Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction – Grade 11/12

Learner Activity Sheets

Quarter 1 – Week 7b: Different Types of Volcanic Hazards

First Edition, 2021

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Development Team of the Learners’ Activity Sheets

Writer: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

Regional Level Validators: Kevin Hope Z. Salvaña
Rex M. Andante, Jr.
Rey Julius Ranoco
Pejie Ann S. Cornites
Cesar F. Navales, Jr.
Yvonne S. Salubre
Jeremaeh Delosa
Division Level Validators: Yvonne S. Salubre
Jennyvi H. Papellero
Ace Michael Magalso

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Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 1

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction 11/12, Quarter 1, Week 7b
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Name: _______________________________________ Section: _________________

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Explain various volcano-related hazards. (DRR11/12-Ih-i-22)

Learning Objectives:
The learners shall be able to:
1. identify the most common volcano-related hazards in the Philippines;
2. explain the differences of the various volcano-related hazards; and
3. realize the importance of knowing the characteristics of each volcanic hazard.

Time Allotment: 2 hours

Key Concepts:

What are Volcanic Hazards?

• Volcanic Hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose
potential threat to persons or property in a given area within a given period of
time. Below are the lists of volcanic hazards common in Philippine active
volcanoes.

Table 1. Volcanic Hazards and their Impacts

Volcanic Phenomena Description Negative Impacts/Why it is
Hazardous
Lava Flows Lava Flows are stream-like Lava Flows rarely threaten
flows of incandescent molted human life because lava
rock erupted from a crater or usually moves slowly – a few
fissure. When lava is centimeters per hour for
degassed and/or very silicic flows to several
viscous, it tends to extrude km/hour for basaltic flows.
extremely slowly, forming Most characterize this as
lava domes. quite effusion of lava. Major
hazards of lava flows –
burying, crushing, covering,
burning everything in their
Figure 1. Explosive activity at Mayon. path.
Source: Tom
Pfeiffer/VolcanoDiscovery
Lavas can burn. The intense
heat of lavas melt and burn.
As lava flows are hot and

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 2

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 incandescent, areas it covers
are burned (forest built up
areas, houses).

Lavas can bury. Lavas can

bury homes and agricultural
areas under meters of
hardened rock. Areas
affected by lava flows once
solidified are also rendered
useless and will not be
useful anymore (for
agriculture, etc.) for years
due to solid nature of lava
deposits. Lavas can also
block bridges and highways,
affecting mobility and
accessibility of people and
communities.

Collapsing viscous lava

domes can trigger
dangerous pyroclastic
flows.
Ashfall or tephra fall Ashfall or tephra fall are Ashfall endanger life and
showers of airborne fine- to properties.
coarse-grained volcanic
particles that fallout from During peak of eruption with
the plumes of a volcanic excessive ash, can cause
eruption; ashfall poor or low visibility
distribution/ dispersal is (driving, slippery roads)
dependent on prevailing
wind direction. Loss of agricultural land if
burial by ashfall is greater
than 10 cm depth.

Producing suspensions of
Fig. 2 Ash covers a vehicle fine-grained particles in air
following the eruption of Mount and water which clogs filters
Pinatubo, 1991 and vents of motors, human
Source: SSGT Ron Alvey lungs, industrial machines,
and nuclear power plants.

Ash suspended in air is also

dangerous for aircrafts as
the abrasive ash can cause
the engines to fail if the

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 3

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 suspended ash is
encountered by the airplane

Carrying of harmful (even

poisonous, unpleasant)
gases, acids, salts, and, if
close to the vent, heat.

Burial by tephra can

collapse roofs of buildings,
break power and
communication lines and
damage or kill vegetation.
Even thin (<2 cm) falls of ash
can damage such critical
facilities as hospitals,
electric-generating plants,
pumping stations, storm
sewers and surface-drainage
systems and sewage
treatment plants, and short
circuit electric-transmission
facilities, telephone lines,
radio and television
transmitters.
Pyroclastic flows and surges Pyroclastic flows and surges Pyroclastic flows and surges
(Pyroclastic density current) (Pyroclastic density current) are potentially highly
are turbulent mass of destructive owing to their
ejected fragmented volcanic mass, high temperature,
materials (ash and rocks) high velocity and great
mixed with hot gases (200°C mobility. Pyroclastic flows
to 700°C to as hot as 900°C) can:
that flow downslope at very
high speeds (>60kph). • destroy anything on
its path by direct
Surges are the more dilute,
impact;
more mobile derivatives or • burn sites with hot
Fig. 3 A pick up truck escapes
pyroclastic flows spewing from
pyroclastic flows. rocks debris; and
Mt. Pinatubo, 1991. • burn forests,
farmlands, destroy
crops and buildings.

Deadly effects include

asphysiation (inhalation of
hot ash and gases), burial,
incineration (burns)
crushing from impacts.

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 4

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 The only effective method of
risk mitigation is evacuation
prior to such eruptions from
areas likely to be affected by
pyroclastic density currents.

Lahar Lahar is a destructive Lahars have destroyed many

mudflow on the slope of a villages and lives living on
volcano. A moving fluid Pinatubo and Mayon
mass composed of volcanic Volcano because most people
debris and water. Lahars live in valleys where lahars
can vary from hot to cold, flow.
depending on their mode of
genesis. The maximum
temperature of a lahar is • Lahars can destroy by
direct impact (bridges,
100 degrees Centigrade, the
roads, houses).
boiling temperature of water. • Lahars can block
By destroying bridges and tributary streams and
Fig. 4 Colombia’s Nevada del Ruiz roads, lahars can also trap form a lake. This can
Volcano, 1985. people in areas vulnerable to submerge villages
Source: NOAA National Geophysical
other hazardous volcanic within the valley of
Data Center and the USGS the tributary that was
activity, especially if the
blocked, there is also
lahars leave fresh deposits
the danger of the
that are too deep, too soft, or dammed lake
too hot to cross. breaching or lake
breakout and if this
happens, this puts to
danger the lives of
people in communities
downstream.
• Lahars can bury
valleys and
communities with
debris.
• Lahars can lead to
increased deposition
of sediments along
affected rivers and
result to long-term
flooding problems in
the low-lying
downstream
communities.

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 5

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 Volcanic gases. Volcanic gases. These are Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) Carbon
gases and aerosols released dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen
into the atmosphere, which fluoride (HF) are some
include water vapor, volcanic gases that pose
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, hazard to people, animals,
carbon monoxide, hydrogen agriculture and property.
chloride, hydrogen fluoride. SO₂ can lead to acid rain.
High concentration of CO₂
which is colorless and
odorless can be lethal to
people, animals and
vegetation. Fluoride
Fig. 5 Volcanic-gas plume rises from
compounds can deform and
Halema’uma’u, Kilauea, 2008
kill animals that gazed on
vegetation covered with
volcanic ash.
Debris Avalanche or Volcanic Debris Avalanche or When a huge portion of the
landslide Volcanic landslide is a side of a volcano collapse
massive collapse of a due to slope failure. This
volcano, usually triggered by results to massive
an earthquake or volcanic destruction similar to what
eruption. An example of happened in Mt. St. Helens
recent debris avalanche in the USA in 1980. The
event occurred during the huge volcanic debris
1980 eruption of Mt. St. avalanche typically leaves an
Helens. Based on present amphitheater-like feature
morphology of volcanoes, and at the base of volcanoes
Iriga Volcano in Camarines with debris avalanche event,
Sur, Banahaw Volcano in creates a hummocky
Quezon Province and topography (small hills all
Fig. 6 1980 Eruption of Mt. St.
Kanlaon Volcano had pre- over).
Helens
historic debris avalanche
Source: Gary Rosenquist
events.

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 6

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 Ballistic Projectiles Ballistic Projectiles are Ballistic projectiles endanger
volcanic materials directly life and property by the force
ejected from the volcano’s of impact of falling
vent with force and fragments, but this occurs
trajectory. only close to an eruption
vent.

Fig. 7 Volcanian explosion at Anak

Krakatau volcano, 2009
Source: Tom Pfeiffer

Tsunami Tsunami are sea waves or An eruption that occurs near

wave trains that are a body of water may generate
generated by sudden tsunamis if pyroclastic
displacement of water (could materials enter the body of
be generated during water and cause it to
undersea eruptions or debris disturbed and displaced,
avalanche. forming huge waves.

Fig. 8 Indonesian volcano debris

litters seabed after tsunami, 2019.

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 7

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
Activity 1. Eruptive Reading Activity

Objective: Identify the most common volcano-related hazards in the Philippines.

What you need: Pen and Paper
What to do:
1. Carefully read the reading materials provided below. Write down the impacts of the said
eruption of the specified volcano. Identify the volcanic hazard that occurred at that time.
2. Use the table below as guide in writing your answers. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Pinatubo Volcano
Stratovolcano 1486 m / 4,875 feet
Luzon Island, Philippines, 15.13°N / 120.35°E
Current status: restless (2 out of 5)

Last update: 15 Mar 2021 (Volcanic earthquakes continuous at Pinatubo Volcano)

Pinatubo volcano exploded spectacularly on 15 June 1991. The Pinatubo eruption on 15 June
1991 was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.
Pinatubo is a complex of lava domes located 100 km NW of Manila city, Luzon Island,
Philippines. Prior to the eruption, Pinatubo was a little known volcano and it had been dormant
for 400 years. There were no known historic eruptions. Before the eruption in 1991 Pinatubo
was 1745 m high (ca. 250 m more than now), and was only 200 m higher than the nearby peaks,
which are remnants of older volcanic edifices of Mt Pinatubo and hid it from views from distance.
Pinatubo mostly noted for a failed geothermal development project.

Eruptions of Mount Pinatubo

Pinatubo has had at least 6 periods of activity with Pyroclastic flow and large explosive eruptions
in its past 35,000 years prior to the 1991 eruption. The 1991 eruption in this context actually
ranks as one of the smaller eruptions. An eruption, which occurred 35,000 years ago and
probably created the caldera, was likely much bigger.

Typical eruption style: explosive

Pinatubo volcano eruptions: 1992, 1991 (Plinian eruption), 1450 ± 50 years, 1050 BC ± 500,
3550 BC (?), 7030 BC ± 300, 7460 BC ± 150, 15,000 BC, 33,000 BC

Effects of the eruption:

- 740 fatalities and an estimated 450 million USD in damage to property, 8,000 houses destroyed
and 75,000 damaged.
- 2 million people were directly affected, mostly by widespread ashfall and damaged crops
- A 2.5 km wide caldera was formed at the site of the former summit.
The mountain decreased 260 m in height.
- Ash and SO2 aerosols (forming H2SO4 droplets) from the plinian eruption plume are ejected
into the stratosphere where it circled and spread around the globe for 12 months.
- As a result, global temperatures sank by 0.5 degree C in 1992 because of the sunlight
absorbing effect of the aerosols in the stratosphere.

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 8

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 - The area around Pinatubo was completely reshaped. Surrounding land and valley including
whole forests were buried under a 50-200 m deep layer of ash and pumice.
- In June-Dec 1991 alone, more than 200 large mudflows and lahars remobilized ash and raced
down the valleys, causing more damage to houses, farmland, roads and bridges.

Taal Volcano

Caldera 311 m / 1,020 ft

Luzon, Philippines, 14°N / 120.99°E
Current status: minor activity or eruption warning (3 out of 5)
Last update: 1 Jul 2021 (Volcanic Ash Advisory)

Taal volcano with its lake-filled 15x20 km wide Talisay (Taal) caldera is a beautiful caldera
volcano, but also one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. Taal has
had some of the country's largest and deadliest eruptions: At least 6 eruptions during the
recorded history of Taal since 1572 claimed fatalities, mostly from powerful pyroclastic flows, as
well as tsunamis produced in the crater lake.

Typical eruption style: Explosive

Taal volcano eruptions: 2020, 1977, 1976, 1970, 1969, 1968, 1967, 1966, 1965, 1911,
1904, 1903, 1885(?), 1878, 1874, 1873, 1842, 1825, 1808, 1790, 1754, 1749, 1731, 1729,
1716, 1715, 1709, 1707, 1645, 1641, 1635, 1634, 1609, 1591, 1572

Background
The Taal caldera is largely filled by Lake Taal, whose 267 sq km surface lies only 3 m above sea
level. The maximum depth of the lake is 160 m, and contains several eruptive centers submerged
beneath the lake. All historic eruptions took place from the 5-km-wide volcanic island in the
northern-central part of the lake.
The island is formed by overlapping stratovolcanoes, cinder cones and tuff rings (maars). Historic
eruptions have seen the constant change and growth of the island.
Taal caused one of the worst volcano disasters in history: its eruption in 1911 killed 1334 people
and caused ash fall as far as Manila city. Due to its devastating potential, Taal was declared one
of the "Decade Volcanoes" in the Decade Volcanoes program of the 1990s in order to incentive
study and monitoring of the volcano. Taal is today one of the most closely monitored volcanoes
in the region. An increase in seismic activity under Taal was recorded in November 2006,
followed by an increase in hot water springs in the crater in April 2007.

2020
The volcano erupted on the afternoon of January 12, 2020, 43 years after its previous eruption
in 1977 According to PHIVOLCS director Dr. Renato Solidum, seismic swarms began at 11 am
and were later followed by a phreatic eruption from Volcano Island Main Crater at around
1 pm Philippine Standard Time (UTC+8). Loud rumbling sounds were also felt and heard from
the volcano island. By 2:30 pm, PHIVOLCS raised the alert status to Alert Level 2, although
PHIVOLCS through its Taal Volcano Observatory had advised residents of Volcano Island to
evacuate at around 1 pm Stronger explosions began around 3 pm that spewed an ash column
exceeding a kilometer high, prompting PHIVOLCS to upgrade the alert status to Alert Level 3 by

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 9

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 4 pm. Furthermore, Solidum confirmed that there was a magmatic intrusion that was driving
the volcano's unrest. PHIVOLCS advised evacuation of the towns of Balete, San Nicolas,
and Talisay in Batangas and other towns within the shores of Taal Lake. By 7:30 pm,
PHIVOLCS upgraded the alert status to Alert Level 4 after volcanic activities intensified as
"continuous eruption generated a tall 10 to 15 kilometers (6.2 to 9.3 mi) steam-
laden tephra column with frequent volcanic lightning that rained wet ashfall on the general
north as far as Quezon City and Caloocan. Ashfall from the volcano were also experienced
in Cavite and Laguna, and reached as far as Metro Manila and Pampanga.

On January 13, PHIVOLCS reported that the activity on its main crater had transitioned into a
lava fountain between 2:48 am to 4:28 am. A lava fountain was recorded at 3:20 am.
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) presented a study that the air
quality index of cities in Metro Manila had worsened; Mandaluyong had the highest amount of
inhalable coarse particulate matter (PM10) with 118, followed by Las Piñas (108)
and Taguig (104), all of which were "considered unhealthy for sensitive groups" with respiratory
issues. Meanwhile, the cities with the least amount of PM 10 were San Juan and Malabon, both
with "good" amounts of 22 and 28 respectively. These were followed by "moderate/fair" amounts
of PM10 in Pasig (55), Parañaque (62) and Makati (63).
By January 15, PHIVOLCS reported that the slightly acidic lake which filled the main
crater prior to the eruption had dried up, which was after confirmed by European satellite
observations. On January 28, the main crater emitted 800 meters of steam according to an 8 am
bulletin by PHIVOLCS. It was described as a "below instrumental detection", while Alert Level 3
remained raised.

2021
In February 2021, after over a year of the 2020 eruption, the Batangas provincial government
ordered residents from Taal Volcano Island to be preemptively evacuated due to the volcano's
increasing activity.[27] On March 9, 2021, PHIVOLCS raised the volcano's alert level to number
2 and said that it is showing signs of an "increased unrest". [28]
On July 1, 2021, the volcano erupted at around 3:16 p.m., local time, and the alert level was
raised from Alert Level 2 to Level 3

Mayon Volcano

Stratovolcano 2462 m / 8,077 ft

Luzon Island, Philippines, 13.26°N / 123.69°E
Current status: restless (2 out of 5)

Last update: 19 May 2021

Mayon, the most famous of the active volcanoes of the Philippines, is a perfect stratovolcano
rising to 2462 m on Luzon Island. It erupts very frequently.

Typical eruption style: Explosive.

Mayon volcano eruptions: 1616, 1766, 1800, 1811(?), 1814, 1827, 1834, 1839, 1845, 1846,
1851, 1853, 1855, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863(?), 1868, 1871-72, 1872, 1873,
1876, 1876, 1881-82, 1885, 1886-87, 1888, 1890, 1891-92, 1893, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1900,

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 10

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 1902(?), 1928, 1928, 1939, 1941, 1943, 1947, 1968, 1978, 1984, 1993, 1999-2000, 2001,
2002, 2003, 2003(?), 2004, 2006, 2009, 2013, 2018

Background
Mayon is the archetype of a symmetrical stratovolcano and one of the world most active ones. It
has frequent eruptions producing pyroclastic flows, lahars, ballistic projectiles and ash falls that
repeatedly triggered large-scale evacuations. Mayon's most violent eruption, in 1814, killed more
than 1200 people and devastated several towns.

The volcano rises 2462 m above the Albay Gulf and has very steep upper slopes averaging 35-
40 degrees capped by a small summit crater.

Historical records of eruptions date back to 1616 and range from strombolian to basaltic plinian,
with cyclical activity beginning with basaltic eruptions, followed by longer term andesitic lava
flows. Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava
flows that travel far down the flanks. Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept
down many of the approximately 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often
devastated populated lowland areas.

Hibok-Hibok Volcano

Stratovolcano 1552 m / 5,092 ft

Mindanao, Philippines, 9.2°N / 124.67°E
Current status: normal or dormant (1 out of 5)

Hibok-Hibok volcano (also known as Catarman volcano) is the youngest and the only
historically active volcano on Camiguin Island, which is located 9 km off the north coast of
Mindanao Island, Philippines.
Camiguin island itself is a 292 sq km oblate, 20 km long island composed of 4 overlapping
stratovolcanoes and some flank cones.
Eruptions of Hibok-Hibok volcano are often Pelean-type, i.e. dome building and the generation
of nuées ardentes (= hot pyroclastic flows generated by partial dome collapse).
Prior to the 1948 eruption, sulfur was mined at the crater of Hibok-Hibok.

Note: A volcanic Island called Camiguin de Babuyanes is located north of Luzon Island.

Typical eruption style: explosive

Hibok-Hibok volcano eruptions: 1948-53, 1871-75, 1862, 1827

Background
Geologic history of Camiguin Island and its volcanoes
The Camiguin volcanoes formed on an NW-SE trend, roughly parallel to the Central Mindanao
Arc, with the active vents migrating from SE to NW over time. The earliest eruption center was
from Camiguin Tanda volcano, now buried on the floor of the Bohol Sea. Later volcanic activity
formed the now eroded Mt Butay and Ginsiliba stratovolcanoes on the SE tip of Camiguin
Island, as well as the Binone cinder cone on the SE coast.
Mt. Mambajao volcano in the center forms the highest peak of Camiguin Island. Its fresh-

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 11

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 looking shape including a summit and flank lava domes suggests a relatively age, but there are
no known historic eruptions. One of its flank domes partially fills a crater breached to the NW.
Young Hibok-Hibok lies in the NW of the island about 6 km NW of Mt. Mambajao. It is
andesitic-to-rhyolitic in composition and contains several lava domes, including Mt. Vulcan on
its NW flank. Major eruptions during 1871-75 and 1948-53 formed flank lava domes and
produced pyroclastic flows that devastated villages at the coast.

1948-1953 eruption of Hibok-Hibok volcano

A significant eruption started on 1 September 1948. A large explosion from the summit crater
of Hibok-Hibok volcano, preceded by a week of intense earthquakes. The explosion created a
cauliflower-shaped eruption plume and produced devastating pyroclastic flows and lahars
down the NE side of the volcano. 8 square km land were invaded and destroyed. eruption
started on 1 September 1948The new lava dome continued to grow during the next 2 years
dome and had become a prominent feature by late 1951. On 4 December 1951 pyroclastic
flows went down the NE flank of the mountain and reached the outskirts of Mambajao town
where 500 people were killed.
Large amounts of pumice and ash were found in the deposits, indicating that these pyroclastic
flows were generated primarily by the explosion of fresh magma rather than dome collapse.

--- Nothing follows ---

Table 2. Philippine Volcanoes, Hazards and their Impacts

Impacts of Different Volcanic
Volcanoes Volcanic Hazards
Eruptions
Pinatubo

Taal

Mayon

Hibok-Hibok

Guide Question:

What are the most common volcanic hazards among the four volcanoes mentioned above?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 12

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
Activity 2. Know Me Hazards

Objective: Explain the differences of the various volcano-related hazards.

What you need: Paper and Pen
What to do:
1. Describe each volcano-related hazard indicated below.
2. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Table 3. Volcanic Hazards and their Description

Hazard Description
Pyroclastic surges

Debris Avalanche

Ballistic Projectiles

Volcanic Gases

Tsunamis

Lahar

Ashfall

Lava Flow

Guide Questions:

Q1. What are the differences of the various volcano-related hazards?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Q2. Of all the volcano-related hazards, which do you think is the most dangerous and why?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Scoring Rubric for Q2

Points Description
3 Explanation is conceptually correct and complete.
2 Explanation is conceptually correct but incomplete.
1 Explanation is conceptually incorrect.

Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte 13

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: [email protected]
 email address: [email protected]
Division: Butuan City
School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
14 Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte
Activity 2. Know Me Hazards
Your Answer:
Hazard Material
Pyroclastic surges • Are turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash and rocks) mixed
with hot gases (200°C to 700°C to as hot as 900°C) that flow downslope at very high
speeds (>60kph).
Debris Avalanche • massive collapse of a volcano, usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic
eruption.
Ballistic Projectiles • volcanic materials directly ejected from the volcano’s vent with force and trajectory.
Volcanic Gases • These are gases and aerosols released into the atmosphere, which include water
vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
fluoride.
Tsunamis • are sea waves or wave trains that are generated by sudden displacement of water
(could be generated during undersea eruptions or debris avalanche.
Lahar • destructive mudflow on the slope of a volcano
• A moving fluid mass composed of volcanic debris and water
• vary from hot to cold, depending on their mode of genesis.
• lahars leave fresh deposits that are too deep, too soft, or too hot to cross.
Ashfall • showers of airborne fine- to coarse-grained volcanic particles
Lava Flow • incandescent molted rock
• lava is degassed and/or very viscous, it tends to extrude extremely slowly, forming
lava domes
Q1. Answers may vary. Volcano hazards can be differentiated by the materials, speed and velocity and impact. Learners
should explain further.
Q2. Answers may vary. All volcanic hazards are dangerous. It’s up to the learners which hazards can impact them the most.
of Education.
“Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction Teacher’s Guide.” 55 – 68. Pasig City: Department
Mylene M., Zarco, Mark Albert H., Fernandez, Marianne V., Bacolcol, Teresito C. 2017.
Aurelio, Mario A., Dianala, John Dale B., Bagtasa, Gerry, Morante, Karizz Anne L., Villegas, Ma.
References:
No discussion. 0
concepts, but with misconceptions.
1
Practical application is scientifically explained consistent with the
concepts, but with minimal misconception.
2
Practical application is scientifically explained consistent with the
concepts and has no misconception.
3
Practical application is scientifically explained consistent with the
Description Points
Scoring Rubric
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
possible indirect effect of such phenomenon to us?
is unlikely that we will be directly affected by a major volcanic eruption. What could be the
Caraga region is situated relatively far from known active volcanoes in the Philippines. It
Reflection:
 email address: [email protected]
Division: Butuan City
School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
15 Author: For. Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte
Activity 1. Eruptive Reading Activity
Your Answer:
Volcanoes Impacts of Different Volcanic Eruption Volcanic Hazards
Pinatubo • 740 fatalities and an estimated 450 million USD in • Pyroclastic flow
damage to property, 8,000 houses destroyed and • Ashfall
75,000 damaged • Lahars
• 2 million people were directly affected, mostly by
widespread ashfall and damaged crops.
• 2 million people were directly affected, mostly by
widespread ashfall and damaged crops.
• - As a result of ash and SO2 aerosols ejected into
the stratosphere, global temperatures sank by 0.5
degree C in 1992 because of the sunlight absorbing
effect of the aerosols in the stratosphere.
• The area around Pinatubo was completely
reshaped. Surrounding land and valley including
whole forests were buried under a 50-200 m deep
layer of ash and pumice.
• more than 200 large mudflows and lahars
remobilized ash and raced down the valleys,
causing more damage to houses, farmland, roads
and bridges.
Taal • At least 6 eruptions during the recorded history of • pyroclastic flows
Taal since 1572 claimed fatalities. • tsunamis
• its eruption in 1911 killed 1334 people • ash fall
• seismic swarms began at 11 am and were later
followed by a phreatic eruption
• residents of Volcano Island to evacuate at around
1 pm Stronger explosions began around 3 pm that
spewed an ash column exceeding a kilometer high.
• the air quality index of cities in Metro Manila had
worsened; Mandaluyong had the highest amount
of inhalable coarse particulate matter
Mayon • killed more than 1200 people and devastated • pyroclastic flows
several towns. • lahars
• swept down many of the approximately 40 ravines • ash falls
that radiate from the summit and have often • lava flows
devastated populated lowland areas. • ballistic projectiles
Hibok-Hibok • formed flank lava domes that devastated villages at • pyroclastic flows
the coast • lahars
• 500 people were killed.
Guide Question: Pyroclastic flows
Answer Key: