.430 2.940 .245 .490
70 x 80 5.040 4.200 3.920 3.360 .280 .560
70 x 90 5.670 4.725 4.410 3.780 .315 .630
70 x 100 6.300 5.250 4.900 4.200 .350 .700

75 x 70 4.725 3.938 3.675 3.150 .263 .525
75 x 80 5.400 4.500 4.200 3.600 .300 .720
75 x 90 6.075 5.063 4.725 4.050 .338 .675
75 x 100 6.750 5.625 5.250 4.500 .375 .750

80 x 80 5.760 4.800 4.480 3.840 .320 .640
80 x 90 6.480 5.400 5.040 4.320 .360 .720
80 x 100 7.650 6.375 5.950 5.100 .525 .850

85 x 80 6.120 5.100 4.760 4.080 .340 .680
85 x 90 6.885 5.738 5.355 4.590 .385 .765
85 x 100 7.650 6.375 5.950 5.100 .425 .850

 90 x 90 7.290 6.075 5.670 4.860 .405 .810
90 x 100 8.100 6.750 6.300 5.400 .450 .900

95 x 90 7.695 6.413 5.985 5.130 .428 .855
95 x 100 8.550 7.125 6.650 5.700 .475 .950
100 x 100 9.000 7.500 7.000 6.000 .500 1.000

ILLUSTRATION 1-5

A concrete column is 7 meters high with a cross sectional dimensions of 20 x 24 inches. Determine the
quantity of cement, sand and gravel content of the column if there are 8 columns in the row using class "A"
concrete.

FIGURE 1-7


SOLUTION

1. Find the volume of one column. convert first all dimensions from inches to meters. (Refer to Table
1-1 use approximate value)

20 inches = .50 m.
24 inches = .60 m.

2. Solve for the cross sectional area of the column.

Area = .50 x .60 = .30 sq. m.

3. Find the volume of the 8 columns.

Volume = .30 x 7.00 ht. x 8 columns
V = 16.8 cu m.

4. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "A" mixture
Multiply :
Cement : 16.8 x 9.0 = 151.2 say 152 bags
Sand : 16.8 x .50 = 8.4 cu. m.
Gravel: 16.8 x 1.0 = 16.8 cu. m.
 TABLE 1-5 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL PER METER
LENGTH OF CIRCULAR COLUMN

Size M i x t u r e C l a s s Sand Gravel
40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement
cm cu. m. cu. m.
A B A B
25 .422 .368 .344 .295 .025 .059
30 .636 .530 .495 .424 .035 .071
35 .866 .722 .673 .577 .048 .096
40 1.131 .942 .880 .754 .063 .126
45 1.431 1.193 1.113 .954 .080 .159
50 1.767 1.473 1.374 1.178 .098 .196

55 2.138 1.782 1.663 1.425 .119 .238

60 2.545 2.121 1.979 1.696 .141 .282

65 2.986 2.488 2.323 1.991 .166 .332
70 3.464 2.866 2.694 2.309 .192 .385
75 3.976 3.313 3.093 2.651 .221 .442
80 4.524 3.770 3.519 3.016 .251 .503
85 5.107 4.256 3.972 3.405 .284 .567
90 5.726 4.771 4.453 3.817 .318 .636
100 7.069 5.890 5.498 4.712 .393 .785
 TABLE 1-6 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL PER PIPE IN BAGS AND CUBIC
METER RESPECTIVELY

Diameter Cement in Bags
Sand Gravel
cm. Class of Mixture
cu. m. cu. m.
D d A B
25 15 .283 .236 .016 .032
30 20 .354 .295 .020 .040
40 25 .689 .575 .038 .077
45 30 .796 .663 .044 .088
55 40 1.000 .840 .056 .112
60 45 1.114 .928 .062 .124
65 50 1.220 1.016 .068 .136
80 60 1.980 1.650 .110 .220
85 65 2.121 1.768 .118 .236
90 70 2.262 1.885 .126 .251
100 80 2.545 2.121 .141 .283
110 90 2.828 2.357 .157 .314
120 100 3.111 2.592 .173 .346
145 120 4.683 3.903 .260 .520
175 150 5.743 4.786 .319 .638

Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER–2 MASONRY
2-1 Concrete Hollow Blocks
2-2 Estimating Cement Mortar
2-3 Concrete Hollow Block Footing
2-4 Special Types of Concrete Hollow Blocks
2-5 Decorative Blocks
2-6 Adobe Stone

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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 TABLE 2-9 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR ADOBE
MORTAR PER SQUARE METER*

No. 40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement
Sand
Com. Size per Class of Mixture Class of Mixture
cu. m.
sq. m. B C D B C D
15 x 15 x
12 .281 .211 .176 .222 .164 .141 .024
45
15 x 20 x
10 .252 .189 .158 .200 .147 .126 .021
45
15 x 30 x
11 .228 .171 .143 .180 .133 .114 .019
30
15 x 30 x
8 .208 .156 .130 .165 .122 .104 .017
40
15 x 30 x
6.5 .190 .143 .119 .151 .111 .095
45
*Average thickness = 20 mm

 TABLE 2-10 QUANTITY OF ADOBE STONE, CEMENT AND SAND
FOR BUTTRESSES AND FOOTINGS

BUTTRESS and FOOTING Cement Mortar per Stone
Buttress No. Number 40 kg. Cement Sand
cross of of stone Class of Mixture cu. m.
section course per m. ht. B C D
30 x 45 2 12 .027 .021 .017 .0023
45 x 45 3 18 .029 .022 .018 .0025
45 x 60 4 24 .027 .021 .017 .0023
45 x 75 5 30 .032 .024 .020 .0026
45 x 95 6 36 .034 .025 .021 .0028



TABLE 2-11 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR
PLASTERING MORTAR PER SQUARE METER

Bag Cement and Mixture Class
Sand
Side 40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement
cu. m.
B C D B C D
One face .300 .225 .188 .238 .175 .150 .025
Two faces .600 .450 .375 .476 .350 .300 .025
Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER–3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

3-1 Steel Bars
3-2 Identification of Steel Bars
3-3 Bar Splice, Hook and Bend
3-4 Reinforcement for Concrete Hollow Blocks
3-5 Tie Wire for Steel Reinforcement
3-6 Independent Footing Reinforcement
3-7 Post and Column Reinforcement
3-8 Beam and Girder Reinforcement
3-9 Lateral Ties
3-10 Stirrups for Beam and Girder
3-11 Spiral and Column Ties
3-12 One-Way Reinforcement Concrete Slab
3-13 Two-Way Reinforcement Concrete Slab
3-14 Concrete Pipe Reinforcement

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER–4 LUMBER
4-1 Wood
4-2 Definition of Terms
4-3 Classification of Wood
4-4 Methods of Log Sawing
4-5 Defects in Wood
4-6 Seasoning of Lumber
4-7 The Unit Measure of Lumber
4-8 Wood Post
4-9 Girder
4-10 Floor Joist and Wood Flooring
4-11 Siding Wood Board
4-12 Girts, Rafters, Truss, Purlins and Fascia Board
4-13 Studs
4-14 Ceiling Joist
4-15 Ceiling Board
4-16 Door Frame
4-17 Window Frame

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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 TABLE 4-3 NUMBER OF BOARD FOOT OF STUDS AND NAILING JOIST PER
SQUARE METER

Lumber Spacing in Centimeters (center to center)

Size In.
30 x 30 30 x 60 40 x 40 40 x 60 60 x 60

1 x 2 4.230 3.256 3.208 2.771 2.333

2 x 2 8.460 6.513 6.417 5.445 4.667

2 x 3 12.688 9.769 9.625 8.312 7.000

2 x 4 16.920 13.026 12.833 11.083 9.333

2 x 5 21.146 16.282 16.042 13.854 11.667

2 x 6 25.375 19.539 19.250 16.625 14.000

Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER–5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

5-1 Forms
5-2 Greasing of Forms
5-3 Scaffolding and Staging
5-4 Plywood as Construction Form
5-5 Forms of Circular Column
5-6 Forms for Beam and Girder
5-7 Estimating the Scaffolding and Staging

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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 TABLE 5-1 QUANTITY OF PLYWOOD FORM AND ITS FRAME FOR COLUMNS PER
SQUARE METER LATERAL AREA

Size of Frame Ribs *
Plywood Size Number
Board Ft. Per Square Meter
In Meter of Pieces
2 “ x 2 “ 2 “ x 3 “
.90 x 1.80 .84 13.50 21.00
1.20 x 2.40 .46 13.50 21.00

The values given under the frame or ribs are computed from the longitudinal rib type form (see Figure 5-
2) considering its economical advantages.

 TABLE 5-2 QUANTITY OF LUMBER AND FORM FOR CIRCULAR COLUMN LAYER
UNIT TYPE

Lumber Spacing of Rib Supporter
Size Board Foot per G.I. Sheet as Form
Inches 10 cm 15 cm 20 cm
1 x 2 13.0 9.0 7.0
2 x 2 26.0 18.0 14.0
2 x 3 39.0 27.0 21.0
¾ “ plywood 0.77 0.77 0.77


FIGURE 5 -3 CIRCULAR FORM

ILLUSTRATIONS 5 – 2

Determine the required number of plain G.I. sheet for 6 circular columns 4.50 meters high each with
a uniform cross-sectional diameter of 60 centimeters using 2” x 2” supporters.
SOLUTION: (USING A SECTIONAL LAYER UNIT FORM)

1. Solve for the circumference of one column.

C= 3.1416 x .60 m. = 1.88 m.

2. Multiply by the column height to find the surface area.

Area = 1.88 x 4.50 = 8.46 sq. m.

3. Find the area of the 6 columns.
Multiply:
Total surface area = 8.46 x 6 = 50.76 sq. m.

4. Find the number of sheet required. Divide by the effective covering of one sheet = 2.16


50.76 = 23.5
2.16

5. Consider 10% waste allowance

23.5 x 1.10 = 25.85 say 26 pcs.

6. Solve for the 2” x 2” frame of one form at 10 cm. spacing

1.88 circumference = 18.8 say 19 pcs. + 2 = 21
.10

7. For 6 columns: 21 x 6 = 126 pcs. of 2” x 2” lumber.
126- 2” x 2” x 16 ft. column ht. = 672 board ft.

8. Circumferential semi-circular supporter of 2” x 2”
14.50 column ht. = 5 pcs. x 2 = 10 pcs.
.90 unit form

The unit form is always in pair so we multiply by 2.

9. Total for 6 columns : 60 pcs. .80 x -3/4” Plywood
3 pcs. on each plywood.

= 20 PCS. ¾ “ x 4’ x 8’ Marine plywood

10. Order:
26 pcs. 90 x 240 (36” x 8’) plain G.I. sheets
126 pcs. 2” x 2” x 16 ft. = 672 bd. ft.
20 pcs. 3/4 “ x 4’ x 8’ marine plywood

FIGURE 5 -3 CIRCULAR FORM

 TABLE 5-3 FORM FOR BEAM AND GIRDER

Width of Form Bd. ft. of Frame per Sq. M.
Plywood
cm of Beam – 3 sides
Size Others
20, 30, 40, 60
Cm. 1 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3
number per sq.m.
120 x 240 0.40 .43 3.2 6.4 9.50

 TABLE 5-3 FORM FOR BEAM AND GIRDER

Width of Form Bd. ft. of Frame per Sq. M.
Plywood
cm of Beam – 3 sides
Size
20, 30, 40, 60 Others
Cm. 1 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3
number per sq.m.
120 x 240 0.40 .43 3.2 6.4 9.50



FIGURE 5-6
 TABLE 5-4 QUANTITY OF LUMBER FOR SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

Column Beam Flooring
Lumber Board Ft. per Meter Ht. Bd. Ft. per Meter Ht. Board ft.
Size
Vertical Horizontal Brace Vertical Horizontal per Sq.M.
2” x 2” 4.70 21.00 11.70 4.00 4.70 6.10
2” x 3” 7.00 31.67 17.50 6.00 7.00 9.10
2” x 4” 9.35 42.25 23.35 8.00 9.35 12.10
Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER–6 ROOFING MATERIALS

6-1 Galvanized Iron Sheet
6-2 Gutter, Flashing, Ridge, Hipped and Valley Roll
6-3 Asbestos Roofing
6-4 Colorbond Klip-Lok
6-5 Banawe Horizontal Metal Tile
6-6 Marcelo Roofing System
6-7 Colorbond Custom Orb
6-8 Milano Long Span Steel Bricks
6-9 Colorbond Trimdex Hi-Ten
6-10 Brick Tiles Roofing

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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 TABLE 6-2 EFFECTIVE COVERING OF G.I. ROOFING SHEETS PURLINS
SPACING AND NUMBER OF FASTENERS PER SHEET

Effective Width Covering Number of
Purlins
Length Side Lapping Nails or
Spacing
Feet-Meter Rivets
1 – ½ 2 – ½ cm.
Per sheet
6” – 1.80 .70 .60 .75 .14
7” – 2.10 .70 .60 .60 .18
8” – 2.40 .70 .60 .70 .18
9” – 2.70 .70 .60 .60 .22
10” – 3.00 .70 .60 .67 .22
12” – 3.60 .70 .60 .66 .26
 TABLE 6-3 QUANTITY OF ROOF ACCESSORIES IN KILOGRAMS

Materials Number of pieces per Kilogram
G.I. Roof Nails 120
G.I. Rivets 180
G.I. Washers 126
Lead Washers 75
Umbrella Nails 120

 TABLE 6-4 SIZE AND QUANTITY OF STRAPS IN ONE PLAIN G.I. SHEET

Size of Purlins Size of G.I. Strap Number of Strap
Inches Inches In One Plain Sheet
2” x 3” 1” x 9” 384
2” x 4” 1” x 10” 342
2” x 5” 1” x 11” 312
2” x 6” 1” x 12” 288
 TABLE 6-5 COMBINATION OF CORRUGATED G.I. ROOF SHEETS ON A GIVEN RAFTER
LENGTH

RAFTER NO. OF COMBINATION OF ROOF SHEET
LENGTH SHEET LENGTH OF METERS (FEET)
3.00 1 3.00 (10’)
3.30 1 3.30 (11’)
3.60 1 3.60 (12’)
3.90 2 2.10 ( 7’ ) and 2.10 ( 7 ’)
4.20 2 2.40 ( 8’ ) and 2.10 ( 7’ )
4.50 2 2.40 ( 8’ ) and 2.40 ( 8’ )
4.80 2 3.00 (10’) and 2.10 ( 7’ )
5.10 2 3.00 (10’) and 2.40 ( 8’ )
5.40 2 3.00 (10’) and 2.70 ( 9’ )
5.70 2 3.00 (10’) and 3.00 (10’ )
6.00 2 3.60 (12’) and 2.70 ( 9’ )
6.30 2 3.60 (12’) and 3.00 (10’ )
6.60 2 3.60 (12’) and 3.30 (11’ )
6.90 2 3.60 (12’) and 3.60 (12’ )
3.00 (10’) and 2.40 ( 8’ ) and 2.40
7.20 3
(8’)
3.00 (10’) and 3.00 (10’ ) and 2.10
7.50 3
(7’)
3.00 (10’) and 3.00 (10’ ) and 2.40
7.80 3
(8’)
3.60 (12’) and 3.00 (10’ ) and 2.10
8.10 3
(7’)
3.60 (12’) and 3.00 (10’ ) and 2.40
8.40 3
(8’)
3.60 (12’) and 3.60 (12’ ) and 2.10
8.70 3
(7’)
3.60 (12’) and 3.60 (12’ ) and 2.40
9.00 3
(8’)


FIGURE 6-5
 TABLE 6-6 ROOF ACCESSORIES

ITEM Effective Length in Meters
Gutter 2.35
Flashing 2.30
Ridge Roll 2.20
Valley Roll 2.30
Hipped
2.20
Roll
Soldering ¼ bar (.25) per Solder
Lead Joint
Moriatic
10 cc per Soldering Lead
Acid


FIGURE 6-8
** Standard Corrugated Sheet

TABLE 6-8 STANDARD CORRUGATED SHEETS

Length 1.20 x 3.00 m.
End lapping : Below 20 degrees .30 m.
Above 20 degrees .15 m.
Effective width .838 m.
Ridge Roll effective length .838 m.
Gutter effective length 2.336 m.
Outside flashing 2.286 m.
Hip roll 1.676 m.

FIGURE 6-10 STANDARD CORRUGATED SHEET
** 4-V Corrugated Sheet

TABLE 6-9 CORRUGATED SHEET TECHNICAL DATA

Standard Length 2.438 meters
Effective width .965 meters
Ridge Roll effective length .965 meters
Outside Flashing effective length 2.286 meters

FIGURE 6-11 4-V CORRUGATED SHEET

**Kanaletas

TABLE 6-10 KANALETAS

ITEM Length in Meters
Length 7.315 m.
Effective width .885 m.
Eaves Flashing .885 m.
Outside Flashing Effective
2.40 to 3.00 m.
Length

FIGURE 6-12 KANALETAS

**Placa Romana

TABLE 6-11 PLACA ROMANA

ITEM Length in Meters
Standard Length .812 meters
Effective length .600 meters
Standard Width 1.180 meters
Effective length 1.100 meters
End Lap .200 meters
Side Lap .080 meters
Ridge Roll effective length 1.100 meters
Outside Flashing effective length 2.286 meters
Ridge Flashing effective length 1.100 meters
Eaves Flashing effective length 1.100 meters

FIGURE 6-13 PLACA ROMANA
**Tencor

TABLE 6-12 TENCOR CORRUGATED SHEET

ITEMS Length in Meters
Standard length 2.44 m.
Lapping .15 or .30 m.
Effective Length 2.29 or 2.14 m.
Standard Width .748 m.
Effective Width .675 m.
Outside Flashing 1.50 to 3.00 m.
Minus Lapping .15 m.
Ridge Roll .953 m.

FIGURE 6-14 TENCOR CORRUGATED SHEET
**Ardex

TABLE 6-13 ARDEX CORRUGATED SHEET

MEASUREMENT
ITEM
Standard Super
Standard Width .52 m. 1.05 m.
Effective Width .45 m. .97 m
Nominal Length .75 to 3.15 m. 2.40 to 3.60 m.
Ridge Roll effective length .95 m. .95 m.
Outside Flashing 1.50 to 2.00 m. 1.50 to 3.00 m.
Side Lapping .15 m. .15 m.

FIGURE 6-15 ARDEX



FIGURE 6-9
 TABLE 6-8 STANDARD CORRUGATED SHEETS

Length 1.20 x 3.00 m.
End lapping : Below 20
.30 m.
degrees
Above 20
.15 m.
degrees
Effective width .838 m.
Ridge Roll effective
.838 m.
length
Gutter effective length 2.336 m.
Outside flashing 2.286 m.
Hip roll 1.676 m.

 TABLE 7-1 QUANTITY OF TILES PERS SQUARE METER

CLASSIFICATION SIZE NUMBER OF PIECES PER
IN. CM. SQ. FT. SQ. M.
MOSAIC TLES 12 X12 30 X 30 1.0 11.1

GLAZED AND 3” X 3” 7.5 X 7.5 16.0 177.80
UNGLAZED
4” X 4” 10 X 10 9.0 100.0
TILES
4 ¼ X 4 ¼ 10.6 X 10.6 8.0 88.0
4” X 8” 10 X 20 4.5 50.0
6” X 6” 15 X 15 4.0 44.5
8” X 8” 20 X 20 2.25 25.0
8” X 16” 20 X 40 1.125 12.5
9” X 9” 22.8 X 22.8 1.78 19.14
10” X 10” 25 X 25 1.44 16.0
12” X 12” 30 X 30 1.0 11.1
5 PT. HEX. TILES 2 5 6.0 / ft. 20.0 / m
4 PT. HEX. TILES 2 5 4.9 / ft. 16.0 / m.
5 Point Hex. Tiles 2 5 6.0 / ft. 20.0 / m.
4 Point Hex. Tiles 2 5 4.9 / ft. 16.0 / m.

External corner bead – By direct count
Internal corner bead – By direct count
Portland cement paste mortar --------- .076 bags per sq. m.
White cement filler paste ---------------- 5 kg. Per sq. m
Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER–7 TILE WORK

7-1 Ceramic Tiles
7-2 Marble Tiles
7-3 Vinyl and Rubber Tiles
7-4 Granolithic Floor
7-5 Cement Tiles
7-6 Wood Tiles
7-7 Pebbles and Washout Finish

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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 TABLE 7-2 QUANTITY OF MARBLE TILESAND MORTAR PER SQUARE METER

CEMENT BAGS SAND
SIZE NUMBER MIXTURE
CM. PER SQ.M.
A B C CU. M.
15 x 30 22.3 .45 .30 .225 .025
20 x 20 25.0 .45 .30 .225 .025
20 x 40 12.5 .45 .30 .225 .025
30 x 30 11.1 .45 .30 .225 .025
30 x 60 5.6 .45 .30 .225 .025
40 x 40 6.3 .45 .30 .225 .025
60 x 60 2.8 .45 .30 .225 .025

Polymer Liquid ……………….. .035 gallons per square meter
Hardener ……………………... .030 quarts per square meter
Calsomine powder …………… .045 kilograms per sq. m.
*Cement mortar computed at an average thickness of 2.5 cm. (1 “)


TABLE 7-3 VINYL AND RUBBER TILES

NUMBER PER GALLONS OF ADHESIVE
STOCK SIZE
SQ. M. PER SQ. M.
.20 x .20 ( 8” x 8” ) 25.00 .042
.225 x .225 ( 9” x 9” ) 19.75 .042
.25 x .25 (10” x 10”) 16.00 .042
.30 x .30 (12” x 12”) 11.11 .042
.40 x .40 (16” x 16”) 6.25 .042
.60 x .60 (24” x 24”) 2.78 .042

TABLE 7-4 GRANOLITHIC FLOORING

CEMENT BAGS
PIECES PER SQ. M. SAND
STOCK SIZE BRASS DIVIDER
PER MIXTURE CU. M.
M. METER / SQ. M.
SQ. M. PER SQ. M.
A B
.20 x .20 25.00 .338 .225 .018 10.8
.25 x .25 16.00 .338 .225 .018 8.9
.30 x .30 11.11 .338 .225 .018 8.0
.40 x .40 6.25 .338 .225 .018 5.8
.60 x .60 2.78 .338 .225 .018 3.4
TABLE 2-1 QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR MORTAR AND PLASTER MIXTURE
PER CUBIC METER

Cement in Bags Sand
Class Mixture
40 kgs. 50 kgs. Cubic M.
A 1 : 2 18.0 14.5 1.0
B 1 : 3 12.0 9.5 1.0
C 1 : 4 9.0 7.0 1.0
D 1 : 5 7.5 6.0 1.0

Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER–8 HARDWARE
8-1 Bolts
8-2 Size and Length of Bolts
8-3 Screw
8-4 Wood Screw
8-5 Nails

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER–9 STAIRCASE
9-1 Introduction
9-2 Staircase Layout
9-3 The Stringer

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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TABLE 9-1 HEIGHT OF RISE, LENGTH OF STRINGER AND RUN OF STAIRWAY IN METERS

Length of Stringer Length of Run Height of Rise
No. of
Tread Width Tread Width Riser height at
Steps
25 cm. 30cm. 25 cm. 30 cm. 17 cm. 18 cm.

4 1.05 1.23 .80 1.00 .68 .72
5 1.31 1.54 1.00 1.25 .85 .90
6 1.57 1.85 1.20 1.50 1.02 1.08
7 1.84 2.16 1.40 1.75 1.19 1.26
8 2.10 2.47 1.60 2.00 1.36 1.44
9 2.36 2.78 1.80 2.25 1.53 1.62
10 2.62 3.08 2.00 2.50 1.70 1.80
11 2.89 3.39 2.20 2.75 1.87 1.98
12 3.15 3.70 2.40 3.00 2.04 2.16
13 3.41 4.00 2.60 3.25 2.21 2.34
14 3.67 4.31 2.80 3.50 2.38 2.52
15 3.94 4.62 3.00 3.75 2.55 2.70
16 4.20 4.93 3.20 4.00 2.72 2.88
17 4.46 5.24 3.40 4.25 2.89 3.06
18 4.73 5.55 3.60 4.50 3.06 3.24
19 5.00 5.85 3.80 4.75 3.23 3.42
20 5.62 6.16 4.00 5.00 3.40 3.60

Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER–10 PAINTING
10-1 Paint
10-2 Ingredients of Paints
10-3 Essential and Specific Properties of Good Quality Paint
10-4 The Elements of Good Painting Job
10-5 Surface Preparation
10-6 Kinds of Paint, Uses and Area Coverage
10-7 Estimating Your Paint
10-8 Paint Failures and Remedy
10-9 Wall Papering

CHAPTER – 11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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 *MASONRY WATER BASE PAINT*

*WATER BASE MASONRY PAINT*

Exterior & ½ lts. 30 min. Allow 6

1. Acrylic latex 30 to 40
Interior water / hrs. before
paint sq. m.
masonry surfaces 4 lts. recoating
Exterior & 30 min. Allow 6
2. Acrylic semi- 30 to 40
Interior water hrs. before
gloss latex sq m.
masonry surfaces recoating
Exterior & 30 min. Allow 6
3. Acrylic gloss 30 to 40
Interior water hrs. before
latex paint sq. m
masonry surface recoating
for chalky surface
4. Acrylic gloss 1 hour. Allow 4
to improve adhe- 30 to 40
Gloss Emulsion water hours before
sion of new coats sq. m.
Paint recoating
of Latex paint
for furniture,
cabi-
nets, doors, win-
5. Latex hi-gloss 1 hour. Allow 4
dows, tools, toys, use as is 30 to 40
enamel hours before
wrought iron and sq. m.
recoating
primed metals
and appliances

Tinting color Acrylic colors water
30 min. Allow 6
6. Acrylic Primer to old and 30 to 40
water hrs. before
concrete sealer new concrete sq. m.
recoating
7. Masonry 24 hrs. Allow
Primer for old 30 to 40
surface Use as is overnight before
chalky paint film sq. m.
conditions recoating
8. Tinting Colors Acrylic Colors water
Simplified Construction Estimate
Table of Contents
CHAPTER – 1 CONCRETE

CHAPTER – 2 MASONRY

CHAPTER – 3 METAL REINFORCEMENT

CHAPTER – 4 LUMBER

CHAPTER – 5 FORMS, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

CHAPTER – 6 ROOFING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 7 TILE WORK

CHAPTER – 8 HARDWARE

CHAPTER – 9 STAIRCASE

CHAPTER – 10 PAINTING

CHAPTER–11 AUXILIARY TOPIC

11-1 Accordion Door Cover
11-2 Glass Jalousie
11-3 Water Tank
11-4 Wood Piles
11-5 Bituminous Surface Treatment
11-6 Filling Materials
11-7 Nipa Shingle Roofing
11-8 Anahaw Roofing

Mensuration Formula
Construction Terminologies

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 TABLE 11-2 GLASS JALOUSIE STANDARD HEIGHT

Number Height of Square Ft. Number of Height of
of Blade Glass per Blade Blade Glass
4 14 7/8 “ 4 x 22 = 0.61 13 45 3/8 ”
5 18 3/8 “ 4 x 24 = 0.67 14 49 7/8 “
6 21 7/8 “ 4 x 26 = 0.72 15 53 3/8 “
7 25 3/8 “ 4 x 28 = 0.78 16 65 7/8 “
8 28 7/8 “ 4 x 30 = 0.83 17 60 3/8 “
9 32 3/8 “ 4 x 32 = 0.89 18 63 7/8 “
10 35 7/8 “ 4 x 34 = 0.94 19 67 3/8 “
11 39 3/8 “ 4 x 36 = 1.00 20 70 3/8 “
12 42 7/8 “ 4 x 38 = 1.06 21 74 3/8 “
4 x 40 = 1.11 22 77 7/8 “
4 x 42 = 1.17
4 x 44 = 1.22
4 x 46 = 1.28
4 x 48 = 1.33

 TABLE 11-3 WATER CONSUMPTION IN OFFICE BUILDING

Consumption in Gallons
Building type
per Hour per Person
Commercial – No Air-conditioning 3.8
Commercial – With Air-conditioning 7.3 – 9.2
Owner occupied with kitchen and

laundry – No Air-
7.3
conditioning
Owner occupied with kitchen and
laundry with Air- 9.0
conditioning
 TABLE 11-14 NIPA SHINGLE TECHNICAL DATA

End Effective Covering No. of Pieces No. of Rattan
Lap in Square Meter per Square Meter per Square Meter
cm. in. Class A Class B A B * **
.1300
10 (4”) .1090 7.70 9.18 1.8 3.6

7.5 (3”) .0975 .0818 10.27 12.23 2.0 4.0
5.0 (2”) .0650 .0545 15.38 18.31 2.8 5.6
2.5 (1”) .0325 .0273 30.77 36.62 4.0 8.0
* Rattan ties for every other bamboo split ribs.
**Rattan ties for every bamboo split ribs.
 TABLE 11-16 ANAHAW ROOFING TECHNICAL DATA
End Lapping Number of Leaves Number of 3 m. Rattan
cm. Per Square Meter Per Square Meter
7.5 84 7
10.0 60 6
15.0 45 5
 TABLE 11-6 ANAHAW ROOFING TECHNICAL DATA
End Lapping Number of Leaves Number of 3 m. Rattan
cm. Per Square Meter Per Square Meter
7.5 84 7
10.0 60 6
15.0 45 5


FIGURE 1-10
 ILLUSTRATION 1-8

From Figure 1-10, determine the number of 40 kg. cement, sand and gravel required using class "A"
concrete for the footing and class "C" concrete for the flooring.

SOLUTION : ( By the Volume Method )

A. Footing Slab

1. Solve for the volume of F

Volume = .15 x .80 x .80
V = .096 cu. m.

2. Total volume of 4 footing slab

Vt = .096 x 4 .................... 0.384

B. Pedestal

1. Solve for the volume of P

Vp = .30 x .30 x .90
Vp = .081 cu. m.

2. Multiply by 4 pcs. = .081 x 4 .................. 0.324
Total volume .............................. 0.708 cu. m.

3. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg cement class "A" concrete
Multiply :
Cement : .708 x 9.0 = 6.37 bags
Sand : .708 x .50 = .354 cu. m.
Gravel : .708 x 1.00 = .708 cu .m.

C. Concrete Floor Slab

1. Determine the volume of the concrete floor slab.

Volume = .10 x 3.00 x 4.00
V = 1.2 cu. m.

2. Refer to Table 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class "C" mixture
Multiply :
Cement : 1.2 x 6.0 = 7.2 bags
Sand : 1.2 x .50 = 0.6 cu. m.
 Gravel : 1.2 x 1.0 = 1.2 cu. m.

Summary of the Materials

Cement : 6.37 + 7.2 = 13.57 say 14 bags
Sand : .354 + .60 = .95 cu. m.
Gravel : .708 + 1.2 = 1.9 cu. m.