12/13/2019 Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint

Want to earn money from your app?

Propositional logic in Artificial intelligence

Propositional logic (PL) is the simplest form of logic where all the statements are made by
propositions. A proposition is a declarative statement which is either true or false. It is a
technique of knowledge representation in logical and mathematical form.

Example:

a) It is Sunday.
b) The Sun rises from West (False proposition)
c) 3+3= 7(False proposition)
d) 5 is a prime number.

Following are some basic facts about propositional logic:

Propositional logic is also called Boolean logic as it works on 0 and 1.

In propositional logic, we use symbolic variables to represent the logic, and we can use
any symbol for a representing a proposition, such A, B, C, P, Q, R, etc.

Propositions can be either true or false, but it cannot be both.

Propositional logic consists of an object, relations or function, and logical

connectives.

These connectives are also called logical operators.

The propositions and connectives are the basic elements of the propositional logic.

Connectives can be said as a logical operator which connects two sentences.

A proposition formula which is always true is called tautology, and it is also called a
valid sentence.

A proposition formula which is always false is called Contradiction.

A proposition formula which has both true and false values is called

Statements which are questions, commands, or opinions are not propositions such as
"Where is Rohini", "How are you", "What is your name", are not propositions.

Syntax of propositional logic:

The syntax of propositional logic defines the allowable sentences for the knowledge
representation. There are two types of Propositions:

Try 30 days free. SIGN UP

a. Atomic Propositions

b. Compound propositions

https://www.javatpoint.com/propositional-logic-in-artificial-intelligence 1/7
12/13/2019 Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint

Atomic Proposition: Atomic propositions are the simple propositions. It consists of a

single proposition symbol. These are the sentences which must be either true or false.

Example:

a) 2+2 is 4, it is an atomic proposition as it is a true fact.

b) "The Sun is cold" is also a proposition as it is a false fact.

Compound proposition: Compound propositions are constructed by combining

simpler or atomic propositions, using parenthesis and logical connectives.

Example:

a) "It is raining today, and street is wet."

b) "Ankit is a doctor, and his clinic is in Mumbai."

Logical Connectives:
Logical connectives are used to connect two simpler propositions or representing a sentence
logically. We can create compound propositions with the help of logical connectives. There are
mainly five connectives, which are given as follows:

1. Negation: A sentence such as ¬ P is called negation of P. A literal can be either

Positive literal or negative literal.

2. Conjunction: A sentence which has ∧ connective such as, P ∧ Q is called a

conjunction.
Example: Rohan is intelligent and hardworking. It can be written as,
P= Rohan is intelligent,
Q= Rohan is hardworking. → P∧ Q.

3. Disjunction: A sentence which has ∨ connective, such as P ∨ Q. is called disjunction,

where P and Q are the propositions.
Example: "Ritika is a doctor or Engineer",
Here P= Ritika is Doctor. Q= Ritika is Doctor, so we can write it as P ∨ Q.
4. Implication: A sentence such as P → Q, is called an implication. Implications are also
known as if-then rules. It can be represented as
If it is raining, then the street is wet.
Let P= It is raining, and Q= Street is wet, so it is represented as P → Q

5. Biconditional: A sentence such as P⇔ Q is a Biconditional sentence, example If I

am breathing, then I am alive
P= I am breathing, Q= I am alive, it can be represented as P ⇔ Q.

Following is the summarized table for Propositional Logic

Connectives:

Truth Table:
In propositional logic, we need to know the truth values of propositions in all possible
scenarios. We can combine all the possible combination with logical connectives, and the
representation of these combinations in a tabular format is called Truth table. Following are
the truth table for all logical connectives:

https://www.javatpoint.com/propositional-logic-in-artificial-intelligence 2/7
12/13/2019 Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint

Truth table with three propositions:

We can build a proposition composing three propositions P, Q, and R. This truth table is made-
up of 8n Tuples as we have taken three proposition symbols.

Precedence of connectives:

Just like arithmetic operators, there is a precedence order for propositional connectors or
logical operators. This order should be followed while evaluating a propositional problem.
Following is the list of the precedence order for operators:

Precedence Operators

First Precedence Parenthesis

Second Precedence Negation

https://www.javatpoint.com/propositional-logic-in-artificial-intelligence 3/7
12/13/2019 Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint

Third Precedence Conjunction(AND)

Fourth Precedence Disjunction(OR)

Fifth Precedence Implication

Six Precedence Biconditional

Note: For better understanding use parenthesis to make sure of the correct
interpretations. Such as ¬R∨ Q, It can be interpreted as (¬R) ∨ Q.

Logical equivalence:

Logical equivalence is one of the features of propositional logic. Two propositions are said to be
logically equivalent if and only if the columns in the truth table are identical to each other.

Let's take two propositions A and B, so for logical equivalence, we can write it as A⇔B. In
below truth table we can see that column for ¬A∨ B and A→B, are identical hence A is
Equivalent to B

Properties of Operators:

Commutativity:

P∧ Q= Q ∧ P, or

P ∨ Q = Q ∨ P.

Associativity:

(P ∧ Q) ∧ R= P ∧ (Q ∧ R),

(P ∨ Q) ∨ R= P ∨ (Q ∨ R)

Identity element:

P ∧ True = P,

P ∨ True= True.

Distributive:

P∧ (Q ∨ R) = (P ∧ Q) ∨ (P ∧ R).

P ∨ (Q ∧ R) = (P ∨ Q) ∧ (P ∨ R).

DE Morgan's Law:

¬ (P ∧ Q) = (¬P) ∨ (¬Q)

¬ (P ∨ Q) = (¬ P) ∧ (¬Q).

Double-negation elimination:

¬ (¬P) = P.

Limitations of Propositional logic:

We cannot represent relations like ALL, some, or none with propositional logic.
Example:

a. All the girls are intelligent.

b. Some apples are sweet.

Propositional logic has limited expressive power.

https://www.javatpoint.com/propositional-logic-in-artificial-intelligence 4/7
12/13/2019 Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint

In propositional logic, we cannot describe statements in terms of their properties or

logical relationships.

← prev next →

Help Others, Please Share

Join Javatpoint Test Series

Placement Papers AMCAT Bank PO/Clerk GATE
TCS eLitmas UPSSSC NEET
HCL Java Government Exams CAT
Infosys Python SSC Railway
IBM C Programming Civil Services CTET
Accenture Networking SBI IIT JEE

Learn Latest Tutorials

GitHub Matlab Microservices Inkscape

Latex Magento RESTful DevOps

LINQ Laravel OpenCV ML

Preparation

https://www.javatpoint.com/propositional-logic-in-artificial-intelligence 5/7
12/13/2019 Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint

Aptitude Reasoning Verbal A. Interview

Company

Trending Technologies

Cloud
tutorial

Cloud
AI AWS Selenium

Hadoop ReactJS React Native Node.js

tutorial Tutorial Tutorial tutorial

Hadoop ReactJS React Native Node.js

Data Science Angular 7 Blockchain Git Tutorial

Tutorial Tutorial Tutorial
Git
D. Science Angular 7 Blockchain

B.Tech / MCA

DBMS Data DAA Operating

tutorial Structures tutorial System tutorial
tutorial
DBMS DAA OS
DS

Computer Compiler Computer Discrete

Network Design tutorial Organization Mathematics
tutorial and Tutorial
Compiler D. Architecture
C. Network D. Math.
COA

Ethical Computer Software html tutorial

Hacking Graphics Engineering
Tutorial Tutorial Tutorial Web Tech.

E. Hacking C. Graphics Software E.

Cyber Automata C Language C++ tutorial

Security Tutorial tutorial
tutorial C++
Automata C
Cyber Sec.

Java tutorial .Net Python List of

Framework tutorial Programs
Java tutorial
Python Programs
https://www.javatpoint.com/propositional-logic-in-artificial-intelligence 6/7
12/13/2019 Propositional Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint
.Net

Control Data Mining

Systems Tutorial
tutorial
Data Mining
Control S.

https://www.javatpoint.com/propositional-logic-in-artificial-intelligence 7/7