BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
SECOND SEMESTER
A.Y. 2021-2022
GEED3: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
NAME OF STUDENT: ________________
COURSE: ___________________________
YEAR AND BLOCK: __________________
EMILAN G. TIPAY, LPT
COLLEGE INSTRUCTOR
RUBELYN M. ESPERON, PH.D.
COLLEGE DEAN
MODULE 2: STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
Lesson 4: Contemporary Global Governance
MODULE OVERVIEW
This module will lead the learner to uncover the purpose of the United Nation as an International
Governing Body and to trace down the challenges and difficulties the body is facing in the 21 st
century and beyond.
Learning outcome
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to;
1. Determine the roles and functions of United Nations
2. Classify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century
Learning Expectation:
As a learner, you are expected to;
1. Read comprehensively the attached module
2. Include the enhancement activities in your content reading
3. Perform or accomplish the given tasks and submit it according to the given schedule.
Learning Resources:
1. Laptop/ Android Phone
2. Power Outlet/ Extension Wires
3. Internet
4. Printed and Soft Copy of Learning Materials
5. Reference Books
6. Notepad
7. Pen
Introduction:
Module 2: STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
Lesson 4: Contemporary Global Governance
Introduction
This lesson discusses the essential role of the United Nations Organization for
multilateral negotiations represented by the General Assembly. Its existence in the current state
of the world affairs has affected a lot of nations. While the Assembly is empowered to make only
non-binding recommendations to States on international issues (including concerns and issues on
Globalization) within its competence, it has, nonetheless, initiated actions-political economic,
humanitarian, social and legal-which has affected the lives of millions of people throughout the
world. It also covers the challenges of global governance and the voices of individual states
through the Assembly of the United Nations.
Content Reading
History and Principles of the United Nations
Prior to the United Nations (UN), the League of Nations was the international organization
responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. It was founded in 1919
"to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security." At its height, the
League of Nations had 58 members and was
considered successful. In the 1930s, its success
waned as the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and
Japan) gained influence, eventually leading to the
start of World War II in 1939.
The term "United Nations" was then coined in 1942
by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in
the Declaration by United Nations. This declaration
was made to officially state the cooperation of the
Allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and other
nations during World War II.
The UN as it is known today, however, was not officially founded until 1945 when the Charter
of the United Nations was drafted at the UN Conference on International Organization in San
Francisco, California. Representatives of 50 nations and several non-governmental organizations
attended the conference, all of which signed the charter. The UN officially came into existence
on October 24, 1945, after its charter's ratification. The principles of the UN are to save future
generations from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all persons. In
addition, it also aims to promote justice, freedom, and social progress for the peoples of all of its
member states.
Organization of the UN Today
To handle the complex task of getting its member states to cooperate most efficiently, the
UN today is divided into five branches.
The first is the UN General Assembly. This is the main decision-making and
representative assembly and is responsible for
upholding the principles of the UN through its
policies and recommendations. It is composed of
all member states, is headed by a president
elected from the member states, and meets from
September to December each year.
The UN Security Council is another branch and is
the most powerful. It can authorize the
deployment of UN member states' militaries, can
mandate a cease-fire during conflicts and can
enforce penalties on countries if they do not
comply with given mandates. It is composed of
five permanent members and 10 rotating
members.
The next branch of the UN is the International Court of Justice, located in The Hague,
Netherlands.
Next, the Economic and Social Council assists the General Assembly in promoting
economic and social development as well as the cooperation of member states.
Finally, the Secretariat is the branch headed by the Secretary-General. Its main
responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data when needed by other UN
branches for their meetings.
Membership
Today, almost every fully recognized independent state is a member of the UN. To become a
member of the UN, a state must accept both peace and all obligations outlined in charter and be
willing to carry out any action to satisfy those obligations. The final decision on admission to the
UN is carried out by the General Assembly after recommendation by the Security Council.
Functions of the United Nations Today
As it was in the past, the main function of the UN today is to maintain peace and security for all
of its member states. Though the UN does not maintain its own military, it does have
peacekeeping forces that are supplied by its member states. On approval of the UN Security
Council, these peacekeepers are, for example, sent to regions where armed conflict has recently
ended to discourage combatants from resuming fighting. In 1988, the peacekeeping force won a
Nobel
Peace Prize for its actions.
In addition to maintaining peace, the UN aims to protect human rights and provide humanitarian
assistance when needed. In 1948, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights as a standard for its human rights operations. The UN currently provides technical
assistance in elections, helps to improve judicial structures and draft constitutions trains human
rights officials, and provides food, drinking water, shelter, and other humanitarian services to
peoples displaced by famine, war, and natural disaster.
Finally, the UN plays an integral part in social and economic development through its UN
Development Program. This is the largest source of technical grant assistance in the world. In
addition, the World Health Organization; UNAIDS; The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis, and Malaria; the UN Population Fund; and the World Bank Group, to name a few,
play an essential role in this aspect of the UN. The parent organization also annually publishes
the Human Development Index to rank countries in terms of poverty, literacy, education, and life
expectancy.
Millennium Development Goals
At the turn of the century, the UN established what it called its Millennium Development Goals.
Most of its member states and various international organizations agreed to target goals relating
to reducing poverty and child mortality, fighting diseases and epidemics, and developing a global
partnership in terms of international development, by 2015.
Millennium Development Goals by 2015
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. To achieve universal primary education.
3. To promote gender equality and empower women.
4. To reduce child mortality.
5. To improve maternal health.
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
7. To ensure environmental sustainability.
8. To develop a global partnership for development.
A report issued as the deadline neared noted the progress that had been made, lauding efforts in
developing nations, and noted shortfalls as well that need continued focus: people still living in
poverty without access to services, gender inequality, the wealth gap, and climate change's
effects on the poorest people.
The Search for Consensus
Each Member State in the Assembly has one vote. Votes taken on designated important issues,
such as recommendations on peace and security and the election of Security Council members,
require a two-thirds majority of Member States, but other questions are decided by simple
majority.
In recent years, a special effort has been made to achieve consensus on issues, rather than
deciding by a formal vote, thus strengthening support for the Assembly’s decisions. The
President, after having consulted and reached agreement with delegations, can propose that a
resolution be adopted without a vote.
The UN and the Challenges of Global Governance
Globalization is a subject that has been on the agenda of the United Nations system and its
component organizations for a considerable period of time, both from analytical as well as
normative and operational perspectives. The said report is not meant to be an analysis of the
nature, dynamics or manifestations of globalization per se, nor a description of current work of
individual organizations of the system in relevant
areas. Rather, the report seeks to clarify the ways
in which the complex phenomenon of
globalization affects development and the
implications of this interaction for the
development role of the United Nations.
While the principal focus of the report is on the
core issues of finance and trade raised in
Assembly resolution 53/169, it seeks also to
identify ramifications of globalization processes in
other areas and to explore ways of enhancing the
coherence of the United Nations system=s response to these interrelated challenges. The
document aims to identify and further enhance the role of the United Nations system in
designing and implementing a response, both at national and international levels, to the
challenges posed by globalization. The analysis at the global level is supplemented by a review
of country-level trends based on responses to a questionnaire from a number of resident
coordinators.
The Challenges of Globalization and Interdependence
Identifying the nature and contents of
globalization, in particular from the
development perspective, is imperative for
developing effective policy responses to its
challenges. There are different ways of looking
at globalization.
Some of them emphasize the increased mobility
of factors of production, goods and services
across borders and the resultant emergence of a
truly global market, others see primarily the
results and future potential of an explosive
progress in information technology, while still others view globalization primarily from societal
and cultural perspectives.
While all these reflect certain aspects of globalization, from the development perspective the
quantum change brought about by it is not internationalization of production per se, nor the
telecommunications revolution, nor the emergence of uncivil society etc. It is the impact and
cumulative implications of all these processes on policy making and policy implementation, both
at the national and international levels that present the two principal challenges of globalization
as far as United Nations development activities are concerned.
The UN sees that the forces of globalization affect all aspects of people’s lives, the policy
responses to globalization must be both comprehensive and coherent. National and international
policies affecting trade, finance, social and environmental aspects must be formulated keeping in
view the interrelatedness of these issues and the cumulative impact of globalization.
1. The challenge of bringing coherence to policy-making is thus among the first and
foremost challenges posed by globalization. Given its universality, democratic character
and broad mandate, the United Nations has a clear comparative advantage in promoting such
coherence both at the national and international levels. Moreover, while the United Nations is
an organization of sovereign member states, the Organization by necessity finds itself more
and more often in a role of promoting, formulating and implementing policy responses that
must go beyond national actions to be effective. Indeed, globalization tends to erode one of
the principal marks of national authority, namely complete and exclusive control of the
national currency and associated financial markets. Globally circulating monies have greatly
complicated national management of money supply, exchange rates and interest levels.
On the whole, the power of global financial capital is such that Governments have felt
constrained to respond to the markets with sometimes severely restrictive policies often with
painful consequences for the vulnerable segments of the population. Also, credit-rating
agencies which assess the creditworthiness of many countries can exercise a significant
influence on macroeconomic policies. National economic policies must therefore respond to
world markets and the power of such market forces is so great that only coordinated and
comprehensive responses can have the desired impact on market behavior.
2. All States are increasingly vulnerable to erosion of their ability to act effectively and
with authority. Many transnational processes impinge on national sovereignty. Besides
trade and finance and other macroeconomic policies, one may think about global
environmental degradation, the increasingly massive refugee and migrant flows, and such
epidemics as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
These issues are varied, but they have in common that none of them can be solved by means
of solely domestic policies. Individually, nation States can do little more than control the
symptoms. Getting at the cause demands coordinated international action. Globalization thus
has promoted increased multilateralism in some areas, for example in responding to financial
crises, but much less in others. And even many of the multilateral responses have been ad
hoc and time limited.
3. Institutional or governance deficit is another challenge of globalization. The
globalization of production by transnational corporations, the globalization of international
finance, globalization of information, large-scale movements of people and greatly increased
cultural flows have not been matched by a corresponding reshaping of institutions and
regulatory mechanisms.
The crisis the world faces is the outcome of the fact that our institutional arrangements for
economic governance have fallen way behind the realities of the growth and interdependence
that we call globalization. This institutional or governance deficit is the second great
challenge of globalization. Increasingly, effective public action to manage the economy
needs to be coordinated among States and, as in the case of trade, an open and rule-based
system, overseen or implemented by such bodies as the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Such concerted action does not necessarily weaken States; rather it can strengthen them by
stabilizing the external economic environment and thus giving them greater scope to pursue
national goals.
Role of the United Nations
The United Nations is uniquely suited to
assume normative leadership for a
globalization with a human face. It can do so
by promoting a broader vision of human
development. As a first step in this direction,
it needs to help devise an effective response
to the twin challenges of
globalization: the need for greater policy
coherence and institutional capacity-building
at the national, regional and global levels.
This implies that the development work of the United Nations, both at the analytical and
normative level, and its operational activities need to be more sharply focused on meeting those
challenges than is currently the case. It also implies that the United Nations will need to work
very closely with key partners-the Bretton Woods institutions and other organizations of the
system, Governments of both developed and developing countries, the corporate and financial
sectors and civil society institutions at large-to build the necessary consensus around the need for
change in policies and institutions.
As noted above, the potential benefits of globalization are vast, yet many developing countries
are and will remain ill positioned to partake in these benefits unless a concerted effort is made by
the international community to facilitate their integration into the world economy. Trade and
finance are the two most prominent channels through which such integration occurs. But with an
increasingly knowledge-based world economy, technological know-how, in particular
information technology and its concomitant human skills, is essential. With goods and services
and capital moving increasingly frictionless and unencumbered, movements of people between
countries will become more and more difficult to regulate and transnational crimes, as
manifested through money-laundering, more and more difficult to contain.
The well-worn phrase “no nation State can go it alone” has to move from slogan to practical
action. Practical action means foremost agreeing on the “rules of the game” and building
institutional oversight capacity, be it in trade, finance, technology transfer, migration or
transnational crime-fighting, to stay with the issues raised in the present report.
The United Nations is the pre-eminent body to launch the discussions on setting those rules,
norms and standards and to build consensus around the institutional arrangements needed for
applying them. It does not follow that the Organization in each and every instance will actually
formulate or implement those rules. In many cases those will be prepared and negotiated in other
more technical forums. However, there is no other institution better placed than the United
Nations to give the political impetus and legitimacy to the devising of rules, norms and
standards, because it is universal and democratic in its membership and it has a broad
deliberative function which allows it to consider all aspects of development issues in their
political context. With this in view, the observations set out below are intended to stimulate
reflection on the directions that can be pursued by the United Nations in promoting development
in the context of globalization are the following areas:
1. The Assembly could encourage a deepening of reflection on global economic governance
in the context of globalization.
2. As far as policy coherence and institutional capacity-building are concerned, the biannual
high-level General Assembly meetings on the renewal of dialogue should provide an
important opportunity for a broad-based dialogue on such issues.
3. The themes and issues identified in the reports of the Secretary-General on the renewal of
dialogue (A/50/480 and A/52/425) could be used as a frame of reference for structuring
the dialogue for the next three or four rounds.
4. Similarly, key events, such as financing for development, UNCTAD X and the five-year
reviews of global conferences, if approached as a series of interrelated forums rather than
separate events, should serve to advance the overall agenda of strengthening the capacity
for economic governance.
5. The Assembly could also encourage the Economic and Social Council to discuss the
possibility of establishing a task force on this topic, with developing and industrialized
countries and civil society representation. Such a task force could focus on the ways and
means of promoting policy coherence and related institutional changes and report to the
Council, IMF, the World Bank and WTO.
6. Given its system-wide coordination functions, the Economic and Social Council can
make an important contribution to enhancing policy coherence. To this end, the Council
could be encouraged to deepen its dialogue with the Bretton Woods institutions and
WTO. It
7. could encourage the United Nations system to develop integrated policy responses and a
set of mutually reinforcing actions to address globalization, based on the outcomes of the
major United Nations conferences. The Council should build on the momentum created
by its efforts to promote a coordinated system-wide response to these conferences.
8. With regard to trade, notwithstanding that its regulatory aspects fall under the umbrella of
WTO, the United Nations and in particular UN CTAD should continue to focus attention
on issues of concern from a development policy perspective. These relate to the
difficulties that developing countries, especially the least developed African countries,
continue to face in market access and in diversifying their production and exports, the
problems that are likely to arise when
preferential access comes to an end, as
well as the inability of poor and small
countries to effectively participate in
multilateral negotiations and to take
advantage of WTO dispute settlement
mechanisms.
9. Following the adoption of the ministerial
declaration on market access by the
Council at the high-level segment of its
substantive session of 1998, the
Assembly could encourage
10. continued deepening of trade
liberalization by developed and
developing countries, in particular in
sectors of export interest to developing countries.
11. Appropriate arrangements for consultations between the Council and the WTO Council
could also be considered to examine how to better integrate the developmental
perspective into the trade arena.
12. Consideration could also be given to creating an independent legal aid facility and an
ombudsman to support developing countries in WTO.
Stronger public action is also needed to support the development of new technologies for human
development and the eradication of poverty. The Economic and Social Council at the high-level
segment of its substantive session of 2000, when it considers the role of information technology,
could examine ways to ensure that developing countries-interests are addressed in the decisions
on and governance of global communications and of the Internet in particular. It could also
consider the launching of an international program to support public investment in technologies
for the needs of poor people and poor countries, based on the model of the Consultative Group
on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), as proposed in the Human Development Report
1999.
Conclusion
Globalization and its impact will remain a central issue on the development agenda in
years to come. There can be no doubt that the United Nations system will play a central role in
grappling with the forces of globalization, particularly, as the present report has argued, with
regard to promoting greater policy coherence and, even more importantly, building institutional
capacity at all levels. These twin challenges are complex and often intertwined. For the
Organization to address them in a meaningful way, it is essential that it continue to identify
issues that not only lend themselves to better structured intergovernmental deliberations but also
lead to tangible results at the global, regional and national levels.
Name of Student: _______________________
Subject: ______________________________
Course/Year/Section/Bock: ______________
Date: ________________________________
Activity
Instruction: Write your personal response to questions below;
Is the United Nation still capable of solving the crisis that is now happening in eastern Europe
particularly between Ukraine/ NATO versus Russia and its allies? Write your personal position.
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Scoring Rubric
Scor Interpretation Content
e
4 Very Creative Ideas represent a starting variety of important concepts derived
from different contexts or views. Posted response draws on a wide-
ranging variety of sources including different texts, media, resource
persons, and/or from personal experiences. Ideas are combined in
original and surprising ways to solve a problem, address an issue,
or make something new.
3 Creative Ideas represent a starting variety of important concepts derived
from different contexts or views. Posted response draws on a wide-
ranging variety of sources including different texts, media, resource
persons, and/or from personal experiences.
2 Ordinary Ideas represent important concepts from the same or similar
contexts or disciplines.
1 Imitative Ideas do not represent important concepts. Posted response draws
on only one source and or sources are not trustworthy or
inappropriate. Ideas are copied or restated from the source(s)
consulted.
LEARNING SUMMARY
In summary, this module details something about…
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LEARNING REFLECTION
I comprehensively discovered that Contemporary Global Governance is…
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REFERENCES:
https://www.thoughtco.com/the-united-nations-p2-1435441/October 16,2018
http://www.un.org/ga/about/background.shtml/ October 16,2018
http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/54/plenary/a54-358.htm/ October 16,2018
Prepared by: Checked by:
Mr. Emilan G. Tipay, LPT Myrna V. Lenon
College Instructor Program Head
Approved by:
Ms. Rubelyn M. Esperon
College Dean
