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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vision Mission…………………………………………………….………………... 1
Plebeian March…………………………………………………….………………... 2
Study Schedule…………………………………………………….………………... 4
Module Map……………………………………………………………….………….. 6
Pre-Assessment…………………………………………………………..………… 7

Explore
 Activity 1 Brain Gauge!........................................................ 12
Firm Up
 Activity 2 Identify Me……………………………….. ..……..…..………. 13
Deepen
 Activity 3 COMPLETE ME! ……………………………………………………… 17
Transfer
 Activity 4 Check this Out!......................…………………………... 22

References……………………………………………………………………………… 24

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
 STUDY SCHEDULE:

WEEK TOPIC MELC LEARNING

ACTIVITIES

 Explain the role of

hormones involved in Pre-Assessment
Week 1 Human the female and male
Reproductive reproductive systems
system
Explore
S10LT-IIIb-34
 Describe the feedback
 Activity 1 Brain
mechanisms involved Gauge
in regulating
processes in the
female reproductive Firm Up
system (menstrual
cycle) S10LT-IIIc-35  Activity 2
(Module 3, Week 1) Identify Me!

Deepen
 Activity 3
Endocrine  Describe how the COMPLETE ME!
and nervous system
coordinates and
Week 2 Nervous regulates these
System feedback Transfer
mechanisms to
maintain
 Activity 4
homeostasis S10LT- Check this Out!
IIIc-36
(Module 3, Week 2)
Post
Assessment

Grade 10 Quarter 3:

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
 LIFE: Dealing with the Environment

In this Module, you will learn the following:

 Identify the different parts of the female and male reproductive system
 Describe the function of each parts
 Draw the Female and Male Reproductive system
 Explain the role of the hormones involved in the female and male reproductive
systems
 Identify body changes during puberty period
 Describe feedback mechanisms during menstrual cycle
 Define the different parts of the nervous system.
 Describe the processes involved to maintain homeostasis.
 Identify the different parts of the female and male reproductive system
 Describe DNA.
 Discuss the importance of protein synthesis
 Investigate processes during protein synthesis
 Explain how protein is made using information from DNA
 Define the meaning of mutation
 Describe the process of mutation
 Determine the effects of mutation
 Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of
protein
 List ways to detect fossils
 Define the different ways that provide evidence for evolution
 Determine the importance of providing evidences for evolution
 Define evolution.
 Observe the process of evolution
 Provide evidences of evolution.
 Explain occurrence of evolution
 Identify ways of adaptation
 Interpret how species diversity increases the probability of adaptation and
survival of organisms in changing environments
 Define population growth and carrying capacity
 Discuss factors affecting population growth
 Relate population growth and carrying capacity
 Interpret the relationship between population growth and carrying capacity

Module 3: Week 1-2

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 MODULE MAP
Here is a sample map of the above lessons you will cover.

Coordinating With The

Team

Human Reproductive system

Endocrine System Nervous System

Female Reproductive Male Reproductive

system System
EXPECTED SKILLS (THIRD QUARTER)

To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the

following most essential learning competencies (MELC):

 Explain the role of hormones involved in the female and male reproductive systems
S10LT-IIIb-34
 Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female
reproductive system (menstrual cycle) S10LT-IIIc-35
 Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates these feedback
mechanisms to maintain homeostasis S10LT-IIIc-36
 Explain how protein is made using information from DNA S10LT-IIId-37
 Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of protein
S10LT-IIIe-38
 Explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy, genetic information provide evidence
for evolution S10LT-IIIf-39
 Explain occurrence of evolution S10LT-IIIg-40
 Explain how species diversity increases the probability of adaptation and survival of
organisms in changing environments S10LT-IIIh-41
 Explain the relationship between population growth and carrying capacity S10LT-IIIi-42

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PRE-ASSESSMENT:

Let us find out how much you already know about this
module. Encircle the letter that you think best answers the
question.

1. A major male sex organ that produces and stores sperm.

A. Prostate

B. Testicle

C. Ovary

2. A fluid that contains millions of sperm.

A.  Amniotic

B.  Urine

C.  Semen

3. The sac that holds the testes.

A. Scrotum

B. Placenta

C. Vas deferens

4.  These are responsible for carrying sperm-filled semen from the male to the female's
vagina.

A. Penis and urethra

B. Gonads

C. Testicles

5. A chemical or hormone produced by the testes that cause bodily changes during male
puberty.

A. Estrogen

B. Progesterone

C. Amniotic

6. A set of coiled tubes that connect to the vas deferens.

A. Fallopian tubes

B. Epididymis

C. Urethra

7. A muscular tube that transports sperm-filled semen.

A. Vagina

B. Fallopian tube

C. Vas deferens

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8. The tiny male cell that unites with the female ovum to form a fertilized egg or zygote.

A. Sperm

B. Testes

C. Scrotum 

9. A process in which sperm-laden semen leaves the male body. 

A. Ovulation

B. Gestation

C. Ejaculation

10. A gland that makes some of the parts of semen.

A. Ovary

B. Scrotum

C. Prostate

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 Grade 10 Quarter 3:
The Reproductive and The Nervous System

INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTIONS

LESSONS AND COVERAGE

This unit focuses on the fundamental concepts in biology and builds on what
you have previously learned in your earlier biology courses. The first chapter highlights
the importance of two organ systems in the human body-the nervous system and the
endocrine systems and their important functions.
The second chapter deals with three major concepts. The first concept is about
genetic information, and how DNA is replicated, transcribed, and translated into
proteins. The second concept explains the concepts pertaining to evolution, its
mechanism and its significance. The last part deals with the stability and dynamics
within population.
Essential Questions:
1. How do hormones regulate the different functions in the body?
2. How does the nervous system control and coordinate the functions
throughout the human body?
3. What is the importance of taking care of the different organs in your body?

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 Lesson 1: THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

MELC Week:

•Explain the role of hormones involved in the female and male

reproductive systems S10LT-IIIb-34
•Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating
processes in the female reproductive system (menstrual cycle)
S10LT-IIIc-35
•Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates these
feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis S10LT-IIIc-36

EXPLORE

Humans begin their lives as a single cell. This single cell is formed by the fusion of two
sex cells an egg and a sperm from the parents. As you reach adolescence, your sex organs
mature and undergo changes to be able to produce sex cells needed to produce new
individuals. These sex cells contain structures called chromosomes that contain genetic
information which carries unique inherited traits such as skin color or hair color.

Recall that human sex cells contain only half the number of chromosomes of a regular
body cell (somatic). Each sex cell, which has 23 chromosomes, is a haploid (n), while the
regular cell, which has 46 chromosomes, is a diploid (2n). After the fusion of the egg and the
sperm, the resulting fertilized egg known as the zygote, contains 46 chromosomes. From a
biological standpoint, fertilization merges two sets of genetic information one from the father
(through the sperm) and one from the mother (through the egg)-to create an offspring that is
genetically different from either parent.

The Male Reproductive System

In sexual reproduction, the diploid zygote is formed through fertilization from the
field the male (sperm) and female (egg) sex cells, which are both haploid. The male
reproductive system produces sperm cells (male gametes) and delivers them inside the female
reproductive system. In males, the primary reproductive organs are the testes (singular:
testis).

The testes are oval-shaped organs found inside a protective sac of skin called the
scrotum. The location of the testes in the scrotum, which is outside the body, is very
important for the proper development of the sperm. Since the scrotum lies outside the
abdominal cavity, its temperature is one to three degrees lower than the internal body
temperature (37°C), making it ideal for sperm production, which requires a lower temperature.
The testes begin to produce sperm only after males reach puberty. Inside the testes are
clusters of hundreds of compartments with many tiny, coiled tubes called seminiferous

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tubules. Sperm cells are produced in the linings of the seminiferous tubules through meiosis.
Meiotic division reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 (2n) to 23 (n).

Mature Sperms in Epididymis

At the onset of puberty, teenage boys start to produce sperm cells in their testes.
Thereafter, an adult male produces several hundred million sperm cells each day. After being
produced in the seminiferous tubules, the sperms mature and travel through a series of tubes.
They then enter a long-coiled tube called the epididymis, where they will mature until they are
capable of swimming and moving. The epididymis is also where most of the sperms are
stored. Mature sperm cells travel from the epididymis to another long tube called the vas
deferens. The sperms then exit the body through the urethra, a larger tube which, in males, is
the same tube through which urine passes and exits the body.

The Human Sperm Cell

[Link]
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a=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK753-srHtAhWLGKYKHSx9AGoQ_AUoAXoECAkQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=bBelRZJ_QxMZPM

Figure shows a mature sperm cell, which consists of three parts: a bead that
contains the chromosomes, a midpiece that contains the mitochondria, and a long tail that is
responsible for the sperm's movement. The head is made up of a nucleus covered by a cap
called acrosome, which stores the enzymes needed to penetrate an egg cell during
fertilization. The midpiece contains mitochondria that supply the energy needed to propel the
sperm through the female reproductive tract. The tail of the sperm is a powerful flagellum that
enables the sperm cell to move.

Transportation of Sperm
During their passage through the urethra, sperms mix with the fluids produced by
neighboring glands--the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands. The
combined secretions of these glands collectively called semen, which nourishes the sperm
cells.

Delivery of the Sperm

The urethra leads the sperm cell through the penis, the male organ that deposits the
sperm in the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse or copulation. During
sexual excitation, blood rushes into the penis, making it rigid and erect. Sperm exits the penis
through ejaculation, the forceful expulsion of the sperm out of a male's body. After the semen
is deposited in the female reproductive system, the sperm cells swim until they encounter the
egg cell. If any of the sperm does not penetrate the egg cell, fertilization does not occur. On
average, about 3.5 milliliters of semen is expelled during ejaculation. It normally contains 300

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to 400 million sperm cells, or about 5 to 10 million in just one drop. Only a few reaches the
egg cell because most of them die in the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

Activity 1 Brain Gauge

PART A. Directions: Identify the following. Write your answer on the space
provided.
__________________ 1. Suspended pouch where the testes are located
__________________ 2. Passageway for both urine and semen
__________________ 3. Male gonads
__________________ 4. Mixture of sperm and secretions
__________________ 5. Gland that produces fluid to neutralize acidity
__________________ 6. Also called the male gamete
__________________ 7. Protective sac of skin that holds the male reproductive
organ
__________________ 8. Male reproductive organ
__________________ 9. A long coiled tube where sperm cells are temporarily
stored and where maturation starts
_________________ 10. Powerhouse of the sperm cell

ENABLING TASK I

PART B. Directions: In a short coupon bond, draw and label the parts of a
Male Reproductive system.

FIRM UP

The Female Reproductive System

The ovaries are the female reproductive structures responsible for producing eggs.
They are located inside the abdominal cavity located just slightly below the waist, with one
ovary on each side of the body. Like the testes, the ovaries produce hormones. Estrogen, one
of its hormones, triggers the development of secondary female characteristics such as the

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widening of the hips and the enlargement of the breasts, most importantly, it stimulates egg
development.

The onset of mature egg cell production among females starts around the ages of 11
to 14 years, during the first discharge of blood from the vagina called menarche. Every month
thereafter, a normal adult female releases a mature egg cell or female gamete in from one of
her ovaries.

After the sperm has been deposited inside the female reproductive system during
copulation and after fertilization has occurred, the role of the male reproductive system is
complete. The female productive system, on the other hand, will begin its role in nourishing
and protecting the fertilized gg during nine months of development. This is called gestation or
pregnancy.

Egg Production

All females are born with all the approximately two million egg cells they will produce
in their lifetime. By the time a female reaches puberty, the number of egg cells would have
gone down to about 400 000. Like sperm cells, egg cells contain 23 chromosomes since eggs
are also produced through meiosis. During puberty, the increased production of hormones
enables one immature egg to complete its development each month. In the lifetime of a
female, out of the 400 000 egg cells at the start of puberty, only 300 to 500 will mature and
are then called ova (singular: ovum).

About every 28 days, an ovum is released in an adult female body, Hairlike structures
called cilia sweep the ovum from the ovary into either of the fallopian tube or oviduct. Each
fallopian tube in a passageway through which an ovum moves from the ovary to the uterus,
Smooth muscles that line the fallopian tube contract rhythmically to allow the ovum to move
down the tube toward the uterus It takes three to four days for an ovum to travel inside the
fallopian tube. If the ovum is not fertilized after this stage, it dies within 24 to 48 hours

During sexual intercourse, sperm cells are deposited inside the vagina, a passage that
leads from the outside of the female's body to the entrance of the uterus called cervix. If
fertilization occurs, the fertilized ovum, now called zygote, travels down further and implants
itself in a hollow, fist-sized, muscular organ called uterus. During a normal childbirth, a baby
passes through the cervix and leaves the mother's body through the vagina.

The Ovarian Cycle

The ovaries prepare the female body each month to make pregnancy possible. This
series of events is collectively called ovarian cycle. The monthly release of an ovum from the
ovary is called ovulation. The released ovum is swept into the fallopian tube and begins to
move toward the uterus to await fertilization. The ovarian cycle spans about 28 days, although
it varies from female to female. The ovarian cycle occurs in two distinct phases or stages: the
follicular phase and the luteal phase, these phases are regulated by the hormones produced
by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland.

Female Reproductive Cycles

All females who have reached puberty will undergo monthly physiological cycles known
as the ovarian and menstrual cycles. The ovarian cycle, which involves the ovary, prepares the
egg for maturation, while menstrual cycle, which involves the uterus, grooms the uterus for a
possible implantation, and later on, pregnancy.

In an ovary, egg cells mature within follicles. A follicle is a cluster of cells that
surrounds an immature egg cell and provides it with nutrients and protection. During the

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, hormones regulate the completion of an egg cell's
maturation.

The follicular phase begins when the anterior pituitary gland releases the
gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) into the
bloodstream. These hormones, produced by gonadotropic cells, cause the follicle to produce
estrogen. Estrogen is a sex hormone that aids the growth of the ovarian follicle in the ovary.
When the follicle bursts, ovulation occurs. After ovulation, the luteal phase begins. LH causes
the cells of the ruptured follicle to grow, forming a corpus luteum. A corpus luteum is a
yellowish mass of follicular cells that functions like an endocrine gland. LH causes the corpus
luteum to secrete both estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone is a sex hormone that signals
the body to prepare for fertilization.

Activity 2 Identify Me!

PART A. Next to each word listed below, place an “F” if it is found in Female Reproductive
system, “M” if it is located in the Male Reproductive system, and “B” if it is found in both.

___________ 1. Epididymis

___________ 2. Vagina

___________ 3. Testes

___________ 4. Urethra

___________ 5. Cervix

___________ 6. Prostate gland

___________ 7. Fallopian tubes

___________ 8. Uterus

___________ 9. Scrotum

___________ 10. Seminal vesicles

___________ 11. Ovaries

___________ 12. Vas Deferens

___________ 13. Penis

___________ 14. Vulva

___________ 15. Clitoris

ENABLING TASK II

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
 PART B. Directions: In a short coupon bond, draw and label the parts of a
Female Reproductive system.

DEEPEN

Male Hormones and Their Functions

To regulate the function of the testes, two hormones are secreted by the anterior
pituitary gland found in the brain. The luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the secretion of the
sex hormone testosterone, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), along with testosterone,
stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone is produced by the
Leydig cells found between the seminiferous tubules. It is responsible for the development of
secondary male characteristics during puberty such as deepening of the voice, growth of facial
hair, broadening of the shoulders, and the development of muscles.

Female Hormones and Their Functions

The menstrual cycle is controlled by the different hormones of the endocrine system

1 The GnRH is released by the hypothalamus.

2. GnRH triggers the anterior pituitary lobe to secrete FSH and LH.

3. The FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth in the ovary

4. The follicles start to make estrogen (estradiol). Several follicles begin to grow with each
cycle, but usually only one matures.

5. Around day 12, estrogen levels rise steeply.

6. Rising estrogen stimulates an LH surge.

7. The LH surge triggers ovulation: the mature follicle ruptures, releasing the secondary
oocyte.

8. The follicles left in the ovary form the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and
estrogen.

9. Rising progesterone and estrogen levels stimulate thickening of the endometrium.

10. If pregnancy occurs (implantation), the corpus luteum continues to secrete Progesterone
and estrogen to maintain the endometrium (thickening); otherwise it disintegrates and
hormone levels drop, resulting in the loss of the endometrial tissue as menstrual flow.

This cycle continues for about 450 cycles, then women enter menopause, which marks
the end of the menstrual cycle. This stage occurs in females around 40-50 years of age, and
starts within 12 months after the last menstrual period. Signs and symptoms of females about
to enter menopausal stage may include irregular periods, vaginal dryness, sleep problems, hot

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
flashes and mood swings, weight gain, dry skin and thinning hair, night sweating, and
decreasing breast fullness.

Phases of the menstrual cycle

The four main phases of the menstrual cycle are: 

 Menstruation
 The Follicular Phase
 Ovulation
 The Luteal Phase.

Menstruation
Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium)
from the body through the vagina. Menstrual fluid contains blood, cells from the lining of the
uterus (endometrial cells) and mucus. The average length of a period is between three days
and one week.

Sanitary pads or tampons are used to absorb the menstrual flow. Both pads and tampons
need to be changed regularly (at least every four hours). Using tampons has been associated
with an increased risk of a rare illness called toxic shock syndrome (TSS).

Follicular phase
The follicular phase starts on the first day of menstruation and ends with ovulation. Prompted
by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). This
hormone stimulates the ovary to produce around five to 20 follicles (tiny nodules or cysts),
which bead on the surface.

Each follicle houses an immature egg. Usually, only one follicle will mature into an egg, while
the others die. This can occur around day 10 of a 28-day cycle. The growth of the follicles
stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for possible pregnancy.

Ovulation
Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the surface of the ovary. This usually occurs
mid-cycle, around two weeks or so before menstruation starts. 

During the follicular phase, the developing follicle causes a rise in the level of estrogen. The
hypothalamus in the brain recognizes these rising levels and releases a chemical called
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to
produce raised levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH.

Within two days, ovulation is triggered by the high levels of LH. The egg is funneled into the
fallopian tube and toward the uterus by waves of small, hair-like projections. The life span of
the typical egg is only around 24 hours. Unless it meets a sperm during this time, it will die.

When you want to have a baby you can improve your chance of getting pregnant if you know
about ovulation and the ‘fertile window’ in the menstrual cycle.

Luteal phase

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but the ruptured follicle stays on the surface
of the ovary. For the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms into a structure known as
the corpus luteum. This structure starts releasing progesterone, along with small amounts of
estrogen. This combination of hormones maintains the thickened lining of the uterus, waiting
for a fertilized egg to stick (implant).

If a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus, it produces the hormones that are
necessary to maintain the corpus luteum. This includes human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG),
the hormone that is detected in a urine test for pregnancy. The corpus luteum keeps
producing the raised levels of progesterone that are needed to maintain the thickened lining of
the uterus.

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum withers and dies, usually around day 22 in a
28-day cycle. The drop in progesterone levels causes the lining of the uterus to fall away. This
is known as menstruation. The cycle then repeats.

Common Menstrual Problems

Some of the more common menstrual problems include: 

premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – hormonal events before a period can trigger a range of
side effects in women at risk, including fluid retention, headaches, fatigue and irritability.
Treatment options include exercise and dietary changes

dysmenorrhoea – or painful periods. It is thought that the uterus is prompted by certain

hormones to squeeze harder than necessary to dislodge its lining. Treatment options include
pain-relieving medication and the oral contraceptive pill

heavy menstrual bleeding  (previously known as menorrhagia) – if left untreated, this can
cause anaemia. Treatment options include oral contraceptives and a hormonal intrauterine
device (IUD) to regulate the flow

amenorrhoea – or absence of menstrual periods. This is considered abnormal, except during

pre-puberty, pregnancy, lactation and postmenopause. Possible causes include low or high
body weight and excessive exercise.

Activity 3 COMPLETE ME!

DIRECTIONS: Complete the table below by supplying the correct answer. You can use
phrases and sentences in answering.
1. The regular menstrual cycle is around __________ days.
2. An option wherein the zygote formed by the couple is introduced to another
female is called _________.
3. The external parts of the female reproductive system are collectively called
_________.
4. FSH and LH stimulate the growth and development of __________ in the ovary.
5. Nutrients for the developing sperm cells are produced by _____________.
6. During the secretory phase, the hormone progesterone is produced by the
___________.
7. A hollow muscular canal that receives the penis during copulation is the
____________.
8. The only diploid cells found in the walls of the seminiferous tubules are called
______________.
9. High levels of LH trigger _____________.

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
 [Link] term for menstrual blood is ______________.

TRANSFER

The Nervous System and the Endocrine System

Electrical Control of Behaviour: The Nervous System

In the Nervous system the electrical information highway of the body, is made up
of nerves — bundles of interconnected neurons that fire in synchrony to carry messages .
The central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, is the major
controller of the body’s functions, charged with interpreting sensory information and
responding to it with its own directives. The CNS interprets information coming in from the
senses, formulates an appropriate reaction, and sends responses to the appropriate system to
respond accordingly. Everything that we see, hear, smell, touch, and taste is conveyed to us
from our sensory organs as neural impulses, and each of the commands that the brain sends
to the body, both consciously and unconsciously, travels through this system as well.

Nerves are differentiated according to their function. A sensory (or afferent)

neuron carries information from the sensory receptors , whereas a motor (or efferent)
neuron transmits information to the muscles and glands . An interneuron, which is by far the
most common type of neuron, is located primarily within the CNS and is responsible for
communicating among the neurons. Interneurons allow the brain to combine the multiple
sources of available information to create a coherent picture of the sensory information being
conveyed.

The spinal cord is the long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves and supporting cells that
extends down from the brain. It is the central throughway of information for the body. Within
the spinal cord, ascending tracts of sensory neurons relay sensory information from the sense
organs to the brain while descending tracts of motor neurons relay motor commands back to
the body. When a quicker-than-usual response is required, the spinal cord can do its own
processing, bypassing the brain altogether. A reflex is an involuntary and nearly
instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus . Reflexes are triggered when sensory
information is powerful enough to reach a given threshold and the interneurons in the spinal
cord act to send a message back through the motor neurons without relaying the information
to the brain. When you touch a hot stove and immediately pull your hand back, or when you
fumble your cell phone and instinctively reach to catch it before it falls, reflexes in your spinal
cord order the appropriate responses before your brain even knows what is happening.

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
 Fi
gure The Reflex. The central nervous system can interpret signals from sensory neurons and respond to
them extremely quickly via the motor neurons without any need for the brain to be involved. These
quick responses, known as reflexes, can reduce the damage that we might experience as a result of, for
instance, touching a hot stove.

If the central nervous system is the command centre of the body, the peripheral
nervous system (PNS) represents the front line. The PNS links the CNS to the body’s sense
receptors, muscles, and glands. As you can see in Figure, “The Autonomic Nervous System,”
the peripheral nervous system is itself divided into two subsystems, one controlling internal
responses and one controlling external responses.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the division of the PNS that governs the

internal activities of the human body, including heart rate, breathing, digestion, salivation,
perspiration, urination, and sexual arousal . Many of the actions of the ANS, such as heart rate
and digestion, are automatic and out of our conscious control, but others, such as breathing
and sexual activity, can be controlled and influenced by conscious processes.

The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the division of the PNS that controls the

external aspects of the body , including the skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs. The
somatic nervous system consists primarily of motor nerves responsible for sending brain
signals for muscle contraction.

The autonomic nervous system itself can be further subdivided into

the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic division of the
ANS is involved in preparing the body for behaviour, particularly in response to stress, by
activating the organs and the glands in the endocrine system . The parasympathetic
division of the ANS tends to calm the body by slowing the heart and breathing and by
allowing the body to recover from the activities that the sympathetic system causes . The
sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions normally function in opposition to each other,
with the sympathetic division acting a bit like the accelerator pedal on a car and the
parasympathetic division acting like the brake.

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
The Autonomic Nervous System. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: The sympathetic
division acts to energize the body, preparing it for action. The parasympathetic division acts to calm the
body, allowing it to rest.

Our everyday activities are controlled by the interaction between the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems. For example, when we get out of bed in the morning, we
would experience a sharp drop in blood pressure if it were not for the action of the
sympathetic system, which automatically increases blood flow through the body. Similarly,
after we eat a big meal, the parasympathetic system automatically sends more blood to the
stomach and intestines, allowing us to efficiently digest the food. And perhaps you have had
the experience of not being at all hungry before a stressful event, such as a sports game or an
exam (when the sympathetic division was primarily in action), but suddenly finding yourself
feeling starved afterward, as the parasympathetic takes over. The two systems work together
to maintain vital bodily functions, resulting in homeostasis, the natural balance in the body’s
systems.

The Body’s Chemicals Help Control Behaviour: The Endocrine

System

The nervous system is designed to protect us from danger through its interpretation of
and reactions to stimuli. But a primary function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems is to interact with the endocrine system to elicit chemicals that provide
another system for influencing our feelings and behaviours.

A gland in the endocrine system is made up of groups of cells that function to secrete
hormones. A hormone is a chemical that moves throughout the body to help regulate
emotions and behaviours. When the hormones released by one gland arrive at receptor tissues
or other glands, these receiving receptors may trigger the release of other hormones, resulting
in a series of complex chemical chain reactions. The endocrine system works together with the
nervous system to influence many aspects of human behaviour, including growth,
reproduction, and metabolism. And the endocrine system plays a vital role in emotions.
Because the glands in men and women differ, hormones also help explain some of the
observed behavioural differences between men and women. The major glands in the
endocrine system are shown in Figure, “The Major Glands of the Endocrine System.”

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
The Major Glands of the Endocrine System. The male is shown on the left and the female on
the right.

The pituitary gland, a small pea-sized gland located near the centre of the brain, is
responsible for controlling the body’s growth, but it also has many other influences that make
it of primary importance to regulating behaviour. The pituitary secretes hormones that
influence our responses to pain as well as hormones that signal the ovaries and testes to make
sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women.
Because the pituitary has such an important influence on other glands, it is sometimes known
as the “master gland.”

Other glands in the endocrine system include the pancreas, which secretes hormones

designed to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy ;
the pineal gland, located in the middle of the brain, which secretes melatonin , a hormone
that helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle; and the thyroid and parathyroid glands, which
are responsible for determining how quickly the body uses energy and hormones, and
controlling the amount of calcium in the blood and bones.

The body has two triangular adrenal glands, one atop each kidney. The adrenal
glands produce hormones that regulate salt and water balance in the body, and they are
involved in metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function . The most
important function of the adrenal glands is to secrete the hormones epinephrine (also known
as adrenaline) and norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) when we are excited,
threatened, or stressed. Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the sympathetic division of
the ANS, causing increased heart and lung activity, dilation of the pupils, and increases in
blood sugar, which give the body a surge of energy to respond to a threat. The activity and
role of the adrenal glands in response to stress provide an excellent example of the close
relationship and interdependency of the nervous and endocrine systems. A quick-acting
nervous system is essential for immediate activation of the adrenal glands, while the endocrine
system mobilizes the body for action.

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
 The male sex glands, known as the testes, secrete a number of hormones, the most
important of which is testosterone, the male sex hormone. Testosterone regulates body
changes associated with sexual development, including enlargement of the penis, deepening
of the voice, growth of facial and pubic hair, and the increase in muscle growth and strength.
The ovaries, the female sex glands, are located in the pelvis. They produce eggs and secrete
the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is involved in the development of
female sexual features, including breast growth, the accumulation of body fat around the hips
and thighs, and the growth spurt that occurs during puberty. Both estrogen and progesterone
are also involved in pregnancy and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Activity 4 Check this out!

Part A. Directions: Use the given link to watch the videos about the Human Endocrine
System and The Nervous System, complete the Venn diagram below.
 How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce
[Link]
SPRPkLoKp8&fbclid=IwAR3IbSoJHEECTDNsQK5FKnBDsBdqHH9fWfTIX526MAJB056D1Km3ym0
9uFk

 How do nerves work? - Elliot Krane

[Link]

 Human Endocrine System and Nervous System

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
ENABLING TASK III

Part B. Directions: Draw an object that you think is best to represent the
human brain. Explain your drawing in at least 3 sentences. Use a Short coupon bond.

POST-ASSESSMENT:

Let’s find out how much you already know about this module. Encircle the letter
that corresponds the correct answer.

1. What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

a. LH
b. MSH
c. ACTH
d. Oxytocin
2. Which pituitary hormone increases its levels, will lead to increased levels of calcium
ions in the blood?
a. Cortisol
b. Thymosin
c. Calcitonin
d. Parathyroid hormone
3. Which of the following will be decreased by insulin?
a. Heart activity
b. Blood pressure
c. Glycogen storage
d. Blood glucose levels
4. Which pituitary hormone increases the metabolic activity in most body cells?
a. LH
b. FSH
c. TSH
d. ACTH
5. What is another name for antidiuretic hormone?

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE
 a. Cortisol
b. Glucagon
c. Thymosin
d. Vasopressin
6. Which of the following cells is a mature one?
a. Spermatid
b. Sperm cell
c. Spermatogonia
d. Primary spermatocyte
7. Where does sperm maturation occurs?
a. Testes
b. Epididymis
c. Vas deferens
d. Seminiferous tubules
8. Where does fertilization takes place?
a. Uterus
b. Cervix
c. Vagina
d. Fallopian tube
9. What do you call a fertilized egg?
a. Fetus
b. Zygote
c. Gamete
d. Embryo
10. What causes rupture of the mature follicle during ovulation?
a. LH c. Estrogen
b. FSH d. Progesterone

References and Links

Printed Materials:
Manosca, L. G. et al. (2019). Exploring life through science series. Phoenix P
Publishing House, Inc.

Envangelista, E. V., Follosco, G. L., & Pili, A. S. (2019). Science in today’s world 10. Sibs
P Publishing House, Inc.

Antonio, R. L., Ole, A. F., Garcia, R. G., & Laurente, J. A. T. (2015). Science for the 21 st
c century learner. Diwa Learning Systems, Inc.

Santiago, K. S., Silverio, A. A. (2016). Exploring life through science series. Phoenix Publishing
H House, Inc.

Electronic Sources:
Walinga, J., & Strangor, C. (n.d.) Introduction to Psychology first edition. Creative Commons.
[Link]
nervous-system-and-the-endocrine-system/

Hailes, J. (2020). Better health channel. Department of Health & Human Services.
[Link]
cycle#:~:text=The%20four%20phases%20of%20the,ovulation%20and%20the
%20luteal%20phase.

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Third Quarter GRADE 10 SCIENCE LEARNING MODULE