1

Unit-5
GSM system for mobile Telecommunication, General Packet Radio
Service, Edge Technology; CDMA 2000, Wireless Local Loop, IMT
2000 and UMTS, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Mobile Satellite
Communication, Introduction to Mobile Adhoc Networks, Li-Fi
Communication, Ultra-Wideband Communication, Mobile data
networks, Wireless Standards IMT 2000, Introduction to 4G and
concept of NGN.

GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION)

What is GSM?

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital

cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
Important facts about the GSM are given below −
 The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based mobile radio
system at Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s.
 GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard.
 GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications
and it is implemented globally.
 GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel
into eight 25 kHz time-slots. GSM operates on the mobile
communication bands 900 MHz and 1800 MHz in most parts of the
world.
 GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including
roaming service. Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone
number in another GSM network.
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a
channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own timeslot.

Why GSM?

Listed below are the features of GSM that account for its popularity and
wide acceptance.
 Improved spectrum efficiency
 International roaming
 Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs)
 High-quality speech
 Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and
other telephone company services
 Support for new services

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Architecture: -
Image of GSM Architecture:

FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS
1. Mobile station (MS): It refers for mobile station. Simply, it
means a mobile phone.
2. Base trans receiver system (BTS): It maintains the radio
component with MS.
3. Base station controller (BSC): Its function is to allocate
necessary time slots between the BTS and MSC.
4. Home location register (HLR): It is the reference database
for subscriber parameter like subscriber’s ID, location,
authentication key etc.
5. Visitor location register (VLR): It contains copy of most of
the data stored in HLR which is temporary and exist only until
subscriber is active.
6. Equipment identity register (EIR): It is a database which
contains a list of valid mobile equipment on the network.
7. Authentication centre (AuC): It perform authentication of
subscriber.

FEATURES OF GSM MODULE: -

The features of the GSM module include the following.

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 Improved spectrum efficiency

 International roaming
 Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)
 Support for new services.
 SIM phonebook management
 Fixed dialling number (FDN)
 Real-time clock with alarm management
 High-quality speech
 Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
 Short message service (SMS)

GPRS (GENERAL PACKET RADIO SYSTEM)

General Packet Radio System is also known as GPRS is a third-generation
step toward internet access.

GPRS is also known as GSM-IP that is a Global-System Mobile

Communications Internet Protocol as it keeps the users of this system
online, allows to make voice calls, and access internet on-the-go. Even
Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) users benefit from this system as it
provides packet radio access.

GPRS also permits the network operators to execute an Internet Protocol

(IP) based core architecture for integrated voice and data applications
that will continue to be used and expanded for 3G services.

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GPRS supersedes the wired connections, as this system has simplified

access to the packet data networks like the internet. The packet radio
principle is employed by GPRS to transport user data packets in a
structure way between GSM mobile stations and external packet data
networks. These packets can be directly routed to the packet switched
networks from the GPRS mobile stations.
In the current versions of GPRS, networks based on the Internet Protocol
(IP) like the global internet or private/corporate intranets and X.25
networks are supported.
WHAT IS USE OF GPRS?
One of the main purposes of GPRS is to facilitate the interconnection
between a mobile and the other packet-switched networks, which opens
the doors to the world of the Internet. With the introduction of packet
mode, mobile telephony and Internet converge to become mobile Internet
technology.

PROTOCOLS SUPPORTED: -
GPRS supports the following protocols:

 Internet Protocol (IP): - In practice, built-in mobile

browsers use IPv4 before IPv6 is widespread.
 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): - is typically not supported
by mobile phone operators but if a cellular phone is used as
a modem for a connected computer, PPP may be used to tunnel
IP to the phone. This allows an IP address to be dynamically
assigned (using IPCP rather than DHCP) to the mobile
equipment.
BENEFITS OF GPRS:
Mobility:
The capacity to keep up consistent voice and information interchanges
while moving.

Cost Efficient:
Communication via GPRS is cheaper than through the regular GSM
network.
Immediacy:
Allows customers to obtain connectivity when needed, regardless of
location and without a lengthy login session.
Localization:
Enables customers to acquire data applicable to their present area.

Easy Billing:

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GPRS packet transmission offers an easier to use billing than that offered
by circuit switched administrations.

CDMA2000

CDMA2000 is a code division multiple access (CDMA) version of IMT-2000

specifications developed by International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
It includes a group of standards for voice and data services −
 Voice − CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1X Advanced
 Data − CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)

Features: -
 CDMA2000 is a family of technology for 3G mobile cellular
communications for transmission of voice, data and signals.
 It supports mobile communications at speeds between 144Kbps and
2Mbps.
 It has packet core network (PCN) for high speed secured delivery of
data packets.
 It applies multicarrier modulation techniques to 3G networks. This
gives higher data rate, greater bandwidth and better voice quality.
It is also backward compatible with older CDMA versions.
 It has multi-mode, multi-band roaming features.

WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP (WLL)

Local loop is a circuit line from a subscriber’s phone to the local central
office (LCO). But the implementation of local loop of wires is risky for the
operators, especially in rural and remote areas due to a smaller number
of users and increased cost of installation.
Hence, the solution for it is the usage of wireless local loop (WLL) which
uses wireless links rather than copper wires to connect subscribers to
the local central office.

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WLL Architecture:

WLL components:

1. PSTN:
It is Public Switched Telephone Network which is a circuit
switched network. It is a collection of world’s interconnected
circuit switched telephone networks.
2. Switch Function:
Switch Function switches the PSTN among various WANUs.
3. WANU:
It is short for Wireless Access Network Unit. It is present at the
local exchange office. All local WASUs are connected to it. Its
functions include: Authentication, Operation & maintenance,
Routing, Trans receiving voice and data.
It consists of following sub-components:

 Transceiver : It transmits/receives data.

 WLL Controller: It controls the wireless local loop
component with WASU.
 AM: It is short for Access Manager. It is responsible for
authentication.
 HLR: It is short for Home Location Register. It stores
the details of all local WASUs.

2. WASU:
It is short for Wireless Access Subscriber Units. It is present at

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the house of the subscriber. It connects the subscriber to WANU

and the power supply for it is provided locally.

Advantages of WLL:

 It eliminates the first mile or last mile construction of the

network connection.
 Low cost due to no use of conventional copper wires.
 Much more secure due to digital encryption techniques
used in wireless communication.
 Highly scalable as it doesn’t require the installation of
more wires for scaling it.

Features of WLL:
 Internet connection via modem
 Data service
 Voice service
 Fax service

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

• This is a system capable of providing variety of mobile services to wide
range of Global Mobile Communication standards.
• UMTS is being developed by RACE (R&D in advanced Communication
technologies in Europe) as 3rd the generation wireless system
• To handle mixed range of traffic, a mixed cell layout, that would
consist of macro cells overlaid on micro and Pico cells is one of
architecture plan being considered.
• This type of network distributes the traffic with local traffic operating
on Macro and Picocells, while highly mobile traffic is operated on macro
cells. thus, reducing the number ofhandoff’s required for fast moving
traffic.
• It is easily observed that Macro cells cover the spots not covered by
other cells and alsoprovide redundancy in certain areas.
Thus, Macro cells also be able to avoid failures of overlapped cells.
• However major disadvantage of the overlaid architecture is the
reduced spectral efficiency.
• The UMTS architecture will provide radio coverage with network of
Base Stations interconnected to each other and to a fixed network
exchange.
• A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is one possible choice for network
interconnections.

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IMT 2000
The ITU is on accelerated pace to specify the 3G mobile communication
standards.
The primary standard for 3G system is referred to as the International
Mobile Telecommunications beyond the year 2000 (IMT-2000)-the goal of
which is to support higher data rates that can support multimedia
applications, provide a high spectral efficiency, makes as many of the
interfaces standardas possible, and provide compatibility to services
within the IMT-2000
Although voice traffic will continue to be the main source of revenue,
packet data for internet access, advanced messaging services such as
multimedia email, and real-time multimedia for applications such as
telemedicine and remote security are envisaged in IMT-2000.
The requirements for IMT-2000 include improved voice quality (wire line
quality), data rates up to384kbps everywhere and 2Mbps indoor, support
for packet and circuit switched data services, seamless incorporation of
existing 2G and satellite systems, seamless international roaming, and
support for several simultaneous multimedia connections.
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the project name given to development of a
high-performance air interface for cellular mobile communication systems.

It is the last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies
designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone
networks. While the former generation of mobile telecommunication
networks are collectively known as 2G or 3G, LTE is marketed as 4G.

Some advantages are: -

 Reduced cost per bit

 Increased service provisioning – more services at lower cost
with better user experience
 Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands
 Simplified architecture, Open interfaces
 Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption

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Introduction of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)

MANET stands for Mobile adhoc Network also called as wireless adhoc
network or adhoc wireless network that usually has a routable
networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc network.
They consist of set of mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a self-
configured, self-healing network without having a fixed infrastructure.
MANET nodes are free to move randomly as the network topology
changes frequently. Each node behaves as a router as they forward
traffic to other specified node in the network.

MANET may operate as standalone fashion or they can be the part of

larger internet. They form highly dynamic autonomous topology with the
presence of one or multiple different transceivers between nodes.
The main challenge for the MANET is to equipped each device to
continuously maintain the information required to properly route traffic.
MANETs consist of a peer-to-peer, self-forming, self-healing network
MANET’s circa 2000-2015 typically communicate at radio frequencies
(30MHz-5GHz). This can be used in road safety, ranging from sensors for
the environment, home, health, disaster rescue operations,
air/land/navy defence, weapons, robots, etc.

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Characteristics of MANET:

 Dynamic Topologies: Network topology which is typically multi

hops, may change randomly and rapidly with time, it can form
unidirectional or bi-directional links.
 Bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links: Wireless links
usually have lower reliability, efficiency, stability, and capacity
as compared to wired network. The throughput of wireless
communication is even less than a radio’s maximum
transmission rate after dealing with the constraints like multiple
access, noise, interference conditions, etc.
 Autonomous Behaviour : Each node can act as a host and router,
which shows its autonomous behaviour.
 Energy Constrained Operation : As some or all the nodes rely on
batteries or other exhaustible means for their energy. Mobile
nodes are characterized with less memory, power, and
lightweight features.
 Limited Security: Wireless network are more prone to security
threats. A centralized firewall is absent due to its distributed
nature of the operation for security, routing, and host
configuration.
 Less Human Intervention : They require minimum human
intervention to configure the network, therefore they are
dynamically autonomous in nature.

Li-Fi Technology:

Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is similar to Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) but uses light for
data transmission instead of radio waves.
 It facilitates the wireless method of data transmission through Visible
Light Communication (VLC) technology and can be up to 100 times faster
than Wi-Fi. It uses solid-state lighting (SSL) such as LED bulbs. 

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What is Li-Fi Technology?

Li-Fi-light fidelity is similar to Wi-Fi technology and it is one of the future
wireless communication technologies. The main feature of this technology
includes fully networked, bidirectional and high-speed wireless.
Nowadays, the most trending domain in wireless communication is Wi-Fi
and internet users are also being increased every year. For obtaining
better speed, efficiency, bandwidth, Li-Fi technology has evolved. The
data transmission in this technology can be done using light because the
light intensity changes quicker than the human eye for capturing. The
range of data transmission in L-Fi is faster 100 times than Wi-Fi.

Block Diagram of Li-Fi System

Li-Fi system mainly includes two parts namely the transmitter and

receiver. The input signal at the transmitter section can be modulated
with a specific time period then send the data using LED bulbs in 0’s and
1’s form. Here, the flashes of LED bulbs are denoted with 0’s and 1’s. At
the receiver end, a photodiode is used to receive the LED flashes
strengthens the signal & gives the output.
The block diagram of Li-Fi system is shown below, and the transmitter
section includes the input, timer circuit, an LED bulb. The input of the
transmitter can be any kind of data like text, voice, etc. The timer circuit
in this section is used to provide the necessary time intervals among
every bit, and these are transmitted to the receiver end in the form of
LED flashes.
The receiver section includes photodiode as well as amplifier. Here,
photodiode receives the LED bulb flashes then changes the flashes into
electrical signals. Finally, the amplifier receives the signals from the
photodiode and amplifies to provide the output.

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How Li-Fi Works?

Li-Fi is a VLC (visible light communications) system and the speed of this
system is very high. Li-Fi uses normal LEDs to allow the data to transfer
and increase the speed up to 224 Gigabits/sec. The data transmission of
this technology can be done via illumination. The essential devices of this
system are the bright light emitting diodes.

The ON/Off activity of LEDs permits a type of data transmission in the

form of binary codes but the human eye cannot recognize this transform
& the bulbs appear with a stable intensity.

Li-Fi Technology Applications

The Li-Fi router applications over Wi-Fi are promising as well as

unlimited for the wireless communication which includes the following.
 Traffic Management & Road Safety
 Medical Applications
 Aviation
 Communication Underwater
 Elegant Lighting
 Interior map-reading system for blind people
 In dangerous Environments or In Sensitive regions
 Transportations
 Industrial Areas

Advantages of Li-Fi:

1- It has less interference.
2- Li-Fi can pass through salty seawater as light can travel through water.
3- It can work in the dense region. 

Applications of Li-Fi:

1- It is used in airlines as it will not interfere with the equipment on the

aircraft that relies on radio waves such as its radar.
2- Li-Fi is used in undersea explorations as light can travel through water.
3- It is used in operation theatres in the hospitals as light waves have
little effect on medical instruments. 
4- It is also used in offices and homes for data transmission and internet
browsing. 

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Ultra-wideband communication
What is UWB?
Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a short-range wireless communication protocol—
like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth—uses radio waves of short pulses over a spectrum
of frequencies ranging from 3.1 to 10.5 GHz in unlicensed applications.
The term UWB is used for a bandwidth (BW) that is larger or equal to 500
MHz or a fractional bandwidth (FBW) greater than 20% where FBW =
BW/fc, where fc is the center frequency.  

Like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, ultra-wideband (UWB) is a short-range,

wireless communication protocol that operates through radio waves.
But unlike its counterparts, it operates at very high frequencies — a
broad spectrum of GHz frequencies — and can be used to capture
highly accurate spatial and directional data.

How does UWB work?

Once a UWB-enabled device like a smartphone, smartwatch, smart

key or tile is near another UWB device, the devices start “ranging.”
Ranging refers to calculating the time of flight (ToF) between
devices: the roundtrip time of challenge/response packets.

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Using larger channel bandwidth (500MHz) with short pulses (two

nanoseconds each), UWB achieves greater accuracy.

The UWB positioning process instantaneously tracks the device’s

movements in real-time. In doing so, UWB-enabled devices can
understand both motion and relative position.

UWB Transmission
Two different approaches are adopted for data transmission:

 Ultra-short pulses in the picosecond range, which covers all

frequencies simultaneously (also called impulse radios)
 Subdividing the total UWB bandwidth into a set of broadband
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) channels

The first approach is cost-effective at the expense of degraded signal to

noise ratio. In general, impulse radio transmission does not require the
use of a carrier, which means reduced complexity compared to traditional
narrowband transceivers (i.e., simpler transceiver architecture) as the
signal is directly radiated via the UWB antenna. Gaussian monocycle or
one of its derivatives is an example of a UWB pulse that's easy to
generate.
The second approach exploits the spectrum more efficiently and offers
better performance and data throughput at the expense of increased
complexity (i.e., requires signal processing), and power consumption.
The choice between the two approaches depends on the applications.

The Advantages of Ultra-Wideband Technology

The very wide bandwidth of UWB signals enables superior indoor
performance over traditional narrow-band systems.
Some of this bandwidth's features are highlighted below:

 The wide bandwidth provides immunity against the channel effect in a

dense environment and enables very fine time-space resolutions for

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highly accurate indoor positioning of the UWB nodes, e.g., the new
iPhone 11.
 The low spectral density, below environmental noise, ensures a low
probability of signal detection and increases the security of
communication.
 High data rates can be transmitted over a short distance using UWB.
 UWB systems can co-exist with already-deployed narrowband
systems.

AN INTRODUCTION TO 4G TECHNOLOGY
The fourth generation of wireless standards for cellular systems is 4G, the
planned successor to the 3G standard.

The ITU (International Telecommunications Union) has specified that the

peak speed requirements for the 4G standard are to be 100Mbps for a
mobile connection (such as in a car) and 1Gbps for stationary connections
(such as sitting at a computer).

The 4G service is set to offer a fast and secure all-IP, roaming mobile
broadband solution to devices such as laptops with wireless 4G modems,
4G smart phone mobile phones and other 4G mobile devices that require
internet access with speed intensive facilities being made available,
including on-demand HD television, IP telephony, on-demand gaming
and, of course, high speed internet access.

What is 4G?

4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone technology. It follows on from

3G (third generation) and 2G (second generation) mobile technology.
2G technology launched in the 1990s and made it possible to make digital
phone calls and send texts. Then 3G came along in 2003 and made it
possible to browse web pages, make video calls and download music and
video on the move.
4G technology builds upon what 3G offers but does everything at a much
faster speed.
Of course, there’s now 5G too, which follows the same pattern. It is the
fifth generation and it is faster still.
The ITU has recognised two standards that are planned to meet the 4G
IMT-Advanced requirements put forward by the two groups, 3GPP and
IEEE.

These are the LTE Advanced and Wireless MAN-Advanced (WiMAX-

Advanced) standards and will almost certainly abandon the old spread
system technology found in 3G systems for OFDMA and other equalisation
schemes, use MIMO technology, channel-dependant scheduling and

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dynamic channel allocation... all technologies that are being found on

new, modern wireless networking equipment.

How 4G Technology works?

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4G LTE Backup Design

What are the benefits of 4G?

The benefits of 4G fall firmly into three categories, which are

improved speeds, reduced latency, and crystal-clear voice calls.

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Faster speeds

Standard 4G (or 4G LTE) is around five to seven times faster than 3G,
offering theoretical speeds of up to around 150Mbps. That equates to
maximum potential speeds of around 80Mbps in the real world.
With standard 4G you can download a 2GB HD film in 3 minutes 20
seconds, while it would take over 25 minutes on a standard 3G network.

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However, a faster version of 4G is also available in many parts of the UK,

called 4G LTE-Advanced (also known as LTE-A, 4.5G or 4G+).
This offers theoretical speeds of up to 1.5Gbps, but the current crop of
LTE-A networks has a maximum potential speed of 300Mbps with real
world speeds falling a lot lower.
EE has brought LTE-A to several UK cities, including London, Birmingham,
Liverpool, and Manchester, among others.
EE is not the only network with LTE-A though, as Vodafone has also
brought it to London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Cardiff,
Nottingham, Bristol, and numerous other locations.
Most recently, Three has launched a 4G+ service of its own, promising
average speeds that are 15% to 33% higher where available. The
network has not provided a full list of 4G+ locations but has said that it’s
been launched in high-demand cities such as London, Birmingham,
Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. You will know it’s working where you are
if you see a ‘4G+’ symbol on your phone.
You can expect the availability of LTE-A to increase in the coming years
and speeds could get faster still. For example, Ericsson has developed
technology which could allow for peak real-world 4G speeds of 1Gbps,
though this will not likely be available for a while if at all.
But of course, the main speed boosts will come from 5G, which the UK’s
main networks are now rolling out. This at the time of writing offers
average download speeds in the region of 130-250Mbps, with peak
speeds of over 1Gbps, and the potential for it to get far faster still.

Lower latency
Download speeds aren't the only thing that has been improved, because
4G also has a better response time than 3G – due to lower ‘latency’. This
means that a device connected to a 4G mobile network will get a quicker
response to a request than the same device connected to a 3G mobile
network.
The improved latency times, reduced from 80 milliseconds (3G) to around
45 milliseconds (4G), may not seem that significant on paper.  However,
they can make a significant difference when playing online games and
streaming live video. Find out more about the benefits of 4G for gaming.
On 5G, latency is lowered further still, coming in at around 21-26ms
based on Ookla data from late 2019, and likely to further decrease as 5G
infrastructure improves

Crystal clear voice calls

Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is similar to Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP),
which use voice apps such as Skype to support voice calls over the

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internet. Effectively, VoLTE rides on the back of the 4G network and

brings crystal clear voice calls and video chat to your 4G mobile phone.
Another benefit is that it allows you to call and text when you only have a
4G connection, where previously you wouldn’t have been able to.
VoLTE is now available from Three, EE, O2, Vodafone, iD Mobile, Sky
Mobile and BT Mobile, but only on certain handsets. Check out our
full VoLTE guide for detailed information on availability.

Applications:

 4G Ultra-high-speed internet access - E-mail or general web

browsing is available.
 4G Data intensive interactive user services - Services such as
online satellite mapping will load instantly.
 4G Multiple User Video conferencing - subscribers can see as well
as talk to more than one person.
 4G Location-based services - a provider sends wide spread, real
time weather or traffic conditions to the computer or phone, or
allows the subscriber to find and view nearby businesses or
friends whilst communicating with them.
 4G Tele-medicine - a medical provider monitors or provides
advice to the potentially isolated subscriber whilst also streaming
to them related videos and guides.
 4G HDTV - a provider redirects a high-definition TV channel
directly to the subscriber where it can be watched.
 4G High-Definition Video on demand - a provider sends a movie
to the subscriber.
 4G Video games on demand - a provider sends game data
directly to the subscriber where they can play in real time.

A Next Generation Network (NGN)

A next generation network is a packet-based network that can be used

for both telephony and data and that supports mobility.

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Initially, the term Next Generation Network was used to refer to the
transformation of the core network to IP. Sometimes an NGN is referred
to as an all-IP network.
The ITU defined an NGN as:
“A Next Generation Network (NGN) is a packet-based network able to
provide services including Telecommunication Services and able to make
use of multiple broadbands, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in
which service-related functions are independent from underlying

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transport-related technologies. It offers unrestricted access by users to

different service providers. It supports generalized mobility which will
allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.”

NGN Elements

The NGN is characterized by the following fundamental aspects:

 Packet-based transfer
 Separation of control functions among bearer capabilities,
call/session, and application/ service
 Decoupling of service provision from network, and provision of open
interfaces
 Support for a wide range of services, applications and mechanisms
based on service building blocks (including real time/ streaming/
non-real time services and multi-media)
 Broadband capabilities with end-to-end QoS and transparency
 Interworking with legacy networks via open interfaces
 Generalized mobility
 Unrestricted access by users to different service providers
 A variety of identification schemes which can be resolved to IP
addresses for the purposes of routing in IP networks

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 Unified service characteristics for the same service as perceived by

the user
 Converged services between Fixed/Mobile
 Independence of service-related functions from underlying transport
technologies
 Compliant with all Regulatory requirements, for example concerning
emergency communications and security/privacy, etc.

NGN Architecture

Applications:
The next generation network (NGN) is expected to implement various
functions for creating various kinds of broadband services, such as end-
to-end quality control, unicast communication functions, multicast
communication functions, and interactive communication functions.
Advantages of NGN
The integrated and efficient packet based technology reduces capex.
Transmission costs are lower, greater power saving, less space
requirement and less O&M costs while there is also the ability to offer a
wider range of services at faster speed.
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