AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

Graduate Studies
Banga, Aklan
MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF YOUNG

ADULTS (AGES 18-35) IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF NUMANCIA

A Research Paper

Presented to

BENNY A. PALMA, MPA, PhD

Professor

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course

PA 53 – RESEARCH METHODS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

By

GOSPEL JOY T. TAFALLA

Master of Public Administration Student

June 15, 2021

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM................................................................................... 3

HYPOTHESIS............................................................................................................... 4

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................................... 4

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................................... 5

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY..................................................................................... 6

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY.................................................................7

DEFINITION OF TERMS................................................................................................ 8

CHAPTER II............................................................................................................... 10

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE........................................................................... 10

CHAPTER III.............................................................................................................. 15

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................... 15

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF THE STUDY............................................................15

POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY...............................................................15

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT...............................................................................18

VALIDATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE......................................................................24

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES..............................................................................25

DATA ANALYSIS........................................................................................................ 25

REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 26
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly

discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will

experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special

treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like

cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more

likely to develop serious illness. (WHO, 2021).

COVID-19 is obviously a public health emergency. As of this writing, there are

a total of 1,255,337 confirmed cases on the Philippines (second in Southeast Asia

behind Indonesia). The health care system in the Philippines may be classified as a

little below average by global standards. Rich countries such as USA, United

Kingdom, South Korea, and Japan have high levels of health care systems. The

poorest countries, most of them located in the continent of Africa, have worse health

care systems than the Philippines.

As the coronavirus pandemic rapidly sweeps across the world, it is inducing a

considerable degree of fear, worry and concern in the population at large and among

certain groups in particular, such as older people, young adults, health care

providers and people with underlying health conditions.

Hence, as all efforts are focused on understanding the epidemiology, clinical

features, transmission patterns, and management of the COVID‐19 outbreak, there

has been very little concern expressed over the effects on one's mental health and

on strategies to prevent stigmatization.

1
 Meanwhile, in public mental health terms, the main psychological impact to

date is elevated rates of stress or anxiety. Anxiety, depression, sleep disruptions,

harmful alcohol and drug use, and thoughts of suicide have increased for many

young adults throughout the pandemic. They have also experienced a number of

pandemic-related consequences such as closures of universities, transitioning to

remote work, and loss of income or employment that may contribute to poor mental

health.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, suicide incidents rose by 25.7

percent in 2020, which made it the 27th leading cause of death last year, up from

31st in 2019. From 2015 to 2020, the average number of deaths by suicide was

tracked at 2,630. While the figure includes adults, an increasing number of young

people are choosing what has been called “a permanent solution to a temporary

problem.”

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on the

Mental Health of young adults (ages 18-35) in the Municipality of Numancia. The

researcher believes that this research will help in understanding the mental health

struggle faced by young adults amidst pandemic. This paper documents the findings

from surveys conducted to the target subject.

2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study seeks to find answers to if the Covid-19 pandemic has significant

effect on the Mental Health of Young Adults (ages 18-35) in the Municipality of

Numancia.

Specifically, the researcher sought answers to the following questions:

1. How may the Covid-19 Pandemic affect the Mental Health of Young Adults in

the Municipality of Numancia in terms of:

1.1 Lockdowns

1.2 Isolation

1.3 Social Distancing

1.4 School closures

1.5 Closure of business establishments

1.6 Unemployment

1.7 Job Loss

2. How may the mental health problems associated with Covid-19 Pandemic

affect the young adults in terms of:

1.1 Depression

1.2 Anxiety

1.3 Insomnia

1.4 Suicidal Attempts

3. Is the Covid-19 pandemic has effect on the Mental Health of Young Adults

(ages 18-35) in the Municipality of Numancia?

3
HYPOTHESIS

This study entitled “The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of

Young Adults (ages 18-35) in the Municipality of Numancia has one expected

outcome among the following hypothesis:

H0. The Covid-19 Pandemic has no significant effects on the Mental Health of

Young Adults (ages 18-35) in the Municipality of Numancia.

H1. The Covid-19 Pandemic has significant effects on the Mental Health of

Young Adults (ages 18-35) in the Municipality of Numancia.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The main theoretical framework for the study is that of behaviorism.

Behaviorism began as a form of research psychology. For the early part of the 20th

century, the behaviorists were strictly scientists, working in universities on

psychological research problems. They did not really start to think about mental

illness and psychotherapy until the 1930s and 40s, well after the psychodynamic

therapists had all but cornered the market.

To the behaviorist, human behavior has nothing to do with internal

unconscious conflicts, repression, or problems with object representations. Rather, a

behavioral psychologist uses principles of learning theory to explain human behavior.

According to behavioral theory, dysfunctional or unhelpful behavior such as

depression is learned. Because depression is learned, behavioral psychologists

suggest that it can also be unlearned.

4
 This study is anchored from Peter Lewinsohn Theory on Psychology of

Depression-Behavioral Theories. Peter Lewinsohn argued that depression is caused

by a combination of stressors in a person's environment and a lack of personal skills.

More specifically, the environmental stressors cause a person to receive less

positive reinforcement. According to Lewinsohn, people with depression are those

who do not know how to cope with the fact that they are no longer receiving positive

reinforcements like they were before.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

IV-DV MODEL

In this section, this will show the conceptual paradigm to present the figure of

the study.

IV DV

COVID-19 PANDEMIC

 Lockdowns EFFECTS TO MENTAL

HEALTH
 Isolation
 Depression
 Social Distancing
 Anxiety
 School closures
y  Insomnia
 Closure of business
 Suicidal Attempts
establishments

 Unemployment

 Job Loss

5
Figure 1. A Schematic diagram showing the Relationship between the Covid-19

Pandemic and its effect to Mental Health

It presents in the conceptual framework of the study the two sets of variables:

the independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the Covid-19

pandemic in terms of the lockdowns, isolation, social distancing, school closures,

and closure of business establishments, unemployment, and job loss.

The effects to mental health in terms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and

suicidal attempts are treated as dependent variables.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher believes that this study will not only yield data that will be

helpful to her, more so to the following groups of people:

The Department of Health (DOH). The results of this study will be of great

benefit to the Department of Health as they will know how the Covid-19 Pandemic

affects one’s mental health and that they will be able to conduct various activities to

promote more awareness and understanding of mental health, such as webinars and

daily mental cleanse challenges amidst pandemic.

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) - The results of

this study will help in the intervention and counseling of social workers in addressing

the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of young adults that seeks

immediate attention.

6
 Teachers- The results of this study will guide the teachers on their approach

in handling the students in an effective interaction especially with the demands of the

new normal way of learning.

Parents- This research will benefit the parents for them to know the quality of

care, guidance and support they can give to their children especially in this time of

pandemic.

Students- This study will be a big help to students in educating them on the

effect of Covid-19 pandemic to mental health as they deal and face the challenges of

the “new normal” way of learning.

Future Researchers- This research will benefit the future researchers for

them to have references as related issues or literature to their future studies.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study will focus on the determination of the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic

on the Mental Health of Young Adults (ages 18-35). The primary subjects of this

research study will consist of college students enrolled in the academic year 2020-

2021, health workers, business owners, unemployed and those who lose their jobs

due to pandemic, with ages 18-35 years old. The respondents will be limited to the

resident of (7) Barangays of Numancia namely: Navitas, Poblacion, Camanci Norte,

Tabangka, Bulwang, Laguinabanua East and Dongon East.

Moreover, the participants will be selected based on their socio demographic

profile like, age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, profession or livelihood.

The scope of this research will circle only in the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on the

mental health of young adults.

7
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Covid-19 Pandemic- also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an

ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe

acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was first

identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. (WHO, 2020)

Epidemiology- is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and

determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is a

cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based

practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare.

(Oxford Languages)

Mental Health- a person’s condition with regard to their psychological and

emotional well-being. (Oxford Languages)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2)- is

the virus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), and the respiratory

illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. (Oxford Languages)

Stigmatization-The action of describing or regarding someone or something

as worthy of disgrace or great disapproval. (Oxford Languages)

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) - is the central statistical authority of

the Philippine government that collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes statistical

information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs and general affairs of

the people of the Philippines and enforces the civil registration functions in the

country. (psa.gov.ph)

8
 Behaviorism- is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of

humans and other animals.   (Dr. Saul McLeod) (2020)

Psychodynamic therapists- involve the interpretation of mental and

emotional processes rather than focusing on behavior (Strupp, Butler, & Rosser,

1988).

Psychotherapy- is the use of psychological methods, particularly when

based on regular personal interaction with adults, to help a person change behavior

and overcome problems in desired ways. (Karlsson, H.)2011.

Socio-demographic- are nothing more than characteristics of a population.

Generally, characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, education level, income,

type of client, years of experience, location, etc. are being considered as socio-

demographics and are being asked in all kinds of surveys. (gesis.org.)

Anxiety-involve more than temporary worry or fear. For a person with an

anxiety disorder, the anxiety does not go away and can get worse over time. The

symptoms can interfere with daily activities such as job performance, school work,

and relationships.  (National Library of Medicine)

Depression- is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects

how you feel the way you think and how you act. (mayoclinic.org.)

9
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Covid-19 Pandemic

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly

discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will

experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special

treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like

cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more

likely to develop serious illness (WHO, 2021).

Hence, the risk group includes, in particular, older people (older than 60

years) with already weakened immune systems, risk behavior (smokers) or pre-

existing conditions (diabetes, heart diseases etc.) which have weakened resistance.

However, some younger people died, who at first could not be clearly identified as

belonging to this risk group (WHO, 2021).

 Meanwhile, according to Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan, Institute of Tropical

Medicine and  Christian G. Meyer Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Germany (2020)

on their study of Covid-19 epidemic, symptomatic patients, have clinical

manifestations of the disease which usually start after less than a week, consisting of

fever, cough, nasal congestion, fatigue and other signs of upper respiratory tract

infections. The infection can progress to severe disease with dyspnea and severe

chest symptoms corresponding to pneumonia in approximately 75% of patients, as

seen by computed tomography on admission. Pneumonia mostly occurs in the

second or third week of a symptomatic infection. Prominent signs of viral pneumonia

include decreased oxygen saturation, blood gas deviations, changes visible through

chest X‐rays and other imaging techniques, with ground glass abnormalities, patchy
10
consolidation, alveolar exudates and interlobular involvement, eventually indicating

deterioration.

Covid-19 around the World

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly around the world

with devastating consequences on patients, health care workers, health systems,

and economies. As it reaches low- and middle-income countries, its effects could be

even direr, because it will be difficult for them to respond aggressively to the

pandemic. There is a great shortage of all health care providers, who will be at risk

due to a lack of personal protection equipment. Social distancing will be almost

impossible. The necessary resources to treat patients will be in short supply. The

end result could be a catastrophic loss of life. A global effort will be required to

support faltering economies and health care systems. (Choon-Looi Bong of Duke-

NUS Medical School, Singapore) (2020).

Covid-19 in the Philippines

The first case of COVID-19 in the Philippines was identified on January 30,
2020 and involved a 38-year-old Chinese woman who was confined at San Lazaro
Hospital in Metro Manila (Sabillo, Philippines, 2020). On February 1, a posthumous
test result from a 44-year-old Chinese man turned out positive for the virus, making
the Philippines the first country outside China to record a confirmed death from the
disease (Ramzy & May, 2020).
By the end of January 2020, the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
(RITM) in Muntinlupa, Metro Manila began its testing operations and became the
country's first testing laboratory (Sabillo, RITM, 2020). 260 laboratories that are
capable of detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been accredited by the DOH since
then (DOH, 2021).
After over a month without recording any cases, the Philippines confirmed its
first local transmission on March 7, 2020 (CNN Philippines, San Juan., 2020). Since

11
then, the virus has spread to the country's 81 provinces (CNN Philippines, Batanes,
2020). National and local governments have been imposing community quarantines
since March 15, 2020, as a measure to limit the spread of the virus (Olanday &
Rigby, 2020). These include the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine (ECQ)
that was implemented in March–May 2020 (The Economist, 2020).
As of this writing, there are a total of 1,255,337 confirmed cases on the
Philippines (second in Southeast Asia behind Indonesia) (DOH, 2021).

Mental Health in the Covid-19 pandemic

Mental health, according to World Health Organization, is a state of well-being

in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, and can cope with the normal

stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a

contribution to his or her community.

Mental health is one of the biggest problems which needs to be addressed

post-Covid-19 pandemic as this crisis has generated tremendous stress to the

public. Lockdowns, the spread of fake news, and poor understanding have

contributed to several mental, as well as physical, health problems. The pandemic

could endanger the mental well-being of millions of individuals causing depression,

anxiety, insomnia, distress, and even suicidal attempts.  (Ahmed A. Moustafa) (2020)

As of early 2020, it was indicated that mental health has been negatively

impacted on a global scale due to Covid-19, with a rise of unemployment, financial

uncertainty, and mental health disorders (Ahmed ET. Al., 2020; Galea Merchant, &

Lurie, 2020; Mukhtar, 2020). Furthermore, rates of domestic violence have

increased, placing those affected at further risk of mental health disorders.

(Bradbury-Jones & Isham, 2020; Mukhtar 2020).

12
 On the other hand, psychological harm has been predicted to continue to

grow, with examples of adjustment disorder, acute stress, depression, and anxiety

among some of the growing number of mental health concerns predicted to increase

over time. (Ahmed et al., 2020; Torales et al., 2020). Furthermore, the effects on

mental health, due to Covid-19, are predicted to proceed long after the peak of the

pandemic. (Mukhtar, 2020).

Covid-19 pandemic on the Mental Health of Young Adults

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can affect young adults directly and

indirectly. Beyond getting sick, many young adults’ social, emotional and mental

well-being has been impacted by the pandemic. Trauma faced at this developmental

stage may have long-term consequences across their lifespan. (National Center for

Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Division of Viral Diseases) (2020)

Since the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic, the spread of the new

coronavirus has been the focus of attention of scientists, governments and

populations. One of the main concerns is the impact of this pandemic on health

outcomes, mainly on mental health. Even though there are a few empirical studies

on COVID-19 and mental health, so far, there is no systematic review about the

impact of COVID-19 on mental health of young people and adults yet. (Dr Luis

Carlos Lopes-Junior) (2020)

Studies have suggested that the fear of being infected by a potentially fatal

virus, of rapid spread, whose origins, nature and course are still little known, ends up

affecting the psychological well-being of many people. (Dr Luis Carlos Lopes-Junior)

(2020).

13
 Symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress in the face of the pandemic have

been identified in the general population. In addition, suicide cases potentially linked

to the psychological implications of COVID-19 have also been reported in some

countries, for example, South Korea and India. During the pandemic, about 4 in

10 adults in the U.S. have reported symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorder, a

share that has been largely consistent, up from one in ten adults who reported these

symptoms from January to June 2019 (Figure 1). A KFF Health Tracking Poll from

July 2020 also found that many adults are reporting specific negative impacts on

their mental health and well-being, such as difficulty sleeping (36%) or eating (32%),

increases in alcohol consumption or substance use (12%), and worsening chronic

conditions (12%), due to worry and stress over the coronavirus. (Nirmita

Panchal , Rabah Kamal , Cynthia Cox)(2021).

As the pandemic wears on, ongoing and necessary public health measures

expose many people to experience situations linked to poor mental health outcomes,

such as isolation and job loss. (Nirmita Panchal , Rabah Kamal , Cynthia Cox)

(2021).

14
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the discussion on the methods and techniques of the

study, population and sample of the study, data gathering instrument, validation of

questionnaires, data collection techniques, and data analysis.

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF THE STUDY

This study will employ the use of the descriptive style of research to determine

the negative effects of covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of young adults

(ages 18-35) in the Municipality of Numancia. Descriptive research aims to

accurately and systematically describe a population, situation, or phenomenon. It

can answer what, when, where, and how questions but not why questions according

to Shona McCombes (2020). This is also a mixed method where both survey and

interview will be utilized to determine the negative effects of Covid-19 Pandemic to

mental health of young adults.

This method was considered as the most appropriate for this study since it

aimed to determine the effects of covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of young

adults.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY

This study shall employ the use of Convenience Sampling, it is the easiest

method of sampling because participants are selected based on their availability and

willingness to take part. Since the study is intended to determine the effects of covid-

19 pandemic on the mental health of young adults (ages 18-35) in the Municipality of

15
Numancia, the researcher chose to do the research to the available participants

since the current situation is the new normal.

The population of the study will be comprised of fifty (50) males and fifty (50)

females, with ages of 18-35 and thirty (40) of which is employed and fifty (60) are

unemployed including students will be used respondents.

The one-hundred (100) participants are considered as the population of the

study. However, in order to save time, money, and effort, a sampling procedure must

be utilized.

In this study, the stratified random sampling method will be used. Stratified

random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a population

into smaller sub-groups known as strata. In stratified random sampling or

stratification, the strata are formed based on members' shared attributes or

characteristics. In this case, the Barangays in Numancia are the strata.

In determining the sample size, Slovin’s Formula will be used. The formula is

as follows:

n = --------------------

(1 + Ne2)

16
Where:

n = number of samples

N = population

e = error margin / margin of error

Therefore:

N 100 100

n = -------------------- n = _____________ n = _____________

1 + Ne2 1 + 100(0.05)2 1 + 100(0.0025)

100 100

n = -------------------- n = _____________ n = 80

(1 + 0.25) 1.25

95% is assumed as the confidence level.

The answer is 80. Thus, 80 will be used as the desired sample size.

Since stratified random sampling is used, the needed sample size per strata

must be determined. In order to do this proportionately, the stratum size must be

divided by the population size. Then the quotient must be multiplied by the needed

sample size.

17
 To Illustrate:

BARANGAYS NUMBER OF NUMBER OF SAMPLING SAMPLE ROUNDED

IN NUMANCIA EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED FRACTION SIZE FIGURE

(Health (including

Workers, College

Business Students)

Owners)

Navitas 5 8 5+8/100x80 10.4 10

Camanci Norte 7 7 7+7/100x80 11.2 11

Tabangka 7 7 7+7/100x80 11.2 11

Laguinabanua 9 6 9+6/100x80 12 12
East
Bulwang 9 6 9+6/100x80 12 12

Poblacion 9 6 9+6/100x80 12 12

Dongon East 7 7 7+7/100x80 11.2 11

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

This study will utilize a structured questionnaire as a major tool in gathering

data. This will be formulated by the researcher. Moreover, the researcher will

employ Adapting an Instrument in determining the effects of Covid-19 pandemic to

mental health of young adults. Adapting an Instrument requires more substantial

changes than adopting an instrument. In this situation, the researcher follows the

general design of another instrument but adds items, removes items, and/or

substantially changes the content of each item.

18
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE:

Table 1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Sex Difference

AGE 18-19

20-39

40–64

≥65

CIVIL STATUS Single

Married

Widow

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Elementary Level Secondary

Vocational/Trade Course

College Graduate Studies

OCCUPATION Employed

Homemaker

Student

Unemployed

Self- Employed

Other

19
Table 2. Questions, answers, and scores of the 12-item General Health
Questionnaire.
The respondents will encircle the score based on the answers to each question.

ITEM QUESTION ANSWERS SCORE

ID

1 Have you recently been able to concentrate Better than usual 0

on what you are doing?
Same as usual 1

Less than usual 2

Much less than 3

usual

2 Have you recently lost much sleep over Not at all 0

worry?
No more than 1
usual

Rather more than

usual 2

Much more than 3

usual

3 Have you recently found difficulty sleeping? More so than 0

usual

Same as usual
1
Less than usual
2

20
 Much less than 3
usual

4 Have you recently felt capable of making More so than 0

decisions about things? usual

Same as usual
1
Less than usual
2
Much less than
usual 3

5 Have you recently felt constantly tired? Not at all 0

No more than 1
usual

Rather more than

usual 2

Much more than 3

usual

6 Have you recently felt you couldn’t overcome Not at all 0

your difficulties?
No more than 1
usual

Rather more than

usual 2

Much more than 3

21
 usual

7 Have you recently been able to enjoy your More so than 0

usual
normal day-to-day activities?
1
Same as usual

Less so than
usual
2

Much less than

3
usual

8 Have you recently been able to face up to More so than 0

your problems? usual

Same as usual
1
Less so than
usual 2

Much less than 3

usual

9 Have you recently been feeling unhappy and Not at all 0

depressed?
No more than 1
usual

Rather more than

usual 2

Much more than 3

usual

22
10 Have you recently been losing confidence in Not at all 0
yourself?
No more than 1
usual

Rather more than

usual 2

Much more than 3

usual

11 Have you recently been thinking of yourself Not at all 0

as a worthless person?
No more than 1
usual

Rather more than

usual 2

Much more than 3

usual

12 Have you recently feeling lost the will to live? More so than 0
usual

About same as
usual 1

Less so than 2
usual
3
Much less than
usual

23
Table 3. Associations between items and mental health problems of the 12-
item General Health Questionnaire.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR ASSOCIATED ITEM IDS

Anxiety and depression 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10

Insomnia 1, 2, and 3

Suicidal Attempts 11 and 12

VALIDATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

The questionnaire will be validated by a psychiatrist who is experts

in mental health condition. They are specialists in diagnosing and treating people

with mental illness.

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Due to the nature of the study, the respondents will be contacted and be given

all the information about the study. They will be asked on their participation on a

voluntary basis. All the participants will be fully informed about the aims of the study

and about the confidentiality of the data, and they were also assured that the data

would be used only for the purpose of the research. The researcher will ask the

permission and give a consent form to be signed by the student’s parent or guardian

24
to conduct a study. Informed consent will also be given to all participants prior to

participating in the study.

Upon approval, the researcher will start to give self-administered

questionnaire forms to the respondents. Since the current situation nowadays is the

new normal, the researcher chooses to do the modern technique which is web/online

or virtual survey interview. The completed questionnaires will be reviewed to make

sure that all questions were properly answered by the respondents.

DATA ANALYSIS

The data gathered will be processed in the IBM Statistical Package for Social

Science (SPSS) software. The statistical treatment that the researcher chooses was

the Pearson Correlation Coefficient.

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