Robotics

Manipulation and control

University of Strasbourg
Telecom Physique Strasbourg, ISAV option
Master IRIV, AR track
Introduction
Outline of the lecture
—  Introduction : Overview
—  1. Theoretical background
◦  1.1. Rigid motions
◦  1.2. Kinematics
◦  [Link] Kinematics
—  2. Modeling kinematics
◦  2.1. Denavit-Hartenberg convention
◦  2.2. Forward kinematic model
◦  2.3. Inverse kinematic model
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Outline of the lecture
—  3. Modeling velocity kinematics
◦  3.1. The Jacobian
◦  3.2. Inverting the Jacobian
◦  3.3. Static force computation
—  4. Modeling dynamics
◦  4.1. Euler-Lagrange equations
◦  4.2. Iterative Newton-Euler method

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Outline of the lecture
—  5. Control
◦  5.1. Joint position control
◦  5.2. Path planning
◦  5.3. Software architecture

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Outline of the introduction
—  1. History and definitions
—  2. Categories of robots
—  3. Specific vocabulary
—  4. Robot main characteristics
—  5. Different kinds of manipulators
—  6. Robot usage
—  7. Statistics
—  8. References

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1. History and definitions
—  Etymology : “Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti” is a science
fiction play in the Czech language created in 1920 by
Karel Čapek. It was translated in English as “Rossum's
Universal Robots”. This is the first known occurrence of
the word “Robot”.

One scene from the play “RUR” showing 3 robots

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1. History and definitions
—  Short history
◦  1939 : “Elektro”, humanoid robot
presented at the world fair in New-
York from the Westinghouse
Electric Corporation.
◦  1956 : “Unimate”, first commercial
industrial manipulator from the
Unimation Company. It was first
installed in 1961 in a General
Motors plant.
◦  1973 : “Famulus”, first 6 axis
industrial robot from KUKA
robotics.

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1. History and definitions

—  Definition
◦  A robot is a mechanical articulated and actuated
system controlled by a computer.

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2. Categories of robots
—  Mobile robots
—  Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAV)
—  Underwater robots
—  Humanoid robots
—  Industrial robots :
topic of this lecture
Other categories : biologically inspired robots, medical robots, space
robots, cable-driven parallel robots, agricultural robots, rescue robots,
military robots, nano robots, ...
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 3. Specific vocabulary
Actuator = motor

Joint = axis

Link

End-effector

Tool

Base

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4. Robot main characteristics
4.1 Geometry
1
1
—  Two types of joint 1 1 1
◦  Translational / prismatic :
2 2 2 2 2
1
◦  Rotational : 1
2 1 2
2 1

—  Geometric characteristics 2

◦  Number of joints
◦  Architecture (serial or parallel)
◦  Joint sequence
◦  Number of degrees of freedom

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4. Robot main characteristics
4.1 Geometry
—  Definitions
◦  The configuration of a manipulator is the
description of the position of every point of the
manipulator.
◦  A robot is said to have n degrees of freedom if its
configuration can be defined by a minimum of n
parameters.
◦  On a parallel robot, the end-effector is linked to
the ground by several independent kinematic
chains.
◦  On a serial robot, the end-effector is linked to
the ground by only one kinematic chain.
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4. Robot main characteristics
4.1 Geometry

—  Examples
◦  3 joints, serial, RRR, 3DoF

◦  3 joints, serial, PPP, 3DoF

◦  4 joints, parallel, RP+RP,

3DoF
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4. Robot main characteristics
4.2 Workspace

—  Definitions
◦  Reachable workspace : whole set of points
reachable by a point on the end-effector,
usually the tool center point.
◦  Dexterous workspace : whole set of points that
a point on the end-effector can reach without
limitation in its orientation.

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4. Robot main characteristics
4.2 Workspace

—  The workspace depends mainly on :

◦  The geometry of the robot (see 4.1)
◦  The dimensions of the links
◦  Limitations on articular motion
—  Examples of workspaces :

NB : usually, exact dimensions of these volumes are given by the manufacturer.

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4. Robot main characteristics
4.3 Accuracy / Repeatability
—  Definitions
◦  Accuracy : how closely the robot can reach a reference
position in its workspace.
◦  Repeatability : how closely a robot can return to a
previously learned position in its workspace.
—  Notes
◦  The repeatability of a robot is usually far better than
its accuracy.
◦  The vast majority of installed robots is used to
cyclically repeat a programmed sequence of positions.
◦  The norm ISO 9283 specifies the conditions of
assessment of the repeatability. It should be measured
at maximal payload.

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4. Robot main characteristics
4.4 Dynamic performances

—  Maximal velocity
◦  Given for each joint and also sometimes for
the end-effector in the most favourable case.
—  Maximal acceleration
◦  Given for each joint in the most unfavourable
case (i.e. in the maximal inertia configuration).
◦  Usually, an industrial robot is in an
acceleration/deceleration state most of the
time. The joints have rarely the time to reach
their maximum velocity.
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4. Robot main characteristics
4.5 Payload

—  Payload or carrying capacity

◦  Maximum weight the robot can handle with
its end-effector without hindering its
repeatability and dynamic performances.
—  Note
◦  The payload is usually much smaller than the
maximum weight the robot can lift when the
actuators are fed with the maximum current.

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4. Robot main characteristics
4.6 Example : the KUKA KR30

—  6R anthropomorphic industrial robot :

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4. Robot main characteristics
4.6 Example : the KUKA KR30

—  Workspace :

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 4. Robot main characteristics
4.6 Example : the KUKA KR30

—  Other characteristics :

NB : for this robot, the maximal acceleration is not

given although it is a critical information.

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5. Different kinds of robots
5.1 SCARA robots
—  SCARA
◦  Selective Compliance Articulated Robot for
Assembly
—  Characteristics
◦  4 joints, serial, RRPR, 4 DoFs
◦  Cylindrical workspace
◦  Accurate
◦  Very fast
—  Examples
◦  Mitsubishi RH-3SDHR
◦  Adept Cobra i600

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5. Different kinds of robots
5.2 Cartesian robots

—  Characteristics
◦  3 perpendicular prismatic joints
◦  Very good accuracy
◦  Easy to control
◦  Slow
—  Example
◦  Epson XM3000

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5. Different kinds of robots
5.3 Parallel robots (out of the lecture scope)

—  Characteristics
◦  Limited workspace
◦  High stiffness
◦  High dynamic performances
This is real time footage
—  Example of the Adept Quattro
robot playing the mobile-
◦  Adept Quattro s650H device game "1to50" The
point of the game is to
press the buttons for the
numbers 1 through 50 in
succession. Quattro now
tops the leader boards.

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5. Different kinds of robots
5.4 Anthropomorphic robots

—  Characteristics
◦  Inspired by the human arm
◦  6 DoFs
◦  Highly polyvalent
◦  The most common structure
—  Examples
◦  Stäubli RX170HSM
◦  Robocoaster G3 (Kuka robot)

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5. Different kinds of robots
5.4 Anthropomorphic robots

—  Various sizes :

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6. Robot usage
6.1 Overview

—  Thevast majority of industrial robots is

used for simple tasks :
◦  Repeat accurately a learned sequence of
motion. The teaching/learning phase is manual
and can be very time consuming.
◦  The object must be accurately positioned
wrt the robot.
—  Criterions for robotising a task :
◦  Simple, repetitive, laborious, hazardous.

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6. Robot usage
6.1 Overview

Source : IEEE Spectrum, December 2008

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6. Robot usage
6.1 Overview

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6. Robot usage
6.2 Automotive industry

—  ~30% of all installed robots.

—  Tasks : welding, milling, gluing, assembling.

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6. Robot usage
6.3 Electrical and electronics industry

—  ~10% of all installed robots.

—  Tasks : assembling, gluing, soldering,
connecting.
—  Example : mobile phone assembly.

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6. Robot usage
6.4 Plastic industry

—  ~9% of all installed robots.

—  Tasks : handling, assembling, milling.
—  Example : Plastic moulding machine
servicing.

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6. Robot usage
6.5 Metal industry

—  ~4% of all installed robots.

—  Tasks : machining, milling, deburring,
polishing.
—  Example : deburring.

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6. Robot usage
6.6 Food and beverage industry

—  ~2% of all installed robots.

—  Tasks : handling, filling, packaging.
—  Example : pancake stacking.

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6. Robot usage
6.6 Emerging applications

—  Entertainment : Skycam, Robocoaster.

—  Wood industry : sawing, milling, boring,
handling.
—  Drug industry : handling.

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6. Robot usage
6.6 Emerging applications

—  Medical robotics : telemanipulation,

insertion, milling, cutting, positioning,
handling.

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7. Stats
7.1. Robots worldwide

Statistiques courantes : [Link]

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7. Stats
7.2. Robots by countries

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7. Stats
7.3. Service robotics

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7. Stats
7.3. Service robotics

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7. Stats
7.3. Service robotics

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8. References
—  M. W. Spong, S. Hutchinson and M.
Vidyasagar, Robot Modeling and control, Wiley,
2006.
—  J. J. Craig, Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and
Control (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall, 2004.
—  W. Khalil and E. Dombre, Modeling,
Identification & Control Of Robots, Hermes Penton,
2004.
—  IEEE transactions on robotics :
[Link]
—  International Journal of Robotics Research :
[Link]/

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Quizz

— [Link]

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