Group 2

Bullan, Warren
Donayre, Mark Joseph
Guelas, Rovic
Siriban, Gian Emmanuel
Torres, John Roisand
Zaragoza, Aya Vanessa
Clue for Keywords:
Sample

Modulation

Sample Signal
GUESS THAT GIBBERISH
 Example

kom - myu -knee - kay - zion

Communication
mode - dew - ray - zion
Modulation
buy - nut - we
Binary
free - week - end - see
Frequency
tell - a - grip
Telegraph
paw - holes
Pulse
GROUP 2

Pulse Code
Modulation
History & Concepts
Pulse Code
Modulation
Modulation
IS THE PROCESS OF VARYING ONE OR
MORE PARAMETERS OF A CARRIER SIGNAL
IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
INSTANTANEOUS VALUES OF THE
MESSAGE SIGNAL.

The message signal is the signal which is being transmitted for

communication and the carrier signal is a high frequency signal
which has no data, but is used for long distance transmission.
Pulse Code Modulation
A signal is pulse code There are many modulation

modulated to convert its techniques, which are classified

analog information into a according to the type of

binary sequence, i.e., 1s modulation employed. Of them

and 0s. The output of a all, the digital modulation

PCM is a method used to

PCM will resemble a technique used is Pulse Code

digitally represent sampled

binary sequence. The Modulation (PCM).

analog signals. It is the

following figure shows an

standard form of digital audio

example of PCM output

in computers, compact discs,

with respect to
digital telephony and other

instantaneous values of a
digital audio applications.
given sine wave.

Pulse Code Modulation

Fig. 1: Wave form for PCM

Pulse Code Modulation

Instead of a pulse train, PCM produces a series

of numbers or digits, and hence this process is
called as digital. Each one of these digits,
though in binary code, represent the
approximate amplitude of the signal sample at
that instant.

In Pulse Code Modulation, the message signal

is represented by a sequence of coded pulses.
This message signal is achieved by
representing the signal in discrete form in
both time and amplitude.
Basic Ele
ments of
PCM
Basic Elements of PCM

The block diagram of

PCM

which represents the

basic elements of both
the transmitter and the
receiver sections.

Fig. 2: Block Diagram of PCM

Basic Elements of PCM

The transmitter section of a Pulse Code

Modulator circuit consists of Sampling,
Quantizing and Encoding, which are performed in
the analog-to-digital converter section. The low
pass filter prior to sampling prevents aliasing of
the message signal.

The basic operations in the receiver section are

regeneration of impaired signals, decoding, and
reconstruction of the quantized pulse train.
 Low Pass Filter
This filter eliminates the high frequency
components present in the input analog
signal which is greater than the highest
frequency of the message signal, to avoid
aliasing of the message signal.

Basic Elements of PCM

TRANSMITTER SECTION
 Sampling
is a process of measuring the

amplitude of a continuous-time

signal at discrete instants, converts

the continuous signal into a discrete

signal. For example, conversion of a

sound wave to a sequence of

samples.

Basic Elements of PCM

TRANSMITTER SECTION
 Quantization
The quantizing of an analog signal is

done by discretizing the signal with a

number of quantization levels.

Quantization is representing the

sampled values of the amplitude by a

finite set of levels, which means

converting a continuous-amplitude

sample into a discrete-time signal.

Basic Elements of PCM

TRANSMITTER SECTION
Quantization

It is the conversion of a

discrete-time continuous

valued signal into a

discrete-time, discrete

valued digital signal.

Sampling & Quantization
 Encoding
The digitization of analog

signal is done by the encoder.

It designates each quantized

level by a binary code.

It is a process of converting of

discrete valued digital signal

into digital data or binary

data.
Basic Elements of PCM
TRANSMITTER SECTION
 Regenerative
Decoding
Repeater The decoder circuit decodes the

pulse coded waveform to

This section increases the signal strength.

reproduce the original signal.

The output of the channel also has one

This circuit acts as the

regenerative repeater circuit, to compensate

demodulator.
the signal loss and reconstruct the signal,

and also to increase its strength.

Basic Elements of PCM

RECEIVER SECTION
Reconstruction Filter

After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by

the regenerative circuit and the decoder, a low-pass
filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to
get back the original signal.

Basic Elements of PCM

RECEIVER SECTION
Hence, the Pulse Code
Modulator circuit digitizes the
given analog signal, codes it
and samples it, and then
transmits it in an analog form.
This whole process is repeated
in a reverse pattern to obtain
the original signal.
 WITH ROISAND AND MARK

History of PCM
 Early electrical
communications started to
sample signals in order to
interlace samples from
multiple telegraphy
sources and to convey
them over a single
telegraph cable.
1853

The American inventor Moses G.

Farmer conveyed telegraph time-
division multiplexing (TDM)
1903

Electrical engineer W. M. Miner, in 1903, used an

electromechanical commutator for time-division
multiplexing multiple telegraph signals; he also
applied this technology to telephony.
1920

The Bartlane cable picture transmission system, named

after its inventors Harry G. Bartholomew and Maynard
D. McFarlane, used telegraph signaling of characters
punched in paper tape to send samples of images
quantized to 5 levels; whether this is considered PCM or
not depends on how one interprets "pulse code", but it
involved transmission of quantized samples.
1937

British engineer Alec Reeves, unaware of previous work,

conceived the use of PCM for voice communication in 1937
while working for International Telephone and Telegraph in
France. He described the theory and advantages, but no
practical application resulted.
1943 The original home of Bell
Laboratories beginning
in 1925, 463 West
Street, New York.

The Bell Labs researchers who designed

the SIGSALY system became aware of
the use of PCM binary coding as
already proposed by Alec Reeves.
What is SIGSALY
(also known as the X System, Project X,
Ciphony I, and the Green Hornet) was a
secure speech system used in World War II
for the highest-level Allied communications.
1949
Ferranti

DATAR

The Canadian Navy's DATAR system,

Ferranti Canada built a working PCM
radio system that was able to transmit
digitized radar data over long distances.
 PCM in the late 1940s and early REFRESHER
1950s used a cathode-ray coding
A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube
tube with a plate electrode having
containing one or more electron guns, the
encoding perforations.
beams of which are manipulated to display
images on a phosphorescent screen.
1905

Philippine Long Distance Telephone

Company
1933
TELEX Equipment

Philippine Telegraph and

Telephone Corporation (PT&T)
 PABX
1988

Push Button telephone

& booth dominated the
market.
Domestic Satellite Philippines
(DOMSAT)

Philippine Communications
Satellite Corporation
(PhilComSat)
 Pulse Code Modulation is used

in long-distance communication.
Good Performance Over
Integrated Digital
Very poor Transmission The efficiency of
Network
Paths the transmitter in
PCM is high.
Efficient
Low
Uniform method.
Manufacturing
Transmission Higher noise
Cost
Quality immunity is
Compatibility of different seen.
Increased
utilization of classes of Traffic in the
Existing Circuit Network
 Complex hardware
PCM is a complex process,

compared to that of
since it involves encoding,
Noise and crosstalk
analog modulating
decoding and quantisation
leaves low but rises
hardware.
of the circuit. attenuation.

An integrated Digital The bandwidth Transmission

network can only be requirement is high. quality checking is
realized be a gradual time consuming
extension of Noise and also complex
Applications
 It is used in telephony
and compact discs.

Pulse Code Modulation is used

in satellite transmission systems

and space communications.

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