General Biology Laboratory

SCBI 213
Fall 2020
 Lab 4

Plant Tissues

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 2
 Introduction

• Plant tessue: is a group of cells of similar

structure existed in association with one
another to perform one or more specific
functions.

• Plant cells are eukaryotic cells, containing

organelles as (plastid and large vacuoles). Cells
thick cell wall is due to lignin, suberin and
cellulose. Some plant cells are dead cells
(sclerenchyma cells).

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 3
Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 4
 • Small cells
• Large nucleus and have
dense cytoplasm
x
• No intercellular space
• Active cells and
dividision are visible

• Large cells
• Large vacuoles
x
• Intercellular space
• Thick cell wall

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 5
Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 6
 Primary Meristematic Tissue

Growing tip of the onion root composed of:

• Root cap: cuboidal cells
• Meristematic zone: active cells with mitotic
division
• Elongation zone: elongated cells
• Maturation zone: the root hairs
• Bare zone

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 7
 Primary Meristematic Tissue

Primary wall

Chromosomes

Nucleus

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 8
 Draw

Name: ………………………………

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 9
 Secondary Meristematic Tissue

• Vascular bundles: arranged in circular shape.

• Each vascular bundle consists of:
1. Pericycle
2. Phloem
3. Cambium
4. Xylem

• Cambium : consists of active meristematic cells and

represents the secondry meristematic tissue

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 10
 Secondary Meristematic Tissue

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 11
 Secondary Meristematic Tissue

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 12
 Draw

Name: ……………………………………………………………………….

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 13
Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 14
 Boundary or Dermal Tissue

• Dermal Tissue is plant’s surrounding tissue that

protect internal plant tissue from harmful environmental
factors.
1. Epidermis in the Stems and Leaves contain,
Trichomes and Stomata.
2. Epidermis in root called Piliferous layer and contain
root hairs.
3. Exodermis: thickened cells by suberin material (root
of monocot plant).
4. Cork of the pericycle in some old plant stems.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 15
 Boundary or Dermal Tissue

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 16
 Epidermis

• Epidermis is the external layer surrounding

the stem and leaf .
• Epidermis cells are oblong with thin walls and
lack intercellular spaces.
• Epidermis is covered with Cuticle, which is a
waxy layer (Cutin)
• Contain compound Trichomes (multicellular).

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 17
 Epidermis in the leaf

Cross section of leaf

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 Epidermis in the leaf

Plastides

Stomatum

Transverse section of the dicot leave

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 Epidermis in the stem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 20
 Epidermis in the root

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 21
 Epidermis in the root

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 22
 Epidermis in the root

Root hair

Piliferous layer

Transverse section of the corn root (monocotyledon)

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 23
 Boundary or Dermal Tissue

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 24
 The Cork

Cork cambium of woody stem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 25
 Ground Tissue

• Ground tissue comprises some tissue subtypes

including :
1. Parenchyma tissue
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma cells Sclerenchyma
• Both of collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
considered as Supporting tissues.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 26
 Parenchyma tissue

• The assimilating tissue in the leaves is called

Mesophyll.
• While that in the green stems is called
Chlorenchyma tissue.
• The parenchyma tissue includes an important
type of cells, which is parenchyma cells with:
• Thin cell walls
• Confine intercellular spaces for ventilation.
• Carry out the process of photosynthesis, since they
contain chloroplast.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 27
 Parenchyma cells

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 28
 Parenchyma tissue

Transverse section in dicot stem (Helianthus)

The cells have thin walls and are separated by Intercellular spaces appear irregularly
fully rounded, and vary in their sizes.
Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 29
 Draw

Name: ……………………………………………………………………….

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 30
 Parenchyma tissue
• Mesophyll tissue contains conspicuous chloroplast,
consisting of two tissue subtypes :
1. Palisade tissue
• Made up of elongated cells
• Underlying the upper intercellular spaces.
2. Spongy tissue
• They appear as sponge being confining spacious
intercellular spaces.
• The cells have irregular shapes
• Contain chloroplast.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 31
 Palisade tissue

Parenchyma tissue

Spongy tissue

Transverse section in dicot leaf

The number of plastids in the spongy tissue is less than theirs in the palisade tissue.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 32
 Draw

Name: ……………………………………………………………………….

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 33
 Types of parenchyma tissue

1) Polyhedral parenchyma 2) Chlorenchyma cells

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 34
 Types of parenchyma tissue

3) Aerenchyma 4) Armed parenchyma

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 35
 Collenchyma tissue

• Collenchyma is a type of supporting or

mechanical tissue.
• The collenchyma tissue consists of several
layers lie directly beneath the epidermis.
• The cells have cellulose thick walls, and the
thickening is clearly visible at the cell corners.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 36
 Collenchyma tissue

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 37
 Collenchyma tissue

Transverse section in dicot stem (Helianthus)

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 38
 Draw

Name: ……………………………………………………………………….

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 39
 Types of Collenchyma tissue

1) Lamellar collenchyma

3) Lacunar collenchyma

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 40
 Sclerenchyma tissue

• Present in the pericycle, cover the vascular

bundle in the direction of the epidermis.

Transverse section in dicot stem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 41
 Types of Sclerenchyma tissue

1. Fibers
• Sclerenchyma cells that are found in pericycle.
• Their cell walls are thickened by lignin material.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 42
 Types of Sclerenchyma tissue

2. Sclereid (stone cells)

• The cells are short, rounded, with tight vacuoles and
lignified thick-walled.
• There are pit canals connecting vacuoles of
neighboring sclereid together.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 43
 Vascular Tissue

• Vascular tissue concerns with the transportation of

plant sap and nutrients inside the plant body.
• Vascular tissue involves two main tissue subtypes:
1) the Xylem
2) the Phloem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 44
 Phloem

• Deals with the transportation of the assimilated food

from the leaf to the other parts of the plant body.
• The phloem consists of :
1. Sieve tubes
2. Companion cells
3. Parenchyma cells.

• Notice, the walls of the sieve tubes, companion cells

and parenchyma cells are thin, not thickened, which is
contrary to the walls of the fibers.

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 45
 Phloem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 46
 Draw

Name: ……………………………………………………………………….

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 47
 Xylem

• Transports water and solutes that are absorbed from

the soil by the root, to other parts of the plant.
• the xylem tissue consists of :
1. Fibers
2. Parenchyma cells
3. Vessels (the main component of the xylem)
4. Tracheid
• Tracheids are long slim cells they are thickened by
lignin like the xylem vessels and fibers, They differ from
the fibers in their lumens which are wider than the fiber
lumens.
Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 48
 Xylem
• Xylem vessels inside a single
bundle packed together in more
than a row and consist of two
types:
1. Protoxylem, which are narrow
vessels located inward, adjacent
to the pith. Thickening of the
protoxylem is usually annular.
2. Metaxylem consists of wide
tubes and located outward, next
to the epidermis. Thickening of
the metaxylem is reticular or
pitted.
Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 49
 Xylem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 50
 Draw

Name: ……………………………………………………………………….

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 51
 Phloem vs. Xylem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 52
 Phloem vs. Xylem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 53
 Phloem vs. Xylem

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 54
 The end

Organized by: Sarah Gozai Tahani Bakhsh & Assalah Albahimah (UJ) 55