BIOPHILIC ARCHITECTURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON

HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AND WELL-BEING

A Proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park Development

Marjorie Blom

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, Development and Social Sciences,

School of Architecture, Planning and Housing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, completed in
partial-fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Architecture

Durban, South Africa

June 2013
 BIOPHILIC ARCHITECTURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AND WELL-BEING
A Proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park Development
 
DECLARATION

This Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Architecture, in the Graduate Program in Architecture, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban,
South Africa.

I hereby declare that this Dissertation is my unaided work under the supervision of Mr. Lawrence
Ogunsanya. All citations, references and borrowed ideas have been appropriately acknowledged.
It is being submitted to the University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Architecture, Planning and
Housing in the faculty of Humanities, Development and Social Science, for the degree of
Masters in Architecture. This Dissertation has not been submitted before for any degree or
examination at any other University.

______________________________
MARJORIE BLOM

______________________________
Date

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to all who have helped me through this dissertation. I would like to thank the
following people for their personal assistance.

To my supervisor, Mr. Lawrence Ogunsanya and academic coordinator Mr. Mthembeni Mkhize,
thank you for your patience, encouragement, assistance, guidance and enthusiasm. To the staff at
the Architecture, Barrie Biermann Library: Tim, Michelle, Janine and Mukesh, as well as the rest
of the Faculty staff, for always assisting with any queries, books and sourcing the much needed
information. Thank you dearly to Samantha Nipper, without you, none of this would have been
possible, you saw the potential in me.

To my parents, Thys (Town and Regional Planner) and Mariki (Bookkeeper), and my sister,
Xanelle (Candidate Lawyer), for all your never-ending support, love and encouragement through
those tough few years in becoming an architect. Without those desperate calming phone calls
calming me down all of this would never have been possible. Thank you especially to my father
for always correcting my grammar and proof reading my documents, someday I hope to write as
well as you do. Thank you mom for always stocking my fridge with all you can eat healthy
foods, keeping up my strength.

To my dearest friends and wonderful archi-family, you guys understood what I’ve been going
through and why I have been a hermit; stuck in my flat in front of my pc until early hours of the
morning. All those very much needed celebrations after every hand in kept me motivated for the
next ‘hand-in’. Our Masters Class is truly a family, such a great group of people. Friendships
were created that could last a life time. You guys are amazing:
 “there is a lot of work to be done” (Glass: 2013)
 “aint no body got time for that” (Brown: 2012)
 “sjo sjo sjo” (Mthethwa: 2012)
 “started from the bottom now we’re here” (Drake: 2013)
 “then do the harlem shake” (Baauer: 2012)

I extend my gratitude to all those whom I did not mention personally.

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DEDICATION
This dissertation is dedicated to my generous, loving and supporting parents, Thys and Mariki
Blom. I do apologise for being such a financial burden, I hope to return the favour in the near
future. Thank you for believing in me, allowing me to pursue my dream of becoming an
Architect. No words could express my deepest appreciation.

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ABSTRACT
Dealing with the issue of buildings showing characteristics of sick building syndrome, could result in
occupants suffering negative side effects. Healthy living is a primary need for society. Everyday pollution
in society has led to these negative outcomes of physical and psychological well-being of space users.
When investigating factors such as natural light, colour, fresh air, visual contact with water and nature or
noise pollution, it is found that exposure to such natural elements positively influences human behaviour,
health and productivity in a live, work and play environment.

This dissertation is aimed at developing an understanding conducted under the hypothesis of how
architectural environments, through the theory of environmental psychology: a study of the relationship
between natural environments, affect human behaviour and well-being. A healthy environment requires
regular contact with nature promoting physical and psychological benefits, crucial to an individual’s
health and happiness. By reducing sick building syndrome, it could increase performance and improve
overall health and well-being.

Occupants of the chosen case studies completed questionnaires through distribution and structured
interviews personally conducted, focusing on a qualitative method. Assessing and evaluating the aims,
objectives and key questions and understanding of how Biophilic Architecture influences human
behaviour and well-being was obtained.

Case (Alexander Forbes and Nedbank Ridgeview) and precedents studies (Prisma Nürnberg and Khoo
Teck Paut Hospital) were investigated through Edward, O. Wilsons’ Biophilia hypothesis theory of mans
affiliation with nature and incorporating it into building forms, showing how architectural design can
evoke human behaviour through natural design elements. Architectural design is about humanity’s ‘sense
of place’ (concept of Genius Loci) in nature and where the natural environment fits into the physical
environment. Biophilic designs’ sensory rich world affects human health, productivity, emotional,
intellectual and spiritual well-being, as well as reducing stress levels and eases pain.

Biophilic Architecture could be the solution through a link of natural and physical environments,
positively influencing human behaviour and well-being. Futuristic sustainability should have the
combination of biophilic design and low environmental impact, resulting in a restorative nature based
design: a true result of a positive psychological environment, a ‘sense of place,’ people want to
experience, that is healthy, nurturing, and delightful to its occupants, improving the experiential quality of
architectural space.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. iii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. v
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... ix

PART ONE

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND ......................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Background .......................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Motivation / Justification of the study.................................................. 2
1.2 DEFINING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM, AIMS & OBJECTIVES......... 3
1.2.1 Definition of the Research Problem..................................................... 3
1.2.2 Aims...................................................................................................... 3
1.2.3 Objectives............................................................................................. 3
1.3 SETTING OUT THE SCOPE .......................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Delimitation of Research Problem....................................................... 4
1.3.2 Definition of Terms .............................................................................. 5
1.3.3 Stating the Assumptions ....................................................................... 5
1.3.4 Key Questions ...................................................................................... 6
1.3.5 Hypothesis ............................................................................................ 6
1.4 CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................ 7
1.4.1 Genius Loci: A ‘sense of place’ ........................................................... 7
1.4.2 Environmental Psychology .................................................................. 8
1.4.3 Edward, O. Wilson’s Biophilia Hypothesis ....................................... 10
1.5 RESEARCH METHODS AND MATERIALS ............................................. 12
1.5.1 Primary Research .............................................................................. 12
1.5.2 Secondary Research ........................................................................... 13

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CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 14
2.1 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS ............................................................ 14
2.1.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 14
2.1.2 Stress and its causes........................................................................... 15
2.1.3 Psychological reaction....................................................................... 16
2.1.4 Physical reaction ............................................................................... 17
2.2 HUMAN WELL-BEING ................................................................................. 18
2.3 WELL-BEING IN ARCHITECTURE .......................................................... 20
2.4 SICK BUILDING SYNDROME .................................................................... 23
2.4.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 23
2.4.2 Physical and psychological impact .................................................... 24
2.5 BIOPHILIA ...................................................................................................... 26
2.5.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 26
2.5.2 Restorative environmental and Biophilic design ............................... 29
2.6 MAN vs NATURE............................................................................................ 32
2.7 INTEGRATION WITH NATURE RESULTING IN WELL-BEING ....... 35
2.7.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 35
2.7.2 Green spaces ...................................................................................... 37
2.7.3 Thermal comfort................................................................................. 39
2.7.4 Lighting and natural lighting ............................................................. 40
2.7.5 Natural materials ............................................................................... 44
2.7.6 Natural ventilation ............................................................................. 46
2.7.7 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 48

CHAPTER THREE PRECEDENTS STUDIES ............................................................... 49

3.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 49
3.2 PRISMA NÜRNBERG (NUREMBERG, GERMANY)............................... 50
3.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 51
3.2.2 Man vs Nature (environmental psychology) ...................................... 52
3.2.3 Comfort (sense of place) .................................................................... 54
3.2.4 Natural Elements (biophilia hypothesis) ........................................... 55

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3.3 KHOO TECK PAUT HOSPITAL (YISHUN, SINGAPORE) .................... 57
3.3.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 58
3.3.2 Man vs Nature (environmental psychology) ...................................... 58
3.3.3 Comfort (sense of place) .................................................................... 60
3.3.4 Natural Elements (biophilia hypothesis) ........................................... 60

CHAPTER FOUR CASE STUDIES ............................................................................... 62

4.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 62
4.2 ALEXANDER FORBES (SANDTON, JOHANNESBURG)....................... 63
4.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 64
4.2.2 Thermal Comfort (Indoor air quality and spatial design) ................. 64
4.2.3 Man vs Nature & Natural Elements................................................... 65
4.2.4 Behaviour Patterns (Feelings and reactions in the built form) ......... 67
4.3 NEDBANK RIDGESIDE (UMHLANGA, KWAZULU-NATAL) .............. 70
4.3.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 71
4.3.2 Thermal Comfort (Indoor air quality and spatial design) ................. 71
4.3.3 Man vs Nature & Natural Elements................................................... 72
4.3.4 Behaviour Patterns (Feelings and reactions in the built form) ......... 75

CHAPTER FIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................... 77

5.1 INTERVIEWEES ............................................................................................ 77
5.2 HEALTH ENVIRONMENT........................................................................... 78
5.3 NATURAL ELEMENTS................................................................................. 78

CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................... 82

6.1 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 82
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................. 83
6.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 83
6.2.2 Indoor and outdoor natural vegetation.............................................. 85
6.2.3 Thermal comfort................................................................................. 86
6.2.4 Natural ventilation ............................................................................. 86

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6.2.5 Window design ................................................................................... 87
6.2.6 Lighting and natural lighting ............................................................. 87
6.2.7 Natural elements ................................................................................ 88
6.2.8 Water in architecture ......................................................................... 88
6.2.9 Natural materials ............................................................................... 89
6.2.10 Site selection criteria ......................................................................... 89
6.2.11 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 91

CHAPTER SEVEN REFERENCES ................................................................................. 92

7.1 PUBLISHED RESEARCH ............................................................................. 92
7.2 JOURNAL ARTICLES ................................................................................... 94
7.3 DISSERTATIONS ........................................................................................... 95
7.4 INTERNET RESEARCH ............................................................................... 95
7.5 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION ................................................................ 97

CHAPTER EIGHT APPENDICES .................................................................................. 98

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LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 1.1 Connecting nature and architecture (www.houzz.com) ........................................ 7
Figure 1.2 Integrating nature, natural elements and architecture. (www.houzz.com) ............ 8
Figure 1.3 Human behaviour and productivity gets affected (www.paragon.co.za) .............. 9
Figure 1.4 Bringing nature into buildings: Biophilic design (www.alpolic-usa.com) .......... 11

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 2.1 Connecting man harmoniously with nature (www.houzz.com) .......................... 17
Figure 2.2 Humanity in a holistic context (www.mecteam.blogspot.com) .......................... 19
Figure 2.3 OHE: Optimal Healing Environmental strategy (www.blog.lpainc.com)........... 21
Figure 2.4 Alexandra Hospital, Yishun, Singapore (Guenther & Vittori: 2008) .................. 22
Figure 2.5 SBS (www.wci360.com, www.lunchtimefitness.com, www.safetyreport.com) 23
Figure 2.6 Common SBS symptoms (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 129) ................... 24
Figure 2.7 View of the Millennium Park (www.jodyforehand.files.wordpress.com) .......... 25
Figure 2.8 Khoo Tech Puat Hospital (www.worldarchitecturenews.com) ........................... 27
Figure 2.9 Melrose Arch, nature incorporated into urban design (Source by Author) ......... 28
Figure 2.10 & Healthpark Medical Centre, Florida, biophilic elements linking man with
2.11 nature (www.flickr.com) ...................................................................................... 29
Figure 2.12 Mercato Sport Plaza, integrating natural environments (Schittich: 2007; 829) .. 30
Figure 2.13 Harrington Grove Country Club, visual connections (www.archdaily.com) ...... 30
Figure 2.14 Accommodating man and nature: a healthier future (www.dreiseitl.com) ......... 33
Figure 2.15 & Pietro Russo’s ECOMO Home: Fitting into its context, creating a ‘sense of
2.16 place’ (www.inhabitat.com)................................................................................. 34
Figure 2.17 Melrose Arch, a positively influenced natural setting (Source by Author) ......... 35
Figure 2.18 Gardens of Frank Gehry’s Disney Hall (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008) ..... 36
Figure 2.19 Alexander Forbes: nature improves well-being (www.paragon.co.za) ............... 36
Figure 2.20 A harmonious natural environment (www.fetemusicians.wordpress.com) ........ 37
Figure 2.21 In an office integrate realistic representations of nature (Source by Author) ..... 38
Figure 2.22 Cooling corridors maintaining comfort (www.saman3230.wordpress.com) ...... 39
Figure 2.23 Controlled automatic circulating air (www.saman3230.wordpress.com) ........... 39

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Figure 2.24 The importance of bright day lit spaces (www.blog.japhethlim.com) ................ 41
Figure 2.25 Artificial light and bright day light efficacy (www.blog.japhethlim.com) ......... 42
Figure 2.26 Controlling light deeper into a building (www.blog.japhethlim.com) ................ 43
Figure 2.27 Warm natural wood and stone (www.homegallerydesign.com) ......................... 45
Figure 2.28 Steel and concrete in Architecture (www.weburbanist.com) .............................. 45
Figure 2.29 Natural ventilation, influenced by wind pressure, temperature differences
and the orientation of the building (www.cibse.org) ........................................... 46
Figure 2.30 Natural ventilation strategies (www.cibse.org) ................................................... 47

CHAPTER 3: PRECEDENTS STUDIES

Figure 3.1 & Prisma Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany (www.dreiseitl.net &
3.2 www.benngiles.blogspot) .................................................................................... 49
Figure 3.3 & Khoo Tech Puat Hospital (KTPH), Yishun, Singapore (www.cooper.edu &
3.4 www.flickr.com) .................................................................................................. 49
Figure 3.5, Site Location: Prisma Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
3.6 & 3.7 (Source by Author) .............................................................................................. 50
Figure 3.8 Prisma Nürnberg: Inner atrium courtyard features (Dreiseitl & Grau: 2001) ..... 51
Figure 3.9 Prisma Nürnberg mixed-use urban complex (www.lowimpacthousing.com) .... 51
Figure 3.10 Ground Floor Plan of Prisma Nürnberg (Löhnert: 1998 & Author).................... 52
Figure 3.11 Section of the South-West block (Löhnert: 1998) ............................................... 53
Figure 3.12 Rainwater concepts (Dreiseitl & Grau: 2001; 53) ............................................... 53
Figure 3.13 Interior atrium Café, bursting with natural light and ventilation (www.curt.de) 54
Figure 3.14 Interior atrium Café, natural biophilic design (www.in-goho.de) ....................... 54
Figure 3.15 Interior atrium Café, incorporating warm natural elements (www.curt.de) ........ 54
Figure 3.16 Bioclimatic natural air conditioning wall system construction (Löhnert: 1998) . 54
Figure 3.17 Southern road side view into the Prisma Nürnberg (www.vi.sualize.us) ............ 54
Figure 3.18 In bedded water-feature: water storage for internal irrigation (Löhnert: 1998) .. 56
Figure 3.19 5 metrer high glass purification water-feature wall (Löhnert: 1998) .................. 56
Figure 3.20 Internal planting in auditorium (Löhnert: 1998).................................................. 56
Figure 3.21 Northern entrance into the Prisma Nürnberg (www.barexchange.com) ............. 56
Figure 3.22 Northern offices avoid open able windows (www.eng.archinform.net) ............. 56

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Figure 3.23, Site Location: Khoo Tech Puat Hospital, Yishun, Singapore
3.24 & 3.25 (Source by Author) .............................................................................................. 57
Figure 3.26 Khoo Tech Puat Hospital, Singapore (www.worldarchitecturenews.com) ......... 58
Figure 3.27 & The garden courtyard: Heart of Khoo Tech Puat Hospital (KTPH)
3.28 (www.worldarchitecturenews.com) ..................................................................... 59
Figure 3.29 Courtyard: natural views, connecting man with nature (www.geolocation.ws) . 59
Figure 3.30, Window design strategies allow for natural airflow and reduces glare,
3.31 & 3.32 providing clear storey lighting into basement parking below, angled
screens controlling sunlight (www.greenprospectasia.com) ............................... 60

CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES

Figure 4.1, Alexander Forbes, Sandton, Johannesburg, South Africa
4.2 & 4.3 (www.paragon.co.za)........................................................................................... 62
Figure 4.4, Nedbank Ridgeside, Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal (www.gbcsa.org.za,
4.5 & 4.6 Orientation Booklet, by Author) .............................................................................. 62
Figure 4.7 Site Location: 115 West Street, Sandton, Johannesburg (Source by Author) ..... 63
Figure 4.8 Alexander Forbes, Sandton (www.gbcsa.org.za) ................................................ 63
Figure 4.9 & The ground floor waiting area
4.10 (www.paragon.co.za) ........................................................................................... 64
Figure 4.11 & Floating bridges connecting the N&S blocks, with designated ‘pause areas’ of
4.12 different style and design, on each floor (www.paragon.co.za, by Author) ........ 65
Figure 4.13 Calm slow moving interior water features (Dimmer: 2013) ............................... 66
Figure 4.14 Natural light and visual connection (www.paragon.co.za) ................................. 66
Figure 4.15 Skylight atriums provide light in deeper spaces (Source by Author) .................. 66
Figure 4.16 Large windows visually connecting natural surroundings (Source by Author) .. 67
Figure 4.17 Cleverly orientated, remote controlled, façade shutters (www.paragon.co.za) ... 67
Figure 4.18 Ground Floor Plan of Alexander Forbes, (www.paragon.co.za, by Author) ...... 68
Figure 4.19 & Interior fixtures and finishes creating a sense of environmental psychology
4.20 (Saurce by Author) ............................................................................................... 69
Figure 4.21 Cross Section of Alexander Forbes (www.paragon.co.za, by Author) ............... 69
Figure 4.22 Site Location: 2 Ncondo Place, Ridgeside, Umhlanga (Source by Author)........ 70

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Figure 4.23 Nedbank Ridgeview, Umhlanga (Source by Author) .......................................... 70
Figure 4.24 Healthy indoor environments contribute to well-being (Source by Author) ....... 71
Figure 4.25 Suspended insulated ceiling ensuring a healthy indoors (Source by Author) ..... 71
Figure 4.26 First Floor Plan of the Nedbank Ridgeview building (Source by Author) .......... 72
Figure 4.27 Maximise visual connections to external environments (Source by Author) ...... 73
Figure 4.28 Prevent glare and heat gain into office spaces (Source by Author)..................... 73
Figure 4.29 Rainwater harvesting and re-use (Nedbanks’ Building users guide: 2012) ........ 74
Figure 4.30 Cooling air-conditioning system (Nedbanks’Building users guide: 2012) ......... 74
Figure 4.31 Low panel work stations, allowing natural light (Source by Author) ................. 75
Figure 4.32 Ditulo chair design, increasing health and well-being (Source by Author) ........ 75
Figure 4.33 Entrance foyer naturally lit multi storey atrium (Source by Author) .................. 76
Figure 4.34 Natural elements connect man with nature (Source by Author) ......................... 76

CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 5.1 The percentage of respondents’ age groups ........................................................ 77
Figure 5.2 If occupants thought their building made them feel positive .............................. 78
Figure 5.3 If building users thought they work in a comfortable built environment ............ 78
Figure 5.4 If building users thought their built environment has a healthy interior quality . 79
Figure 5.5 Shows if occupants thought their building them to work productively ............... 79
Figure 5.6 Elements chosen by questioned occupants as most health improving ................ 80

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
1.1.1 Background
A personal assumption was made that a large population of South Africans is currently working
in unhealthy conditions, resulting in making them sick, therefore probably not meeting everyday
human health needs. One can also presume that the study of biophilic architecture form would
result in conclusions of how to improve the environment resulting in a healthier lifestyle,
positive human behaviour patterns and well-being. In investigating these assumptions and issues
among communities, one would find evidence to conclude how human behaviour and well-being
is affected the built form.

The discussion that follows will predominantly deal with the causes and effects of sick building
syndrome (SBS), which is commonly known as a health problem. Sick building syndrome can be
defined as psychological and or physical distress which is generated specifically in work
scenarios. In general most people do suffer from sick building syndrome without realising
(Baker: 1989; 607–624).

Man has evolved over the years, resulting in modern day technological society. Edward O.
Wilson stated that the planet is under pressure due to human related factors and that man is
contributing to the “environmental crisis which is threatening the survival of many species,
including the human species” (Sassi: 2006; 2). Nature is being pushed aside for the comfort of
making life easy (Day: 2002). Man has forgotten that nature is the source of their existence,
slowly becoming disconnected from nature therefore resulting in a concern for well-being
(Walker: 2007). An understanding of how surroundings affect man would assist in creating a
positive well-being environment (Day: 2002; 9).

Architects have to start with changing the way they design, introducing natural elements into
buildings and other environmental issues, related to a better way of living (Wilson: 2013). When
looking at the built form, Architecture does not merely reflect on human behaviour and reactions,
it also influences them: Dutch architect Aldo van Eyck, who identified architecture with human
affects (Smithson, 1962: 87) declared:

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“First, man creates environment, and environment, in its turn, influences man”
- A Smithson -

Human beings are greatly affected, both physically and mentally, by our surroundings, whether
natural or built. Buildings constructed specifically to help with the well-being of its user have a
particularly important role to play in this regard. A green environment promotes healthy living.
The development of green buildings would promote wellness throughout communities.

According to McCurry, Nanda, and Pati (2009: 116), wellness architecture in general is often
neglected when it comes to important design considerations, such as the psychological effects of
environmental aesthetics.

1.1.2 Motivation / Justification of the study

Individuals thrive on everyday needs. Shelter is a basic need according to Maslow (1962),
provides privacy and security, involving physical, psychological and cultural limits. The question
is, how does mans behaviour relate to changing the environment. Human behaviour reflects from
the built form. When looking at human needs in the built form such as breathing, we become
aware of the internal air quality and natural ventilation needed within the building, and the
thermal comfort within a given space. People’s responses to different environments differ from
place to place because of changes in social, cultural, ritual, economic and physical factors
(Rapoport, 1969: chapter 1).

Smith and Kelly (2006) express that there is an ‘unprecedented intensification in the pursuit of
wellness’, this explains that, through these specific architectural environments, not only undergo
a journey of ‘physical movement’ but also a journey towards a ‘greater sense of self-awareness
and contentment’. Meeting your basic needs first builds the grounding for higher needs, resulting
in complete mental and physical self awareness and happiness.

It was investigated and concluded that most modern day architectural interventions of ‘healing’
put more emphasis on mental behaviour rather than both the physical and spiritual improvement
of an individual (Smith & Kelly: 2006b; 16). The resolution would be a need for an architectural

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intervention that focuses not only on the physical behaviour of an individual, but also on spiritual
and mental well-being. Thus it is important that the architectural intervention that includes these
characteristics give priority to the positive behaviour patterns and well-being of individuals.

1.2 DEFINING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1 Definition of the Research Problem
This dissertation explores human behaviour and well-being, and its influence on Architectural
form. It will examine various behaviour patterns within the architectural environment from the
broader macro-context down to the intermediate context and considers how they affect human
well-being, from both a positive and negative point of view. Emphasis will be placed on sick
building syndrome and how natural elements (colour, light, texture, sound, natural lighting &
ventilation, thermal comfort, water & water features, landscapes and gardens) can influence
well-being through architectural interventions and how these environments can affect human
behaviour. The spirit of a particular place is fed by the attitudes and the many actions of the
people responsible for the built environment (Day: 2002; 7).

1.2.2 Aims
The main aim of this study is to establish which natural elements affect which behaviour patterns
within the built form. Researching nature and its effect on human behaviour could prove a result
in well-being within architecture. Exploring the concept of sick building syndrome an accurate
investigation can be made as to which design elements result in natural well-being when
implemented into social spaces. In designing the proposed building, nature and natural design
elements would be taken into account to improve the well-being the user within the built
environment.

1.2.3 Objectives
 To discover how the natural physical environment influences human behaviour
 To interpret which human health needs influence positive built environments
 To investigate the definition of sick building syndrome and how it influences productivity
 To acquire appropriate knowledge to create awareness and a response for mental and
physical well-being in Architecture through Biophilic design

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1.3 SETTING OUT THE SCOPE
1.3.1 Delimiting the Research Problem
The subject of human behaviour and well-being in South Africa is broad and can be adequately
investigated in numerous areas and diverse situations affecting different groups of people.
Sustainability and Biophilic design has reached South African shores, but in the author’s opinion
it has much room to develop and be implemented into the designing world. By investigating sick
building syndrome and its solution: Biophilic design, one can be confident to design sustainable
buildings.

An understanding of how natural elements in Architecture can affect human behaviour through
psychological and physical behaviour has to be established. One must investigate numerous
areas and diverse situations affecting different groups of people for an accurate conclusion. The
group of people chosen to be analysed are the working class in a working environment. The
reason for this study is to understand how Biophilia in Architecture can affect human needs
(natural lighting & ventilation, water & water features, landscapes and gardens) through
psychological behaviour and physical improvement of productivity within the built environment.
One must question whether natural environments are beneficial to human behaviour in
comparison to building environments that are void of natural stimuli. Thorough this
establishment a design brief for a proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park Development in the
Northern Durban area can be established.

Investigating design elements such as bringing nature into the built form, connecting nature with
order and green buildings could result in positive behaviour patterns, as well as minimising stress
within an urban environment. When investigating natural elements such as internal air quality
and natural ventilation needed within a ‘healing’ building, careful design strategies are necessary
to achieve thermal comfort and positive well-being within the given space. Elements such as
bringing nature into the built form, connecting nature with order and green buildings will guide
an understanding of psychological and physical behaviour patterns of users in the built
environment. This would assist in special interior design criteria required for positive enjoyable
spaces. Preventing sick building syndrome within the proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park
Development would hopefully be the ultimate solution benefiting the well-being of its user.

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1.3.2 Definition of Terms
By understanding how Biophilic design influences human behaviour and well-being through
nature in Architecture, are to be investigated individually. Looking at the definition for each, one
will get a clearer understanding of the broader meaning.

 Well-being: A good quality of life, a state of being happy, healthy, and successful,
psychologically and physically, affected by the environment

 Biophilia: An affiliation man has towards nature; the design of natural elements and
features in buildings critical to human health, performance, and well-being

 Environmental Psychology: Study of the relationship between an environment and how it

affects its inhabitants and their behaviour

 Natural environment: The geographical area includes all living and non-living things
occurring naturally on earth. A natural environment is an environment that is as close as
possible to its natural state - one that is relatively unaffected by human activity

 Sick Building Syndrome (SBS): A mental and physical distress, affecting office
occupants, resulting in headaches and poor well-being, found when the individual leaves
his or her working environment

 Human Behaviour: A physical and or psychological reaction one experiences through

interaction and effects influenced by nature and the built environment

1.3.3 Stating the Assumptions

The assumptions of the dissertation will involve the investigation of human behaviour patterns
and what effect nature in Architecture has on our well-being and how it improves the lifestyle of
its user, whereby one can say that natural elements in buildings could improve the Architectural
form combining Nature and Order.

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1.3.4 Key Question
Main question:
 How can Biophilic design affect human behaviour patterns and well-being?

Secondary questions:
 To what extent is human behaviour (psychological and physical) influenced by natural
elements?

 How can the built environment facilitate behaviour patterns, as well as mental and
physical well-being?

 What causes sick building syndrome?

 What architectural response would support the theories of behaviour patterns and well-
being in Biophilic design?

 Could biophilic design promote health and is there evidence that can support its
effectiveness through the relation between built and natural environments?

1.3.5 Hypothesis
The built environment affects the user, positively or negatively. Implementing natural elements
into Architectural form improves psychological and physical behaviour patterns and well-being,
creating a sense of place, reducing stress levels and informs productivity.

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1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1.4.1 Genius Loci: A 'sense of place'
The ‘spirit of place’ concept is best described by Genius Loci as a daily reality which people
have to live through from day to day. Spaces designed for social interaction to occur provide
opportunities for public relaxation in harmonious surroundings. Yi-fu Tuan (1977) has a similar
way of thinking as Genius Loci, where he explains how occupants of architectural spaces’
behaviour patterns as well as mood gets affected through their personal experience of the space:
“Architectural form is an environment for man… it then influences human feeling and
consciousness” (Tuan: 1977).

Figure 1.1: Asian home, providing a ‘sense of place’ through a connection between nature and
architecture, resulting in a peaceful and tranquil setting (www.houzz.com)

The concept of Genius Loci’s overall idea is that ‘the place’ relates to how an individual's
physical and mental emotions and feelings are ‘stimulated’ in a chosen environment. When
experiencing a space for the first time a ‘feeling of consciousness’ emerges, this stirs
‘subconscious emotions’ about the current surroundings. A special quality, a ‘sense of place’ of
the chosen area gives rise from the building footprint and urban layout connection making up a
space.

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A ‘sense of place’ could refer to the ‘spirit of a place’, which emphasizes the importance of
identifying one with the current surroundings, connecting one’s spiritual emotions to the area. It
directly links psychologically to how an individual feels and interprets an environment; this can
be both a negative and positive reaction. The combination of architectural elements, combined
with the overall setting of the environment, gives a space balance between design and nature.
This proves the importance of positive architectural form.

1.4.2 Environmental Psychology

Environmental psychology is a field of study that examines the relationship between
environments and how it affects its inhabitants and their behaviour (De Young: 2013). This
involves the relationship between a person’s state of mind and their physical environment.
Spaces should place emphasis on issues such as ‘increased sensitivity to chemicals and
pollutants; acoustical design; and access to daylight, nature and the outdoors’ (refer to figure 1.2)
(Guenther & Vittori: 2008; 14).

Figure 1.2: An integration between nature, natural elements and architecture.

How does that affect human behaviour? A peaceful state of mind (www.houzz.com)

The problems faced when dealing with human behaviour could be factors such as natural light,
colour, fresh air, and a visual contact with water and nature or noise pollution, which affects
productivity (refer to figure 1.3). These are common attributes to human behaviour and well-

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being. When designing spaces for people it is necessary to know which elements affect human
behaviour patterns and to design accordingly to enhance the experiences people come across in
these spaces (Maslow: 1962).

“Territoriality involves the possession and defense of physical space, as

well as the exclusiveness of use, marking, personalization, and identity
(as a reflection of the self) of that space by the occupant or user. In most
civilizations, territories serve to organize human behaviours so that acts
of violence, aggression, and overt domination are reduced.”
- Julian Edney -

Figure 1.3: Human behaviour and productivity gets affected by natural lighting, ventilation,
visual connections and noise pollution in an office environment (www.paragon.co.za)

Architects need to consider the way in which buildings are designed, constructed and maintained
to promote healthier built environments and how it can avoid being harmful. The choice of
building materials needs to perform for human comfort and have low environmental impact.
Achieving a design solution that uses building materials and energy in a sustainable way and
meets human needs often involves compromises. Using sustainable materials (such as those
made from rapidly renewable resources or those with high recycled content) that also have sound
absorbing properties can result in green building design.

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An example of the benefits of green buildings in working environments is described by Sally
Augustin:

“Green buildings signal to workers that an organization values its

employees’ long-term welfare, which has positive repercussions. They
also signal a concern for the public welfare to the general population,
which has significant public relations values if the concerns seem
legitimate. People working in green buildings are more likely to feel that
their workplace meets their needs than people working in other
buildings, and they are also less likely to be negative when there is a
problem with building operations (e.g., temperature, lighting, noise)”
(Augustin: 2009; 183).

A truly positive environmental psychological building is one that endures, which means that it
must be a place where people want to be a place that is healthy, nurturing, and delightful to its
occupants. Christopher Day reports that improved office environments can increase employee
productivity, while improved hospital environments can reduce treatment times (Day: 1990; 1).
Nature and natural elements provide the most sufficient environmental care. Perhaps the most
purely ‘therapeutic’ environment is a totally natural setting, with no building at all.

1.4.3 Edward, O. Wilson’s Biophilia Hypothesis

Mans current design strategies and ways of thinking about architecture are insufficient.
Designers would need to redefine solutions to architectural problems, through a theoretical
natural way of designing, inspired by human behaviour and positive well-being. Edward, O.
Wilson, invented the term ‘biophilia’ in his book Biopilia (1984), arguing that ‘human beings
have a natural interest and attraction to nature’. He defined the term as “the connections that
human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life.” Kellert (1993), defines the concept of
biophilia as “a complex of weak genetic tendencies to value nature that are instrumental in
human physical, material, emotional, intellectual, and moral well-being. Because biophilia is
rooted in human biology and evolution, it represents an argument for conserving nature based
on long-term self-interest.”

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Wilson’s biophilia hypothesis states that humans need contact with natural forms, just as much
as they require nutrients and air for survival (Kellert: 2005, Kellert and Wilson: 1993). Man
benefits from Biophilia’s natural resources such as food, water, and shelter, nature also provides
emotional and spiritual satisfaction. “People will fight to keep biophilic features,” says Kellert,
describing how office buildings with views to the outdoors are more dominant. People have an
affiliation with nature, when not present, artificial nature such as potted plants, images of nature
etc. can also nurture the soul.

Figure 1.4: Bringing nature into buildings through Biophilic design (www.alpolic-usa.com)

Biophilic architecture is the merging of artificial structures with natural structures, such as
bringing nature into buildings, using natural materials and surfaces, vegetation, allowing natural
light and ventilation (refer to figure 1.4). It is becoming increasingly well known that biophilic
elements (bringing nature into buildings) promotes measurable benefits to human behaviour;
performance, productivity, emotional well-being, stress reduction, learning, health and healing
(Wilson: 2006 and Kellert: 2005).

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1.5 RESEARCH METHODS AND MATERIALS
The research conducted within this dissertation consisted of primary and secondary data
collection and analysis. The research gathered and the resultant findings were incorporated into
this document which established positive behaviour patterns through the connection between
man and nature, exploring two forms of study: empirical and non-empirical study. The empirical
study will explore the use of primary data in the form of case studies, surveys, questionnaires and
text data. The non-empirical approach will deal with secondary data in the review of literature.

1.5.1 Primary Research

Primary data collection allows for the testing of the validity of the previously stated hypothesis
through case studies and self analysis, as they are real life examples of what the concepts and
theories mentioned in this document are capable of producing. This analysis and case studies
were carried out through sampling (a purposive sample, also commonly called a judgmental
sample, is one that is selected based on the knowledge of a population and the purpose of the
study. The subjects are selected because of certain characteristics) an in-depth understanding of
human behaviour: personal observations, focused interviews, questionnaires and qualitative
surveys, site visits, photographing and assessing buildings, obtaining accurate information.

Structured interviews were conducted with professionals in the field of architectural design such
as the administrators, urban designers and architects, as well as people using the buildings on a
daily basis. Graham Wilson (Director of Osmond Lange Architects & Planners), Dayle Duncan
(Facilities Administrator at Nedbank Ridgeview), Amir Livneh (Project Architect at Paragon
Architects), and V. Lambert (Facilities Administrator at Alexander Forbes), were personally
interviewed to assess and evaluate the previously set aims, objectives and key questions. Their
expertise, opinions and practical knowledge regarding Green Architecture and how that
influences human behaviour and well-being was required as part of a conclusive discussion,
providing an architectural understanding of design criteria required for future development.

The Alexander Forbes Building, Sandton and The Nedbank Ridgeview Building, Umhlanga
were chosen based on their 4 Star SA-Green Star Status, being the closest example of Biophilic
or sustainable design within an accessible area. By interviewing the designers and occupants,

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visiting, photographing and critically assessing buildings or spaces relevant to the chosen case
study the author hopes to gain evidence of sick building syndrome or the use of biophilic design
which positively influence human behaviour and well-being. This document is largely theoretical
in nature and is therefore focused on a qualitative method, clarifying why and how respondents
are satisfied within their working / living environment and whether nature is a vital component
of well-being. These case studies provided first hand insight, relevant to the topic, their successes
and failures. The key was to ask relevant questions to meet the aims and objectives of the thesis.

The case studies were analysed by observation and comparison through the below criteria, based
on the theoretical framework supported by research discussed in the literature review:
 Man vs Nature – the human need to affiliate with nature
 Thermal Comfort – indoor air quality and special design
 Natural Elements – vegetation / water / natural ventilation and lighting
 Behaviour Patterns – feelings and reactions in the built form

1.5.2 Secondary Research

Secondary data collection included research by means of existing literature investigation of
existing buildings, chosen as case and precedent studies, in terms of theoretical principles, testing
the comparison and the evaluation of data obtained. This knowledge helps establish a general
understanding around the key research questions and provides information that can determine the
outcome of the hypothesis. The sources used include books, journals, electronic sources such as
websites, e-books and e-journals, unpublished dissertations, raw data from interviews and
questionnaires. Collected materials were in the form of images, diagrams, photographs and
sketches. In this research, a qualitative research approach was used. This method was based on a
critical analysis of behaviour, attitudes and experiences of users in the built form. The study of
various precedents provided practical insight into the existing theories on sick building syndrome
and how biophilic design positively influences human behaviour and well-being in architecture.

The research generated an understanding of how biophilic architecture influences human

behaviour and well-being. It was vital to logically examine primary and secondary sources, and
so conclusions and recommendation were derived within each chapter.

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CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS
2.1.1 Introduction
Places speak to us, affecting our mood and behaviour, as investigated by the theory of
environmental psychology. If positive our surroundings can nourish, balance and heal, if
negative it could result in the complete opposite, thus feeding stress and related depressing
emotions. Natural elements such as water stimulate the soul with its calm forceful movements,
tempo and power. Air is an element affecting human health, behaviour, emotion and well-being.
Our emotions affect how we breathe, speak and even body scent.

Air is the result of transfer of emotions, memories and associations, reinforcing its physiological
effects, such as an open window to freshly cut grass. Water influences human behaviour by the
natural ripples drawing the mind into a soothing dream, washing away stress and stimulating
life’s energies. Tranquillity is achieved with still, clean water. The different types of water
movements influence moods of the soul. Water has the healing powers that clean both body and
soul, generating a sense of belonging and place discussed by Genius Loci’s ‘sense of place’
theory (Tuan: 1977 & Day: 2002; 29-38).

Internally buildings affect human behaviour patterns such as textiles, soft furnishings and
landscapes nourish human feelings. Research shows that office workers with a window view of
nature reported lower frustration and higher life satisfaction and overall health (Kellert,
Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 98). During this research individuals were divided into two groups,
depending on the place in which they would spend their holidays. Either this was in ‘free’ nature,
or in an urban environment. Before and after their holiday, subjects had to undergo a
proofreading test. Both studies revealed that subjects who had spent their holiday in nature
scored better in proofreading than before their departure. In contrast, individuals who had made a
city trip scored lower after their trip than before.

In agreement with these results, Tennessen & Cimprich (1995) showed that students with views
of nature from their dormitory windows performed better on attention tasks than students without
such views.

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We as designers have a responsibility to find a happy medium between natural and physical
environments. Individual, cultural and universal responses influence the way we react to our
surroundings. These responses are involuntary, touching the deepest part of our being, our
humanity (Day: 2002; 112-113).

What psychological influence does the environment have on human behaviour, when walking
into a building for the first time? Is it the first impression, the atmosphere of a place and spirit,
the smells, lighting, physical form, materials or colour of the interior? All of the above proves
Genius Loci’s ‘spirit of a place’ theory. What should a building or room say? What feeling
responses should it appeal to? All of these questions answer how the ‘spirit of place’ should be
designed for its specific purpose. Therefore what a place says is more important than how it
looks (Day: 2002; 158-159).

2.1.2 Stress and its causes

The qualities around us affect our state of being, which in turn affect the way we react towards
others. Disharmonious surroundings promote social disharmony, raising stress levels. Ulrich
(2002) defined stress as, “a process of responding to events, environmental features, or
situations that are challenging, exceed coping resources, or threaten well-being.” Stress is
crucial in understanding how biophilic design and health care environments can influence
outcomes. These outcomes are related to psychological, physiological, and behavioural changes
linked to stress. The behavioural effects of stress can be social withdrawal or verbal outbursts in
the working environment (Ulrich: 2002).

The question is: how can the built environment improve stress, as well as mental and physical
well-being? Environmental stresses can come from environmental degradation associated with
pollution (air, water and noise), the lack of public, social and green spaces within a working
environment and city framework, concluding in the form of sick building syndrome. An
imbalance psychologically or in harmony causes illness to occur. Healthy calm environments
result in lower stress levels. Noise can produce direct physiological stress and strain heart
muscles, while natural sounds can relieve it (Day: 2002; 112-113, 187-189). Stress breeds, feeds
and triggers illnesses. Not everyone gets sick from these symptoms.

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“To understand how environment can make us ill, we need to understand why we get ill”
- Christopher Day -

Stress affects hormones which in turn give the body the ability to fight disease. The best cure is
happiness and laughter. De-stressing involves all our senses of colour, light, sound and smell,
working psychologically on our mood, touching the inner soul. By eliminating noise and
vibration, changing colour and lighting, softening and harmonising shapes and forms would
result in a less stressful environment. This indicates that nature can reduce psychological and
physiological stress in individuals (Augustins: 2009; 186-187).

2.1.3 Psychological reaction

Mans feelings and moods are supported by colour, harmony and multi-sensory delight. An
environment that provides a journey, beauty and care can nurture spiritual development (refer to
figure 2.1). In turn these building principals can nurture the human being as a whole, supporting
health physically and spiritually, nourishing the soul (Day: 2002; 187-189).

Day (2002) discusses how the human “psychological state influences hormonal balance, so
strengthening or weakening immunity,” therefore focusing on self-value, involving spiritual
development, connecting with the natural environment (refer to figure 2.1). Places do affect your
state of soul, but there’s much more to feelings than behaviourist satisfaction of instincts and
survival needs (Day: 2002; 213).

If places and spaces are healthy and pleasant to occupy, employees are more likely to be content
(Baker: 1989; 607–624). Therefore there is a link between man’s behaviour and the built form
through understanding behaviour patterns, desires, motivations and feelings. The question is,
how does mans behaviour relate to changing the environment reflected on the built form.
People’s responses differ from place to place because of changes in social, cultural, ritual,
economic and physical factors (Rapoport: 1969; chapter 1).

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Figure 2.1: Connecting man harmoniously with nature (www.houzz.com)

2.1.4 Physical reaction

Rarely does man consciously focus on its surroundings, but it does affect their behaviour. Man
experiences its environment through shapes and dimensions in relation to the body scale and
proportions. Physical responses can induce feelings like relaxation, dynamism, compulsion,
instability, awe, repression or negative levels of resentment, distrust, defensiveness, anxiety and
confusion (Ryan & Morrow: 1992; 220-224). There is more to life than what humans need from
their surroundings. They need order and organisation as well as proportional relationships. In
some places man can’t help but feel irritable, tense, cramped and in other places relaxed, sociable
and friendly. These physical reactions are subconscious, but the built and natural environment
can determine the positive or negative physical reactions (Day: 2002; 184-186).

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“There is no doubt whatever about the influence of Architecture and
structure upon human character and action. We shape our buildings, and
afterwards our buildings shape us. They regulate the course of our lives”
- Winston Churchill -

Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1962) stated that basic needs: deficiency needs, are directly
related to human coping behaviour, which consists of a human’s basic level of survival and
coping with everyday life (physically coping).

These basic physiological needs are the physical and actual needs individuals need to sustain
everyday life, which includes food, water, shelter, air etc. Maslow (1962) states, “Unless and
until these basic physiological needs are satisfied to the required extent, other needs do not
motivate an employee,” any hungry person, would be incapable of concentrating on anything
else except their hunger, which affects their productivity (Maslow: 1962).

For basic survival people need their basic needs, the extrinsic needs, which refer to behavioural
and systemic needs of physical homeostasis and social influence. The problems faced when
dealing with these needs could be air and noise pollution, which affects productivity. Social
alienation can also be a cause of lack of interaction, resulting in social destruction within a space.
When designing spaces for people it is necessary to know which basic needs are being affected
in these spaces to design accordingly to enhance the experiences people come across in these
spaces (Maslow: 1962).

2.2 HUMAN WELL-BEING

Often overlooked is the impact of the physical and built environment on human senses,
emotions, sense of community, participation in community life, and general well-being (refer to
figure 2.2), relating to the relationship between environments and how it affects its inhabitants
and their behaviour: environmental psychology. Designers aim to create sustainable
environments that allow for a positive impact on human well-being. Architects have the greatest
impact on human behaviour and their well-being through individual building design.

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Figure 2.2: Humanity in a holistic context (www.mecteam.blogspot.com)

Before a clear understanding of the impact architecture has on human behaviour can be
determined, one must first consider the various aspects of human well-being, health and healing.
The World Health Organization defines health as:

“A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and

not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
- (WHO: 1948) -

The field of human well-being and stress has become a significant research theme for both the
medical and psychological professions. When thinking about a person’s well-being, one thinks of
a natural healthy environment. People have basic needs; physical, mental and spiritual aspects
which combine to determine happiness and well-being (Maslow: 1962). The spiritual and
psychological point of view can make an important contribution to a person’s well-being that
impacts mental and physical behaviour patterns (Day: 2002).

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As cultural values change and an increasing number of people live in urban areas, people find
themselves leading lives that are separate from nature, which has become negative to mans’
well-being, behaviour, mental and physical lifestyle. Regular contact with nature promotes
physical and psychological benefits, and it can be argued that this relationship is crucial to an
individual’s health and happiness. Today’s society is technologically advanced with high
standards of comfort and convenience, therefore the global population chooses to live and work
in cities. Architects and planners are working on a solution that accepts society’s urban lifestyle
while integrating methods of meaningful integration with nature, such as daylight, vegetation,
and fresh air, views of nature, and people; that could improve and encourage physical and
psychological well-being.

An individual’s basic need for well-being is a representation of their own quality of life. These
include the quality of relationships, personal achievements, and individual values, relating to
Maslow’s basic hierarchy of human needs (Diener & Eunkook: 2000; 3-12).

2.3 WELL-BEING IN ARCHITECTURE

Environmental psychology includes contact with nature, promoting psychological well-being and
physical health dates back at least two thousand years according to Ulrich (2002). Alexander
(2002) states that the physical environment affects an individual’s life and the shape of a
building affects one’s ability to love, one’s well-being and one’s behaviour. Spaces and
environments affect human well-being in a conscious and sub-conscious manner. Special gesture
influence physical and mental state of mind. Vertical proportions draw us up, and the horizontals
are calming. Spaces are designed to either influence your state of mind by inviting you to stop or
allow you to move through freely (Day: 2002; 184).

Nature is an element of healing. Therefore implementing it into design and everyday life would
promote healthier living environments (refer to figure 2.3).

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Figure 2.3: OHE: Optimal Healing Environmental strategy (www.blog.lpainc.com)

Day (2002) defines health and well-being as “a state of renewal, development and balance
relation to the world,” which inform the basic balance of human needs (water, air and warmth)
within a man’s physical environment (Maslow: 1962). Butterworth (2000) talks about how
people “prefer environments that support them with safety, food and shelter,” the basic human
needs of Maslow’s theory. Butterworth (2000) also states that people ‘need’ a sense of
belonging, as argued by Genius Loci’s theory; people relate to spaces with a ‘sense of place’.
The community reflects the symbolic interaction in which people engage as they make use of
their physical environment. Architectural form should be designed to encourage a level of social
connectivity, through social interaction and engagement to improve the higher esteem needs of
individuals (Reynolds, 1990: 101-110).

When dealing with human well-being within a given space one could refer to climatic responses:
air quality, thermal comfort of the space, light and ventilation, which are essential to human
survival. These elements can be designed for within the architectural built form to improve well-
being and lifestyle for humans.

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“Climate-responsive design is based on the way a building form and
structure moderates the climate for human good and well-being”
- Llewellyn van Wyk -

Figure 2.4: Alexandra Hospital, Yishun, Singapore, demonstrates achieving daylighiting, natural ventilation and
good air quality through courtyard design, promoting well-being in a healthy environment (Guenther & Vittori: 2008)

Clean air is becoming scarce. Outdoor air gets polluted by industrial buildings and traffic and
indoor air by furniture and building materials off-gassing, as well as secondary breath and body
odours. Most environmental hazards originate in the built environment. Headaches, eyestrain,
depression, stress, anxiety, and cancers can all be negative outcomes of poor quality urban
environments (Butterworth: 2000; 1).  
 
Ventilation solves most indoor problems. Air quality has to be improved, indoors and out by use
of vegetation. Healthy air is vital for well-being in architecture (refer to figure 2.4). Healthy air
results in a healthy soul. Plants don’t just photo-synthesize CO2, giving out oxygen and clears air
particles of unwanted chemicals. They improve air quality through re-oxygenation, humidity and
temperature moderation, dust anchoring, pollution absorption and ion generation. Vegetation in
and around a building also absorbs sound, and are aromatic and soft on the eye (Day: 2002; 42-
43).

Man and its environment are seeking to become one. There is nothing living about and industrial
building, air-conditioned and chemical factory. Natural materials could bring man closer to
nature and the built environment, through living cycles and processes of nature (aging), which is
natural to every living thing, including humans (Alexander: 2002). Natural materials minimise

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industrial processing when used locally, reducing transport pollution and re-establishes man with
their surroundings (Tuan: 1977). A healthier way of design results in a healthier way of living
environment. Developing in broader holistic ways through thought and feelings of wellness and
vitality would result in buildings as homes of the spirit. By designing with this kind of mind set
different buildings would be built and old ones would be modified to support health and even
healing (Day: 2002; 187-190).

2.4 SICK BUILDING SYNDROME

2.4.1 Introduction
Dealing with the issue of buildings showing characteristics of a ‘sick’ building, could result in
occupants suffering negative effects. Human beings in general spend almost all of our time in an
actual building, whether at home, at work or busy with recreational activities.

Figure 2.5: Sick Building Syndrome in buildings (www.wci360.com, www.lunchtimefitness.com, www.safetyreport.com)

Sick building syndrome (SBS) can be defined as a, “psychological and or physical distress,”
which originates particularly in working environments (Baker: 1989; 607–624). What causes
sick building syndrome? In general most people do suffer from sick building syndrome without
realizing. This condition affects every person within the building, regardless of how healthy they
are (refer to figure 2.5). It is said that seated views of nature and proximity to windows are linked
to reducing sick building syndrome, increases performance and improves overall health and
well-being (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 120).

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Figure 2.6: Common SBS symptoms with or without outdoor plants (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 129)

Although sick building syndrome was originally associated with newly constructed and or
recently renovated buildings that were designed for energy efficiency (with an inadequate
mechanical ventilation system), there are also other environmental conditions that aid in the
poorest air quality which is circulated within buildings (Chisholm & Doyle: 1993; 46-47).

2.4.2 Physical and psychological impact

People do not believe a building could be the cause of illness, there is level of disbelief with
regards to the environmental and psychological effects. Inhabitants are in an agreement that
physical factors, (ventilating, heating systems and organic volatile compounds) play an important
role in the psychological, organizational and social impacts that sick building syndrome have on
its user (Baker: 1989; 607-624).

Everyday pollution in society has led to the effect of physical and psychological well-being of
space users. The psychological and sensual effects of the architectural form are more important
than the functional aspect. Stimulating the human senses and relaxation makes spaces
pleasurable. Sensual delight is ‘the satisfaction of order, variety, rhythm and contrast through the

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senses’. It can be achieved by a quality of space that is revitalized with colour, texture, shape and
proportion (refer to figure 2.7). Visual sensation and movement in a space create enjoyment,
through strong impressions in a space (Lynch, 1982). An open view enables no restriction for an
individual to observe and make sense of a scene. Openness depends on a context where people
enjoy the defined open spaces as well as panoramas (Nasar, 1998: 68-69).

Figure 2.7: Perspective view of the Millennium Park (www.jodyforehand.files.wordpress.com)

It seems that sick buildings have a long lasting effect on their occupants who over time become
unmanageable and irritable, affecting productivity and behaviour patterns. If buildings are
healthy and pleasant to occupy, employees are likely to be comfortable. Sick building syndrome
is not only associated with the building in isolation. The people working in sick building
syndrome buildings were known to have a much higher level of resentment, distrust,
defensiveness, anxiety and confusion in comparison to those who worked in non-sick building
syndrome buildings (Baker: 1989; 607-624).

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2.5 BIOPHILIA
2.5.1 Introduction
Kellert & Wilson (1993), interprets biophilia as a “positive emotional affiliation of human beings
to other living organisms. Innate means hereditary and hence part of ultimate human nature”,
and stated is must be strictly separated from negative or ‘biophobic’ responses to natural entities.
When talking about Biophilic Architecture as a general concept and theory of Edward O. Wilson,
one starts to analyse the basic behaviours and values of human relationships with nature. The key
question is: How can biophilic design affect human behaviour patterns and well-being? As well
as: Could biophilic design promote health and is there evidence that can support its effectiveness
through the relation between built and natural environments? The problem faced with, is sick
building syndrome. Biophilic Architecture could be the solution through a link of natural and
physical environments, influencing human behaviour and well-being.

Nature presents the richness and variety of patterns, textures, light and colours that affect human
behaviour. A rich sensory environment surrounds us with visual delight, sounds, and variations
of temperature as we move through space. The influence of biophilic design can show how
architecture and design can evoke human behaviour in the design elements. Many of these
elements include the use of light, air, materials, colour, spatial definition, movement patterns,
openings and enclosures, volume definition, and interior and exterior connections (Kellert: 2005;
229).

It is clear that biophilic design is not just about nature in architecture and bringing the natural
environment into buildings. It is about how humanity relates to aesthetically appealing forms of
nature and how the natural environment fits into society (refer to figure 2.8). How can the built
environment facilitate behaviour patterns, as well as mental and physical well-being? The idea of
biophilic design came from the basic human sensory rich world that affects human health,
productivity, emotional, intellectual and spiritual well-being, as well as reducing stress levels and
eases pain. Biophilic design aims to create psychological, physical and socially healthful
environments (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008).

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Figure 2.8: Khoo Tech Puat Hospital, integrating and fitting into the natural environment (www.worldarchitecturenews.com)

Futuristic sustainability must have the combination of biophilic design and low environmental
impact, resulting in a restorative environmental design (refer to figure 2.8). Lewis Mumford said,
‘the building must… fit its site, harmonize with or stand out from its neighbours, fulfill its own
function as a shelter, a work-place, or a play-place, and give a special pleasure to everyone who
passes it or enters it’ (Roth: 1993; 135).

“Biophilic design is the expression of the inherent human need to

affiliate with nature in the design of built environment”
- Stephen R. Kellert, Judith H. Heerwagen, Martin L. Mador -

Designers need to compromise and respond to natural conditions such as sunlight, weather,
water, plants, animals and landscapes within the physical environment to create a sustainable
natural world. Some of the biggest issues faced by the designers are unsustainable energy and
resource consumption, air and water pollution, climate change, waste generation, unhealthy
indoor environmental conditions, due to human disconnection from nature (Kellert, Heerwagen,
Mador: 2008; vii-viii).

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Buildings that incorporate biophilia are good-spirited buildings. Biophilic design elements affect
the built environment; green networks within urban design schemes, as well as provide natural
light to interior spaces for human comfort. What designers can do is design beautiful spaces to
invite the spirit in (refer to figure 2.9). Places affect how its user behaves, relate to one another,
their mood, spirit and the way they think. If these spaces are designed with biophilia in mind
‘beauty’ and urban sustainability could be achieved (Guenther & Vittori: 2008).

Figure 2.9: Melrose Arch, elements of nature incorporated into urban design creating a ‘sense of place’ (Source by Author)

Tranquillity, delight, human-vitality and social warmth are biophilic elements to de-stress
renews, re-integrate and enliven design. It frees us from the elements that cause stress, such as
noise. A tranquil place needs to be soothing, calm environment, healing to the soul. A healing or
natural environment is not for the ill. Man benefits from healing surroundings, which leads to
growth towards wholeness. Day (2002), describes wholeness as: “a balanced integration of the
four levels of our being – body, life-energy, soul and individuality” inner growth being a process
of spiritual development, derived from how its user feel in that given place and how they value it.
He also asks the questions: “How can we create places so meaningfully shaped that they
inevitably feel in harmony with their surroundings? Places so linked into the living ecology
around them that they root, enliven nurture and inspire those who live in them?” …guidance for
biophilic architectural designers, linking man with nature (refer to figure 2.10) (Day: 2002). To

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what extent is human behaviour (psychological and physical) influenced by natural elements?
People working inside of buildings each day desire an office with windows overlooking park-like
settings, people build vacation homes at higher elevations with views of water, as well as
choosing to go for runs/walks in a park rather than an indoor gym track, to improve their lifestyle
psychologically (Wilson: 1993). This creates a response for mental and physical well-being in
Architecture through Biophilic design.

Figure 2.10 & 2.11: Healthpark Medical Centre, Florida, biophilic elements linking man with nature (www.flickr.com)

There is so much potential in Architecture to heal and enrich humanity, but there is never one
‘right’ design. Some spaces need stimulation, or to be peaceful and harmonious, some warm and
sociable, others cool and tranquil, so focusing our attention to the exterior or interior, all related
to basic health in well-being (Day: 2002; 221-240).

2.5.2 Restorative environmental and Biophilic design

“An approach that aims at both a low-environmental-impact
strategy that minimises and mitigates adverse impacts on the
natural environment and a positive environmental impact or biophilic
design approach that fosters beneficial contact between people and
nature in modern buildings and landscapes”
- Steven R. Kellert, Judith H. Heerwagen, Martin L. Mador -

The objectives that restorative environmental and biophilic design follows are energy saving and
efficiency, sustainable materials, safe waste generation and disposal, pollution reducing, and
indoor environmental quality (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 5-6). Biophilic qualities exist in

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the human built environment, as they do in nature. A building, courtyard, neighbourhood and
city have biophilic attributes in materiality, form, space and connectivity to nature, which in turn
proves Genius Loci’s ‘sense of place’ theory to be essential in biophilic design (Kellert et al:
2008; 235).

Environmental features Light and space Place-based relationships

Colour Natural light Geographic connection to
Water Filtered and diffused light place
Air Light and shadow Ecological connection to
Sunlight Reflected light place
Plants Warm light Cultural connection to place
Natural materials Light as shape and form Indigenous materials
Views and vistas Spaciousness Landscape orientation
Facade greening Spatial variability Integrated culture and
Geology and landscape Space as shape and form ecology
Habitats and ecosystems Spatial harmony Spirit of place
Inside outside spaces Avoiding placelessness
Table 1: Basic human survival needs inform biophilic design, resulting in environmental attributes as design elements (Kellert,
Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 15).

Figure 2.12: Mercato Sport Plaza, Amsterdam, integration with the natural environment (Schittich: 2007; 829)
Figure 2.13: Harrington Grove Country Club, Australia, visual indoor and outdoor special connection (www.archdaily.com)

In restorative environmental design, the emphasis is not on leaving the built environment alone
completely, but on ‘reconciling it with the natural environment in a way that is psychologically,
culturally, and ecologically sound’ (refer to figure 2.12) (Kellert et al: 2008; 141). Architects
need to create a diversity of spaces linking outdoors and indoors where people have the
opportunity to meet between the public and private realms, this will improve the connection of
the physical environment, ‘that aspect with which the organism, individual, community or

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population is in direct contact’ (Smithson, 1962: 44). To link the indoors with outdoors a
buildings transparency and street accessibility is essential for man vs nature interaction (refer to
figure 2.13).

Since every opening in a building has the potential to connect man with nature, the importance of
those connections should be equally addressed (Roth: 1993). The challenge is to integrate the
natural environment of climate, seasons, textures, sounds, smells and diversity of landscapes
with the built environment, creating spaces referred to by Kellert (2008) as ‘life style centers’.
Features can be incorporated, such as ‘water elements, village-type settings, pleasant
landscaping with large trees, meandering pathways, multiple places to see and be seen, and a
multiplicity of shops and restaurants’ to create a pleasantly appealing area (Kellert et al: 2008;
232).

Applying biophilic design to architecture leads to the conclusion: as much nature as possible
should be incorporated into everyday environments, leading towards energy efficiency and
sustainability. Nature is the source of mans being. If architecture eliminates nature it would cause
negative consequences for man’s physiology, mental health and sense of well-being. A clear
explanation of how natural environments influence human behaviour has to be investigates to
understand what effect that information has on man’s physiology (Ulrich: 1993 & Kellert et al:
2008; 64-71).

In conclusion Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador (2008) describes the ideal imaginary Restorative
environmental and Biophilic design journey of Living Architecture:

“…walking on a delightful urban street full of flowering native plants, shaded with street. We
hear a songbird and rustling leaves. The geometric sidewalk planters are part of a natural
drainage system, cleaning the rainwater from the public realm and the building before it heads
to a stream.

The building’s exterior walls are carved in materials that remind one of the mountains nearby,
casting fine shadows in the textural detail. Its form seems to be reaching for the sun, while

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delicate screens guard against the hot rays. We turn, step on local stone and get a glimpse of the
lobby. We sense safety, place our hand on a warm wooden door handle, and enter.

The light in differential within the comfortable two storey space, as sunlight from above and
behind casts a pattern on the wall and floor. The air inside is fresh. We feel a passing breeze and
look to see a moving ceiling fan and open windows. The structure of the space is clear, much like
a tree, as the forces of nature are expressed within the concrete columns and raw steel beams.

The lobby’s walls have a subtle random pattern formed from wood with a bronxe patina, and we
see a small note about its origin from an old warehouse on this site. We smell coffee, see bright
red tulips, and hear a fountain nearby. We look forward across the native stone floor, and seeing
our friend through the glass walled elevator, we smile.

Another breeze, a warm ray of sun, and movement.

Attributes of nature, inside…”
(Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 241).

2.6 MAN vs NATURE

Man has evolved over the years, resulting in modern day technological society. Nature is being
pushed aside for the comfort of making life easy. Man uses technology, but what is good for us
isn’t necessarily good for nature. A new way of thinking has to be established to accommodate
both nature and new age technology, to provide a healthier future. Environmental psychology
links man and nature’s relationship, affecting behaviour patterns and well-being (De Young:
2013). A reconnection of wholeness of life and freedom of spirit could heal man, as well as its
natural and built environment. An understanding of how surroundings affect man would assist in
creating a positive healing environment (refer to figure 2.14) (Day: 2002; 9) & (Kellert,
Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; vii).

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Figure 2.14: Accommodating man and nature, providing a healthier future (www.dreiseitl.com)

“Our environment influences us and we it”

- Christopher Day -

Humanity is part of nature and the life in our body, the air in our lungs, the spirit and fire that
motivates us. The material world inspires and motivates man through substance, flow, mood
spirit and the principals of earth, water, air and fire. Those natural elements connect man with
nature physically and qualitatively. Man is warm blooded with two thirds water, making us part
of nature, linked with the air we breathe. A lively healthy human and natural balance is created
through the elemental proportions of dryness, solidity, fluidity, moisture, air, openness, warmth
and sunny aspects of a place. To create healthy places of wholeness and balance these elements
must exert their form-giving influences on mans consciousness (Day: 2002; 15-30). Man has the
need to experience nature both as an escape from a complex and technical society, escaping
everyday issues. The natural environment is unusually effective in terms of the development of
mental clarity (Kaplan & Kaplan: 1989 & Kaplan: 1995).

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Christopher Alexander’s books have a common thread of the need to connect man with nature,
looking to nature as a source of mental and physical nourishment (Alexander: 1977). Is the need
to connect with nature the course of evolution? Wilson’s (1984) theory of biophilia proves that
access to nature is a basic human need, not just a preference. Looking at the physical connection
between man and nature as a form of beauty that fulfils the soul’s basic needs (Day: 2002; 91).

“Access to nature and green environments yields better cognitive

functioning, more self-discipline and impulse control, and greater mental
health overall. Less access to nature is linked to exacerbated attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, higher rates of anxiety
disorders, and higher rates of clinical depression”
- Rachel Kaplan -

All aspects of the environment shape and influence man, through all our senses, all levels of
being and on a social scale. Man responds to its surroundings physiologically through colour,
noise level, air quality or temperature (Day: 2002; 111-114 & Kellert et al: 2008; 3).

Figure 2.15 & 2.16: Pietro Russo’s ECOMO Home: Fitting into its context, creating a ‘sense of place’ (www.inhabitat.com)

“Sense of place refers to the feeling of attachment to a physical

environment, such as a place or neighbourhood, and the sense of
personal and collective identity that comes from this sense of belonging”
- Iain Butterworth -

Earth supports living systems, gives rise to social life and enriches the spirit. Being divorced
from nature would result in unhappiness and illness.

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Reconnecting with natures energies brings about the outdoor rooms of seasonal breathing (refer
to figure 2.15 & 2.16). Living gardens give energy and receive life, which in turn is fulfilling and
therapeutic for the soul. For the benefits of social and personal health, creating ones personal
food garden assists with self-esteem and motivation (Day: 2002; 146-147). The key is to find a
balance between man and nature. Balance is about control of forces, physical and emotional.

Figure 2.17: Melrose Arch, working in close proximity to a positively influenced natural setting (Source by Author)

Most of mans emotional, problem solving, and critical thinking break through those skills when
in close association with nature, which in turn enhances human health, maturation, motivation
and productivity. A true result of a positive environmental psychological environment creates a
‘sense of place’ where people want to be, that is healthy, nurturing, and delightful to its
occupants. People living in proximity to open spaces tend to live healthier lifestyles and have
fewer social problems (refer to figure 2.17). Even limited amounts of vegetation such as grass
and a few small trees is enough to enhance coping and adaptive behaviour (Kellert et al: 2008;
4).

2.7 INTEGRATION WITH NATURE RESULTING IN WELL-BEING

2.7.1 Introduction
In the following sections architectural design interventions will be proposed that can help in
overcoming the discrepancy between the current modern living environments and mans
sustainable environmental preferences. The central question is how nature, such as planting, can
be architecturally integrated in the built environment. According to Stephen Kellert (2005), an

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obvious strategy is to offer the possibility of a ‘direct experience’ of nature. This direct
experience can be accomplished according to different design interventions:

 Natural lighting and ventilation

 Integrating plant life in the built environment (vegetation or vertical green walls)
 Providing views of the exterior (natural) environment
 Exposure to water near or within buildings (e.g. fountains or water features)
 Incorporating greenery on the building façade (e.g. vines or ‘green roofs’)

In the chapters below we discuss how exposure to water features, vegetation, natural lighting and
ventilation and views can positively influence the psychological and physiological well-being of
the building occupants. These contents are found to dampen stress, lead to higher pain tolerance,
and are associated with positive emotions, psychological and physiological well-being.

Figure 2.18: The gardens of Frank Gehry’s Disney Hall in Los Angeles, providing outdoor meeting spaces for office users, an
excellent example of Genius Loci’s ‘sense of place’ theory (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008)
Figure 2.19: Alexander Forbes, Sandton, incorporating nature in buildings improves well-being,
mental and physical behaviour (www.paragon.co.za)

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2.7.2 Green spaces
People believe that contact with nature provides a level of release from stress and improves their
well-being, mental and physical behaviour (refer to figure 2.19). When people are stressed and
overworked and want to be clearing their heads, escape from civilization, they are motivated to
seek out natural green areas (refer to figure 2.18). Green space, both interior and exterior, are
essential to architecture promoting a connection with nature. The buildings can start to provide
areas rich in vegetation, utilizing a variety of plant life. Kenneth Yeang believes that vegetation
should become part of the built environment and an important part of Biophilic design (Jencks &
Kropf: 1997; 164). These green spaces soften the built environment creating more inviting and
relaxed places while reducing the risk of sick building syndrome and aid in a person's
psychological well-being (Beelman: 2005; 53).

Figure 2.20: A harmonious natural environment, for relaxation and socializing (www.fetemusicians.wordpress.com)

“Our task must be to free ourselves...

by widening our circle of compassion to embrace
all living creatures and the whole of nature and its beauty”
- Albert Einstein -

Kaplan & Kaplan (1989), explains that nature gives a person the ‘sense of being’ away from
their daily routines, demands and stresses. Natural environments should be relaxing areas for

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occupants to socialize, often intrinsically fascinating: keeping the mind interested without effort
(refer to figure 2.20). Green spaces are designed for recreation and enjoyment as well as
improving the quality and beauty of the local environment, through operable windows or
skylights to allow fresh air into the space if the climate allows. Great green spaces are really
great public places, such as multistory atriums, which can serve several purposes: providing
greenery and daylight to multiple floors creating a visual connection between those floors.

“Nature is my manifestation of God.

I go to nature every day for inspiration in the day’s work.
I follow in building the principles which nature has used in its domain”
- Frank Lloyd Wright -

Green spaces offers direct health benefits such as reducing air pollutants, ozone, and nitrogen
dioxide. Trees reduce greenhouse warming by fixing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis,
reduces the demand for air conditioning during hot summer days, shades outdoor public areas for
comfort and serves as a noise barrier in urban areas (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 115).
This creates a sense of space, which is viewed as an experience in terms of images, sounds,
materials and the quality of light valued in their cities and towns as places that nurture the larger
community, connecting man with its surroundings (Hertzberger: 2002; 31-32).

Figure 2.21: In an office setting it is not always possible to integrate actual natural elements.
A solution is to integrate realistic representations of nonthreatening nature (Source by Author)

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Basic interventions such as integrating greenery (refer to figure 2.21), and the below central
guidelines, seem to be capable of dampening sources of stress, and can make people immune to
future sources of stress.
 Offer the occupants and visitors direct views of nature
 Integrate potted plants and flowers in the office environment
 Design green user-spaces
 Provide pictures and images of nature, if direct contact with nature is not possible

2.7.3 Thermal comfort

Charnofsky (2012) stated that: “thermal comfort is influenced by four environmental conditions
that affect the body simultaneously: air temperature, humidity, air movement, and mean radiant
temperature,” these environmental factors are influenced by materials in buildings, as well as the
amount of glazing provided within a space, windows sizing, the number of occupants and their
activity level (refer to figure 2.22) (Kopec: 2006; 194 & Zomorodi: 2012). Relative humidity
indicates how much moisture air can hold. Dry air can readily absorb moisture from the skin
which cools the body, while moist air is less able to cool the body which increases the perceived
temperature. Air movement (which provides ventilation) has a pronounced effect on heat loss
and is generally an asset in the summer and a liability in the winter (refer to figure 2.23)
(Lenchner: 2009; 60).

Figure 2.22: The building uses cooling corridors to maintain a comfortable environment (www.saman3230.wordpress.com)
Figure 2.23: The office is being controlled with automatic exhaust grills: circulating air (www.saman3230.wordpress.com)

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Health and Safety Exclusive guidance sited British Standard BS EN ISO 7730, defining thermal
comfort as “a state of physical ease and the condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with
the thermal environment” (www.hse.gov.uk). However, the comfort zone is defined as the range
of climatic conditions within which the majority of people would not feel thermal discomfort,
either of heat or cold. Comfort is affected by many other parameters including lighting, noise,
culture, habit, personal preferences, and the ability to control the environment, clothing and
activities. Buildings can determine many of the physical parameters listed above and influence
some of the psychological behaviour of its user.

It is very difficult to pin point thermal comforts exact definition. Health and Safety Exclusive
guidance stated that: “a thorough investigation would need to be conducted on a range of
environmental and personal factors before concluding what is known as the ‘human thermal
environment.’ Thermal comfort is not measured by the air temperature, but by the number of
occupants complaining of thermal discomfort.” (www.hse.gov.uk). Thermal discomfort is a
result of heat gain or loss within a given space.

Thermal comfort can increase positive human behaviour and most likely improve self-
confidence and productivity as well as contributing to well-being. Therefore, it is important that
the indoor environment should be designed and controlled so that occupants’ comfort and well-
being are assured.
“Organic architecture seeks superior sense of use and
a finer sense of comfort, expressed in organic simplicity”
- Frank Lloyd Wright -

2.7.4 Lighting and natural lighting

Lighting comes from two primary sources, the sun and electric lighting. Electric lighting started
in 1897, when Thomas Edison invented the first ever light bulb. People typically misconceive the
justification that the electricity consumption and the brightness of the bulb is related to the watts
of the bulb, more watts do not produce more brightness (refer to figure 2.25). In a working
environment the occupants assume brighter lighting is more desirable, but it can lead to too much
wastage of electricity. This could affect the occupant’s emotional and physical discomfort. Too

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much light in an office space could deteriorate your health (refer to figure 2.24). Having a
constant luminance of 500 when only 100 is needed, could make the user feel lazy and tired,
therefore affecting productivity (refer to figure 2.25) (Lim: 2012).

Figure 2.24: The importance of bright day lit spaces in view of the natural environment (www.blog.japhethlim.com)

Daylight is the most pleasing illumination available to human well-being and environmental
needs. Taking advantage of natural light minimizes the need for electric lighting during the
daytime, saves energy, saves money and lifts the spirits of building occupants. People crave
sunlight. When that craving is not met occupant’s behaviour become depressive, lacking energy,
increasing appetite, irritability, also known as (SAD) Seasonal Affective Disorder (Lim: 2012).
Therefore natural lighting is essential for life and central to health. When appropriately
controlled at various times of the day and year to avoid glare, streaks, and excessive heating, as
well as complemented by good views, the combination is a powerful component of positive
interiors (refer to figure 2.24). A positive experience impacts the occupants’ behaviour and mood
when the design has been done appropriately, when not; a negative experience is impacted onto
the occupants. Daylight’s effects on humans are physiological, psychological and physical,
relating to the hormone melatonin, which influence levels of energy, alertness and activity (Day:
2002; 193-200).

Building with natural daylighting are more environmentally, technologically and

anthropologically aware of green design. Daylit buildings make a statement about their designer:
they know their building science and put it into the best possible use by investigating in buildings
that use less energy, are more comfortable, and protect our environment.

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Figure 2.25: The comparison between artificial light and importance of bright day light efficacy (www.blog.japhethlim.com)

Designing daylighting into buildings can have lasting benefits, including environmental quality
and energy savings. Physiologically, sunlight accelerates toxin elimination. It’s vital for calcium
absorption, vitamin D production and liver processes, therefore essential to human health (Day:
2002; 201). Building orientation and geometry give a solid foundation in quality daylighting
design. Glazing size and location will determine daylight quantity. Taking advantage of views
will add to occupant satisfaction. An orientation that favours maximum northern and southern
exposures minimises solar heat gain and glare in the morning and late afternoon. Tall ceilings
and high windows will allow the deepest daylighting penetration into areas. Allowing daylight to
come into an area from more than one direction will deeply penetrate the space and provide
better uniformity. The aim is to optimize daylight and bring natural light as deep into the
building as possible (refer to figure 2.26).  A typical window opening can deliver light into a
depth of 5 meters with 1% daylighting, but if the designer makes use of channelling of daylight,
one can deliver light as deep as 8 meters (Lim: 2012). While daylight can provide better lighting
levels that support and improve performance, it can also create glare that compromise work
performance (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 121). Therefore, architects should strive to

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provide daylighting to every space of the building, to prevent unnecessary glare in unwanted
spaces.

Windows on the north and south facades will provide the best quality daylight. The next step in
daylighting design is to select an appropriate glazing type, provide shading to minimize direct
sun penetration and integrate the design with the needed electric lighting and controls. Most
windows and skylights require shading internally or externally. Vertical shading and landscape
features on the north side, helping to reduce penetration (Bonda, 2007: 164-168).

Figure 2.26: Controlling and channelling light deeper into a building, lighting it by 50% (www.blog.japhethlim.com)

“Daylighting means absorbing diffused light”

- Japheth Lim -

Daylit rooms from more than one direction can reduce gloom or glare contrasts. The room or
building may feel more three-dimensional instead of flat-lit. A variety of colours and intensity

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can be pleasing on the eye, stimulating health senses. The more living the light, the more
appealing are the places. Daylight comes from the entire sky and gets reflected all around a room
this affects the tone, colour and texture of surfaces. Positive lighting in a space nourishes
hormone regulating organs such as the pituitary, pineal and hypothalamus. People at work or at
home crave daylight or a sunny room, as well as natural views and orientation in place, time and
weather. Sunlight influences social, as well as physical and psychological health (Day: 2002;
201-206).

2.7.5 Natural materials

Today’s natural material criteria include environmental sustainability. Natural green materials
require no toxic chemicals for its production, use and disposal. It is sustainably grown and
harvested or includes postconsumer recycled content and it is reusable, recyclable or
compostable (Guenther & Vittori: 2008; 297). Natural materials should also be low in Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOC’s), therefore less toxic, be manufactured locally, have reduced
environmental impact and perform for human comfort (Heath: 2009; 175). These materials are
also more likely to use organic glues, resins, and sealants and can therefore be recycled. The
qualities of materials have their own effect on the mental and physical well-being of people.
Considering material toxicity and its impact on air quality is important for creating healthier
living spaces. Natural materials as well as the configuration of the space play an important role
in an individual’s experience to a positive space.

Warmth in material form would relate to wood (recycled wood, sustainably harvested wood,
cork, straw, bamboo), people perceive wood to have ‘life,’ because it’s derived from trees (refer
to figure 2.27). The texture has a physical aesthetic in materials, and would relate to bricks,
because of its rough sense of ‘touch’. Bricks can also be placed under the warmth category due
to the heat that is given off by the kiln when the bricks are baked. A cool and hard material such
as steel is giving off a feeling of clean crisp lines of a powerful industrial machine. Concrete
appears to have a cool feel to it, as well as a rough texture aesthetic (refer to figure 2.28). These
visual quality materials have on its user influence the mental and physical behaviour of that user
within the space, instinctively making them feel ‘happier’ and more ‘emotionally’ warmly in a
room with unpainted wood, in comparison to a hard and cold concrete room.

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Figure 2.27: Natural wood and stone, giving an overall warm, inviting feeling (www.homegallerydesign.com)
Figure 2.28: Steel and concrete in Architecture, portraying a colder less inviting feeling (www.weburbanist.com)

Natural materials should especially be used on those surfaces that occupants come into
immediate contact with such as walls, floors, and furniture. Occupants should be able to
appreciate the physical qualities of each material, such as a rough cut stone, or the texture of
wool. Other natural materials to serve such functions in architecture are:

 Earthen: plaster, earth, soil

 Animal: silk, wool, leather
 Natural: mud, clay, wood, thatch, stone
 Synthetic: brick, block, concrete, glass, plastic, ceramics
 Mineral: marble, sandstone, granite, flagstone, slate

‘Materials are the raw ingredients of art, but they affect our emotions’, so if a building design
was finished in timber or brick the building would more than likely be seen in a positive light, in
comparison to the same design finished in concrete, where it would feel cold and unwelcoming
(refer to figure 2.27 & 2.28) (Day: 1990; 112-113). It is therefore important that the materials are
delicately chosen for the architectural form to positively influence the manner in which the
building is perceived by the person on the street as well as its inhabitants.

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2.7.6 Natural ventilation
Window Master states that, “Natural ventilation regulates a buildings indoor climate by
exploring the temperature differences between the interior and exterior environment, thermal
displacement within the building and winds around the building.” Natural ventilation, in
comparison to traditional ventilation systems, is environmentally-friendly, energy-efficient and
more economical to maintain. Natural ventilation systems rely on pressure differences to move
fresh air through buildings (refer to figure 2.29). Fresh air is required in buildings to reduce bad
odors, to provide oxygen for its user and to increase the overall thermal comfort (Walker: 2010).

Figure 2.29: Natural ventilation is achieved through controlled openings, influenced by

wind pressure, temperature differences and the orientation of the building (www.cibse.org)

A building that is mechanically ventilated will generally have more workers with health-related
complaints than buildings with natural ventilation. Natural ventilation has been proven to prevent
sick building syndrome, a problem that arises from the gasses given off by toxic building
materials which are continuously cycled through the tightly sealed spaces. The benefits of natural
ventilation results in reduction of headaches, colds, coughs, circulation problems and sick
building syndrome (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 123). There seems to be a clear
understanding of human well-being, the efficacy of the ventilation system and of equal
importance, the extent of naturally ventilated or fresh air circulating through the building.
Natural ventilation allows fresh air exchange, preventing a build up of toxic gasses and the
circulation of airborne germs (Beelman, 2005: 54 & Gissen, 2002: 8, 185). Natural ventilation as
well as reducing or eliminating VOCs from their sources can improve the well-being of building

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users. To further improve well-being, buildings should provide access to outside spaces such as
balconies, terraces, and patios. Each space could also have operable windows to facilitate natural
ventilation. Operable windows could be placed in locations that will produce the appropriate
amount of airflow, to limit the use of air-conditioning (Beelman: 2005; 54).

There is not always a clear causal link between air-conditioning, heating and ventilation systems
and sick building syndrome (SBS). These symptoms surrounding sick building syndrome often
continue to persist even after the ventilation issues have been remedied (Chrisholm & Doyle:
1993; 47-19).

Figure 2.30: Natural ventilation strategies (www.cibse.org)

It is difficult for architects to effectively design for natural ventilation and natural cooling in a
building (refer to figure 2.30). Operable windows and vents are challenging to incorporate. One
must understand the systems of cross ventilation, stack ventilation and thermally induced
ventilation for the chosen region and site (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 125).

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Design recommendations:
 Natural ventilation in buildings
 Windows should be operable
 Skylights
 Internal air movement
 Mechanical ‘cooling’ systems
 Fan-assisted cooling strategies
 Stack effect ventilation systems (Walker: 2010).

2.7.7 Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be argued that architectural environments have a direct psychological
impact on people’s everyday life, health and well-being. It is necessary to understand the
psychological implications of natural materials, natural ventilation, natural light, thermal
comfort, and green spaces for people and architecture should function as a positive medium
between people and their environment.

In office environments, glare and discomfort should be avoided by using light shelves, reflective
walls, skylights, atriums, or other forms of shading and indirect lighting. Natural ventilation
requires a good understanding of cross-ventilation, stack ventilation, and thermally induced
ventilation.

It is not only the spaces which are important but the materials and textures of the space as well.
Similar to the spaces, the more ‘natural the state’ of the building material the more positive these
environments will appear to an individual. Therefore it can be said that architectural
environments have a direct lasting impact on its user’s behaviour and reaction patterns, whether
it is emotional, spiritual, positive, or negative.

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CHAPTER THREE PRECEDENTS STUDIES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The theoretical framework and literature review have explored the behaviour patterns and well-
being of humans in the built environment and design elements influencing such reactions. The
selected precedent studies in this chapter are chosen for the purpose to identify criteria discussed
in these previous sections. The buildings chosen to review are of different typologies, serving as
appropriate examples of architectural responses to prove the symbolic relationship between man
and nature. The aim is to develop an understanding of how nature influences the built form,
improving the issue of sick building syndrome in order to inspire a relevant building typology,
which enhances human productivity, through the below criteria:

 Man vs Nature - (environmental psychology)

 Thermal Comfort - (sense of place)
 Natural Elements - (biophilia hypothesis)

Figure 3.1 & 3.2: Prisma Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany (www.dreiseitl.net & www.benngiles.blogspot)

Figure 3.3 & 3.4: Khoo Tech Puat Hospital (KTPH), Yishun, Singapore (www.cooper.edu & www.flickr.com)

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The intention of investigating precedent studies is to reveal the purpose of theoretically informed
research to modern day building design. Through these precedent studies one hopes to find
motivation relevant to facilitate and promote physical and mental human well-being through
biophilic design and improve behaviour patterns in future proposed developments and help
inform a new typology.

3.2 PRISMA NÜRNBERG (NUREMBERG, GERMANY)

Architects: Joachim Eble, project architect G. Richter, Tübingen
Location: Nuremberg, Germany
Client: Karlsruher Insurance Company, Karlsruhe
Completion date: July 1997
Total floor area: 18 000m2

Figure 3.5, 3.6 & 3.7: Site Location: Prisma Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany (Source by Author)

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3.2.1 Introduction
Prisma Nürnberg, a socially balanced (cost-efficient and sustainable) energy-saving revitalizing
Urban Mixed-use Complex, located in the centre of Nuremberg, Germany. The three buildings
and green courtyard complex are an architectural improvement of the surrounding environment,
fitting into its urban context. The design intention was to combine a living and working
environment, bringing nature into the building, allowing semipublic access through the atrium,
urban relaxation shopping mall (Löhnert: 1998). The mixed-use complex consists of 32 offices, 9
stores, a coffee house, 61 residential units and a kinder garden, all under a peaceful paradise
atrium surrounded by plant life and running water features, creating a natural aesthetically
appealing and comfortably fitting context.

Figure 3.8: Prisma Nürnberg: Inner atrium courtyard features flowing streams and rich vegetation (Dreiseitl & Grau: 2001)
Figure 3.9: Prisma Nürnberg: An energy revitalization mixed-use urban city complex (www.lowimpacthousing.com)

Emerson (2010) noticed that, “the falling water draws down fresh air, pulled in from a slit in the
wall, and moist air blows gently into the space at a speed of about ten feet per second,” this
system cools and heats up the building throughout the different season of the year. This building
combines the elements of storm water collecting, rain water treatment, daylight harvesting,
creating a comfortable indoor environment (Emerson: 2010; 136-138).

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3.2.2 Man vs Nature (the human need to affiliate with nature)
Natural environments can psychologically and successfully influence the behaviour patterns of
its users. The success of the urban building concept is a result of the people who have accepted
the building qualities, urban services and functions. The environmental psychology concept of
the building was to create a pleasant atmosphere in the centre of the city through waterfalls,
luxurious vegetation, fresh air and a healthy positive naturally lit environment that moderates the
indoor climate, creating a ‘sense of place’. The entire roof design guide rain water into cisterns
for the buildings future use (refer to figure 3.10, 3.11 & 3.12). Prisma Nürnberg’s design
inspiration was drawn from Frank Lloyd Wrights ‘Fallingwater’ house, imitating forest design,
the sound of rushing water, natural smooth stone and vast vegetation adds to natures’ influence
of Biophilic design, blending the inside of the building with the natural exterior environment,
linking indoors with the outdoors (Dreiseitl & Grau: 2001; 53).

Figure 3.10: Ground Floor Plan of Prisma Nürnberg, identifying the natural elements connecting the interior with the exterior,
linking man with nature, creating a sense of comfort within the built form (Löhnert: 1998 & by Author)

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Figure 3.11: Section of the South-West block: multi-storey housing, elevation of the two-storied kindergarten,
the landscaped courtyard garden and play ground, four-storied atrium space and
the terraced main office building topped by two floors of flats (Löhnert: 1998 & by Author)

Figure 3.12: Rainwater concept: collection, storage, purification,

infiltration & irrigation system (Dreiseitl & Grau: 2001; 53)

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3.2.3 Comfort (indoor air quality and spatial design)
The Prisma Urban Mixed-use Complex was designed directly for human well-being
requirements, through implementing an indoor environment. Design solutions such as natural
light, air treatment, natural building materials and surface treatment, noise, odor and electric
climate was taken into consideration to guarantee comfortable indoor conditions (refer to figure
3.13, 3.14 & 3.15).

Figure 3.13: Interior atrium Café, bursting with natural light and ventilation (www.curt.de)
Figure 3.14: Interior atrium Café, bringing nature into the building through biophilic design (www.in-goho.de)
Figure 3.15: Interior atrium Café, incorporating warm natural elements such as wooden tables and chairs (www.curt.de)

Figure 3.16: Sections of bioclimatic natural air conditioning wall system construction (Löhnert: 1998)
Figure 3.17: Southern road side view into the Prisma Nürnberg, Urban Mixed-use Complex (www.vi.sualize.us)

In figure 3.17, the urban neighbourhood is linked to the semi-public space with a vast atrium
space of 1000m², the connecting spatial element within the building development (Löhnert:
1998). This concept of ‘sense of place’ of Genius Loci relates to how the users of the buildings’

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physical and mental emotions and feelings are ‘stimulated’ in each different environment
through the Prisma Nürnberg, Urban Mixed-use Complex. A bioclimatic wall construction
supplies the building with natural air conditioning from the outside the air intake system is
hidden by a timber screen covering. Additional natural ventilation vents provide high air change
rates in summer (refer to figure 3.16).

3.2.4 Natural Elements (water / gardens / natural ventilation & lighting)

According to Edward, O. Wilsons’ biophilia hypothesis, ‘human beings have a natural interest
and attraction to nature,’ such as bringing nature into buildings, using natural materials and
surfaces, vegetation, allowing natural light and ventilation. Natural design elements such as
rainwater treatment and the design of indoor and outdoor planting help with the balance of
negative influence of soil sealing, as well as improve the internal environment (refer to figure
3.18 & 3.20) (Löhnert: 1998). Rainfall is processed through small wetlands on the building shell,
to an interior pool, and then moved to a cistern beneath the building and an exterior pond. The
water then supplies on-site greenhouses. Interior waterfalls create and cool the air in summer
(refer to figure 3.18 & 3.19) (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 54).

The glazing elements of the atrium roof can be opened almost completely to provide sufficient
natural ventilation, but when the atrium is closed in winter it acts as a buffer space. Therefore
fresh air supply will be preheated passively by solar gains. Interior shading roller blinds prevents
overheating. Operable windows supply fresh pre-cooled air, forced displacement ventilation and
natural views for the offices facing the atrium, whereas northern office spaces avoid open able
windows, due to city noise and street pollution (refer to figure 3.21 & 3.22). In summer the
building is ventilated by the night air, cooling down the heavy mass construction of the building
(Löhnert: 1998).

Within the atrium of the building two different types of water irrigation cycles are used. One
irrigates the vegetation in the greenhouse, where as the other pumps water 5meters up into six
glass walls for purification (refer to figure 3.12 & 3.19), cooling the building for thermal comfort
(Yudelson: 2009; 74).

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Figure 3.18: In bedded water-feature: water storage for internal irrigation (Löhnert: 1998)
Figure 3.19: 5 metrer high glass purification water-feature wall (Löhnert: 1998)
Figure 3.20: Internal planting in auditorium (Löhnert: 1998)

Figure 3.21: Northern entrance into the Prisma Nürnberg, Urban Mixed-use Complex (www.barexchange.com)
Figure 3.22: Northern offices avoid open able windows, due to city noise and street pollution (www.eng.archinform.net)

Prisma Nürnberg is a good example of a building that incorporates the design criteria of
Biophilic Architecture. The mixed-use complex was designed to link man with nature to promote
health and well-being. The naturally lit facility which incorporates indoor landscaping includes
the benefits of water as a means of creating a psychologically relaxing environment, which in
turn would positively affect the behavior patterns of its users.

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3.3 KHOO TECK PUAT HOSPITAL (YISHUN, SINGAPORE)
Architects: Partners & Associates, CPG Consultants Pty. Ltd., Executive Architect
Location: Yishun, Singapore
Client: Alexandra Hospital
Completion date: June 2010
Total floor area: 105 000m2

Figure 3.23, 3.24 & 3.25: Site Location: Khoo Tech Puat Hospital, Yishun, Singapore (Source by Author)

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3.3.1 Introduction
Khoo Tech Puat is Singapores’ first green hospital, with an energy efficient reduction costs of
50% and provide 70% of the floor area with natural ventilation, the energy efficiency comes to
27% (index (EEI) of 220kWh/m/year), designed for patient and staff comfort, achieved through
daylighting, air and temperature control and heat recovery to reduce their carbon footprint.
KTPHs’ three block, garden courtyard, terraced gardens and planter box ward layout is situated
next to a scenic natural pond in central Yishun. The design of KTPH brings together the
elements of accessibility, comfort and convenience (Teoh: 2011).

Figure 3.26: Areal view of Khoo Tech Puat Hospital (KTPH), Singapore (www.worldarchitecturenews.com)

3.3.2 Man vs Nature: (the human need to affiliate with nature)

“The garden courtyard is the heart of the hospital. One can see the whole hospital from the
courtyard and enjoy the view of the Yishun Pond, serving as a catchment for rainwater that is
subsequently used to irrigate the hospital gardens. The courtyard also brings light and greenery
into the basement,” says Jerry Ong, a Designer of KTPH, who believes the gardens cool the
hospital and aid in patients’ recovery (Teoh: 2011). The environmental psychological influence
of ample natural vegetation has on these patients increase their behaviour patterns, assists with
their recovery time and improves their health and well-being (refer to figure 3.27 & 3.28).

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Figure 3.27 & 3.28: The garden courtyard: Heart of Khoo Tech Puat Hospital (KTPH) (www.worldarchitecturenews.com)

The three block KTPH wards allow for maximum transparency and natural views, through an
open facade design, connecting man with the surrounding natural setting (refer to figure 3.29).
“Our design concepts are underpinned by the desire to create a healing environment…” which
is central to the design idea that “nature would nurture,” explains Mr Lee Soo Khoong, the
Architect of KTPH (Design Singapore Council: 2013). The KTPH’s design has been sensitive in
terms of scale and height, communicating to its surrounding public housing blocks by opening
outwards, towards the adjacent Yishun Pond, drawing nature into the building (Design Singapore
Council: 2013).

Figure 3.29: The garden courtyard: allowing for natural views, connecting man with nature (www.geolocation.ws)

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3.3.3 Thermal Comfort: (indoor air quality and spatial design)
KPTH’s private wards are air-conditioned for consistent comfort, while additional wards are
naturally ventilated. Passive shading strategies such as, sunshades over windows, were carried
out to control glare and heat gain, as well as enhance the brightness of wards and save energy
usage (refer to figure 3.30 & 3.32). Jerry Ong says, “specially-designed sunshades on the east
and west facades, and glazing and thermal insulation for an opaque facade with low U-value
have resulted in KPTH enjoying 23.6% less heat gain from its facades,” ensuring thermal
comfort for its user, through a special quality, a ‘sense of place’ (Teoh: 2011).

Well-ventilated public areas, such as roof solar panels: fitted to heat water for the hospitals’ use,
exterior louvers: block out direct sunlight and cooling systems: to channel prevailing winds
throughout the interior (Design Singapore Council: 2013).

Teoh (2011) established that “Low-VOC paints and adhesives were used indoors, UVC
treatment eliminates airborne bacteria and viruses, and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
sensors monitor air quality,” therefore ensuring a comfortable healthy environment.

3.3.4 Natural Elements: (water / gardens / natural ventilation & lighting)

KTPH’s facilities overlook a central garden courtyard, rain harvesting rooftops and a main
transparent entrance atrium landscaped with natural greenery and water features, and multilevel
patient ward designer planter boxes, incorporating biophilic design strategies into the building,
nurturing man’s affiliation with nature (Design Singapore Council: 2013).

Figure 3.30, 3.31 & 3.32: Window design strategies allow for natural airflow and reduces glare, providing clear storey lighting
into basement parking below, angled screens controlling sunlight (www.greenprospectasia.com)

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Designers orientated the building to take advantage of the north and southeast wind speed of at
least 0.6m/s. Wind tunnel tests performed at the National University of Singapore found that the
‘fins’ designed on the exterior of the building, guiding and enhancing air flow by 20 - 30%. This
‘wing wall’ design reduces the need for fans by 60%. Operable modular jalousies windows allow
for natural airflow and controls the incoming rain, tinted glass reduces glare and heat gain, while
multi level planter boxes connects man with nature throughout the building (refer to figure 3.30
& 3.32). Light shelves help reduce glare, as well as penetrate sunlight deep into the interior. This
complements the effect of a 30% cut in use of artificial lighting (Teoh: 2011).

Roof gardens and community gardens are designed for residents and occupants of the building
(refer to figure 3.31), while Mr Lee Soo Khoong, a Designer of KTPH, noted that members of
the public also use the hospital facilities such as the gym to exercise, come admire the greenery
and a view of the pond, or have their daily meals or study at the food court. He believes that
KTPH represent a ‘public interest’ in the design approach of a communal ‘sense of space’, in
cities where privacy confine and exclude public spaces. “Building design should be inclusive in
approach, and whenever possible, spaces should be opened up and shared,” says Mr Lee Soo
Khoong (Design Singapore Council: 2013).

Wilson’s biophilia hypothesis states that humans need contact with natural forms, promoting
positive human behaviour; performance, productivity, emotional well-being, stress reduction,
health and well-being, through emotional and spiritual satisfaction (Wilson: 2006 & Kellert:
2005). A truly positive environmental psychological building such as this endures, resulting in a
place where people want to be, a place that is healthy, nurturing, and delightful to its occupants.
Nature and natural elements provide the most sufficient environmental cure.

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CHAPTER FOUR CASE STUDIES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter comprises of primary research in the form of case studies, with dimensioned
drawings, photographs and a critical evaluation of first hand information gathered from the
employees and users, which will ultimately inform the design of the proposed development. The
purpose of the case studies was to assess the performance of a single built environment
holistically – in terms of all the issues that have been discussed. A major problem concerning
biophilic design is the lack of appropriate examples in South Africa. Therefore, green star
sustainable buildings have been chosen to assess according to the below criteria:

 Thermal Comfort - indoor air quality and spatial design

 Man vs Nature & Natural Elements - the human need to affiliate with nature
 Behaviour Patterns - feelings and reactions in the built form

Figure 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 Alexander Forbes, Sandton, Johannesburg, South Africa (www.paragon.co.za)

Figure 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 Nedbank Ridgeside, Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal (www.gbcsa.org.za, Orientation Booklet, by Author)

Through using the above guidelines an understanding of each architectural environment can be
achieved, in relation to the human behaviour and well-being in biophilic design.

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In light of this understanding, the most appropriate examples have been chosen. The reason for
choosing these examples is that each has a connection with nature and some form of sustainable
design, which in turn influences human behaviour patterns. Although the selected building does
not represent an exact topological example of what is needed, it certainly provides the
opportunity to identify and analyse specific environmental factors in terms of the research.

4.2 ALEXANDER FORBES (SANDTON, JOHANNESBURG)

Architects: Paragon Architects
Location: 115 West Street, Sandton,
Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Client: Zenprop Property Holdings
Completion date: October 2012
Total floor area: 100 000m2
Cost: R950 million

Figure 4.7: Site Location: 115 West Street, Sandton,

Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa (Source by Author)

Figure 4.8: Alexander Forbes, 4 Star SA-Green Building Council - Office v1 Design rating, Sandton (www.gbcsa.org.za)

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4.2.1 Introduction
Alexander Forbes Headcounters in Sandton consists of eight floors of dedicated office space,
housing 2200 employees, above six floors of parking. The ground floor includes a canteen,
training spaces and an auditorium, with the front wing providing two levels of dedicated meeting
space. The building also provides facilities such as a crèche, gymnasium, restaurant, shower
facilities, coffee shop and convenience stores promoting a comfortable environment for its users.
The 4 Star Green Star SA Office v1 Design building achieved its status in October 2012. Total
points allocated for Green design is 48, where the majority is a result of energy sufficiency and
indoor environment quality design, creating pleasant spaces by blending into the urban fabric of
society (GBCSA: 2012).

4.2.2 Thermal Comfort (Indoor air quality and spatial design)

Edward Kieswetter, CEO of Alexander Forbes states, “our staff will enjoy a more natural and
healthy environment, with increased circulation of fresh air, reduced heat loads, numerous
pause and other plant-filled break-out areas, combined with state of the art work stations and the
latest information and building technology,” (Dimmer: 2013) the main aim of this building
design was to ensure its users thermal, mental and physical comfort, achieved by incorporating
Genius Locis’ ‘sense of place’ theory, affecting their behaviour patterns.

Figure 4.9 & 4.10: The ground floor waiting area (www.paragon.co.za)

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The ground floor waiting area is carefully positioned near natural greenery and external views to
make the public feel comfortable while waiting to pass through tight security into the building
(refer to figure 4.9 & 4.10). The elegantly designed food court social mixed-use spill out onto a
timber landscaped outdoor relaxation deck, linking a visual connection through the two wings of
the building, as well as provide a calm and restful atmosphere by incorporating natural elements
(biophilic design) into the interior design of the space, such as stone countertops, bamboo
panelling, stimulating wallpapers etc.

Figure 4.11 & 4.12: Floating bridges connecting the N&S blocks, with designated ‘pause areas’ of
different style and design, on each floor (www.paragon.co.za, by Author)

There is a sense of ‘floating’ internally, created by steel bridges that connect the north and south
blocks across the two atriums, this open space allows for natural lighting, connecting internal
with external views (refer to figure 4.14 & 4.15) (Dimmer: 2013; 41-45). Break away or pause
areas are provided on every floor, as well as on each wing of the building, creating areas for
socialising and relaxation, enhancing a comfortable ‘sense of space’ (refer to figure 4.11 & 4.12).

4.2.3 Man vs Nature & Natural Elements

Indigenous low water consumption planting connect the interior and exterior spaces of the
building, creating a forest like canopy. Slow moving water features give a calming feeling to the
interior and add a natural element to the harsh exterior of Sandon’s busy streets (refer to figure
4.13). Two atria provide sufficient natural daylight and visual connection within the building to
its surroundings (refer to figure 4.14 & 4.15).

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Figure 4.13: Calm slow moving interior water features (Dimmer: 2013)
Figure 4.14: Transparency allows for natural light and visual connection through large glazed atria (www.paragon.co.za)
Figure 4.15: Skylight cones above atriums provide light in deeper spaces (Source by Author)

Eight glazing formats were used throughout the building, such as skylight cones above the
atriums, escalators and central lobby (refer to figure 4.15). Achieving the balance between the
right amounts of light versus heat gain, the glass façade on the ground and first floor meeting
areas, sloping inward at an angle of 67.37 degrees, have been fitted with integrated motorised
blinds, which functions as an internal design feature (refer to figure 4.2).

The internal finishes have a low volatile organic compound content, ensure a healthy indoor
environment. Hugh Fraser of Paragon Architects talks about the “columns and scallops, the
movement of light and shading, floating and organic shapes of the building,” giving it a life like
quality (Dimmer: 2013; 40-41). A sense of transparency has been achieved with the inclusion of
22 000m2 of glazing which allows natural light to fulfil 58% of lighting needs and provides 64%
of office areas with views and natural ventilation, these strategies connects man with nature
through biophilic design, inside and outside (refer to figure 4.16) (Lambert: 2013).

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Figure 4.16: Large windows visually connecting the interior with natural surroundings (Source by Author)
Figure 4.17: Cleverly orientated, remote controlled, façade shutters (www.paragon.co.za)

The energy efficiency of the building is achieved through special heating and cooling systems,
motion-sensitive fluorescent lighting fitments and cleverly orientated façade shutters, saving up
to 40% of the building’s energy cost (refer to figure 4.17). The building saves 67% of portable
water use, reducing cost saving. Water recycling is achieved through harvesting grey water,
treated and combined with filtered rainwater for toilet and urinal flushing as well as watering
ground floor internal and external planting. The atrium also holds reflecting ponds clad in black
5mm porcelain tiles (Dimmer: 2013; 47).

4.2.4 Behaviour Patterns (Feelings and reactions in the built form)

Brian Wilkinson, CEO of GBCSA, said “Green building, healthy buildings are also a nicer
place to work, and studies have shown that people are 20% more productive in a green building,
with less sick days being reported” (Wait: 2012). Edward Kieswetter, CEO of Alexander Forbes,
stated that their “key objective was to ensure the health and well-being of our employees, whom
we consider to be the company’s greatest asset,” by incorporating convenient and comfortable
special design, resulting in positive staff productivity (refer to figure 4.18) (Dimmer: 2013; 40-
41). Kieswetter describes breakaway or pause rooms, informal and formal energy centres for
people to work, think and play, these social spaces create a social atmosphere within the
building, connecting man with its surroundings (Dimmer: 2013; 41-45).

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Figure 4.18: Ground Floor Plan of Alexander Forbes, (www.paragon.co.za)

An aesthetically beautiful building such as the Alexander Forbes building contributes huge
factors towards the comfort of its occupants, which results in positive behaviour patterns and
increased productivity. The interior fixtures and finishes of the building throughout combine

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natural colours and soft design lines, creating a calm aesthetic and atmosphere of restful
tranquillity, creating an environment of health and well-being (refer to figure 4.19 & 4.20).
Although the building enhances its user’s behaviour and well-being it disconnects itself from the
public, appearing intimidating to the everyday pedestrian, due to its plinth design, elevating it
from street level (refer to figure 4.21).

Figure 4.19 & 4.20: Interior fixtures and finishes creating a sense of environmental psychology (Saurce by Author)

Figure 4.21: Cross Section of Alexander Forbes (www.paragon.co.za)

The natural psychological environmental design throughout the building creates a pleasurable,
relaxing atmosphere for the occupants. The provision of natural elements provides relief from the
everyday stresses experienced. Through personal observation it was found that most of the
Alexander Forbes building occupants feel positively comfortable and healthy within their office

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environment, and do not suffer from the lack of concentration, motivation and positive
productivity. This clearly indicates that natural views, natural ventilation and the implementation
of natural elements on all levels, through Biophilic design improve the occupants’ behaviour
patterns on an everyday basis. The building provides a practical example for sustainability on a
societal as well as environmental level through its incorporation of sustainable technologies and
design strategies of nature in architecture, natural ventilation and lighting providing a level of
comfort to the interior.

4.3 NEDBANK RIDGESIDE (UMHLANGA, KWAZULU-NATAL)

Architects: dhk Architects
Location: 2 Ncondo Place, Ridgeside,
Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Client: Zenprop Property Holdings
Completion date: November 2010
Total floor area: 20 000m2

Figure 4.22: Site Location: 2 Ncondo Place, Ridgeside,

Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
(Source by Author)

Figure 4.23: Nedbank Ridgeview, 4 Star SA-Green Building Council - Office v1 Design rating, Umhlanga (Source by Author)

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4.3.1 Introduction
Nedbank Ridgeview is an environmentally sustainable office development, constructed by
Zenprop Property Holdings (PTY) Ltd, obtaining a 4 Star Green Star rating from GBCSA, at a
score of 55points. Both client and developer made a commitment to create a building which will
provide a sustainable environment that result in higher levels of comfort, productivity and well-
being of its 600 occupants.

4.3.2 Thermal Comfort (Indoor air quality and spatial design)

Healthy indoor environments contribute to improving productivity, thermal comfort and general
well-being of building occupants (refer to figure 4.24). Office spaces have a suspended insulated
ceiling which contributed towards the reduction of energy usage (air conditioning system),
preventing temperature transfers between inside and outside (refer to figure 4.25). Different
factors contribute to good indoor air quality. Interior finishes in buildings contain high levels of
Volatile Organic Compounds, found in adhesives, sealants, paints and carpets, which have a
negative impact on human health. For this building low VOC material was used to ensure a
healthy indoor environment (Duncan: 2013).

Figure 4.24: Healthy indoor environments contribute to health and well-being (Source by Author)
Figure 4.25: Suspended insulated ceiling ensuring a healthy indoor environment (Source by Author)

Nedbank Ridgeview was designed to maintain a comfortable internal noise level for offices,
which was recommended by the South African National Standards (SANS), which does not
exceed 45nBA. A noise level between 40 - 45dBA is considerable for a comfortable, productive
working environment (Duncan: 2013).

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Figure 4.26: First Floor Plan of the Nedbank Ridgeview building (Source by Author)

An open plan structure, with only 10% of space dedicated to offices, meeting rooms and storage
rooms, encourages teamwork, social interaction and relaxation between occupants (refer to
figure 4.26). Spatial design combined with the cooling system of offices ensures an even
distribution of airflow throughout the building. This achieves optimum air quality for occupants
at a rate of 12.5 l/s per person reducing the effects of sick building syndrome (Duncan: 2013).

4.3.3 Man vs Nature & Natural Elements

Great care was given to the exterior facades of the building to maximise views for over 60% of
the office spaces. This is beneficial to occupants within an office environment, providing a visual

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connection to external environments, lowering eyestrain through relaxation and refocus on
natural elements (refer to figures 4.27 & 4.28). The exterior of the building materials (concrete
panels, brickwork and double glazing) is well insulated, creating a comfortable working
environment, requiring less mechanical ventilation and lighting, reducing energy usage, through
the use of thermal mass (refer to figure 4.27). Shading and insulation on the South East double
glazing prevent glare and heat gain into office spaces (for thermal benefits), where maximising
views were considered (refer to figure 4.28).

.
Figure 4.27: Exterior facades of the building to maximise visual connection to external environments (Source by Author)
Figure 4.28: Shading, insulation and double glazing prevent glare and heat gain into office spaces (Source by Author)

Nedbank Ridgeview’s water strategies control stormwater sun-off and reduce water consumption
through low flow flushing toilets, sinks, basin and shower mixers, waterless urinals and
landscape irrigation, through rainwater harvesting (190m3 on site), which minimises municipal
portable water intake (Duncan: 2013).

The office lighting system was designed to dim or switch off lights when spaces are unoccupied
through motion sensing, as well as when sufficient daylight is provided, referred to as daylight
harvesting. Office lighting provides sufficient Lux levels at the lowest possible energy
consumption, achieved at a power density of 1.78 W/m2 per 100 Lux (Duncan: 2013).

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Figure 4.29: Rainwater harvesting and re-use schematic (Nedbanks’ Building users guide: 2012)

Figure 4.30: Typical office area cooling air-conditioning system (Nedbanks’Building users guide: 2012)

An energy efficient chilled water pumps and air chiller have been installed in the building, which
is 20%, contributing to the reduction of energy usage (refer to figure 4.29). A cooling tower fan

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contributes to building ventilation, controlled by a variable speed drive pump (refer to figure
4.30). Nedbank Ridgeview’s energy consumption target is set for the ventilation and air-
conditioning system at 35VA/m2 (Duncan: 2013). Over and above the cost saving in energy
through water harvesting, lighting control etc, Nedbank Ridgeview’s 4 Star Green Star rating
costs the building R53 000 per month to maintain (Duncan: 2013).

4.3.4 Behaviour Patterns (Feelings and reactions in the built form)

Workspace within an office building influences behaviour patterns, therefore individual stations
affect productivity levels (refer to figure 4.31). Brian Steinhobel designed Nedbank Ridgeview’s
Hybrid desk, which offers practicality in terms of flexibility, mobility and space efficiency, as
well as the Ditulo ‘form chair’, which is 57% recycled, to improve the occupants working
environment (refer to figure 4.32).

Individual offices offer privacy by the use of nature based 1 way glass as well improving comfort
through wall graphics that capture the beauty of natural landscapes connecting man with nature.
A double volume naturally lit, glass façade atrium allows for maximum lighting to penetrate all
levels of the building, generating internal and external visual connections between man and
nature. A food court on ground level, as well as two designated pause areas on each level is
provided to increase the comfort and well-being of the occupants.

Figure 4.31: Low panel work stations, allowing natural light deep into the interior (Source by Author)
Figure 4.32: Old and New improved Ditulo chair design, increasing occupants health and well-being (Source by Author)

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Figure 4.33: Entrance foyer naturally lit multi storey atrium (Source by Author)
Figure 4.34: Natural elements connect man with nature (Source by Author)

Natural vegetation and water features are present in the exterior and interior design of the
Nedbank Ridgeview building, connecting nature and natural elements with man and space (refer
to figures 4.33 & 4.34). These features enhance positive behaviour patterns of users.

The psychological, physical and social needs of man meet with a welcoming, natural and
friendly environment of the office building. Green spaces create friendly circulation providing a
positive healthy and comfortable office environment. Occupants do still suffer from lack of
concentration, motivation and positive productivity. Natural views, natural ventilation, lighting
and a connection with the natural environment make for a welcoming atmosphere, through
improving the comfort levels of its everyday user. Stimulation of a psychological environment
for outdoor and indoor nature improves occupants’ responsive behaviour patterns in their
environment, which reinforces the Biophilic value of nature.

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CHAPTER FIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter consists of the development of the theoretical framework in the context of the case
study research findings through interviews and analysis of various local buildings, chosen for
relevance to the criteria discussed, and therefore is most applicable to this dissertation.

Questionnaires were sent out to relative personnel within the building industry as well as users of
the chosen case studies. The aim of undertaking these questionnaires was to determine whether
the current users of the Alexander Forbes Building in Sandton and the Nedbank Ridgeside
Building in Umhlanga believe that their architectural environment have an effect on human
behaviour patterns and an individual's well-being. The results showed the majority of building
occupants admires positive green spaces within and around their building, experiencing it
through direct contact and viewing.

A small percentage of the questionnaires sent out via email and hard copies of the relevant case
studies were returned, due to busy times in each building. The data obtained prove to be useful to
my discussion. The number of questionnaires returned was around (40%) of the amount sent out.

5.1 INTERVIEWEES
Looking at the raw data; (70%) of the users questioned was female and (30%) were male,
responding from both the Alexander Forbes Building and the Nedbank Ridgeside Building.
Figure 5.1 shows (50%) of the respondents being in the age group of 21-30 years, (30%) between
the age of 31-50 years and (20%) falling in the age group of 50 years and over.

Age Groups

21 ‐ 30 years 50%
31 ‐ 50 years 30%
50 years & over 20%

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Figure 5.1: Shows the percentage of respondents’ age groups

The figure on the previous page show that there are more young adults working in the built
environment and the over 50 years of age lead the built environment, meaning wisdom comes
with age.

5.2 HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

When the building occupants were asked if their selected buildings made them feel positive and
full of energy, (70%) said yes. Amir Livneh, one of the Architects of the Alexander Forbes
Building stated that his building is, “very positive: it is filled with light and has a lot of spaces
designed for integration.” Hugh Fraser, another Architect of the Alexander Forbes Building
stated that he, “enjoys the openness and natural lighting, the circulation works well and it’s a
comfortable building to work in.” The (30%) that said no to a positive building work in a small
area of the building that does not allow for natural lighting to penetrate their station for the
majority of the day. The two buildings investigated appears to be a healthy environment to work
in with (89%) of occupants stating yes, due to the construction of low VOCs (no new building
smells), its natural air flow cooling system, as well as natural light penetrating majority of the
buildings workstations and (11%) commented their building is not a healthy environment,
probably due to their allocated work stations or lack of personally enjoying their job.

Positive Buildings Healthy Environment

Yes 70% Yes 89%
No 30% No 11%

Figure 5.2: Shows if occupants thought their building made them feel positive
Figure 5.3: Shows if building users thought their built environment has a healthy interior quality

5.3 NATURAL ELEMENTS

Overall the responses were as expected, with a high proportion of respondents indicating that
natural elements contribute to human well-being. Building materials do affect the health of its

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users with (93%) of people agreeing, “especially absorbent materials that we touch, as they
store germs. HVAC is equally important for fresh air,” another respondent commented that,
“asbestos, air-conditioning and poor material design have already proven to affect health and
performance,” while only (7%) disagree, probably due to lack of knowledge about the effects of
building materials.

In Wilson’s Biophilia Hypothesis he acknowledges mans natural interest and attraction to nature.
It is those connections that subconsciously influence the human physical, material, emotional,
intellectual, and moral well-being. Humans need contact with nature, just as much as they
require nutrients and air for survival. (96%) of the questioned occupants of the two buildings
commented that they think natural elements incorporated into the building improve their health,
whereas (4%) did not think so, perhaps once again due to lack of awareness.

A wider knowledge on this matter could allow occupants the understanding of green building
design and how it influenced their behaviour patterns and well-being. (85%) of building
occupants feel comfortable at work due to natural lighting, ventilation and natural vegetation,
“due to its predominantly glass design with great views and ample lighting, in the Alexander
Forbes Building,” whereas (15%) does not, “lack of close proximity exterior landscaped areas
and no atrium designed near work station, in the Nedbank Ridgeside Building.” One would
again assume that the occupants being negatively influenced are stationed away from these
natural elements, as a majority of the respondents agreed to a healthy environment.

Positive Productivity Comfortable 
Environment
Yes 70%

No 15% Yes 85%
No 15%
Unsure 15%

Figure 5.4: Shows if occupants thought their building them to work productively
Figure 5.5: Shows if building users thought they work in a comfortable built environment

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According to the collective data, (70%) of users argue that their buildings affect their
productivity positively, (15%) negatively and (15%) didn’t comment. The natural elements
incorporated into buildings have a direct influence on the productivity of its users, proven by
similar results of the previous questions asked.

The buildings analysed to confirm its occupants suffer from headaches, lack of concentration and
motivation, but do feel positive and full of energy in their ‘comfortable healthy’ working
environment. Environmental Psychology is about understanding the social and behavioural needs
of the people using the environment and how it affects their behaviour patterns. This involves the
relationship between a person’s state of mind and their physical environment, a place where
people want to be a place that is healthy, nurturing, and delightful. It is clear that the respondents
could not differentiate between a comfortable healthy environment and how it affects their
productivity and behaviour.

Due to all the above assessments the following elements could improve the well-being of users
in working environments:

Natural elements that
improves well‐being
Natural lighting 32%
Natural ventilation 17%
Water features 16%
Landscaped gardens 15%
Sound 12%
Colour 5%
Texture

Figure 5.6: Elements chosen by questioned occupants as most health improving

However, occupants are well aware that natural materials such as water features, vegetation,
natural ventilation and lighting could positively influence their productivity and well-being.

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According to Genius Loci’s ‘sense of place’ theory designing spaces for social interaction,
providing opportunities for public relaxation in harmonious surroundings, relates to how an
individual's physical and mental emotions and feelings are stimulated. In the occupants
experiencing the above natural elements rate most effective for implementing well-being and
aesthetically appealing in the built environment.

Due to the investigation of users within buildings an appropriate response to the investigated
criteria of natural elements was concluded. These natural features achieve a positive and
emotional connection with nature. Within the investigated case studies it was found that, in
interior spaces, of the office development, the presence of plants and water features found to
increase the aesthetic attractiveness and psychological well-being of the setting. When urban
environments are equally compared, then those urban settings that also contain some vegetation
(especially trees) or a water feature are most preferred.

Therefore as an architect it is important to create spaces and environments which are well
perceived and experienced by its occupants, please the client and design budget, creating
buildings and spaces with the below theories in mind, for the well-being of the inhabitants of
these spaces.

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CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSIONS
The main question posed how biophilic design affects human behaviour patterns, productivity
and well-being? Edward O. Wilson biophilia theory analyses human behaviour and values of
their relationships with nature: aiming to create psychological, physical and socially healthy
environments. Nature is the source of mans being. The influence of biophilic design can improve
human behaviour in architecture, through natural elements such as, natural light, ventilation and
materials, colour, spatial definition, interior and exterior connections with nature resulting in
Genius Loci’s ‘sense of place’ theory.

Secondary questions established the causes of sick building syndrome, which are related to
physical factors, such as: ventilating, heating systems and organic volatile compounds, as well as
poor air quality, lack of ventilation and pleasant views of nature, which causes the occupants to
have a much higher level of resentment, distrust, defensiveness, anxiety and confusion, they
become unmanageable and irritable, affecting their productivity and behaviour patterns within
their buildings. By connecting man with nature, through implementing natural elements in
buildings and providing adequate views and natural lighting, human behaviour pattern would
increase according to the above investigations. It has been proven that environmental psychology
includes contact with nature, promoting psychological well-being and physical health.

The aim of this study was to establish that implementing natural elements affect behaviour
patterns within the built environment. By exploring the concept of sick building syndrome it was
found that natural elements improve well-being when implemented into social spaces. It was
found that the objectives were proven through the investigation of sick building syndrome and
concluded how incorporating natural elements positively influence the environmental
psychology of man’s mental and physical health and well-being.

Biophilic architecture is the solution to the problem: a responsive design to affect human
behaviour and well-being in a nature based built environment. An earlier assumption was made
that the majority of South Africans is currently working in unhealthy conditions, making them
sick. Buildings such as Alexander Forbes and Nedbank Ridgeview have taken these issues into

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consideration and implementing design strategies to improve the natural and physical built
environments. The issues dealt with in the hypothesis of implementing natural elements into
architectural form, improve psychological and physical behaviour patterns and well-being,
resulting in a ‘sense of place’, reduces stress levels and informs productivity.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
6.2.1 Introduction
Some of the biggest issues faced by the designers are unsustainable energy and resource
consumption, air and water pollution, climate change, waste generation, unhealthy indoor
environmental conditions, due to human disconnection from nature.

Man has this common need to connect himself with nature, looking to nature as a source of
mental and physical nourishment. Architects and planners should be working on a method of
meaningful integration with nature, such as daylight, vegetation, and fresh air, views of nature
and thermal comfort of the space that could improve and encourage physical and psychological
well-being, which is essential to human survival. We as designers have a responsibility to find a
happy medium between natural and physical environments. Creating a ‘sense of place’ involves
indoor as well as outdoor greenery and public spaces, giving people an opportunity to feel
comfortable and relax, providing physical and mental relief from the everyday harsh
environmental threats of pollution and stress. An enjoyable environment can be experienced in
terms of natural vegetation, nature based images, natural sounds and materials, as well as the
quality of natural light to enhance positive feelings and behaviour patterns. Break away or pause
areas could also be provided, creating areas for socialising and relaxation, enhancing a
comfortable ‘sense of space.’

Architects need to produce a diversity of spaces linking outdoors and indoors where people have
the opportunity to meet between the public and private realms; this will improve the connection
of the physical environment. Architectural form should be designed to encourage a level of
social connectivity, through interaction and engagement. If places and spaces are healthy and
pleasant to occupy, users are more likely to be content. Stimulating the human senses and
relaxation makes spaces pleasurable. It can be achieved by a quality of space that is revitalized

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with colour, texture, shape and proportion. Visual sensation and movement in a space create
enjoyment, through strong impressions.

Futuristic sustainability must have the combination of biophilic design and low environmental
impact, resulting in a restorative environmental design. The objectives that a restorative
environment and biophilic design follows are energy saving and efficiency, sustainable
materials, safe waste generation and disposal, pollution reducing, and indoor environmental
quality. Applying biophilic design to architecture leads to the conclusion: as much nature as
possible should be incorporated into everyday environments, leading towards energy efficiency
and sustainability. Natural environments should be relaxing areas for occupants to socialize,
often intrinsically fascinating: keeping the mind interested without effort. One should consider
combining living and working environment, allowing semipublic access through a peaceful
paradise atrium. When designing spaces one must consider activity levels in different rooms and
placement of spaces of activity in relation to solar and wind paths for human comfort. Urban
relaxation surrounded by plant life and running water features fits into the site context through
sensitive scale and height, communicating to its surrounding buildings, opening outwards,
towards the natural environment, drawing nature into the building, combining the elements of
accessibility and convenience.

“Design is a healing art that provides the opportunity to

enhance people’s lives using elements of nature as a gift”
- Clodagh -
(Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008; 341)

Sustainability incorporates natural elements into buildings improving the well-being of its user
and prevents sick building syndrome. The green building movement has successfully brought
daylighting, low-impact and natural materials into current and future developments. The main
focus has been to lower energy consumption and costing as well as environmental impact. The
current outlook on green buildings is to improve productivity through design life-enriching,
restorative buildings and landscaping of a positive nature and well-being (biophilic architecture).

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6.2.2 Indoor and outdoor natural vegetation
Biophilic design blends the inside of the building with the natural exterior environment, linking
indoors with the outdoors, improving the connection of mans affiliation with nature, through
natural materials and internal landscaping. This link with nature promotes physical and
psychological benefits. Recreational outdoor public spaces are essential for improving the
connection between man and nature. Nature presents the richness and variety of patterns,
textures, light and colours that affect human behaviour. A rich sensory environment surrounds us
with visual delight, sounds, and variations of temperature as we move through space.

Great green spaces are really great public places, such as multistory atriums, which can serve
several purposes: providing greenery and daylight to multiple floors creating a visual connection
between those floors. Man cannot be dissociated from the natural environment. By reducing air
pollutants, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide, it is clear that nature is beneficial to health and well-
being. To further improve well-being, buildings should provide access to outside spaces such as
balconies, terraces, courtyards and patios. People in close proximity to open spaces tend to live
healthier lifestyles.

Green spaces, both interior and exterior, are essential to architecture promoting a connection
with nature. Integrating luxurious vast indigenous low water consumption vegetation such as
grass, plant life and a few small trees, vertical green walls in the built environment or spilling out
onto a timber landscaped outdoor relaxation deck, linking a visual connection, providing a calm
and restful atmosphere is enough to enhance human behaviour and well-being.

Designing green user-spaces such as, public food gardens assists with self-esteem and
motivation. Waiting areas could be carefully positioned near natural greenery and external views
to make the public feel comfortable while waiting. Incorporating greenery on the building façade
such as growing vines, green roofs, garden courtyards that brings light and greenery into the
basement, terraced gardens and planter boxes in and around a building absorbs sound, and are
aromatic and soft on the eye.

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6.2.3 Thermal comfort
Thermal comfort is influenced by four environmental conditions that affect the body
simultaneously: air temperature, humidity, air movement, and mean radiant temperature. These
environmental factors are influenced by natural building materials, natural light from the amount
of glazing provided within a space, windows sizing, air treatment, and surface treatment, noise,
and climate change. The exterior of building materials such as concrete panels, brickwork and
double glazing are to be well insulated and would create a comfortable working environment.
Low-VOC paints and adhesives used indoors, UVC treatment eliminating airborne bacteria and
viruses, and carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide sensors monitor air quality, can also ensure a
comfortable healthy air quality environment (Teoh: 2011) established in Khoo Tech Puat
Hospital design.

Air quality has to be improved, indoors and out by use of vegetation. Outdoor air gets polluted
by industrial buildings and traffic and indoor air by furniture and building materials off-gassing,
as well as secondary breath and body odours. Fresh internal air movement can be created by
mechanical fan-assisted ‘cooling’ systems. An open plan structure through spatial design
combined with the cooling system of spaces ensures an even distribution of airflow throughout
the building.

Designers orientate buildings to take advantage of the north and southeast wind speed, reducing
the need for fans, minimising solar heat gain and glare in the morning and late afternoon. Passive
vertical interior shading roller blinds over windows on the east and west facades and landscape
features on the north side can help reduce daylight penetration and overheating, glazing and
thermal insulation strategies, could also control glare and heat gain, as well as enhance the
brightness of the interior and save energy usage.

6.2.4 Natural ventilation

Natural ventilation requires a good understanding of cross-ventilation, stack ventilation, and
thermally induced ventilation. In comparison to traditional ventilation systems, natural
ventilation is environmentally-friendly, energy-efficient and more economical to maintain,
allowing fresh air exchange, preventing a build up of toxic gasses and the circulation of airborne

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germs. Natural ventilation reduces or eliminates VOCs improving the well-being of building
users, through moving ceiling fans, naturally cooling the building. Instead energy efficient
chilled water pumps and air chiller could be installed in buildings, which is 20% more efficient
than conventional chillers, contributing to the reduction of energy usage. A cooling tower fan
also contributes to ventilation throughout the building.

6.2.5 Window design

Operable modular jalousie windows supplying fresh pre-cooled air of newly cut grass and
controlling incoming rain could be placed in locations that will produce the appropriate amount
of airflow, to limit the use of air-conditioning. Operable windows should be avoided in
situations, where city noise and street pollution is present. It is said that seated views of nature
and proximity to windows are linked to reducing sick building syndrome, increasing
performances and improves overall health and well-being. (Kellert, Heerwagen, Mador: 2008;
120). Kellerts, Heerwagen and Madors’ research shows that building users with a window view
of nature reported lower frustration and higher life satisfaction and overall health. Maximising
views for over 60% of building spaces provides a visual connection to external environments,
lowering eyestrain through relaxation and refocus on natural elements, linking the indoors with
the outdoors through building transparency and street accessibility, which is essential for man vs
nature interaction.

6.2.6 Lighting and natural lighting

Daylight is the most pleasing illumination available to human well-being. Taking advantage of
natural light minimizes the need for electric lighting during the daytime, saves energy, saves
money and lifts the spirits of building occupants. Lighting system could be used to dim or switch
off lightings when spaces are unoccupied through motion sensing, as well as when sufficient
daylight is provided, referred to as daylight harvesting, avoiding glare, streaks, and excessive
heating, resulting in positive interiors.

In building environments, glare and discomfort should be avoided by using light shelves,
reflective walls, skylights, atriums, or other forms of shading and indirect lighting. Too much
light in an indoor space could deteriorate your health. Having a constant luminance of 500 when

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only 100 is needed, could make users feel lazy and tired, affecting their productivity. Allowing
daylight to come into an area from more than one direction will deeply penetrate the space and
provide better uniformity, through the channelling of daylight. The room or building may feel
more positively three-dimensional instead of flat-lit.

Building orientation and geometry give a solid foundation in quality daylighting design.
Windows on the north and south facades will provide the best quality daylight. Glazing size and
location will determine daylight quantity. Tall ceilings and high windows will allow the deepest
daylighting penetration into required areas.

6.2.7 Natural elements

A lively healthy human and natural balance are created through the natural elements integrated
into the natural environment of views, textures, sounds, smells and diversity of landscapes with
the built environment. By eliminating noise, changing colour and lighting, softening and
harmonising shapes and forms would result in a less stressful environment. Other features can be
incorporated such as water elements, pleasant landscaping with large trees, meandering
pathways, multiple shops and restaurants to create an aesthetically appealing area.

6.2.8 Water in architecture

Incorporating the sound of water in architecture therapeutically and aesthetically stimulates
healing to the soul mentally, physically and visually, through slow moving water features giving
a calming, soothing feeling to a tranquil interior and adds a natural element to mask harsh
exterior noise. Interior waterfalls cools and heats up the buildings during different seasons.

Water recycling can be achieved through rainfall processed through small wetlands on a building
shell or perforated concrete pavers to control stormwater sun-off, then guided to an interior pool,
and then moved to a cistern beneath the building and an exterior pond. These strategies reduce
water consumption through harvesting grey water, treated and combined with filtered rainwater
for low flow flushing toilets, sinks, basin and shower mixers, waterless urinals and internal and
external landscape irrigation, which minimises municipal portable water intake.

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6.2.9 Natural materials
Today’s natural material criteria include environmental sustainability. Natural green materials
require no toxic chemicals for its production, use and disposal. These materials should be low in
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s), therefore less toxic, be manufactured locally, have
reduced environmental impact and perform for human comfort. Natural materials minimise
industrial processing when used locally, reducing transport pollution and re-establishes man with
their surroundings. These materials are also more likely to use organic glues, resins, and sealants
and can therefore be recycled.

Similar to the spaces, the more ‘natural the state’ of the building material the more positive these
environments will appear to an individual. Natural materials should be used on those surfaces
that occupants come into immediate contact with such as walls, floors, and furniture. Occupants
should be able to appreciate the physical qualities of each material, such as a rough cut stone, or
the texture of wool. The interior fixtures and soft finishes in buildings should combine natural
colours, soft textiles, creating a calm aesthetic and atmosphere of restful tranquillity, an
environment affecting human behaviour patterns and well-being.

6.2.10 Site selection criteria

Location: (situated within a public precinct)
It should be a site that that offers opportunities for development that will benefit the micro and
macro context. The immediate area should be near if not in the city, making use of existing
infrastructure and facilities; thereby creating a symbiotic relationship between similar functions
or interests. Adjacent community spaces add social value to a site. The site should be in an area
that has the greatest need of renewal.

The existing ‘spirit of place’ is also important in site selection as environments with an existing
spirit amongst the community, enhancing one’s experience within the space. A busy and noisy
atmosphere is not an appropriate location to enhance human behaviour patterns and improve
well-being.

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Site size: (a generous size site accommodating a multi-use development)
The size should be adequate for the new mass of the urban multi-use development and able to
accommodate sufficient parking.

Accessibility: (linking to surrounding attractions)

There should be easy access to the site and it should be integrated in the broader urban context of
the area and its surroundings. It should be easy to access the site from various points through
numerous modes of transport, as well as pedestrian friendly accessibility, to maximise
convenience for the local population. The convenient walking distances and accessibility to
public transport would help facilitate a pedestrian orientated precinct. The site should not be far
from a major urban hub, it needs to have a visual prominence to be easily identified in its
context, offering distinct strong links to its context from various angles.

Natural Environment: (walking access to nature based areas)

Climatic conditions are very important, the low diurnal variation of Durban is best in catering for
green urban areas and multi-use developments on a year-round basis, however due to this fact;
specific wind patterns need to be carefully considered.  The site must have a natural landscape or
the latter must be suitable to be implanted in the context to enhance the existing fabric.

Vegetation in proximity to the building is very effective, when improving the well-being of
building users and incorporating natural lighting and ventilation. The high coastal water table
may allow for opportunities of reintegrating the river back into the city. Any existing vegetation
and structures on site needs to be considered. The site should offer an opportunity to enhance the
natural ecosystem while aiding in natural human well-being.

Orientation: (nature influencing light, wind, water, cooling etc)

Solar and wind orientation provides natural lighting and ventilation for human comfort while
views of the natural environment improve the aesthetic appeal of the site. Therefore the site
should be orientated in such a way as to promote a healthy and vibrant site, not overly shaded by
neighbouring buildings.

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Good cross ventilation is essential. Its orientation should allow views from the site to the
surrounding context. A north to north east orientation will make it easier to achieve optimum
building performance with regards to thermal comfort and lighting levels. If located within a
public domain the building should address the public space.

6.2.11 Conclusions
This research shows that society can benefit mentally, physically and socially from buildings
designed with nature, improving the health and well-being needs of people and the need for
responsible public architecture. The design method of biophilia is an appropriate approach to
well-being, community architecture and the built environment, providing healthier built
environments. The above approaches incorporated into architecture, connection man with nature
can be used to encourage well-being when engaging in a place, through thoughts, actions and
behaviour. Based on the outcomes of the researches’ theoretical framework, literature review and
relevant case studies, these recommendations could be used as a guideline to biophilic
architecture and human sensitive environments, for a proposed design in the near Durban area,
implemented in Part Two of this study.

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CHAPTER SEVEN REFERENCES
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7.3 DISSERTATIONS:
BEELMAN, A. 2005. Healthy Habitats: The Role of Architecture in the Human Relationship
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heals-earth (Accessed 21 April, 2013)
WAIT, M. 2012. Alexander Forbes Office achieves 4 Star Green Building rating. Retrieved
from; http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/alexander-forbes-office-achieves-4-star-green-
building-rating-2012-10-16/ (Accessed 07 April, 2013)
WALKER, A. 2010. Whole Building Design Guide. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Retrieved from; http://wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php/ (Accessed 18 April, 2013)
WALKER, R. 2007. Human’s Disconnection from nature. Newsvine.com. Retrieved from;
http://rumwalker.newsvine.com (Accessed 20 March, 2013)
WILSON, A. 2006. Biophilia in Practice: Buildings that Connect People with Nature
Environmental Building News. Retrieved from; http://www.aia.org/ (Accessed 01 March, 2013)

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WINDOW MASTER. Natural ventilation. Window Master Control Systems Ltd. Retrieved
from; http://www.windowmaster.comen-GB/Competencies/Natural-ventilation.aspx/ (Accessed
18 April, 2013)

7.5 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION:

GRAHAM WILSON (Director of Osmond Lange Architects & Planners) interviewed by M.
Blom. 15 March 2013, Johannesburg
JOSEF QURAISHI (Head of sustainability at Amdec Property Delevopment) interviewed by
M. Blom. 18 March 2013, Melrose Arch, Johannesburg
ROZENA MAART (Acting Director, Centre for Critical Research) interviewed by M. Blom. 28
March 2013, UKZN
DAYLE DUNCAN (Facilities Administrator at Nedbank Ridgeview) interviewed by M. Blom.
27 March 2013, Umhlanga
AMIR LIVNEH (Project Architect of Paragon Architects) interviewed by M. Blom. 15 April
2013, Johannesburg
V. LAMBERT (Facilities Administrator at Alexander Forbes Sandton) interviewed by M. Blom.
15 April 2013, Johannesburg

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CHAPTER EIGHT APPENDICES: INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Name and Surname?
__________________________________________________________________
2. Gender? (Male or Female) ____________________________________________
3. Race? (Black, White, Indian, Coloured, Other)____________________________
4. Age? _____________________________________________________________
5. Which space is your favourite or worst space in the building and why?
__________________________________________________________________
6. Does your building make you feel positive and full of energy?
__________________________________________________________________
7. Would you say your building has a healthy environment?
__________________________________________________________________
8. Do you believe that building materials can affect your health?
__________________________________________________________________
9. Would you say that natural elements (water, vegetation, fresh air) within a building
can result in a healthier environment?
__________________________________________________________________
10. Have you ever felt ill with headaches or lack of concentration and motivation at
work?
__________________________________________________________________
11. Would you say your building affects your productivity positively or negatively?
__________________________________________________________________
12. Do you feel comfortable within your building with regards to natural lighting,
ventilation, natural views or vegetation present?
__________________________________________________________________
13. In your experience which of the following elements would affect your well-being?
(colour, light, texture, sound, natural lighting & ventilation, water & water features,
landscapes and gardens)
__________________________________________________________________

Interview carried out on ____________at____________

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PART TWO
DESIGN REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
1.2 DESIGN BACKGROUND ............................................................................ 3
1.2.1 The Problem Statement ....................................................................... 4
1.2.2 Issues and Motivation for the Proposal ............................................... 4
1.2.3 The Working Hypothesis ..................................................................... 4
1.2.4 Key Questions..................................................................................... 4
1.3 THE ARCHITECT ........................................................................................ 4
1.3.1 The Role of the Architect.. .................................................................. 5
1.3.2 The Vision .......................................................................................... 5
1.4 THE NATIONAL CLIENT ........................................................................... 5
1.4.1 The Clients’ Organisation .................................................................. 5
1.4.2 The Clients’ Requirements and Brief .................................................. 6
1.4.3 Accommodation Schedule ................................................................... 6

2.0 SITE SELECTION, SURVEY AND ANALYSIS ................................................ 10

2.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA.................................................................... 10
2.2 SITE SELECTION OPTIONS ..................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Site Option 1: ................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 Site Option 2: ................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Site Option 3: ................................................................................... 14
2.3 LOCATION AND ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SITE ............................... 15

3.0 THE DESIGN BACKGROUND AND PROPOSAL ............................................ 17

3.1 THEORIES .................................................................................................. 17
3.1.1 Edward, O. Wilson’s Biophilia Hypothesis ....................................... 17
3.1.2 Environmental Psychology ............................................................... 18
3.1.3 Genius Loci: A ‘sense of place’ ........................................................ 18
3.2 CONCEPTS ................................................................................................. 18
3.3 KEY PRECEDENT STUDY........................................................................ 21
3.3.1 Khoo Teck Paut Hospital (Yishun, Singapore) .................................. 21

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3.4 DESIGN PRECEDENT STUDIES .............................................................. 22

3.4.1 Genzyme Center (Cambridge, USA).................................................. 22
3.4.2 Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (Wageningen, Netherlands)
......................................................................................................................... 23
3.5 KEY CASE STUDY .................................................................................... 25
3.5.1 Alexander Forbes (Sandton, Johannesburg) ..................................... 25

4.0 URBAN DESIGN PROPOSAL ............................................................................. 27

5.0 DESIGN RESOLUTION....................................................................................... 28

6.0 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 30

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................. 31
7.1 PUBLISHED RESEARCH ......................................................................... 31
7.2 JOURNAL ARTICLES ............................................................................... 31
7.3 DISSERTATIONS ...................................................................................... 31
7.4 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION ............................................................. 31

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on the theoretical study of how ‘Biophilic Architecture can influence human behaviour
and well-being,’ one is made aware of the issue of sick building syndrome and the stresses
that the architectural environment places on productivity and well-being of the users.

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Looking at the discussed literature review, it is evident that many built environments do
contribute to the issue of sick building syndrome and that Biophilic Architecture positively
influences human behaviour, productivity and well-being.

Part Two of the study documents the design proposal of an ‘Urban Multi-use Office Park
Development for the Umgeni Business Park precinct, Durban’ to demonstrate how Biophilic
Architectural environment can enhance the behaviour patterns and well-being of its users.
The purpose of this report is to apply the research findings to architectural design. When
paying attention to the ‘Analysis and Discussions’ as well as ‘Recommendations and
Conclusions’ in Part One of the document the theoretical background establishes the concept
behind the Urban Multi-use Office Park Development.

1.2 DESIGN BACKGROUND

1.2.1 The Problem Statement
A personal assumption was made that a large populations of South Africans are currently
working in unhealthy conditions, resulting in making them sick, therefore probably not
meeting everyday human health needs. Human beings are greatly affected, both physically
and mentally, by our surroundings, whether natural or built, this involves ones human well-
being, physical and emotional or ones spiritual self (Day: 2002; 9).

Dealing with the issue of buildings showing characteristics of sick building syndrome, could
result in occupants suffering negative side effects. Everyday pollution in society has led to
these negative outcomes of physical and psychological well-being of space users. When
investigating factors such as natural light, colour, fresh air, visual contact with water and
nature or noise pollution, it is found that exposure to such natural elements positively
influence human behaviour, health and productivity in a live, work and play environment.
1.2.2 Issues and Motivation for the Proposal
Human behaviour and well-being is influenced by Architectural form. Various social
behaviour patterns within the architectural environment affect human well-being, from both a
positive and negative point of view. Sick building syndrome: natural elements (colour, light,
texture, sound, natural lighting & ventilation, thermal comfort, water & water features,
landscapes and gardens) can positively influence well-being through architectural
interventions and these environments can in turn affect human behaviour.

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1.2.3 The Working Hypothesis

The built environment affects the user, positively or negatively. Implementing natural
elements into Architectural form improves psychological and physical behaviour patterns and
well-being, creating a sense of place, reducing stress levels and informs productivity.

1.2.4 Key Questions

How can Biophilic design affect human behaviour patterns and well-being?
What causes sick building syndrome?

1.3 THE ARCHITECT

1.3.1 The Role of the Architect
The key question is how biophilic architecture can promote positive human behaviour and
well-being and whether it can reduce sick building syndrome. Architects have the greatest
impact on human behaviour and their well-being through individual building design.
Therefore, architects have a responsibility to the environment, they have to start with changing the
way they design, introducing natural elements into buildings and other environmental issues,
related to a better way of living (Wilson: 2013).

Architects need to consider the way in which buildings are designed, constructed and
maintained to promote healthier built environments and how it can avoid being harmful,
through working on a solution that accepts society’s urban lifestyle while integrating methods
of meaningful integration with nature.

Architects need to create a diversity of spaces linking outdoors and indoors where people
have the opportunity to meet between the public and private realms, this will improve the
connection of the physical and natural environment (Smithson, 1962: 44).

• Design sustainable architectural environments that support public social facilities

• Design architectural environments allowing users to identify with their surroundings
• Design a unique ‘sense of space’ of the site through good urban and architectural
design
• Design green spaces that connects man to nature and soften the harsh urban
environment
• Design in close proximity to water and natural environments, introducing tranquility

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• Design healthy buildings with natural ventilation and day lighting strategies
• Design buildings that allow for free public movement
• Design buildings that connects man to the environment, through planting, good
ventilation and lighting
• Design interior spaces through the correct choice of colours, materials, as well as
natural lighting and ventilation requirements that support human well-being and
positively influence behaviour patterns and productivity

1.3.2 The Vision

An urban multi-use office park development and urban framework providing social public
facilities within a Biophilic designed environmental conscious building, promoting well-
being, positive behaviour patterns and productivity. The building is to be located near or
within the natural environment, creating easily accessible opportunities to the site via
vehicular and pedestrian movement.

1.4 THE NATIONAL CLIENT

1.4.1 The Clients’ Organisation
Fruit and Veg City and Food Lovers Market have established a company called Love Health,
whom will be the clients of my design. The Love Health Organisation is an organic foods
business specializing in bringing fresh produce to the public of South Africa. They currently
have an operation in Cape Town and are looking to move their headquarters to the Durban
area. This client sponsors a series of ‘healthy and active’ events. Living a healthy and active
lifestyle is important, especially with today’s busy lifestyles.

The main aim with Love Health is to supply each and every one of their customers with not
only the freshest fruit and vegetables, but also to help them embrace the outdoors and get
active. You've often heard the saying ‘You are what you eat’ and while this isn't exactly true,
what you eat does have a major effect on your general wellness as the foods you consume
will determine the nutrients your body gets. Food Lover's Market is very conscious of the
positive effects a healthy nutritious diet can have on your general wellness. The nutrients in
our diet give us energy and are necessary to improve your behaviour patterns development.

1.4.2 The Clients’ Requirements and Brief

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The Love Health Organisation values human health as a basic principal of well-being, which
in turn would improve one’s lifestyle. Health is wealth. Incorporating Biophilic design into
buildings enhances the vision of wellness. The client propose to develop a 15 000sqm
headquarters space within a nature based urban design framework, which will consist of a
multi-use program and include office space, retail space and outdoor public space with
specific focus on well-being and wellness in the workplace. They require a sustainable design
ensuring a building responding to a healthy lifestyle for its occupants and visitors, acting as a
catalyst for future developments in the area. They have requested for the first building to be
designed as a Multi-Use Office Building Headquarters. The design is to represent the
company values and principals and should symbolize what the company stands for.

The client acquires a 20 000sqm site in the Umgeni Business Park precinct in Durban which
bears the potential to develop the aforementioned work. A north-facing site needs to make
use of views of natural vegetation and have direct access to the water's edge.

1.4.3 Accommodation Schedule

The schedule of accommodation was determined mainly by the analysis of precedent and
case studies, as well as the requirements of The Love Health Organisation requirements. The
accommodation schedule for the ground floor plan was to consist mainly of public spaces to
activate and draw the general public to the area. Therefore the commercial and retail
component would best be suited for the ground floor. The first floor was to consist of semi
private space, raised above the public realm, namely a gym, crèche, multi-use hall etc. The
last component being the office headquarters was considered to be on the second floor and
higher, as these facilities are considered private. Taking into account the clients requirements
the office headquarters was to have maximum views, lighting and ventilation, emphasizing
the connection of man and nature, improving the behavior patterns and well-being of the
users.

Refer to the table below for a proposed schedule of accommodation:

SITE AREA: 47 323m2

SPACE DESCRIPTION AREA (m2)

LOWER LEVEL:

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Gymnasium Lower Level 423m2

Crèche 347m2

BASEMENT PARKING:
Lift Lobby 133m2
Parking 4 083m2
Gymnasium Upper Level 289m2
Security Office 30m2
Ablutions 60m2
Water Storage 139m2
Mechanical Plant Room 46m2

GROUND FLOOR:
Entrance & Foyer 74m2
Information / Reception 327m2
Kitchenette 89m2
Waiting Area 81m2
Ablutions 191m2
General Storage & DB Room 30m2
Service entry & Delivery 226m2
Urban Design Layout 47 323m2
Agricultural Gardens 5 765m2
Urban Green Parking Area 2058m2
Courtyards 368m2
Circulation Core 133m2
Ablutions 191m2
Refuge Area 226m2
Restaurant: Indoor & Outdoor 921m2
Cafés 365m2
Take Away Food Court 247m2
Retail Outlets & Commercial Shops 517m2
Formal Food & Craft Market 652m2

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Fire Escape Cores 55m2

FIRST FLOOR:
Circulation Core 133m2
Break away / Pause Area 100m2
Kitchenette 10m2
Ablutions 81m2
Atriums 848m2
Indoor & Outdoor Balconies 650m2
Roof Garden 1 239m2
Fire Escapes Cores 55m2
Rentable Office Space 1 942m2

SECOND FLOOR:
Circulation Core 133 m2
Fire Escapes Cores 55m2
Break away / Pause Area 100m2
Kitchenette 10m2
Ablutions 81m2
Atrium 848m2
Indoor & Outdoor Balconies m2
Roof Garden 816m2
Rentable Office Space 1 709m2

ROOF LEVEL:
Circulation Core 133m2
Break away / Pause Area 100m2
Kitchenette 10m2
Ablutions 60m2
Indoor & Outdoor Balconies 233m2
Roof Garden 396m2

TOTAL SQUARE METRES FOR ACCOMODATION SCHEDULE: ±10 000m2

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2.0 SITE SELECTION, SURVEY AND ANALYSIS

2.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA
Location: (situated within a public precinct)
It should be a site that that offers opportunities for development that will benefit the micro
and macro context. The immediate area should be near if not in the city, making use of
existing infrastructure and facilities; thereby creating a symbiotic relationship between
similar functions or interests. Adjacent community spaces add social value to a site. The site
should be in an area that has the greatest need of renewal.

The existing ‘spirit of place’ is also important in site selection as environments with an
existing spirit amongst the community, enhancing one’s experience within the space. A busy
and noisy atmosphere is not an appropriate location to enhance human behaviour patterns and
improve well-being.

Site size: (a generous size site accommodating a multi-use development)

The size should be adequate for the new mass of the urban multi-use development and able to
accommodate sufficient parking.

Accessibility: (linking to surrounding attractions)

There should be easy access to the site and it should be integrated in the broader urban
context of the area and its surroundings. It should be easy to access the site from various
points through numerous modes of transport, as well as pedestrian friendly accessibility, to
maximise convenience for the local population. The convenient walking distances and
accessibility to public transport would help facilitate a pedestrian orientated precinct. The site
should not be far from a major urban hub, it needs to have a visual prominence to be easily
identified in its context, offering distinct strong links to its context from various angles.

Natural Environment: (walking access to nature based areas)

Climatic conditions are very important, the low diurnal variation of Durban is best in catering
for green urban areas and multi-use developments on a year-round basis, however due to this
fact; specific wind patterns need to be carefully considered. The site must have a natural

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landscape or the latter must be suitable to be implanted in the context to enhance the existing
fabric.

Vegetation in proximity to the building is very effective, when improving the well-being of
building users and incorporating natural lighting and ventilation. The high coastal water table
may allow for opportunities of reintegrating the river back into the city. Any existing
vegetation and structures on site needs to be considered. The site should offer an opportunity
to enhance the natural ecosystem while aiding in natural human well-being.

Orientation: (nature influencing light, wind, water, cooling etc)

Solar and wind orientation provide natural lighting and ventilation for human comfort while
views of the natural environment improve aesthetic appeal of the site. Therefore the site
should be orientated in such a way as to promote a healthy and vibrant site, not overly shaded
by neighbouring buildings.

Good cross ventilation is essential. Its orientation should allow views from the site to the
surrounding context. A north to north east orientation will make it easier to achieve optimum
building performance with regards to thermal comfort and lighting levels. If located within a
public domain the building should address the public space.

Revitilisation: (bringing people to the precinct)

Warehouse jungle, light commercially zoned no activity in night and motor industries
dominate leaving the area unvisited. Lack of shade, trees, urban furniture (unfriendly
pedestrian environment), and lack of public social spaces demonstrate a need for a precinct
revitalization.

2.2 SITE SELECTION OPTIONS

Durban is situated on the eastern coastline of Kwa-Zulu Natal within the South Africa. It is
situated adjacent to the Indian Ocean on the east coast and stretches to the east along its harbour
to the south.

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Figure 1: Location of potential site in South Africa (Author:2013)

Figure 2: Location of potential sites in Kwa Zulu-Natal (Author:2013)

The city's main position as a port of entry onto the southern African continent has led to a
development of national roads around it. On the western side the N3 Western Freeway links
Gauteng to the city and the N2 outer ring road links the Eastern and South Coast to the South and
Mpumalanga on the North to Durban (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban).

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2.2.1 Site Option 1:

ANALYSIS CRITERIA CRITERIA EVIDENT
MAN VS NATURE: (environmental psychology) X
NATURAL ELEMENTS: (biophilic hypothesis)
ORIENTATION: (nature influencing light, wind, water) X
ACCESSIBILITY: (linking to surrounding attractions) X
LOCATION: (potential for creating a sense of place) X

Figure 3: Site option 1 in Durban CBD (Author:2013)

2.2.2 Site Option 2:

ANALYSIS CRITERIA CRITERIA EVIDENT
MAN VS NATURE: (environmental psychology) X
NATURAL ELEMENTS: (biophilic hypothesis) X
ORIENTATION: (nature influencing light, wind, water)
ACCESSIBILITY: (linking to surrounding attractions) X
LOCATION: (potential for creating a sense of place) X

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Figure 4: Site option 2 in Umhlanga business precinct (Author:2013)

2.2.3 Site Option 3:

ANALYSIS CRITERIA CRITERIA EVIDENT
MAN VS NATURE: (environmental psychology) X
NATURAL ELEMENTS: (biophilic hypothesis) X
ORIENTATION: (nature influencing light, wind, water)
ACCESSIBILITY: (linking to surrounding attractions) X
LOCATION: (potential for creating a sense of place) X

Figure 5: Site option 3 in Umgeni business precinct (Author:2013)

SITES ANALYSED ANALYSIS OUTCOME

SITE 1: DURBAN CBD xxxx

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SITE 2: UMHLANGA BUSINESS PARK xxxx

SITE 3: UMGENI BUSINESS PARK xxxxx

2.3 LOCATION AND ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SITE

After applying the urban area criteria, site 3 received the highest overall rating and has
therefore been selected as the preferred urban area. Site 3 has the greatest potential of
creating the biggest possible impact upon Durban’s inhabitants. Its central location and
deteriorating environment justify its selection to rejuvenate this area to bring life back to the
city and create a city environment that is more conducive to both social interaction and
wellbeing.

Figure 6: Site SELECTED option 3 in Umgeni business precinct (Author:2013)

The surrounding environment has a direct impact on the location of the proposed building.
The proposed site is located opposite the Umgeni Business Park area near a Major transport
node, inside a warehouse storage business precinct. The building has close access to natural
greenery and the Umgeni River, ideal for urban farming and pedestrian friendly walkways.
The chosen site promotes a free movement environment. The orientation of the proposed site
faces north, which is ideal for incorporating maximum North light, entering the majority of
the site. Sensory views from the site indicate positive points of interest or value in the

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surrounding area. Views to the site from areas outside the site boundaries indicate traffic
coming into the site from major routes.

Figure 7: Site analysis: transport & pedestrian nodes and roads (Author:2013)

Figure 8: Site analysis: environmental analysis (Author:2013)

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Figure 9: Site analysis: pedestrian movement, internal & external views (Author:2013)

Potential pedestrian movement around the site was analyzed to determine the public use of
the chosen area. Pedestrians tend to walk no further than approximately 300m, which give
opportunity for community spaces to be designed within the site, drawing the public into the
site.

3.0 THE DESIGN BACKGROUND AND PROPOSAL

3.1 THEORIES
3.1.1 Edward, O. Wilson’s Biophilia Hypothesis
Edward O. Wilson biophilia theory analyses human behaviour and values of their
relationships with nature: aiming to create psychological, physical and socially healthy
environments. Nature is the source of mans being. People have an affiliation with nature, a
natural interest and attraction to nature, a need to contact with nature, just as much as they
require nutrients and air for survival. Edward O. Wilson biophilia theory analyses human
behaviour and values of their relationships with nature: aiming to create psychological,
physical and socially healthy environments. The influence of biophilic design can improve
human behaviour in architecture, through natural elements such as, natural light, ventilation
and materials, colour, spatial definition, interior and exterior connections with nature.

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Bringing nature into buildings through Biophilic design, promotes measurable benefits to
human behaviour, performance, productivity, emotional well-being, stress reduction,
learning, health and healing (Wilson: 2006 and Kellert: 2005).

3.1.2 Environmental Psychology

Integration between nature, natural elements and architecture is a field of study that examines
the relationship between environments and how it affects its inhabitants and their behaviour.
This involves the relationship between a person's state of mind and their physical
environment. It was found that environmental psychology including contact with nature
proved that the investigation of sick building syndrome concluded how incorporating natural
elements positively influence the environmental psychology of mans mental and physical
health and well-being. A truly positive environmental psychological building is a place that is
healthy, nurturing, and delightful to its occupants (Guenther & Vittori, 2008).

3.1.3 Genius Loci: A ‘sense of place’

A ‘sense of place’ is proven through a connection between nature and architecture, resulting
in a peaceful and tranquil setting. A place relates to how an individual's physical and mental
emotions and feelings are ‘stimulated' in a chosen environment. Occupants of architectural
spaces’ behaviour patterns as well as mood get affected through their personal experience of
the space. The issue of sick building syndrome could be solved by implementing natural
elements into architectural form, improving psychological and physical behaviour patterns
and well-being, creating a 'sense of place', reducing stress levels and inform productivity.
Spaces designed for social interaction to occur also provide opportunities for public
relaxation in harmonious surroundings (Tuan: 1977).

3.2 CONCEPT
Connecting man and nature through Biophilic Architecture. Through the use of sustainable
design strategies, choice of natural materials and the creative manipulation of the buildings
form, an architectural environment will be created that will connect people to nature which
will ultimately create a sense of place, enhancing thermal comfort, well-being and behaviour
patterns.

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3.3 KEY PRECEDENT STUDY

3.3.1 KHOO TECK PAUT HOSPITAL (YISHUN, SINGAPORE)

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Architect: CPG Consultants Pty. Ltd. | Location: Yishun, Singapore | Typology: Hospital

Figure 10: Site option 3 in Umgeni business precinct (www.worldarchitecturenews.com)

The three block KTPH garden court yard, terraced gardens and planter box ward layout allow
for maximum transparency and natural views, through an open facade design, connecting
man with the surrounding natural setting of a scenic natural pond. The garden courtyard is the
heart of the hospital, brings light and greenery into the building.

The design has been sensitive in terms of scale and height, communicating to its surrounding
blocks by opening outwards, drawing nature into the building. Multi level patient ward
designer planter boxes incorporate biophilic design strategies into the building, nurturing
mans affiliation with nature. The environmental psychological influence of ample natural
vegetation has on these patients increase their behaviour patterns, assists with their recovery
time and improves health and well-being.

Figure 10: Plan and artists areal massing layout (www.worldarchitecturenews.com)

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Figure 11: The garden courtyard: Heart of Khoo Tech Puat Hospital (www.worldarchitecturenews.com)

3.4 DESIGN PRECEDENT STUDIES

3.4.1 GENZYME CENTER (CAMBRIDGE, USA)
Architect: Stefan Behnisch | Location: Cambridge, MA, USA | Typology: Headquarters

Figure 12: Genzyme Center exterior night view (Author:2013)

The building accommodates about 920 individual workplaces over 12 floors, combining
innovative design and cutting-edge technology to create an exciting, healthy and productive
workplace. The building's central atrium acts as a light shaft as well as a return air duct that
allows sufficient natural ventilation to the entire building. The interior is flooded with
daylight, all workstations are naturally illuminated through a combination of re-directional
blinds at the building's perimeter and the top-lit central atrium. Lighting is further enhanced
by reflecting light of internal reflective surfaces and the prism chandeliers. The open staircase

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A Proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park Development

forms part of a 'vertical boulevard', starting at the ground floor lobby before proceeding
upwards through various neighbourhoods with open workstations and separate offices.
Eighteen interior gardens and seven accessible outdoor garden terraces increase the workers
connection to nature and enhance social interaction in the workplace.

The building envelope is a high-performance curtainwall glazing system with operable

windows on all 12 floors. More than 32% of the exterior envelope is a ventilated double-
facade that blocks solar gains in summer and captures solar gains in the winter. Steam from a
nearby power plant is used for central heating and cooling.

Figure 13: Interior naturally lit atrium (Author:2013)

Figure 14: Plan and natural ventilations system sections of atrium design (Author:2013)

3.4.2 INSTITUTE FOR FORESTRY AND NATURE RESEARCH

(WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS)
Architect: Stefan Behnisch | Location: Wageningen, Netherlands, | Typology: Institute

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A Proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park Development

Figure 15: Interior Biophilic architectural design linking man with nature (Author:2013)

The design brief was for a functional, user-friendly research facility working in harmony with
nature; versatile and ecologically sound. The design strategy was developed that drew on the
few remaining ecological qualities of the landscape to create a diverse new habitat with
vegetation which could sustain insects and animal species and be hospitable to the
organizations staff. The building was designed to embrace the landscape, with all workplaces
in direct contact with indoor and outdoor gardens. Two indoor gardens provide the focus for
daily activities and function as informal meeting areas, an integral component of the energy
concept, they serve as the lungs of the building, improving the performance of the external
envelope. The production, management, and harvesting of timber is a major field of research
at the institute, therefore subsequent occupation followed the motto of human and
environmentally friendly building for the future, by using timber for the building facades.

The degree of standardization of the industrial roof components – together with ventilation
openings and tailor-made, adjustable sun-shading devices – result in a near-optimal
relationship between resource consumption and product performance.

Figure 16: Concept sketches and basic plan (Author:2013)

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Figure 17: Model and exterior views (Author:2013)

Figure 18: Interior warm natural materials used (Author:2013)

3.5 KEY CASE STUDY

3.5.1 ALEXANDER FORBES (SANDTON, JOHANNESBURG)
Architect: Paragon Architects | Location: Sandton, SA | Typology: Multi-use Office
Building

Figure 19: Alexander Forbes Artist impression and ground floor plan (www.paragon.co.za)

Alexander Forbes consists of eight floors of dedicated offices space, housing 2200
employees, above six floors of parking. The ground floor includes a canteen, training spaces
and an auditorium, meeting space, facilities such as a crèche, gymnasium, restaurant, shower
facilities, coffee shop and convenience stores to promote a comfortable environment.

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Figure 20: Floating bridges connecting the N&S blocks, with designated ‘pause areas’ of
different style and design, on each floor (www.paragon.co.za)

Energy sufficiency and indoor environment quality design, create a 'sense of place' by
blending into the urban fabric of society. A natural and healthy environment, increased
circulation of fresh air, reduced heat loads, plant-filled pause areas. This building design
ensure its users thermal, mental and physical comfort, achieved by incorporating Genius
Locis' 'sense of place' theory, affecting their behaviour patterns. Two atria provide sufficient
natural daylight and visual connection within the building to its surroundings, connecting
internal with external views.

Figure 21: Cross Section of Alexander Forbes (www.paragon.co.za)

4.0 URBAN DESIGN PROPOSAL

The theoretical study of the relevant literature, its application in both local and international
building precedents has created a solid foundation on which to base the urban and building
design proposals. The following urban design proposal was created as a response to both the
client’s requirement as well as rejuvenating the current hard surface of the surrounding site
conditions that are apparent in the Umgeni Business Park precinct. It is through this urban

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A Proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park Development

design vision that rejuvenation will occur and Durban’s Umgeni Business Park will become a
greener area. Not only is this important but it is the start of the rejuvenation process of this
business precinct and the urban design proposal can be seen as a catalyst to kick start this
process.

Figure 22: Urban site plan (By Author: 2013)

The proposed urban design aims to revitalise a part of the Durban Umgeni Business Park
precinct, with the intention of linking this precinct to the natural urban green environment
and Umgeni River. This will therefore create an environment that enhances ones well-being
and gives the inhabitants of Durban more opportunities to socially interact with one another,
improving their behavior patterns.
5.0 DESIGN RESOLUTION
The design concept for the proposed urban office building is to connect people and nature
through architecture by enhancing physical health. The architectural layout creates
opportunities for people to socially and visually interact. The design connects people to
nature by using Biophilic design strategies such as natural lighting and ventilation, planting,
water, material selection as well as spontaneous and repeated contact with nature.
Architecture that is designed with the occupants best interest in mind is important in
achieving well-being in the architectural environment.

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• The use of Biophilic nature based elements creates a connection to the natural world
and enhances human behavior and well-being in public spaces.
• Design is focused on functionality, comfort and a connection to the natural
environment.
• Human scaled building form on public façade.
• Public spaces through the use of courtyards and atriums.
• The use of natural lighting, ventilation and the use of planting and water features.
• Narrow floor plates and the careful manipulation of building form to encourage
natural ventilation and lighting and to create visual communication between spaces
and the natural surrounding environment.
• Warm and cooler, interior and exterior materials are natural and tactile: appropriate
for the specific function of spaces.
• A building that enhances ones well-being and enhances behavior patterns and
increases productivity on many levels.

The theoretical framework of Biophilia used in the design of the building has proved that
through using nature based design attributes architects are able to design buildings that
enhance human well-being and improve human behavior patterns. It was therefore imperative
in the design process that the building was designed to best achieve each of the Biophilic
attributes in order to create an architectural environment that enhances well-being. These
attributes are namely natural lighting and ventilation, planting, water features, selection of
non-toxic materials and finishes to enhance well-being and to connect people to nature.

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Figure 23: Ground floor plan (By Author: 2013)

Figure 24: Artist impression North Eastern exterior view (By Author: 2013)

The form of the proposed building was carefully manipulated in order to ‘hug’ the natural
environment such a way as to creating spaces for social interaction to occur as well as
allowing for effective natural lighting and ventilation into all spaces. The design of the

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A Proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park Development

building is further enhanced by the use of water features, health based vegetation and trees
both within the building and on the building’s exterior roof gardens. Through creating large
public courtyard atriums the building was effectively split up to allow for all the Biophilic
attributes to be incorporated into the design. The atrium knuckles was designed to ensure that
effective natural ventilation and lighting was achieved into the building spaces.

The architectural language of the building was created bearing in mind the Biophilic
attributes. The use of trees on all levels is evident of this as well as the manipulation of the
buildings form to achieve natural lighting and ventilation. When designing for natural
lighting it is important that adequate solar shading devices are used so that one can reduce
glare and direct sunlight into building interiors, as this can have negative effects on people’s
well-being. It was from this that horizontal louvers as well as planter boxes were placed on
the buildings facades to provide solar protection. The use of light shelves became another
important method in terms of reflecting natural light deeper into building interiors.

Sustainable design strategies were used to ensure the maximum benefit from the natural
elements and to cut down costs on artificial lighting and air conditioning. A building that uses
natural ventilation strategies allows an abundance of fresh air into building interiors which
improves human well-being. The incorporation of the atrium also allows for the stack affect
to occur whereby the cool air is drawn in the building through the pivot windows and the hot
air escapes through the louvres at the top of the atrium.

6.0 CONCLUSION
The built environment affects the user, positively or negatively. Implementing natural
elements into Architectural form improves psychological and physical behaviour patterns and
well-being, creating a sense of place, reducing stress levels and informs productivity. The aim
of this study was to establish that implementing natural elements affect behaviour patterns
within the built environment. By exploring the concept of sick building syndrome it was
found that natural elements positively influence the environmental psychology of mans
mental and physical health and well-being when implemented into social spaces. The design
proposal demonstrates clearly how one can design for social interaction and well-being. The
literature and the theoretical framework have successfully been applied to the design proposal

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A Proposed Urban Multi-use Office Park Development

and as a result an architectural environment has been created that enhances both well-being
and positive behaviour patterns.

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
7.1 PUBLISHED RESEARCH
DAY, C. 2002. Spirit and Place. United Kingdom: Architectural Press
SMITHSON, A. 1962. Team 10 Primer. London: Studio Vista

7.2 JOURNAL ARTICLES

POLLACK, S. J. 2006. Biophilic Design: For the First Optimum Performance Home.
Ultimate Home Design. Vol. 4: 36-41

7.3 DISSERTATIONS
SHARKEY, D. 2012. Social interaction and well-being in architectural environments:
The Design of a Multi-Use-Facility.
BREETSKE, L. 2010. A study of the relationships between Architectural Environments and
human wellbeing. M.Arch. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal

7.4 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

GRAHAM WILSON (Director of Osmond Lange Architects & Planners) interviewed by M.
Blom. 15 March 2013, Johannesburg

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ITS INIPI jUENCE ON IIUMAN
BERAVIOUR WELL- BEING

A Proposed Urban Mixed- use

Office Park Development
 RESEARCH BACKGROUND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK RESEARCH - CASE- STUDY
A personal assumption was made that a large populations of South Africans are currently working in unhealthy 1. WILSON'S BIOPHILIA HYPOTHESIS KEY_CASE_STUDY
conditions. resulting in making them sick, therefore probably not meeting everyday human health needs. Edward 0 . Wilson biophilia theory analyses human behaviour and values of their relationships with nature: aiming to ALEXANDERFORBESHEADCOURTERS
create psychological, physical and socially healthy environments. Nature is the source of mans being. People have A r c h i t e c t: Paragon Architects I L o c a t i o n: Sandton, South Africa
Human beings are greatly affected, both physically and mentally, by our surroundings, whether natural or built. This an affiliation with nature. a natural interest and attraction to nature, a need to contact with nature. just as much as T y p o I o g y: Multi-use Office Building
involves ones HUMAN WELL-BEING, physical and emotional or ones spiritua l self. they require nutrients and air for survival. Edward 0 . Wilson biophilia theory analyses human behaviour and values
of their relationships with nature: aiming to create psycholog ical, physical and socially healthy environments. The Eight floors of dedicated offices space. housing 2200 employees,
Dealing with the issue of buildings showing characteristics of SICK BUILDING SYNDROME, could result in influence of biophilic design can improve human behaviour in architecture , through natural elements such as, above six floors of parking. The ground floor includes a canteen,
occupants suffering negative side effects. Healthy living is a primary need for society. Everyday pollution in society natural light, ventilation and materials, colour, spatial definition , interior and exterior connections with nature training spaces and an auditorium. meeting space, facilities such as
has led to these negative outcomes of physical and psychological well-being of space users. When investigating resulting in Genius Loci's 'sense of place' theory a creche, gymnasium, restaurant, shower facilities, coffee shop and
factors such as natural light, colour, fresh air, visual contact with water and nature or noise pollution, it is found that convenience stores to promote a comfortable environment
exposure to such NATURAL ELEMENTS positively INFLUENCE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR, health and productivity in Bringing nature into buildings through Biophilic design. promotes measurable benefits to human behaviour,
a live. work and play environment. performance. productivity, emotional well-being, stress reduction. learning, health and healing Energy sufficiency and indoor environment quality design, create a
'sense of place' by blending into the urban fabric of society. A natural
•First, man creates environment, and environment, in its turn, influences man• and healthy environment, increased c irculation of fresh air, reduced
-A Smithson - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY heat loads, plant-filled pause areas. This building design ensure its
An integration between nature, natural elements and architectu re is a field of study that examines the relationship users thermal , mental and physical comfort, achieved by
between environments and how it affects its inhabitants and their behaviour. This involves the relationship between incorporating Genius Locis' 'sense of place' theory, affecting their
AIMS: a person's state of mind and their physical environment. It was found that environmental psychology including behaviour patterns. Two atria provide sufficient natural daylight and
The main aim was to establish which natural elements affect behaviour patterns within the built form. Researching contact with nature proved that the investigation of sick building syndrome concluded how incorporating natural visual connection within the building to its surroundings, connecting
nature and its affect on human behaviour proved a positive result in well-being within architecture. Exploring the elements positively influence the environmental psychology of mans mental and physical health and well-being. A internal with external views
concept of sick building syndrome an accurate investigation was made as to which design elements result in truly positive environmental psychological building is a place that is healthy. nurturing, and delightful to its occupants
natural well-being when implemented into social spaces.
3. GENIUS LOCI: A 'SENSE OF PLACE'
OBJECTIVES: A 'sense of place' is proven through a connection between nature and architecture, resulting in a peaceful and
• To discover how the natural physical environment influence human behaviour tranquil setting. A place relates to how an individual's physical and mental emotions and feelings are 'stimulated' in a
• To interpret which human health needs influence positive built environments chosen environment. Occupants of architectural spaces' behaviour patterns as well as mood gets affected through
• To investigate how sick building syndrome influence productivity their personal experience of the space. The issue of sick building syndrome could be solved by implementing
• To create a response for mental and physical well-being in Architecture through Biophilic design natural elements into architectural form, improving psychological and physical behaviour patterns and well-being,
creating a 'sense of place', reducing stress levels and inform productivity. Spaces designed for social interaction to
occur also provide opportunities for public relaxation in harmonious surroundings
RESEARCH PROBLEM:
Human behaviour and well-being is influenced by Architectural form. Various social behaviour patterns within
the architect ural environment affect human well-being, from both a positive and negative point of view. Sick
building syndrome: natural elements (colour. light, texture, sound, natural lighting & ventilation, thermal comfort,
water & water features, landscapes and gardens) can positively influence well-being through architectural
interventions and these environments can in turn affect human behaviour.

VISION :
An URBAN MULTI-USE OFFICE PARK DEVELOPMENT and urban framework providing social public facilities within a
Biophilic designed environmental conscious building, promoting well-being, positive behaviour patterns and productivity

The building is to be located near or within the natural environment, creating easily accessible opportunities to the site via
vehicular and pedestrian movement

CLIENT & REQUIREMENTS:

KEY QUESTIONS: Fruit and Veg City and Food Lovers Market have established a company called Love Health, whom will be the clients of
my design. The Love Health Organisation is an organic foods business specializing in bringing fresh produce to the
• How can Biophilic design affect human behaviour patterns, productivity and well-being? public of South Africa. They currently have an operation in Cape Town and are looking to move their headquarters to the
• What causes sick building syndrome? Durban area. This client sponsors a series of 'healthy and active' events. Living a healthy and active lifestyle is important,
• What Architectural response would support the theories of behaviour patterns and well-being in Biophilic design? especially with today's busy lifestyles.

ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE: The main aim with Love Health is to supply each and every one of their customers with not only the freshest fruit and
• Design sustainable architectural environments that support public interaction and incorporate social facilities vegetables, but also to help them embrace the outdoors and get active. You've often heard the saying 'You are what you
• Design architectural environments allowing users to legibly identify with their surroundings eat' and while this isn't exactly true, what you eat does have a major effect on your general wellness as the foods you
• Design a unique 'sense of space' of the site for social interaction through good urban and architectural design consume will determine the nutrients your body gets. Food Lover's Market are very conscious of the positive effects a
• Design green spaces that connect people to nature and soften the harsh urban environment healthy nutritious diet can have on your general wellness. The nutrients in our diet give us energy and are necessary to
• Design in dose proximity to natural elements such as water and green environments to introduce tranquility improve your behaviour patterns development.
• Design healthy buildings with natural ventilation and day lighting strategies
• Design buildings that allow for free public movement This client values human health as a basic principal of well-being, which in tum would improve one's lifestyle. Health is
· Design buildings that connect people to the natural world, through planting and good ventilation and lighting wealth. Incorporating Biophilic design into buildings enhances the vision of wellness. The client propose to develop a
• Design interior spaces through the correct choice of colours, materials, as well as natural lighting and ventilation 15 OOOsqm headquarters space which will consist of a multi-use program and include office space, retail space and
requirements that support human well-being and positively influence behaviour patterns and productivity outdoor public space with specific focus on well-being and wellness in the workplace. They require a sustainable design
ensuring a building responding to a healthy lifestyle for its occupants and visitors.

The client acquires a 20 OOOsqm site in the Springfield Park area in Durban which bears the potential to develop the
aforementioned work. A north-facing site needs to make use of views of natural vegetation and have direct access to the
water's edge.

HYPOTHESIS: CONCEPT:
The built environment affects the user, positively or negatively. Implementing natural elements into Architectural Connecting man and nature through Biophilic Architecture. Through the use of sustainable design strategies, choice of
form improves psychological and physical behaviour patterns and well-being, creating a sense of place, natural materials and the creative manipulation of the buildings form, an architectural environment will be created that will
reducing stress levels and informs productivity. connect people to nature which will ultimately create a sense of place, enhancing well-being and behaviour patterns.
 RESEARCH - PRECEDENT- STUDY DESIGN- PRECEDENT- STUDY DESIGN- PRECEDENT- STUDY
KE Y_P RECEDE N T_S TU DY PRECEDENT_STUDY PRECEDENT_STUD Y
KHOO TECK PUAT HOSPITAL GENZYME CENTRE INSTITUTE FOR FORESTRY AND NATURE RESEARCH
Arc h it e ct: CPG Consultants Pty. Ltd. I Location: Yishun, Singapore IT y po Io g y: Hospital Arc h it e ct: Stefan Behnisch I Lo cat i o n: Cambridge, MA, USA I Typo Io g y: Headquarters A r c h i t e c t: Stefan Behnisch I L o c a t i o n: Wageningen, Netherlands, I Ty p o I o g y: Institute

The three block KTPH garden court The building accommodates about 920 individual workplaces over 12 floors, combining imovative design and The design brief was for a functional, user-friendly research facility working in harmony with nature; versatile
yard, terraced gardens and planter cutting-edge technology to create an exciting, healthy and productive workplace . The building's central atrium and ecologically sound. The design strategy was developed that drew on the few remaining ecological qualities
box ward layout allow for maximum acts as a light shaft as well as a return air duct that allows sufficient natural ventilation to the entire building. The of the landscape to create a diverse new habitat with vegetation which could sustain insects and animal species
transparency and natural views, interior is flooded with daylight, all workstations are naturally illuminated through a combination of re-directional and be hospitable to the organizations staff. The building was designed to embrace the landscape, with all
through an open facade design, blinds at the building's perimeter and the top-lit central atrium. Lighting is further enhanced by reflecting light of workplaces in direct contact with indoor and outdoor gardens. Two indoor gardens provide the focus for daily
connecting man with the surrounding internal reflective surfaces and the prism chandeliers. The open staircase forms part of a 'vertical boulevard '. activities and function as informal meeting areas, an integral component of the energy concept, they serve as
natural setting of a scenic natural starting at the ground floor lobby before proceeding upwards through various neighbourhoods with open the lungs of the building, improving the performance of the external envelope. The production, management,
pond. The garden courtyard is the workstations and separate offices. Eighteen interior gardens and seven accessible outdoor garden terraces and harvesting of timber is a major field of research at the institute, therefore subsequent occupation followed
heart of the hospital, brings light and increase the workers connection to nature and enhance social interaction in the workplace the motto of human and environmentally friendly building for the future, by using timber for the building facades
greenery into the building
The building envelope is a high-performance curtainwall glazing system with operable windows on all 12 floors. The degree of standardization of the industrial roof components - together with ventilation openings and tailor-
The design has been sensitive in More than 32% of the exterior envelope is a ventilated double-facade that blocks solar gains in summer and made, adjustable sun-shading devices - result in a near-optimal relationship between resource consumption
terms of scale and height , captures solar gains in the winter. Steam from a nearby power plant is used for central heating and cooling and product performance
communicating to its surrounding
blocks by opening outwards, drawing
nature into the building

Multi level patient ward designer planter boxes incorporates biophilic design strategies into the building, nurturing
mans affiliation with nature. The environmental psychological influence of ample natural vegetation has on these
patients increase their behaviour patterns. assists with their recovery time and improves health and well-being
 SITE- SELECTION- CRITERIA SITE SELECTION SITE- SELECT I 0 N- AN A LY SIS
LOCATION: (situated within a public precinct)
It should be a site that offers opportunities for development that wilt benefit the micro and macro context. The
immediate area should be near if not in a natural setting, creating a symbiotic relationship between man and its
surroundings. The site should be in an area that has the greatest need of renewal

SITE SIZE: (a generous size site)

The size should be adequate for a new urban multi-use office development and able to accommodate sufficient
parking

ACCESSIBILITY: (linking to surrounding attractions)

There should be easy access to the site and it should be integrated in the broader urban context of the area and
its surroundings. It should be easy to access the site from various points through numerous modes of transport, as SITE 1: AREAL+ PEDESTRIAN VIEW
well as pedestrian friendly accessibility, to maximise convenience for the local population

CONNECTIVITY: (bridging between two divided area) The following criteria were found to be vital when selecting a site which was best suited for a Urban Multi-use
Office Park Development in the Durban area: A Headquarters for the Love Health Organisastion
Provides excellent connectivity to surrounding areas, connecting many activity nodes, revitalising the Umgeni
Business Park precinct

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: (access to nature based areas) ANALYSIS CRITERIA CRITERIA EVIDENT
The site must have a natural landscape or the latter must be suitable to be implanted in the context to enhance the
existing natural fabric. Vegetation in proximity to the building is very effective, when improving the well-being of
MAN VS NATURE: (environmental psychology) x
NATURAL ELEMENTS: (biophilic hypothesis)
building users and incorporating natural lighting and ventilation. The site should offer an opportunity to enhance
ORIENTATION: (nature influencing light, wind, water) x
the natural ecosystem while aiding in natural human well-being
ACCESSIBILITY: (linking to surrounding attractions) x
LOCATION: (potential for creating a sense of place) x
ORIENTATION: (nature influencing light, wind, water, cooling etc)
Solar and wind orientation provide natural lighting and ventilation for human comfort while views of the natural
environment improve aesthetic appeal of the site. Therefore the site should be a north to north east orientated
promoting a healthy and vibrant site, achieving optimum building performance with regards to thermal comfort and
lighting levels

REVITILISATION: (bringing people to the precinct)

Warehouse jungle, light commercially zoned, no activity in night and motor industries dominate leaving the area
unvisited . Lack of shade, trees urban furniture (unfriendly pedestrian environment), Dilapidated buildings and lack
of public social spaces. This demonstrates the need for the revitalisation of the urba n area

SITE 2: AREAL+ PEDESTRIAN VIEW

The following criteria were found to be vital when selecting a site which was best suited for a Urban Multi-use
Office Park Development in the Durban area: A Headquarters for the Love Health Organisastion

ANALYSIS CRITERIA CRITERIA EVIDENT

MAN VS NATURE: (environmental psychology) x
NATURAL EL EMENTS: (biophilic hypothesis) x
ORIENTATION: (nature influencing light, wind, water)
ACCESSIBILITY: (linking to surrounding attractions) x
LOCATION: (potential for creating a sense of place) x

SITE 3: AREAL+ PEDESTRIAN VIEW

The following criteria were found to be vital when selecting a site which was best suited for a Urban Multi-use
Office Park Development in the Durban area: A Headquarters for the Love Health Organisastion

ANALYSIS CRITERIA CRITERIA EVIDENT

MAN VS NATURE: (environmental psychology) x
NATURAL ELEMENTS: (biophilic hypothesis) x
ORIENTATION: (nature influencing light, wind, water) x
ACCESSIBILITY: (linking to surrounding attractions) x
LOCATION: (potential for creating a sense of place) x

SITE 3: LIGHT INDUSTRIAL+ NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

 SITE LOCATION URBAN+
- - SITE- ANALYSIS SITE ANALYSIS
SITES ANALYSED ANALYSIS OUTCOME
SITE 1: DURBAN CBD xx xx
SITE 2: UMHLANGA BU SINESS PARK xxxx
SITE 3: UMGENI BUSINESS PARK xxxxx

SELECTED SITE 3:

TRANSPORT & PEDESTRIAN NODES AND ROADS

SITE ANALYSIS: (chosen site assessment)

Therefore the surrounding environment has a direct impact on the location of the proposed building. The proposed
site is located opposite the Umgeni Business Park area near a Major transport node, inside a warehouse storage
business precinct. The building has close access to natural greenery and the Umgeni river, ideal for urban farming
and pedestrian friendly walkways. The chosen site promotes a free rr.ovement environment. The orientation of the
proposed site faces North, ideal for incorporating maximum North light entering the majority of the site. Sensory
views from the site indicate positive points of interest or value in the surrounding area. Views to the site from areas
outside the site boundaries indicate traffic com ing into the site from major routes

Potential pedestrian movement around the site was analyzed to determine the public use of the chosen area.
Pedestrians tend to walk no further than approximately 300m, which give opportunity for community spaces to be
designed within the site, drawing the public into the site

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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

EXISTING AND POTENTIAL MAIN ROADS

EXISTING AND NEW MAIN ROAD PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT, INTERNAL & EXTERNAL VIEWS
CONCEPT- URBAN- DESIGN CONCEPT DESIGN CONCEPT DESIGN
CONCEPT- DESIGN- ELEMENTS

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CROSS SECTION: AA AND PART ELEVATION ..
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~,200 ·---------------------------......i---- ......________......,__._
CROSS SECTION: BB AND PART ELEVATION
A R T I S T I C- I M P R E S S I 0 N- E L E V A T I 0 N S SCALE 1 :200

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EXTERIOR- AND- INTERIOR- ARTISTIC- IMPRESSIONS

SOUTH EASTERN EXTERIOR VIEW NORTH WESTERN EXTERIOR VIEW

RECEPTION FOYER INTERIOR VIEW COURT YARD INTERIOR VIEW

 D-02
PROUDLY
Roof sheeting: 0,9mm 'KLIP-LOK 406' A4-1
aluminium sheeting, Sheeting & side SOUTH AFRICAN
cladding to be isolated from steel memebers
with approved isolated tape, flashings & trims
to monitors to be factory coated. All sheeting,
LIST OF REVISIONS
junctions, flashing & trims to be installed
strickly in accordance with MNFCTR NO. DATE REVISION DESCRIPTION DRAWN

spedifications - seal bottom connections of

all flashings & trims with approved
polysulphide sealer

GENERAL NOTES:
1. BOUNDARY BEACONS TO BE EXPOSED AND DEMARKATED.

730
2. SOIL POISONING IN ACCORDANCE WITH SABS 0124 REQUIRED.
3. DO NOT SCALE DRAWINGS, USE FIGURED DIMENSIONS ONLY.
4. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, MEASURED IN
MILLIMETERS.
5. ALL DIMENSIONS, ANGLES AND LEVELS TO CHECKED ON SITE AND ANY
DISCREPANCIES ARE TO BE VERIFIED WITH THE ARCHITECT PRIOR TO
In-situ reinforced concrete beams t structural THE COMMENCEMENT OF WORK.

1,600
engineer's design, detail and specification 6. ALL SLABS, BEAMS, COLUMNS, STAIRS AND STRUCTURAL REINFORCED
CONCRETE AND STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK ACCORDING TO
ENGINEERS DETAILS.

600
7. THESE DRAWINGS ARE TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH
STRUCTURAL, CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS DRAWINGS.
8. ALL BUILDING WORK IS TO COMPLY WITH SABS 0400 AND LOCAL
MUNICIPAL BY-LAWS.
9. ALL GLAZING THICKNESS TO COMPLY WITH PART NN2.
FL +19.200 9.1 ALL SAFETY GLAZING IN ACCORDANCE WITH NN3.
10. PUBLIC SAFETY: ALL BALUSTRADING TO BE MINIMUN ONE METER HIGH
AND TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF DD2 OF NBR.
11. ALL STAIRS TO COMPLY WITH PART M OF OF SABS 0400.

200 270
12. ALL FACILITIES FOR DISABLED PERSONS TO COMPLY WITH PART S
GALVANISEDWALLTIES EVERY3rd COURSE
OF SABS 0400. (EXISTING AS ON SITE)

Double glazed Low E powder-coated NOTE: CERTIFICATE OF STABILITY TO BE ISSUED ON COMPLETION.

aluminium door, manufatured to detail
NOTE: MECHANICAL VENTILATION / LIGHTING TO BE BY PROFESSIONAL

170
PART SECTION OF ROOF EAVES DETAIL A
SCALE 1:5 ENGINEER. SEE APPOINTED ENGINEERS DRAWINGS FOR
SPECIFICATIONS.

FIRE PROTECTION NOTES:

1. OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION - G1.
2. ALL WORK AND MATERIALS TO COMPLY WITH SABS 0400 TT5.
3. ALL CEILINGS AND SUPPORTING MEMBERS TO BE NON- COMBUSTIBLE
AND TO COMPLY WITH TT13(1), TT13(2) OF SABS 0400.
4. ALL FLOOR COVERINGS TO COMPLY WITH TT14. OF SABS 0400.
CARPETS TO CLASS 3 FIRE INDEX.
5. ALL WALL FINISHES TO COMPLY WITH TT15. OF SABS 0400.
6. ALL PARTITIONS IN DRY WALL CONSTRUCTION TO BE
NON-COMBUSTIBLE AND TO COMPLY WITH TT9. OF SABS 0400.
7. ALL STAIRS TO HAVE HANDRAILS OF MIN. ONE METER HIGH.
8. ANY INACCESSIBLE CONCEALED SPACE WITHIN A DIMENSION GREATER
THAN 5 METERS TO BE FIRE STOPPED IN ACCORDANCE TT39. OF SABS
0400.
9. ALL DIVISION WALLS INDICATED AS "FIRE WALLS" ARE TO BE BUILT

4,000
UP TO THE UNDERSIDE OF SLABS OR ROOF COVERINGS.
10. THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM IS TO COMPLY WITH TT43. OF SABS

3,430
ROOF GARDEN 0400.
11. SERVICE PIPES, CONDUITS, SLEEVES ETC. TO COMPLY WITH TT41.
OF SABS 0400.
12. 4,5kg C02 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHES TO BE INSTALLED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH TT37. OF SABS 0400. AT A RATE OF 1/200m2.
EXTINGUISHERS TO BE HUNG IN PURPOSE MADE CABINETS AND
LOCATED IN SECURE POSITIONS.
13. 30m ROTARY FIRE HOSE REELS TO BE INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH TT34. OF SABS 0400. AT A RATE OF 1/500m2.
14. FIRE HYDRANTS TO BE INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH TT35. OF
SABS 0400. AND SUBJECT TO DIRECTION BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITY.
15. MARKINGS AND SIGNAGE TO COMPLY WITH TT29. OF SABS 0400.
PICTORIAL SIGNS INDICATING FIRE EQUIPMENT AND MEANS OF
ESCAPE TO BE APPROVED IN COMPLIANCE WITH TT32.2, TT55.4
AND TT55.5
16. ESCAPE DOORS MAY ONLY BE FITTED WITH LOCKING DEVICES AS
APPROVED BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITY

FL +15.200 FIRE ESCAPE AND FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT:

100
ANY FIRE DOOR SHALL SATISFY THE REQUIREMENTS CONTAINED IN SABS
1253. ANY FIRE DOOR SHALL BE FITTED WITH AN APPROVED SELFCLOSING
OR AUTOMATIC CLOSING DEVICE AND HAVE A 60 MINUTE FIRE RATING. ANY
WALL ENCLOSING AN EMERGENCY ROUTE SHALL HAVE A FIRE
GARDEN ROOF TM 'EXTENSIVE' GREEN RESISTANCE OF NOT LESS THAN 120 MINUTES. ANY FLOOR OR CEILING OF
AN EMERGENCY ROUTE SHALL HAVE A FIRE RESISTANCE OF NOT LESS
ROOFING SYSTEN ON CONCRETE THAN 120 MINUTES. THE FINISH OF THE FLOOR OF ANY ESCAPE ROUTE
ROOF SLAB WITH SEDUM, FILTERS, SHALL HAVE A SLIP RESISTANT SURFACE, SHALL BE FREE FROM ANY
GARDEN DRAIN, STYROFOAM AND PROJECTIONS, INDENTATIONS, HOLLOWS OR COVERING WHICH MAY

200 270
WATERPROOFING CAUSE A PERSON TO TRIP. ANY ESCAPE ROUTE SHALL BE PROVIDED
THROUGHOUT ITS LENGTH WITH CLEAR VERTICAL HEADROOM OF 2M.
WHERE ANY STAIRWAY FORMS PART OF AN EMERGENCY ROUTE SUCH
STAIRWAY SHALL, THROUGHOUT ITS LENGTH, BE PROVIDED WITH A
HANDRAIL ON EACH SIDE

430
HOSE REELS:
FULLBORE OUTLET FOR HOSE REELS FOR THE PURPOSES OF FIRE FIGHTING SHALL BE INSTALLED
WATER COLLECTION IN ANY BUILDING OF TWO OR MORE STOREYS IN HEIGHT OR IN ANY
SINGLE-STOREY BUILDING OF MORE THAN 250 M² IN FLOOR AREA AT A
RATE OF 1 HOSE REEL FOR EVERY 500 M² OR PART THEREOF OF FLOOR
AREA IN ANY STOREY.

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
NUMBER OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS RELATIVE TO FLOOR AREA 1
PER 200 M²

220mm x 400mm HIGH PRECAST

CONCRETE BALUSTRADE DOWNSTAND, VENTILATION NOTES:
PLASTER & PAINTED 1. AIR IS TO BE EXTRACTED FROM ALL INTERNAL NORMAL OCCUPANCY
ROOF GARDEN AREAS AT A RATE OF 7,5l/s PER PERSON.
2. AIR IS TO BE EXTRACTED FROM ALL INTERNAL TOILET AREAS TO THE
EXTERIOR AT A RATE OF 20l/s PER FITMENT.

4,000
3. ALL MECHANICAL EXTRACTION TO BE DESIGNED, INSTALLED AND
MONITORED BY THE PROJECT MECHANICAL ENGINEER.
D-01 4. FRESH AIR SUPPLY TO BE AT A RATE OF 7,5l/s PER PERSON. AIR
SUPPLY TO HABITABLE AREAS IS NOT TO EXCEED 0.5m/S AND IS NOT
A4-1 TO BE LESS THAN 0.2m/s - EVEN DISTRIBUTION TO BE ENSURED.
5. ALL OFFICES TO HAVE MIN. 500 LUX. WITH MAXIMUM GLARE INDEX 19.

2,980
LEGEND
WALLS:
1 - 300mm DETAIL CAVITY MASONRY WALLS SHALL BE
BUILT WITH TWO BRICK THICKNESS. BRICK LAYER SKIN AT
85mm IN STRETCHER BOND WITH 50mm CAVITY BETWEEN,
AND THE TWO THICKNESS' TIED TOGETHER WITH 200mm
LONG METAL WALL TIES EVENLY SPACED AT NOT LESS
THEN THE RATE OF 9 TIES PER M` OF FACE AREA. THE
TIES SHALL COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF SABS
SPECIFICATIONS AND BE OF THE BUTTERFLY TYPE ONLY.
PLASTER AND PAINT FINISH: (5:1) 10mm THICK PLASTER
STAINLESS STEEL BALUSTRADES COAT ON EXTERNAL WALLS OF SAND/CEMENT SMOOTH
PLASTER FINISHED. APPLY 1 COAT OF PLASTER PRIMER.
APPLY 1 COAT OF UNIVERSAL UNDERCOAT. APPLY 2
FL +11.200 COATS PVA EMULSION PAINT. PAINT MUST COMPLY WITH
SABS SPECIFICATION

2 - 300mm DETAIL CAVITY MASONRY WALLS SHALL BE

BUILT WITH TWO BRICK THICKNESS. BRICK LAYER SKIN AT
GARDEN ROOF TM 'EXTENSIVE' GREEN 85mm IN STRETCHER BOND WITH 50mm CAVITY BETWEEN,
AND THE TWO THICKNESS' TIED TOGETHER WITH 200mm

590
ROOFING SYSTEN ON CONCRETE
ROOF SLAB WITH SEDUM, FILTERS, LONG METAL WALL TIES EVENLY SPACED AT NOT LESS
GARDEN DRAIN, STYROFOAM AND THEN THE RATE OF 9 TIES PER M` OF FACE AREA. THE
WATERPROOFING TIES SHALL COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF SABS
SPECIFICATIONS AND BE OF THE BUTTERFLY TYPE ONLY.
PLASTER AND PAINT FINISH: (4:1) 15mm THICK PLASTER
CONCRETE BASEMENT CEILING - OFFSHUTTER COAT ON INTERNAL WALLS OF SAND/CEMENT SMOOTH
CONCRETE AND 2 COATS WHITE PVA PLASTER FINISHED. APPLY 1 COAT OF PLASTER PRIMER.

585
FULLBORE OUTLET FOR APPLY 1 COAT OF UNIVERSAL UNDERCOAT. APPLY 2 COAT
WATER COLLECTION PVA EMULSION PAINT. PAINT MUST COMPLY WITH SABS
SPECIFICATION

3 - 300mm MASONRY CAVITY FIRE RATED FIREWALL WITH

2hr FIRE PROTECTION RATING. THREE TIMES 5/8'' 20 ga stud
AND 2 LAYERS OF 5/8'' type-X GYPSUM DRYWALL ON EACH
220mm CAVITY MASONRY WALL SIDE WITH ROCK WOOL INSULATOR IN STUD CAVITY WITH
SUPPORTING WINDOW, PLASTER & FIRE MUD AND RED FIRE CAULK. PVC, PIPES AND WIRES
PAINTED, S STACK BOND (EXTERIOR) GOING THROUGH CAVITY TO BE SLEEVED
BRICKFORCE EVERY FOURTH COURSE 600x600x12.7mm THICK VINYL COVERED
LAY IN PANELS. PANELS TO HAVE 25mm 4 - GYPROC 110mm THICH RHINOWALL ULTRASTEEL STUD
THICK POLYSTYRENE INSULATION DRYWALL (60 min fire rating) WITH Rw 42dB SOUND RATING,
BACKING. CEILING TO BE INSTALLED CONSISTING OF STUD AND TRACK SYSTEM WITH 58 x 34mm
ACCORDING TO MANUFACTURES DRYWALL ULTRASTEEL STUDS AT 300mm c/c FRICTION
SPECIFICATIONS FITTED INTO 2No. 58 x 50mm FLOOR TRACKS AND CLAD ON
BOTH SIDES WITH 15mm THICK FIRESTOP RHINOBOARD
FIXED AT 200mm c/c USING 25mm STREAKER DRYWALL
SCREWS WITH ALL EXTERNAL ANGLES TO HAVE DRYWALL
300mm RC SLAB WITH 25mm POLISHED CORNERBEADS ATTACHED AND ALL JOINTS TO BE
GRANO CREED TO ENINEERS DETAIL

5,000
COVERED WITH RHINOTAPE. WALL SURFACE TO BE
STAINED TO SPECIFIED COLOUR
FINISHED WITH MINIMUM 3mm THICK RHINOLITE

5 - 110mm SINGLE SKIN INTERNAL MASONRY WALLS SHALL

BE BUILT WITH SINGLE BRICK THICKNESS AT 110mm IN
ATRIUM COURT STRETCHER BOND.
PLASTER AND PAINT FINISH: (4:1) 15mm THICK PLASTER

590
YARD: TRIPPLE INTERIOR EXTERIOR COAT ON INTERNAL WALLS OF SAND/CEMENT SMOOTH
VOLUME WALKWAY WALKWAY PLASTER FINISHED. APPLY 1 COAT OF PLASTER PRIMER.
APPLY 1 COAT OF UNIVERSAL UNDERCOAT. APPLY 2 COAT
PVA EMULSION PAINT. PAINT MUST COMPLY WITH SABS
SPECIFICATION

D-03
A4-1

ROOF GARDEN
250 FFL +6.200

200mm THICK CONCRETE

SURFACEBED WITH BRC MESH
445

OVER APPROVED DPM ON WELL

COMPACTED POISONED SOIL
305

FINE AGGREGATE

CONCRETE BASEMENT CEILING - OFFSHUTTER

CONCRETE AND 2 COATS WHITE PVA
REINFORCED CONCRETE AND
FORMWORK: ALL IN SITU CONCRETE
WORK (MASS AND REINFORCED) DOUBLE SKIN REINFORCED WALL
SHALL COMPLY WITH SABS WITH 80mm CONCRETE FILL
SPECIFICATION 1200G. ACCORDING TO CORE, THE OUTERFACE OF THE
ENGINEER'S DETAILS AND INNER SKIN TO BE PAINTED WITH
SPECIFICATIONS 2 COATS BITUMEN
100mm THICK CONCRETE SURFACEBED WITH
BRC MESH OVER APPROVED DPM ON WELL
CONMACTED POISONED SOIL, 20mm GRANO
FLOOR FINISH TO FALL TOWARDS SUMPS
5,000

BASEMENT PARKING COMPACT FILL

DAMP-PROOF MEMBRANE:
3,950

1 LAYER OF CONCRETE PROTECTOR. THE (250

MICRONS) DAMP-PROOF MEMBRANE UNDER MEDIUM AGGREGATE
SURFACE BEDS SHALL BE OF GREEN
POLYETHYLENE SHEETING COMPLYING WITH
SABS 952-1985 (TYPE C). THE SHEETING SHALL
BE LAID IN THE WIDEST PRACTICAL WIDTHS TO
MINIMISE JOINTS AND SHALL BE TURNED UP,
DRESSED TO LOAD BEARING WALLS, AND DPM
LAPPED WITH SABS (375 MICRON) DAMP-PROOF
COURSE. ALL JOINTS SHALL BE SEALED WITH
PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPE APPLIED OVER THE
LEADING EDGE OF THE JOINT.

COURSE AGGREGATE RESPONSIBLE PERSON DATE SCALE

DRAWN MARJORIE BLOM AS SHOWN

CHECKED SHEET SIZE
(M.ARCH)
APPROVED A0
CLIENT INFORMATION
CLIENT/COMPANY NAME
AGRICULTURAL DRAIN LAID
OUTLET, WRAPPED IN
FFL +1.200 AGGREGATE BLUE STONES IN
SOAK PIT BIDUM OR SIMILAR MEMBER SIGNATURE

ID No.

PHONE No.

PROJECT INFORMATION
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

PROPOSED NEW URBAN MULTI-USE

TO SW OFFICE PARK DEVELOPMENT
MH REINFORCED CONCRETE PILING
TO STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS for Durban Umgeni Business Park
DETAIL PROJECT NAME
PROPOSED WELL-BEING BUILDING AS A CATALYST
FOR HEALTH IMPROVEMENT
STREET ADDRESS

UMGENI BUSINESS PARK, DURBAN

SITE DESCRIPTION

LIGHT INDUSTRIAL BUSINESS PRECINCT

DRAWING INFORMATION
DRAWING TITLE
TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
STRIP SECTIONS

SHEET NO.
PROJECT NUMBER

STRIP SECTION SCALE 1:20 UKZN2013-TD-01-00

COPYRIGHT RESERVED
 PROUDLY
SAITN GOBAIN PIPELINE SOUTH AFRICA 1800 SOUTH AFRICAN
VERTICAL ROOF Ø110 FULLBORE OUTLET FOR
WATER COLLECTION. ALL GRATINGS MANUFACTURES
FROM UNBREAKABLE DUCTILE IRON
LIST OF REVISIONS
NO. DATE REVISION DESCRIPTION DRAWN
PLANTED GRASS

"ABE ABEDRAIN 20 P' DIMPLED HIGH DENSITY

POLYTHYRENE PROTECTION MEMBRANE WITH

PERFORATION (EGG CRATE) TO MANUFACTURED

SPEC. POSITIONED ONTOP OF PROTECTION LAYER STAINLESS STEEL BALUSTRADES

SOIL MIXTURE AS SPECIFIED BY SPECIALIST. "ABE" GENERAL NOTES:

GARDEN ROOF TM 'EXTENSIVE' GREEN ROOFING
DEFEND h ANTIROOTS' POLYMER-BITUMEN 1. BOUNDARY BEACONS TO BE EXPOSED AND DEMARKATED.
SYSTEN ON CONCRETE ROOF SLAB WITH SEDUM, 2. SOIL POISONING IN ACCORDANCE WITH SABS 0124 REQUIRED.
ELASTOPLASTOMERIC
FILTERS, GARDEN DRAIN, STYROFOAM AND 3. DO NOT SCALE DRAWINGS, USE FIGURED DIMENSIONS ONLY.
WATERPROOFING 4. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, MEASURED IN
WATERPROOFING MEMBRANCE (PROTECTION
MILLIMETERS.
LAYER) POSITIONED ON TOP OF WATERPROOFING 5. ALL DIMENSIONS, ANGLES AND LEVELS TO CHECKED ON SITE AND ANY
50MM GRAVEL TOPPING
TO MANUFACTURERS SPECIFICATION. DISCREPANCIES ARE TO BE VERIFIED WITH THE ARCHITECT PRIOR TO
'BORAIN 5000 FLEXIBLE FBO THE COMMENCEMENT OF WORK.
6. ALL SLABS, BEAMS, COLUMNS, STAIRS AND STRUCTURAL REINFORCED
FIBREGLASS' WATERPROOFING APPLIED CONCRETE AND STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK ACCORDING TO
FL +11.200 DERBIGUM WATERPROOFING LAID SPECIFICATION IN ENGINEERS DETAILS.
ON TO OF SCREED TO SPECIALIST DETAIL
ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER 7. THESE DRAWINGS ARE TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH
STRUCTURAL, CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS DRAWINGS.
SCREED TO FALL 8. ALL BUILDING WORK IS TO COMPLY WITH SABS 0400 AND LOCAL
MUNICIPAL BY-LAWS.
10mm PLASTER AND PAINT 9. ALL GLAZING THICKNESS TO COMPLY WITH PART NN2.
DERBIGUM WATERPROOFING. APPLY SINGLE 9.1 ALL SAFETY GLAZING IN ACCORDANCE WITH NN3.
LAYER DERBIGUM CG3 UPON DERBIGUM 270mm THICK CONCRETE ROOF SLAB WITH 1000mm 10. PUBLIC SAFETY: ALL BALUSTRADING TO BE MINIMUN ONE METER HIGH
HIGH UPSTAND BEAM ON END AND DOWNSTAND AND TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF DD2 OF NBR.
CG4H AS PER MNFR'S SPECIFICATIONS
11. ALL STAIRS TO COMPLY WITH PART M OF OF SABS 0400.
BEAM AS INDICATED WITH STEEL REINFORCING TO
12. ALL FACILITIES FOR DISABLED PERSONS TO COMPLY WITH PART S
ENGINEERS DETAIL OF SABS 0400. (EXISTING AS ON SITE)
REINFORCED CONCRETE
SLAB TO ENGINEERS DETAIL NOTE: CERTIFICATE OF STABILITY TO BE ISSUED ON COMPLETION.

PLASTER 'V' SHAPED DRIP-JOINT COVE TO OFF NOTE: MECHANICAL VENTILATION / LIGHTING TO BE BY PROFESSIONAL
SHUTTER R.C SLAB TO ENG. DETAILS ENGINEER. SEE APPOINTED ENGINEERS DRAWINGS FOR
50MM Ø UPVC DRAINAGE PIPE SPECIFICATIONS.
TO JOIN 75MM RWDP TO MH03
FIRE PROTECTION NOTES:
1. OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION - G1.
PURPOSE MADE ALUMINIUM DOOR MANUFACTURED
2. ALL WORK AND MATERIALS TO COMPLY WITH SABS 0400 TT5.
FROM STANDARD ALUMINIUM SECTIONS. FINISHED
3. ALL CEILINGS AND SUPPORTING MEMBERS TO BE NON- COMBUSTIBLE
WITH EPOXY POWDER COATED POLYSTER POWDER
AND TO COMPLY WITH TT13(1), TT13(2) OF SABS 0400.
COATING (TO BE IN STRICT ACCORDANCE WITH THE
CEILING VOID 600x600x12.7mm THICK VINYL COVERED LAY IN 4. ALL FLOOR COVERINGS TO COMPLY WITH TT14. OF SABS 0400.
SABS 999). SAFETY GLAZING TO BE USED WHERE
PANELS. PANELS TO HAVE 25mm THICK CARPETS TO CLASS 3 FIRE INDEX.
SPECIFIED OTHERWISE 6.38mm PVB NORMAL
POLYSTYRENE INSULATION BACKING. CEILING TO BE 5. ALL WALL FINISHES TO COMPLY WITH TT15. OF SABS 0400.
STRENGTH CLEAR GLASS IN ACCORDANCE WITH NBR
INSTALLED ACCORDING TO MANUFACTURES 6. ALL PARTITIONS IN DRY WALL CONSTRUCTION TO BE
PART N SABS 0137 EDITION 32000, SABS 0400, SABS
SPECIFICATIONS WITH SM 25 SHADOW LINE CORNICE NON-COMBUSTIBLE AND TO COMPLY WITH TT9. OF SABS 0400.
1263 AND AAMSA SELECTION GUIDE FOR SAFETY
BY SPECIALIST 7. ALL STAIRS TO HAVE HANDRAILS OF MIN. ONE METER HIGH.
GLAZING MATERIALS. GLASS TO BE SILICONE BUTT
8. ANY INACCESSIBLE CONCEALED SPACE WITHIN A DIMENSION GREATER
JOINTED. A COMBINATION OF FIXED PANELS OF
THAN 5 METERS TO BE FIRE STOPPED IN ACCORDANCE TT39. OF SABS
GLASS, LEFT AND RIGHT SLIDERS, AS WELL AS TOP
0400.
HUNG WINDOWS, MANUFACTURED FROM STANDARD
500x300mm REINFORCED CONCRETE 9. ALL DIVISION WALLS INDICATED AS "FIRE WALLS" ARE TO BE BUILT
ALUMINIUM WINDOW SECTIONS NK26B AS SUPPLIED
COLUMN, WITH STEEL BEARING UP TO THE UNDERSIDE OF SLABS OR ROOF COVERINGS.
BY ALUMINIUM SPECIALIST
PLATES, PLASTER AND PAINT 10. THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM IS TO COMPLY WITH TT43. OF SABS
0400.
11. SERVICE PIPES, CONDUITS, SLEEVES ETC. TO COMPLY WITH TT41.
OF SABS 0400.
12. 4,5kg C02 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHES TO BE INSTALLED IN
ACCORDANCE WITH TT37. OF SABS 0400. AT A RATE OF 1/200m2.
DETAIL 1 SCALE 1:10 EXTINGUISHERS TO BE HUNG IN PURPOSE MADE CABINETS AND
LOCATED IN SECURE POSITIONS.
13. 30m ROTARY FIRE HOSE REELS TO BE INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH TT34. OF SABS 0400. AT A RATE OF 1/500m2.
14. FIRE HYDRANTS TO BE INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH TT35. OF
SABS 0400. AND SUBJECT TO DIRECTION BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITY.
150 x 65 x 20 x 2.5mm C/F LIPPED CHANNAL PURLINS
15. MARKINGS AND SIGNAGE TO COMPLY WITH TT29. OF SABS 0400.
TO BE HOT ROLLED FIXED @ 1200mm CENTRES FIXED
PICTORIAL SIGNS INDICATING FIRE EQUIPMENT AND MEANS OF
TO 200x 100x 5mm STEEL TRUSS
ESCAPE TO BE APPROVED IN COMPLIANCE WITH TT32.2, TT55.4
AND TT55.5
ROOF SHEETING: 0,9MM 'KLIP-LOK 406' ALUMINIUM 16. ESCAPE DOORS MAY ONLY BE FITTED WITH LOCKING DEVICES AS
SHEETING, SHEETING & SIDE CLADDING TO BE APPROVED BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITY
ISOLATED FROM STEEL MEMEBERS WITH APPROVED
ISOLATED TAPE, FLASHINGS & TRIMS TO MONITORS FIRE ESCAPE AND FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT:
TO BE FACTORY COATED. ALL SHEETING,
ANY FIRE DOOR SHALL SATISFY THE REQUIREMENTS CONTAINED IN SABS
JUNCTIONS, FLASHING & TRIMS TO BE INSTALLED 1253. ANY FIRE DOOR SHALL BE FITTED WITH AN APPROVED SELFCLOSING
STRICKLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH MNFCTR OR AUTOMATIC CLOSING DEVICE AND HAVE A 60 MINUTE FIRE RATING. ANY
WALL ENCLOSING AN EMERGENCY ROUTE SHALL HAVE A FIRE
SPEDIFICATIONS - SEAL BOTTOM CONNECTIONS OF RESISTANCE OF NOT LESS THAN 120 MINUTES. ANY FLOOR OR CEILING OF
ALL FLASHINGS & TRIMS WITH APPROVED AN EMERGENCY ROUTE SHALL HAVE A FIRE RESISTANCE OF NOT LESS
THAN 120 MINUTES. THE FINISH OF THE FLOOR OF ANY ESCAPE ROUTE
POLYSULPHIDE SEALER SHALL HAVE A SLIP RESISTANT SURFACE, SHALL BE FREE FROM ANY
PROJECTIONS, INDENTATIONS, HOLLOWS OR COVERING WHICH MAY
CAUSE A PERSON TO TRIP. ANY ESCAPE ROUTE SHALL BE PROVIDED
PURPOSE MADE MOULDED ALLUMINIUM BOX THROUGHOUT ITS LENGTH WITH CLEAR VERTICAL HEADROOM OF 2M.
GUTTER WITH LIGHT INDUSTRIAL CHICKEN MESH WHERE ANY STAIRWAY FORMS PART OF AN EMERGENCY ROUTE SUCH
STAIRWAY SHALL, THROUGHOUT ITS LENGTH, BE PROVIDED WITH A
IN THE OPENING OF THE 110mm diam uPVC HANDRAIL ON EACH SIDE
RAINWATER PIPE, COLOUR TO MATCH ROOF
SHEETING AND FLASHING HOSE REELS:
HOSE REELS FOR THE PURPOSES OF FIRE FIGHTING SHALL BE INSTALLED
IN ANY BUILDING OF TWO OR MORE STOREYS IN HEIGHT OR IN ANY
SINGLE-STOREY BUILDING OF MORE THAN 250 M² IN FLOOR AREA AT A
50mm CLEAR ECO REFLECTIVE SOLAR PANALED RATE OF 1 HOSE REEL FOR EVERY 500 M² OR PART THEREOF OF FLOOR
AREA IN ANY STOREY.
GLASS ABOVE ATRIUM COURT YARDS
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
NUMBER OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS RELATIVE TO FLOOR AREA 1
PER 200 M²
300mm WALL WITH PLASTERED
COMMON BRICK INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VENTILATION NOTES:
1. AIR IS TO BE EXTRACTED FROM ALL INTERNAL NORMAL OCCUPANCY
AREAS AT A RATE OF 7,5l/s PER PERSON.
2. AIR IS TO BE EXTRACTED FROM ALL INTERNAL TOILET AREAS TO THE
EXTERIOR AT A RATE OF 20l/s PER FITMENT.
200x 100x 5mm STEEL RAFTER TO ENGS. DETAIL
3. ALL MECHANICAL EXTRACTION TO BE DESIGNED, INSTALLED AND
TO BE FIXED TO 203x 203mm RING BEAM
MONITORED BY THE PROJECT MECHANICAL ENGINEER.
BOLTED TO 230 x 380mm CONC BEAM
4. FRESH AIR SUPPLY TO BE AT A RATE OF 7,5l/s PER PERSON. AIR
SUPPLY TO HABITABLE AREAS IS NOT TO EXCEED 0.5m/S AND IS NOT
TO BE LESS THAN 0.2m/s - EVEN DISTRIBUTION TO BE ENSURED.
5. ALL OFFICES TO HAVE MIN. 500 LUX. WITH MAXIMUM GLARE INDEX 19.

GALVANISED WALL TIES EVERY 3rd COURSE LEGEND

WALLS:
1 - 300mm DETAIL CAVITY MASONRY WALLS SHALL BE
BUILT WITH TWO BRICK THICKNESS. BRICK LAYER SKIN AT
85mm IN STRETCHER BOND WITH 50mm CAVITY BETWEEN,
IN-SITU REIMFPRCED CONCRET BEAMS TO
AND THE TWO THICKNESS' TIED TOGETHER WITH 200mm
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER'S DESIGN, DETAIL AND
LONG METAL WALL TIES EVENLY SPACED AT NOT LESS
SPECIFICATION
THEN THE RATE OF 9 TIES PER M` OF FACE AREA. THE
TIES SHALL COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF SABS
SPECIFICATIONS AND BE OF THE BUTTERFLY TYPE ONLY.
PLASTER AND PAINT FINISH: (5:1) 10mm THICK PLASTER
GLASS ALUMINIUM LOUVRES AS PER COAT ON EXTERNAL WALLS OF SAND/CEMENT SMOOTH
MANUFACTURERS DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS PLASTER FINISHED. APPLY 1 COAT OF PLASTER PRIMER.
APPLY 1 COAT OF UNIVERSAL UNDERCOAT. APPLY 2
COATS PVA EMULSION PAINT. PAINT MUST COMPLY WITH
SABS SPECIFICATION
NOTE:
2 - 300mm DETAIL CAVITY MASONRY WALLS SHALL BE
FIXING OF ROOF SHEETING TO PURLINS TO BE ON
BUILT WITH TWO BRICK THICKNESS. BRICK LAYER SKIN AT
THE RIDGE. 75 x 19mm HEXHAGONAL NO KNOCK
85mm IN STRETCHER BOND WITH 50mm CAVITY BETWEEN,
FASTENER TO BE USED, ALL JOINTS TO BE SILICONED SEALED
AND THE TWO THICKNESS' TIED TOGETHER WITH 200mm
LONG METAL WALL TIES EVENLY SPACED AT NOT LESS
THEN THE RATE OF 9 TIES PER M` OF FACE AREA. THE
TIES SHALL COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF SABS
SPECIFICATIONS AND BE OF THE BUTTERFLY TYPE ONLY.
PLASTER AND PAINT FINISH: (4:1) 15mm THICK PLASTER
COAT ON INTERNAL WALLS OF SAND/CEMENT SMOOTH
PLASTER FINISHED. APPLY 1 COAT OF PLASTER PRIMER.
APPLY 1 COAT OF UNIVERSAL UNDERCOAT. APPLY 2 COAT
PVA EMULSION PAINT. PAINT MUST COMPLY WITH SABS
SPECIFICATION

3 - 300mm MASONRY CAVITY FIRE RATED FIREWALL WITH

DETAIL 2 SCALE 1:10 2hr FIRE PROTECTION RATING. THREE TIMES 5/8'' 20 ga stud
AND 2 LAYERS OF 5/8'' type-X GYPSUM DRYWALL ON EACH
SIDE WITH ROCK WOOL INSULATOR IN STUD CAVITY WITH
FIRE MUD AND RED FIRE CAULK. PVC, PIPES AND WIRES
PURPOSE MADE ALUMINIUM DOOR MANUFACTURED PREPARE SURFACES AND REMOVE ALL LOOSE GOING THROUGH CAVITY TO BE SLEEVED
FROM STANDARD ALUMINIUM SECTIONS. FINISHED MATERIAL AND APPLY 15MM THICK SMOOTH PLASTER
WITH EPOXY POWDER COATED POLYSTER POWDER FREE FROM ANY IMPERFECTIONS. PREPARE 4 - GYPROC 110mm THICH RHINOWALL ULTRASTEEL STUD
COATING (TO BE IN STRICT ACCORDANCE WITH THE SURFACES AND REMOVE ALL LOOSE MATERIAL. DRYWALL (60 min fire rating) WITH Rw 42dB SOUND RATING,
SABS 999). SAFETY GLAZING TO BE USED WHERE PLASTER AND PAINT FINISH: (4:1) 15mm THICK CONSISTING OF STUD AND TRACK SYSTEM WITH 58 x 34mm
SPECIFIED OTHERWISE 6.38mm PVB NORMAL PLASTER COAT ON CONCRETE UPSTAND WALL OF DRYWALL ULTRASTEEL STUDS AT 300mm c/c FRICTION
STRENGTH CLEAR GLASS IN ACCORDANCE WITH NBR SAND/CEMENT SMOOTH PLASTER FINISHED. APPLY 1
FITTED INTO 2No. 58 x 50mm FLOOR TRACKS AND CLAD ON
PART N SABS 0137 EDITION 32000, SABS 0400, SABS COAT OF PLASCON PLASTER PRIMER. APPLY 1 COAT
OF PLASCON UNIVERSAL UNDERCOAT. APPLY 2 COAT BOTH SIDES WITH 15mm THICK FIRESTOP RHINOBOARD
1263 AND AAMSA SELECTION GUIDE FOR SAFETY FIXED AT 200mm c/c USING 25mm STREAKER DRYWALL
GLAZING MATERIALS. GLASS TO BE SILICONE BUTT MICATEX TEXTURED ACRYLIC PVA EMULSION PAINT.
PAINT MUST COMPLY WITH SABS SPECIFICATION SCREWS WITH ALL EXTERNAL ANGLES TO HAVE DRYWALL
JOINTED. A COMBINATION OF FIXED PANELS OF
GLASS, LEFT AND RIGHT SLIDERS, AS WELL AS TOP CORNERBEADS ATTACHED AND ALL JOINTS TO BE
GRANO COVERED WITH RHINOTAPE. WALL SURFACE TO BE
HUNG WINDOWS, MANUFACTURED FROM STANDARD SCREED
ALUMINIUM WINDOW SECTIONS NK26B AS SUPPLIED FINISHED WITH MINIMUM 3mm THICK RHINOLITE
FFL +6.200 DERBIGUM WATERPROOFING BY
BY ALUMINIUM SPECIALIST SPECIALIST DRESSED INTO F.B.O
5 - 110mm SINGLE SKIN INTERNAL MASONRY WALLS SHALL
BE BUILT WITH SINGLE BRICK THICKNESS AT 110mm IN
MORTAR FILL BED
STRETCHER BOND.
DERBIGUM WATERPROOFING BY PLASTER AND PAINT FINISH: (4:1) 15mm THICK PLASTER
300mm CAVITY WALL WITH FACEBRICK OUTER SKIN SPECIALIST DRESSED INTO F.B.O COAT ON INTERNAL WALLS OF SAND/CEMENT SMOOTH
PLASTER FINISHED. APPLY 1 COAT OF PLASTER PRIMER.
APPLY 1 COAT OF UNIVERSAL UNDERCOAT. APPLY 2 COAT
REINFORCED CONCRETE AND FORMWORK: PVA EMULSION PAINT. PAINT MUST COMPLY WITH SABS
25mm POLISHED GRANO CREED TO ENINEERS ALL IN SITU CONCRETE WORK (MASS AND SPECIFICATION
DETAIL, SEALED SURFACE TO FALL TOWARD REINFORCED) SHALL COMPLY WITH SABS
OUTLETS AT MIN 1:50 STAINED TO SPECIFIED
SPECIFICATION 1200G. ACCORDING TO
COLOUR
ENGINEER'S DETAILS AND SPECIFICATIONS

300mm THICK CONCRETE GROUND FLOOR SLAB WITH DERBIGUM WATERPROOFING BY

530mm HIGH UPSTAND DOWNSTAND BEAM ON END SPECIALIST DRESSED INTO F.B.O
WITH STEEL REINFORCING TO ENGINEERS DETAIL

200mm THICK CONCRETE SURFACEBED

CONCRETE BASEMENT CEILING - OFFSHUTTER WITH BRC MESH OVER APPROVED DPM
CONCRETE AND 2 COATS WHITE PVA ON WELL COMPACTED POISONED SOIL

750x300mm REINFORCED PRECAST OFFSHUTTER 300mm RC SLAB WITH 25mm

CONCRETE SUPPORT BEAMS WITH 2 COATS WHITE POLISHED GRANO SCREED TO ENGINEERS
PVA DETAIL SMOOTHED AND STAINED

DETAIL 3 SCALE 1:10

50MMØ POLISHED CYPRESS HANDRAILS DETAIL

PAINT TO 19MMØ MILD STEEL HANDRAIL

SUPPORT PEGS

PAINTED MILD STEEL EYELET WELDED

TO 4MM PAINTED MILD STEEL FLAT PLATE
1000

1000

2.5mm STAINLESS STEEL WIRE

200MM IN-SITU CONCRETE SLAB

00
10

50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50

200

50MM PAINTED MILD STEEL BALLUSTRADE

10MM CERRAMIC TILES TO BE LAID
ON 25MM SAND/CEMENT SCREED
00
10

IN-SITU CONC TO BE NATURAL FINISH

REBARS

FIXING BOLTS EPOXY INTO IN-SITU SLAB

50MM EPOXY MILD STEEL ROUND

BAR WELDED TO BALLUSTRADE
AND STEEL PLATE

6MM PAINTED MILD STEEL FLAT PLATE

1000

200MM IN-SITU CONCRETE SLAB 10MM CERRAMIC TILES TO BE LAID

ON 25MM SAND/CEMENT SCREED
50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50

RESPONSIBLE PERSON DATE SCALE

DRAWN MARJORIE BLOM AS SHOWN

4000

TYPICAL DETAIL OF BALUSTRADES SHEET SIZE

235

CHECKED (M.ARCH)
FIXING TO STAIRS
APPROVED
3600

A0
DETAIL
00

CLIENT INFORMATION
10

CLIENT/COMPANY NAME

MEMBER SIGNATURE

ID No.
IN-SITU CONC TO BE NATURAL FINISH
PHONE No.
50MMØ POLISHED CYPRESS HANDRAILS
PROJECT INFORMATION
20
0

6MM STEEL DOWEL AND PELLATED PROJECT DESCRIPTION

WITH CYPRESS WOOD
PROPOSED NEW URBAN MULTI-USE
OFFICE PARK DEVELOPMENT
PAINT TO 19MMØ MILD STEEL HANDRAIL for Durban Umgeni Business Park
SUPPORT PEGS
PROJECT NAME
19MMØ MILD STEEL HANDRAIL PROPOSED WELL-BEING BUILDING AS A CATALYST
SUPPORT PEGS TO BE WELDED
TO MILD STEEL BALLUSTRADE FOR HEALTH IMPROVEMENT
STREET ADDRESS
50MM PAINTED MILD STEEL BALLUSTRADE
UMGENI BUSINESS PARK, DURBAN
SITE DESCRIPTION

LIGHT INDUSTRIAL BUSINESS PRECINCT

TYPICAL DETAIL OF HANDRAIL DRAWING INFORMATION
200

FIXING TO BALLUSTRADE
DRAWING TITLE
TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
STRIP SECTIONS

SHEET NO.
PROJECT NUMBER

DETAIL 4 SCALE 1:20 UKZN2013-TD-02-00

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