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CSL 210: Data Structures With Applications: Module3: IIIT Nagpur

The document discusses binary heaps and Huffman coding. It defines min-heaps and max-heaps as binary trees that satisfy the heap property, with data in each node less than or equal to (min-heap) or greater than or equal to (max-heap) the data in its children. It also describes using an array to represent a binary heap and storing the root at index 1 with children and parents at calculable indices. Finally, it introduces Huffman coding as an encoding technique that assigns variable-length binary codes to characters based on frequency to achieve lossless data compression.

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81 views11 pages

CSL 210: Data Structures With Applications: Module3: IIIT Nagpur

The document discusses binary heaps and Huffman coding. It defines min-heaps and max-heaps as binary trees that satisfy the heap property, with data in each node less than or equal to (min-heap) or greater than or equal to (max-heap) the data in its children. It also describes using an array to represent a binary heap and storing the root at index 1 with children and parents at calculable indices. Finally, it introduces Huffman coding as an encoding technique that assigns variable-length binary codes to characters based on frequency to achieve lossless data compression.

Uploaded by

ayush
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSL 210: Data Structures with

Applications: Module3
IIIT Nagpur

Aniket Pingley
Binary Heap

• A binary heap is a complete binary tree that satis es the heap property - min
and max

• A min-heap is a binary tree such that - the data contained in each node is less
than (or equal to) the data in that node’s children

• A max-heap is a binary tree such that - the data contained in each node is
greater than (or equal to) the data in that node’s children.

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Binary Heap
Complete Binary Tree that satis es the heap property

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Array Representation for Binary Heap

• Use an array to hold the data

• Store the root at index 1

• For any node at index i

• its left child (if any) is in position 2i

• its right child (if any) is in position


2i + 1

• its parent (if any) is in position i/2


(integer division)
Huffman Coding

• Encoding: process to convert given sequence of input (digits/characters/


numbers/symbols etc.) into a speci ed format for communication/
transmission/storage etc.

• Hu man Coding, developed by David Hu man in 1951, is a technique to


encode data into binary sequence that achieves lossless compression.

• It represents data using variable-length code where length of the code is


inversely (not strictly) proportional to the frequency of data.

• Applications: variety of zipping techniques such as gzip, winzip etc.


ff
fi
ff
Example of variable-length en/coding

A data le of 100,000 characters contains only the characters a–f, with the frequencies
indicated. If we assign each character a 3-bit codeword, we can encode the le in
300,000 bits. Using the variable-length code shown, we can encode the le in only
224,000 bits (1000 x (45x1 + 13x3 + 12x3 + 16x3 + 9x4 + 5x4)).
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Binary Tree Representation
Disregard the values at non-leaf nodes for this slide
Prefix codes

• As per variable-length coding is previous slide, if we encode ‘abc’ as 0101100


(0.101.100), then how will we decode without misinterpretation/ambiguity?

• Pre x codes = codes in which no codeword is also a pre x of some other


codeword

• Encoding and Decoding a pre x code is done using Binary Tree, where leaf
nodes are the input symbol characters/symbols.
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Build
Huffman
Code
Constructing Huffman Code
Step-by-step
extraction and
insertion process of
Huffman Coding

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