Grade

11
Self-Learning Module
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
in
Lesson: ATTRACTION BETWEEB US! (Intermolecular Forces of Nature)
Quarter: I Week: 3 Day and Time:

Learning competencies:
1. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces
2. Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances.
Learning Tasks:
Study Notebook WORKSHEET
 Pre-Test (1-2)  PAGES 7-8
 Post-Test (10-11)

I. INTRODUCTION
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the field of Physical
Sciences. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module has two lessons, namely:
Lesson 1 – Intermolecular Forces
Lesson 2 – Properties of Substances in Relation to Intermolecular Forces

PRE-TEST
Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
1. Which of the following is NOT a type of intermolecular force?
A. Covalent Dispersion B. Dipole-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London bond
2. It is the weakest intermolecular force that is formed due to the temporary dipoles of a non-polar
molecule. A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
3. Which of the following intermolecular forces is arranged from strongest to weakest?
A. Hydrogen bond, Dipole-dipole, London Dispersion, Ion-dipole
B. Ion-dipole, Hydrogen bond, Dipole-dipole, London Dispersion
C. Ion-dipole, London Dispersion, Dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bond
D. London Dispersion, Dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bond, Ion-dipole
4. Which of the following atoms DOES NOT participate in hydrogen bonding?
A. C B. F C. N D. O
5. What type of intermolecular force exists between oxygen (O2) molecules?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
6. Dissolving NaCl in H2O results in what type of intermolecular force?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
7. The following are examples of substances that form a Dipole-dipole force EXCEPT ____
A. HBr B. HCl C. HF D. H2S
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8. Which of the following will form a Hydrogen bond?
A. Cl2 B. CO2 C. HI D. NH3
9. What type of intermolecular force holds Br2-----Br2 together?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
10. It is a phenomenon caused by intermolecular forces between molecules allowing liquids to create a
thin film on its surface. A. Boiling point B. Surface tension C. Vapor pressure D. Viscosity
_________________
III. A. DISCUSSION OF CONCEPTS
Lesson 1 : Intermolecular Forces
Going through this lesson will help you understand the different intermolecular forces of attraction.
You will also learn from this module that the type of intermolecular forces present in the substance is
responsible for its properties. But first, let us determine the difference between intramolecular forces and
intermolecular forces.
Bonding forces (ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds) are classified as intramolecular forces, forces
that hold atoms together in a molecule. In contrast, intermolecular forces are attractions that occur
between molecules. Intramolecular forces are many times stronger than intermolecular forces of
attraction. Intermolecular forces are responsible for the condensed phases of substances.

General Types of Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that operate between molecules. They arise from the
interaction of positive and negative charges. Intermolecular forces are much weaker than intramolecular in
terms of energy involved. However, intermolecular forces are responsible for the properties of molecules.
These explain why substance exists as solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature.
The following are the types of intermolecular forces.
1. Ion-Dipole Forces
Ion-dipole forces exist between an ion (charged particles) and a dipole (polar) molecule. A positive
ion will be attracted to the negative pole of the polar molecule, while a negative ion will be attracted to
the positive pole of the polar molecule. This can be seen when NaCl dissolves in water. The ions of NaCl
(Na+ and Cl-) become separated. Since water is a polar molecule, it has a partially positive end and
a partial negative end. Thus, the positive sodium ion (Na+) will be attracted to the partially negative end of
the water molecule, while the negative chloride ion (Cl-) will also be attracted to the partially positive end
of the water molecule.

Fig. 1. Ion-dipole forces in a sodium chloride solution.

Source: https://chemistrybytes.com

2. Dipole-Dipole Forces
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces that occur between polar molecules. The partially
positive end of one molecule attracts the partially negative ends of other molecules.

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 An example is hydrogen chloride (HCl) which has a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially
negative chlorine atom. A collection of many hydrogen chloride molecules will align themselves so that the
oppositely charged regions of neighboring molecules are near each other.

Fig. 2. Dipole-Dipole
forces among HCl Molecule
Source: https://www.emedicalprep.com

3. Hydrogen Bonds
A hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole force between polar molecules having an H
atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (O, N, or F) with lone electron pairs. Hydrogen
tends to be strongly positive due to the strong tendencies of F, O, or N to attract the electron towards it.
The highly electronegative elements make hydrogen strongly positive.
The ability of water to form H-bond relates to its ability as a universal solvent. H-bond prevents the
water from evaporating quickly into the atmosphere. It also causes ice to float in water since, at freezing
temperature, water molecules tend to form a crystal lattice as it expands.

Fig. 3. Hydrogen bond in water

Source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/22-water/hydrogen-bonding.html

4. London Dispersion Forces

London Dispersion Force is present in all molecules. It is the only force present in nonpolar
molecules. Although it is very weak and acts in very small distances, they are strong enough to cause
substances normally found as gases, to liquefy at high pressures or low temperatures. London dispersion
forces tend to be stronger in a larger atom or molecule.
Dispersion force is formed due to the attraction between the positively charged nucleus of an atom
with the negatively charged electron cloud of a nearby atom. For example, the electron cloud of a helium
atom contains two electrons, and, when averaged over time, these electrons will distribute themselves
evenly around the nucleus. However, at any given moment, the electron distribution may be uneven,
resulting in an instantaneous dipole. This weak and temporary dipole can subsequently influence
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neighboring helium atoms through electrostatic attraction and repulsion resulting in the formation of
another temporary dipole called an induced dipole.

Fig. 4. London
dispersion force in Helium
Source: https://byjus.com/chemistry/london-dispersion-forces/

Lesson 2: Properties of Substances in Relation to Intermolecular Forces

The types of intermolecular forces that occur in a substance will affect its properties due to its
varying strengths. You should remember from the kinetic theory of matter that the phase of a substance is
determined by how strong the forces are between its particles.
The weaker the forces, the more likely the substance is to exist as a gas. This is because the
particles can move far apart since they are not held together very strongly. If the forces are very strong,
the particles are held closely together in a solid structure.
The relative strength of intermolecular forces is illustrated in Fig. 5.

Properties of Substances in Relation to Intermolecular Forces

Surface Tension
Surface tension is a phenomenon caused by cohesive forces (intermolecular forces) between
molecules allowing liquids to create a thin film on its surface. This causes liquids to acquire a certain shape
when put on a container or dropped on surfaces.
Molecules within a liquid experience force of attraction equally in all directions. However, there are
no forces above the surface of the liquid, but there are normal forces below. Because of this imbalance,
forces of attraction tend to pull molecules toward the interior of the liquid. This creates surface tension.
Stronger intermolecular force equates to stronger surface tension.

Boiling and Melting Point

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 Boiling Point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the applied
pressure on the liquid. Melting Point is the temperature at which a substance begins to change from solid
to liquid.
In general, substances with weak intermolecular forces will have low melting and boiling points
while those with strong intermolecular forces will have high melting and boiling points.
The strong intermolecular force of the substance holds the molecules tightly thus making the bond
hard to evaporate and boil. Remember also that the temperature of a material affects the energy of its
particles. The more energy the particles have, the more likely they are to be able to overcome the forces
that are holding them together. This can cause a change in phase.

Vapor Pressure
Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor
state, and it increases with temperature. A liquid with weak intermolecular forces will evaporate easily
thus, has a higher vapor pressure while liquid with strong IMF will not easily evaporate thus will have a
lower vapor pressure.

Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. The more viscous a liquid is the thicker its consistency.
In layman's term, it is the measure of the thickness of a liquid. In general, stronger intermolecular forces
leads to higher viscosity.

Post-Test
Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
1. The following are types of intermolecular forces EXCEPT ______.
A. Covalent bond B. Dipole-dipole C. Hydrogen bond D. London Dispersion
2. It is the type of intermolecular force that exists in all molecules.
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
3. Which of the following intermolecular forces is arranged from weakest to strongest?
A. Hydrogen bond, Dipole-dipole, London Dispersion, Ion-dipole
B. Ion-dipole, Hydrogen bond, Dipole-dipole, London Dispersion
C. Ion-dipole, London Dispersion, Dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bond
D. London Dispersion, Dipole-dipole, Hydrogen bond, Ion-dipole
4. The following atoms participate in hydrogen bonding EXCEPT _____.
A. C B. F C. N D. O
5. What type of intermolecular force exists between Br2 molecules?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
6. What type of intermolecular force will result when NaCl dissolves in H2O?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
7. Which of the following examples of substances DOES NOT form a Dipole-dipole force?
A. HBr B. HCl C. HF D. H2S
8. Which of the following will form a Hydrogen bond?
A. HF B. HI C. Cl2 D. CO2
9. What type of intermolecular force holds CO2----- CO2 together?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
10. It is the resistance of a liquid to flow.
A. Boiling point B. Surface tension C. Vapor pressure D. Viscosity

PRE-TEST 5 POST-
TEST

1. A A
References

A. Books and Downloaded Files

Bauer, R. C., Birk, J. P., and Marks, P. S. (2016). General Chemistry (Books I and II). McGraw-Hill Education.
Abiva Publishing House. Inc

Physical Science Curriculum Guide

Physical Science Curriculum Guide—MELCs

B. Online Article
Levine, Ira N. (2018). Boiling Point. McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings,
LLC.Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York. Retrieved from
https://www.accessscience.com/content/boiling-point/089400
Polarity and Intermolecular Forces. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kentucky/UK%3A_CHE_103_-
_Chemistry_for_Allied_Health_(Soult)/Chapters/
Chapter_5%3A_Properties_of_Compounds/5.3%3A_Polarity_and_Intermolecular_Forces
Intermolecular Forces. Retrieved from https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-
11/intermolecular-forces/04-intermolecular-forces-01

C. Internet and other Sources/ Photo Credits

https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/50-surf-spots/index.html
https://www.thestatesman.com/technology/science/people-with-slender-face-more-
likely-to-be-left-handed-1493458760.html

ROSALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR DEPARTMENT
Don Antonio Village, Rosales, Pangasinan

INSTRUCTION: Detach and submit this Worksheet together with the activity sheets.

WORKSHEET
Name: Rona Grace M. Martinez
Subject: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Grade/Section: 12 HUMSS B
Subj. Teacher: Glacymae Quinto Week: 3 - Quarter 1

I. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Activity 1: Pic2word

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 Directions: Guess the words using the given pictures.

2.

3.

4.

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 5.

B. Direction: Read the statements carefully to get the correct answer. Write the letter of your choice
on the space provided before each item.
_______1. Substance with ______ intermolecular forces will have ______ melting point.
A. Weaker, Higher B. Weaker, Lower C. Stronger, Higher D. Stronger, the same
_______2. Substance with ______ intermolecular forces will have ______ viscosity.
A. Stronger, Higher B. Stronger, Lower C. Weaker, Higher D. Weaker, the same
_______3. Which of the molecules has the highest boiling point?
A. HCl B. H2S C. O2 D. NH3
_______4. Which intermolecular forces have the lowest surface tension?
A. Dipole-dipole B. Hydrogen bond C. Ion-dipole D. London Dispersion
______5. Arrange the following compounds in increasing viscosity: NaCl, HBr, H2O2, Cl
A. Cl, HBr, NaCl, H2O2 B. Cl, HBr, H2O2, NaCl
C. H2O2, NaCl, HBr, Cl D. NaCl, H2O2, HBr, Cl

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