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Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan

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English Notes

For Class XII

By

ZeeshanAli
(B.S in English)

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Questions & Answers
Composition
Precis
Study Exercises
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

Twenty Minutes with Mrs Oakentubb

Introduction
Twenty Minutes with Mrs Oakentubb is an effective little piece of emotional drama written by
Frank Arthur. Frank Arthur is known for his achievements as a civil servant, novelist and scriptwriter.
It is a rare specimen of a melodrama filled with thrill and suspense. The play is notable for the skilful
manipulation of suspense. The story is based on the theme of revenge, crime and punishment.
“Revenge renders ears deaf.”
- William Shakespeare

Summary
It was a stormy winter’s evening of 1955. A heavily wrapped lady entered the waiting room of a
country railway junction, followed by a porter who lighted the fire for her, as it was very cold. Soon a
male passenger also entered the waiting room and came near the fire to warm himself. The porter told
them that they had to wait for 20 minutes for the arrival of the train, bound for Stainthorpe. After the
departure of the porter, the two passengers were left alone.
They were strangers to each other, but soon they started a conversation to while away the time.
The man told the woman of two half-minute meetings, which had the most profound effect on his life.
The first meeting took place in June 1953 in Korea. He was severely wounded and wanted to die. He
fainted and when he regained consciousness, he saw a young Korean girl bending over him. She smiled
at him and her smile gave him the courage to live. Her smile made him realize what his daughter would
have been like if she had lived. She was killed along with her mother in a road accident. They were
overrun by a car, which was being driven recklessly by Mrs Judy Oakentubb. She was held guilty of
manslaughter and was sentenced to 18-month imprisonment but according to him, it was a plain
deliberate heartless murder. So, he was going to Stainthorpe to avenge the murder of his wife and
daughter.
The woman told the man that his wife and daughter were killed in the accident. It was not a murder.
But he did not agree. He said that she was drunk and was driving the car very fast to reach the coast of
Stainthorpe. She led a bet with one of her companies to cover the long-distance within 15 minutes
while it could be covered in half an hour. She drove recklessly and killed his wife and daughter. So, it
was a deliberate murder.
By chance, he read the name of Mrs Oakentubb, written on the label of the suitcase, which belonged
to the lady who was conversing with him. He was sure that the lady, who was standing before him, was
Mrs Judy Oakentubb. He pulled a revolver from his pocket and pointed at her. Mrs Judy Oakentubb
recoiled and told him that she had been in perpetual agony ever since the accident took place. She
posed herself as a repentant lady over the tragic accident. She instead of asking for her life implored
for her death that according to her was a mean of escaping from the mental torture.
Believing in her statement, he decided to leave her and give her no punishment, as living with a sense
of self-reproaching was an ideal punishment for the lady. He says:

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

“Yes! You are right! It would be a greater punishment to live.”

He pocketed his revolver and walked out leaving her sobbing. As soon as he left the room, she came to
her real self. She expressed her hatred for the man observing her from outside. He opened the door
suddenly, raised the revolver and shot her dead. It is rightly said:
“Often a clever culprit is caught by the trap of own blunders.”

Introduction of Author
The “Twenty minutes with Mrs Oakentubb” is written by Frank Arthur, who is famous for his
style. Simplicity and straightforwardness are his hallmarks. In his play, he delivers the dialogue and
action very energetically with straightforwardness.

Main Theme of Play

“Twenty Minutes with Mrs Oakentubb” is an effective, sensational and extremely absorbing
little piece of melodrama, notable for its skilful manipulation of suspense and thrill. The flow of
suspense is maintained by the author right from the beginning of the play to the end. The play has two
major characters of a lady, Mrs Judy Oakentubb and an ex-army man. The main theme of the poem is
based on the idea of offence and revenge.
“Revenge is a kind of wild justice” -Bacon

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

1. Q. Explain the importance of the label on Mrs Oakentubb’s suitcase. Why does she hide it?
The label on Mrs Oakentubb’s suitcase is of utmost importance as it reveals the name of “Mrs Judy
Oakentubb.” When the man enters the waiting room, both of them started light chit chat. During
their talk, the man explains his purpose of going to Stainthorpe to meet Mrs Oakentubb as she had
murdered his wife and daughter. After listening to the intentions of the man, the lady who is Mrs
Oakentubb gets near to her suitcase and tries to hide the label on it as she believes that the man
does not recognize her and even he has no idea how Mrs Oakentubb looks like as he only knows
much about her character.

2. Q. At what point in the play do we become certain that the man knows that the woman in the
waiting room is Mrs Oakentubb? When, in fact, do you think he discovered her identity?
We become certain that the man discovered that the woman in the waiting room was Mrs
Oakentubb at the very beginning of the melodrama. It became quite obvious the moment she got
up from her chair and strolled across the room in a state of agitation. Then she took up the position
right in front of her suitcase. The moment the man opened the door and looked out, she quickly
hid her label under the cover so the man must not know who she was. In reality, the man himself
gave her the chance to do that act to be sure that she was the one whom he was looking for i.e.
Mrs Oakentubb, the lady who killed his wife and daughter in a car accident.

3. Q. When is the audience likely to begin to suspect that she might be Mrs Oakentubb?
The audience is likely to begin suspecting that she might be Mrs Oakentubb due to the following
conversational lines delivered by the lady to justify the act of Mrs Oakentubb:
She replies faintly, “I think I know what you mean.”
Secondly, she starts defending Mrs Oakentubb without any purpose or acquaintance by saying,
“She was not convicted of murder. She was not even charged with murder.”
Furthermore, she protests by saying, “She was not drunk.”
At one point, she becomes more defensive in giving excuses for Mrs Oakentubb’s mistake by
saying, “Eighteen months in prison! She served that sentence, didn’t she?”
Last but not least she says twice in one single sentence so to convince the man that “She’s had her
punishment. But she’s had her punishment.”

4. Q. What motive has the man for murdering her?

The man has a very valid reason to murder her as she ruthlessly killed his wife and little innocent
daughter in a car accident. She was drunk and driving quite fast at a busy, blind corner road due to
a bet which she had made with one of her friends. So, he had a strong urge to take revenge on her
in the form of taking her life.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

5. Q. In this little melodrama, the author keeps on building up the tension then relaxing it, until the
final moment of tension when the murder is done. Briefly describe the chief moments of tension
and what follows after each one.
According to the author and from the viewpoint of the audience or readers, the following are some
of the chief moments of tension in the play that follows one after another:
a. It just starts right from the beginning of the play at the moment when the man asks the lady
that does she know Mrs Oakentubb being the resident of Stainthorpe.
b. Then the man says that he knows all about her character.
c. Later at one point again the man says that it is not wicked to punish the evil-doer.
d. The man further reveals that Mrs Oakentubb murdered his wife and daughter and in my
opinion, it is one of the prime moments of tension between the two.
e. Next, when the man exposes his intention of killing Mrs Oakentubb, the lady wildly says “Kill
her! No! You can’t do that!”
f. All of a sudden it seems to the audience that all the tensions have vanished with the
remarks of the man as “So I thought I’d tell you a story to keep you amused. All ladies like to
be amused.”
g. But again the tension mounts as the man says to the lady that “It’s just the amount of time I
need for killing you. You took their lives and wrecked mine. Haven’t I the right to take
yours?”

6. Q. Why, in your opinion, does the author make the porter a humorous character?
Frank Arthur is an excellent writer who has the potential to amalgamate suspense with humour so
the readers don’t have a feeling of boredom. This is the basic reason for making the porter a
humorous character in the melodrama. Another motive is that he wants to give a flavour of fun,
laughter, enjoyment to his readers by the addition of Porter playing a short side role quite
effectively. That’s not all; the author adds porter as he wants to relax his audience or readers from
everyday tensions and the mounting suspense of his melodrama.

7. Q. Suspense is an important element in a thriller. Briefly show how the author keeps the
audience in suspense for the answers to two questions – will he find out who she is? Will he kill
her?
It is quite an artistic skill of the author to maintain suspense from the beginning till the end of the
fiction or drama. Frank Arthur performs his job marvellously in this respect. He keeps the audience
in suspense for the answers to two questions in a thrilling manner:
a. The man explores quite dramatically that the lady to whom he is talking to is Mrs
Oakentubb by probing, again and again, the particulars about Mrs Oakentubb from the lady
to be sure whether she is the one or not.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

b. The moment the man takes out the revolver and points at the lady it seems to the audience
that he is about to shoot the lady but he quickly hides it behind him with the sudden entry
of the porter into the room.

8. Q. Write a brief character sketch of Mrs Oakentubb.

Mrs Oakentubb is one of the main characters of the melodrama. She is a fairly ordinary woman.
There is no such significant thing about her personality. She is neither tall nor short; rather she is
about five feet three inches. She weighs a little under eight stone. Concerning her physical
appearance; there are no special distinguishing marks about her. She once had blonde hair that
changed her colour due to age factor or might be of some other reason.
Mrs Oakentubb is a shrewd sort of a woman who knows quite well how to deceive others, play
tricks or gain sympathy. She owns the bad character and loves the company of the same. She used
to drink heavily, actively participates and enjoys cocktail parties too. She is in a habit to wager with
her friends on silly acts. The melodrama originated just because of her bet that she makes with her
friend to drive quite fast in the thickly populated area of the city with bending, blind roads, and
heavy traffic. She is such a selfish woman that to save her own life, she overturns her car onto the
pavement taking the lives of two innocent persons i.e. the man’s wife and her little daughter.
That’s not all; being a resourceful person, she only receives the punishment of 18 months in prison
and does not even get the charge of murder by the law enforcement agencies. She knows the trick
of how to change the mind of others by using defensive language and sympathetic gestures. Due to
this, she can soften the heart of the man so he gives up the idea of killing her. But as soon as he
leaves the room, she comes back to her evilness and bad character and starts making faces at the
man by putting her finger in her nose. In the end, she receives the punishment not only for her
cruelty but for her bad contempt as well in the form of murder by the man.

9. Q. Write a brief character sketch of the porter.

Although the porter has a trivial role his entry adds a special flavour of humour, joy, smile, and
excitement to the readers and audience of Arthur’s melodrama. He breaks the boredom and
seriousness of the play with his light chit chat and dialogues. He seems to be a middle-aged man
who might have spent several years in this profession being a porter. We came to know about this
as he is quite sure about each and every detail of not only the railway station but about the exact
timing of the train too. He is pretty much sure that the job he is performing of facilitating and
comforting the passengers as well as carrying their luggage requires great mental and physical
strength.
In short, he is a man of kindness, cooperation, love and humour who knows well how to serve the
passengers in a good way by making them amuse with his manner of conversation.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

10. Q. Briefly discuss whether the play would have had a more satisfying ending if the man had not
come back through the door, seen Mrs Oakentubb’s vulgar and impenitent gesture and shot her-
that is to say if it had ended in Mrs Oakentubb’s collapsing with genuine remorse and the man’s
decision that he would be adequately revenged if she went on living.
In my opinion, yes the play would have had a more satisfying ending if the man had not come back
through the door, seen Mrs Oakentubb’s vulgar and impenitent gesture and let her live her life for
some more days or even years. The reason behind this is that if she felt guilty of her doing as she
said to the man then it would become a punishment for her to keep thinking again and again about
the killing of two innocent beings. That’s not all; the whole incident might become a nightmare for
her and pinch her every second of her life for her evil-doing. She might start thinking about the
punishment that she would be getting in the world hereafter in the form of burning in Hell and
there might be the possibility that to get rid of all such horrible suffering; she takes her own life by
attempting suicide. In this way, the man would not get the blood or murder of a lady on his head
and he remains safe from the hands of the law enforcing agencies.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

1. You're seeing a performance of Twenty Minutes with Mrs Oakentubb. Briefly describe what sort
of play it was and what you thought of it.

Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
Date: May 18, 2021

Dear friend,
Hope you are enjoying good health and peace of mind. Yesterday, I got the chance to visit one
of the nearest theatres with my hostel friends to watch the most talked-about melodrama of the city
named “Twenty minutes with Mrs Oakentubb.” It was a superb drama that’s why I suggest you watch it
at least once whenever you get any leisure time.
Hearing the title of the drama, I was pretty sure that Mrs Oakentubb must be the centre of
attraction of the play, performing the most important character. I didn’t expect that she was such a
shrewd, selfish, ill-mannered sort of a lady and indeed a murderer.
As the play starts everything seems normal but gradually the lightness of the play was taken
over by the suspense and thrilling element highlighted by the author of the drama. It is such an
enthralling drama that it was difficult for the audience to judge what would happen next or what
would be the end of the drama.
I thought it light, humorous sort of a play but the suspense of the play grabbed all of my
attention at once and I found myself engrossed in the play.
Pay my regards to everyone at your home and be in contact.

Yours truly,
X.Y.Z.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

2. Imagine that you have acted one of the parts in an amateur performance of Twenty Minutes with
Mrs Oakentubb. Briefly describe how the performance went from an actor’s point of view.

Examination Hall,
City A.B.C.
Date: May 18, 2021

Dear Uncle,
Hope you are doing well. Today, I am writing to you to share one of my life’s best experiences
as an amateur performer in a play named “Twenty Minutes with Mrs Oakentubb.”
Last Saturday, for the very first time, I enthusiastically participated in a drama. You would be
surprised to know that for amateur performance, I received a certificate of appreciation from the
organizing authority.
I am excited to tell you what one of the mature and experienced actors of the play commented
on after seeing my performance. He said that he has not seen any amateur actor performing with such
zeal and zest, without any hesitation, fumbling, and confusion.” According to him, I have performed
just like Brad Pitt. This remark by him gives a 360 degree turn to my thoughts and decision about my
future. After completing my Bachelor’s degree, I am planning to get admission in performing arts
studies so to polish my talent and skills in the field of acting.
Pay my regards to my aunt and pray for my success in the future.
Your nephew,
X.Y.Z.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

Translate the following sentences into Urdu or Sindhi:

1. He can sue me for libel if he likes. I won’t take back what I said.
‫اگر وہ چاہے تو وہ مجھ پر مقدمہ چال سکتا ہے۔ میں جو کہتا ہوں واپس نہیں لیتا۔‬
2. We intend to have this wall taken down in order to convert the two rooms into one.
‫ہمارا ارادہ ہے کہ اس دیوار کو گرا دیا جائے تاکہ دونوں کمروں کو ایک میں تبدیل کیا جا سکے۔‬
3. I forgot to take down his telephone number.
‫میں اس کا ٹیلی فون نمبر لینا بھول گیا۔‬
4. It is no use giving him an explanation of how this machine works. He will never take it in.
‫اسے یہ وضاحت دینے کا کوئی فائدہ نہیں ہے کہ یہ مشین کیسے کام کرتی ہے۔ وہ اسے کبھی‬
‫نہیں سمجھے گا۔‬
5. My father was cheated of five thousand rupees. He said that he had never been so taken in, in his
life.
‫میرے والد کو پانچ ہزار روپے کا دھوکہ دیا گیا۔ اس نے کہا کہ اسے اپنی زندگی میں کبھی‬
‫اتنا دھوکہ نہیں دیا گیا۔‬
6. They were lost and caught in a storm, but a kindly farmer took them in for the night.
‫ لیکن ایک مہربان کسان نے انہیں رات کے لیے‬، ‫وہ کھو گئے اور ایک طوفان میں پھنس گئے‬
‫رہنے دیا۔‬
7. Why did you take it into your head that Ali had a holiday this week?
‫آپ نے اسے اپنے سر میں کیوں لیا کہ علی نے اس ہفتے ایک دن کی چھٹی کی؟‬
8. I would gladly have helped him if he had taken me into his confidence.
‫میں خوشی سے اس کی مدد کرتا اگر وہ مجھے اپنے اعتماد میں لیتا۔‬
9. Don’t forget to take into account the costs of repair and maintenance before you decide to buy a
second-hand car.
‫سیکنڈ ہینڈ کار خریدنے کا فیصلہ کرنے سے پہلے مرمت اور دیکھ بھال کے اخراجات کو مدنظر‬
‫رکھنا نہ بھولیں۔‬
10. When will your final examinations take place?
‫آپ کے آخری امتحانات کب ہوں گے؟‬
11. Do take your coat off and sit down for a while.
‫اپنا کوٹ اتار کر تھوڑی دیر بیٹھ جاؤ۔‬
12. The shopkeeper told the boy that if he didn’t take himself off he would call a policeman.
‫دکاندار نے لڑکے سے کہا کہ اگر وہ دکان سے باہر نہیں نکال تو وہ پولیس والے کو فون کرے گا۔‬
13. Before the take-off passengers are always instructed to fasten their belts and not to smoke.
‫ٹیک آف سے پہلے مسافروں کو ہمیشہ ہدایت کی جاتی ہے کہ وہ اپنی بیلٹ باندھیں اور سگریٹ‬

‫نہ پائیں۔‬
14. This is an utterly thankless task; I’ll never take it on again.
‫یہ ایک سراسر شکرانہ کام ہے میں پھر کبھی نہیں کروں گا۔‬
15. Mr. Jackson was tired after driving for so many hours and he asked his wife if she would like to take
over.
‫مسٹر جیکسن اتنے گھنٹے ڈرائیونگ کرنے کے بعد تھک گئے تھے اور انہوں نے اپنی بیوی سے‬

‫پوچھا کہ کیا وہ اقتدار سنبھالنا چاہیں گی؟‬

16. This huge commercial organization is constantly taking over smaller firms.
‫یہ بڑی تجارتی تنظیم مسلسل چھوٹی کمپنی پر قبضہ کر رہی ہے۔‬

17. How has your son taken to life in a hostel?

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Twenty Minutes With Mrs Oakentubb

‫آپ کے بیٹے نے ہاسٹل میں زندگی کیسے گزاری؟‬

18. His ruin began when he took to gambling.
‫اس کی بربادی اس وقت شروع ہوئی جب وہ جوا کھیلنے گیا۔‬
19. Some people have successfully taken up painting quite Late in life.
‫کچھ لوگوں نے کامیابی کے ساتھ پینٹنگ کو زندگی میں دیر سے تسلیم کیا ہے۔‬
20. If he wants his salary to be raised, he will have to take it up with the manager.
‫اگر وہ چاہتا ہے کہ اس کی تنخواہ میں اضافہ کیا جائے تو اسے مینیجر کے ساتھ مشغول ہونا‬

‫پڑے گا۔‬

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

Introduction
The chapter entitled Reflections on the Re-awakening East has been written by Bertrand Russel.
He is the most outstanding writer and thinker of our time. His more popular 3orkds have been notable
for their introduction of scientific attitudes into the discussion of politics and sociology.

Summary
According to Russel, power has never stayed permanently in the world. Initially at the beginning
the East and the Eastern nations had more power than the West but gradually the power slipped out of
the hand of the Eastern nations and went into the hands of the Western countries. The West became
all powerful and the East lost its power.
This chapter has been written in the year 1954 so Russel is talking about the conditions of year 1954.
When Russel is talking about the conditions of year 1954, When Russel wrote this essay in 1954, he
thought that power was once again passing out from the hands of the West and the East was beginning
to re-awaken and to gain power, therefore, what we have learnt so far is that power changes from
hand to hand. Russel is expressing his thoughts and his opinions as to what the Eastern nations should
do on their re-awakening Russel is offering advice to the Eastern awakening. Nations as to what should
they do in order to prosper and be successful.
First and foremost Russel advises the Eastern awakening nation not to adopt communism because
Russel describes communism as a poison. The next advice that he gave them is to adopt
industrialization and mechanization because according to Russel any country that does not accept
industrialization will lag behind. He advises the Eastern countries to stay away from war, to struggle for
peace.
The next advice is not to follow the West blindly but to take from the West what is good and to leave
out what is bad. After that Russel goes on to declare that Asia has some excellent and major
civilizations. These civilizations should never be mixed with each other. Furthur more another excellent
advice that Russel gave was that it is definitely agreed that we can’t progress without mechanization
yet the fact remains that side by side with mechanization we should not forget poetry, arts, friendship,
character-building, all these come side by side. We must see to it that on one hand we progress in
science and on the other hand we build our moral value.
Last but not the least, Russel concludes with the optimistic thought that the Eastern and Asian nations
shall contribute to the betterment and the progress of the world and will not imitate the mistakes of
the West.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

Introduction of Author
The British mathematician, philosopher, and social reformer Bertrand Arthur William Russell,
3d Earl Russell (1872-1970), made original and decisive contributions to logic and mathematics and
wrote with distinction in all fields of philosophy.
Bertrand Russell was born at Ravenscroft, Monmouthshire, Wales, on May 18, 1872, into an
aristocratic family with many distinguished and some eccentric members. By the time he was 4 years
old, his parents were dead, and his paternal grandparents, overturning his parents' will specifying that
the child be reared by two atheist friends, became his guardians. Russell's grandfather, Lord John
Russell, twice prime minister to Queen Victoria, died 3 years later, and young Bertrand was left in the
care of his grandmother, a lady of strict puritanical moral views who nevertheless gave him great
affection and "that feeling of safety that children need."

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

1. Q. Why is it insular for European historians to term the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire
"The Dark Ages"?
It is the narrow-mindedness of the European historians to term the centuries after the fall of the
Roman Empire ‘The Dark Ages.’ The reason behind was the black curtain of darkness, desperation and
downfall of the Europeans in the field of art, architecture, science, culture, civilization, and tradition.
On the other hand, during the same era, the Muslims in Spain and China flourished brilliantly in each
and every walk of life as compared to European nations that were once crowned for their rich legacy in
culture and civilization.

2. Q. On what grounds does the author argue that Communism is the ‘most modem and virulent form
of Western Imperialism’?
According to the author, Communism is ‘the most modern and virulent form of Western Imperialism.’
One of the solid grounds for this argument is that the philosophy and ideology of communism are
based on expansionism and its system is dominated by military force. Communism’s supremacy widely
spread in smaller nations because of that most of the European nations experienced communism due
to the extensive influence of their neighborhood.

3. Q. To what cause does the author attribute the power of England in the early Nineteenth Century
and the power of the United States and Russia today?
The author attributes the power of England in the early nineteenth century to the fundamental
domination of its machine production. England excelled magnificently in the field of scientific
inventions, techniques, and technologies during that era. Today the same power is benefitted by the
United States and Russia just due to their dominance in the field of industrialization and machine
production and distribution.

4. Q. Why does the author consider it useless to resist industrialization?

The author considers it useless to resist industrialization on the basis of two solid grounds:
According to him, the world is progressing by leaps and bounds just due to the scientific inventions and
discoveries and technological advancement. Without that, it seems quite impossible to progress and
make one stand out in the race of development.
Secondly, industries not only mark any nation ‘a progressive nation’ but are the prime source of
prosperity, employment, and energy production too. The nations that are industrially backward are
quite prone to be ruled and dominated by the superpowers that are much stronger in the field of
industrialization. Therefore, it is the genuine advice of the author to the Asian countries to strive hard
to remain strong on the firm grounds of industrialization to grab their place among the developed
industrialized nations of the world.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

5. Q. Does the author welcome cultural uniformity or not? How does he justify his attitude?
The author does not welcome cultural uniformity in any part of the world. He justifies his attitude by
saying that no great civilization has ever been cosmopolitan. According to him, cultural uniformity
means the death of local culture, civilization, and tradition. In this way, people would forget about the
customs and traditions of their forefathers. He advises the Asian countries to form their own block to
preserve their customs, traditions, culture, norms and civilization in order to retain their values and
should show firm resistance against the concept of cultural uniformity for the prime sake of their
existence and progress.

6. Q. How is traditional culture threatened in an age dominated by science and machinery’?

According to Bertrand Russell, traditional culture is tremendously threatened in an age dominated by
science and technology. All forms of art or traditional culture such as poetry, music, theater etc
suffered to a great extent due to the overwhelming impact of science and machinery. Traditional
culture might be forgotten under the realm of communist philosophy and might not get due share,
weight, value, and respect by the people who think themselves in the forefront of progress. There is a
possibility that science and machinery have the potential not only to eradicate the bad from the
traditional culture but may also delete the goods from it.

7. Q. What reasons does the author give for his opinion that the nations of Asia will not find it hard to
keep their independence?
The author gives valid reasons for his opinion regarding the nations of Asia that they will not find it
hard to keep their independence as they know quite well how to protect their freedom and respect it if
the whole world is divided into two rival groups. On the other hand, Russell also warns the Asian
nations that they should not blindly follow the footsteps of the West and should not repeat the same
mistakes which the West has made such as the use of extraordinary energy in order to exploit and
dominate the countries that are unable to resist against their power. Furthermore, according to
Russell, the Asian nations should play a neutral role and never join any group.

8. Q. What, in the author’s view, has been the most serious flaw in the character of the West over the
last few centuries?
According to Bertrand Russell viewpoint, the West over the last few centuries has deployed
extraordinary energy. The most serious flaw in the character of the West is their greed for power and
supremacy over the less developed or less powerful nations of Asia or Africa. The West just wants to
rule the underdeveloped according to their own will, desire, rules, and regulations. They never let
them stand parallel to the West in any case.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

9. Q. What parallels may be drawn between the decline of the power of Europe at the end of the
Roman Empire and the decline in the power of Europe since 1914?
One of the most general thing that might become important in drawing parallelism between the
decline of the power of Europe at the end of the Roman Empire and the decline in the power of Europe
since 1914 were the wars fought between Roman and Germans. These wars brought about major
changes by creating set back in the power decline. With the fall of the Roman Empire, the power to
dominate fell generously in the hands of the East. Apart from that, the First World War and Second
World War further played their role in making Europe weak one more time as both the wars were
fought between Germans and other occidentals.

10. Q. What, in the author’s opinion, should Asian countries accept from the West and what should they
reject?
Steps of the West must be followed by Asian nations:
a. They should preserve their culture, tradition, and civilization so to retain their identity in the world.
b. They should protect their independence by playing a constructive yet watchful role.
c. Bertrand Russell gives sincere advice to Asian nations with respect to progress and prosperity that they
should focus more on their industrial development as without that it would be difficult for them to
stand on firm grounds against the West in the race of advancement and industrialization.
d. Asian nations should give due respect to their independence at home and elsewhere too.
e. They should show more interest in modern industrialization so to solve the problems of their citizens
by themselves rather than relying on anyone else.
f. Peace should be given utmost importance by the Asian nations not only for their own prosperity but
for the sake of the world’s progress too.
Steps of West need to be avoided by the Asian nations:
a. The first and the foremost step that should be rejected by Asian nations in which West is excelling at a
rapid pace is the use of power and energy to rule, dominate and exploit those who are less fortunate
to have that.
b. Secondly, they should not take their industry to the point of nuclear energy as the West has done so.
c. Last but not the least; the Asian nations must use their own brain to excel in this world rather than
blindly following anyone.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

The Re-Awakening East: An essay by Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell one of the eminent writers and thinker of our time has written a marvelous
essay on the power game played between East and West with the title of “The Re-Awakening East.”

The essay is solely devoted to the fact that how power makes a shift within the realm of East and West
over the centuries. It throws light on one of the major aspects of life i.e. the lust and greed for power
and to dominate the less fortunate ones in this respect.

After thorough research, he comes to the point that yes, the power was there in the hands of the
Eastern nations in the beginning. But due to their lethargic attitude gradually the West snatched that
power from the East and ruled the world for a great number of years.

According to the viewpoint of Russell, once more the East is gaining its lost vigor, strength and power.
Russell seemed to be a staunch supporter of the Eastern nations and their progress that’s why he has
given some of the best pieces of advice to East to follow in order to regain what they had lost so far.

He suggests that East must not adopt communism as it has all negative impacts on the masses but has
the potential to ruin the culture and civilization of the nations too. Furthermore, he put emphasis on
the factor of industrialization and mechanization that the East should focus on them so to progress and
prosper in every walk of life.

He has given a wake-up call to the East or Asian nations not to adopt each and every step of the West
to gain power and strength. He reinforces the fact that East have to say a big ‘no’ to nuclear energy in
order to dominate others as it has a severe influence on the citizens and nations.

Russell appreciates east for having great civilizations and side by side warns the Eastern nations not to
amalgamate one civilization with another. He gives advice to Asian nations to preserve their identity by
taking care of their culture and civilization.

At the end, he puts forward a demand from East to work efficiently for the progress, welfare, and
betterment of the world peace and should not reproduce the mistakes done by the West in any case.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

Industrialization – A Blessing or a Menace (Threat)

The transformation of the world from Stone Age to modern industrialized state is not a matter of days
or months or even years. Centuries are involved in the whole process that changes the condition of not
only the world but one can find the striking change in the behavior and attitude of the people too. The
savage, barbarian natured humans take the form of the civilized, well-mannered community just due
to one particular factor of industrialization.

Industrialization like every other thing has both pros and cons but here I am going to focus more on the
positive aspects of industrialization.

Allah blessed human beings with countless natural blessings but it is industrialization that can only be
getting the credit for utilizing them in an appropriate, positive and superb way for the welfare,
betterment, and comfort of the people.

Innumerable blessings mean countless end-products through the progression of industrialization.

When one moves his eyeball from right to left, in such a trivial moment, he can witness a number of
constructive, amazing creations that are the outcome of industrialization.

Let’s begin with the simple example of a needle and move towards the gigantic inventions of
industrialization such as automobiles, trains, agricultural and construction machinery, electronic
equipment, clothing and textile, a variety of manufactured eatables and drinks etc. Industrialization
must be crowned for the production of effective medicines for the cure of various diseases thus saving
the lives of millions on planet Earth. Similarly, the problem of sanitation once faced by the humans
now easily overcome with the products of industrial revolution reinforcing the element of health,
hygiene, and cleanliness.

With each and every invention comes comfort and relaxation to the human race. No doubt,
industrialization is a blessing as it made a higher standard of living available to a larger number of
people. The precious time of mankind once swallowed up in years, months, days or even hours in
doing, creating or performing any task now can be done in minutes or seconds or sometimes in such a
little time like the blinking of an eye. Industrialization opens doors; even windows for the people to
earn their livelihood by engaging themselves in a number of job opportunities waiting out of their
homes.

In the end, I must sum up my article with the golden words of Stephen Gardiner “The Industrial
Revolution was another of those extraordinary jumps in the story of civilization.” Hence, it is
industrialization that polishes the culture, civilization, mannerism, lifestyle, and attitude of the masses
in a positive, comfortable and simple way.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

The Value of the Arts to Modern Man

The world we live in is a beautiful blend of civilizations of mankind. It has witnessed not only the
barbarian culture but gets pleasure from the finest civilizations of all times such as Indus Valley
Civilization. Culture and civilization become rich with the currency of art, architecture, literature,
language, and ethical values.

Modern man, the man of the 21st century not only value scientific theory and practice but love to give
space to art both local and temporal. As the society changes over the passage of time, the value of art
for the man also changes. In my opinion, art is important, but its value is intangible. The more remote
the art, the higher its value to our intellectual heritage… but still… it was simply created by simple men
portraying their own simple values—or the values of their masters and employers. Sometimes it seems
that art has no enduring value. A piece of art is divine to one man and ridiculous to the next. Honored
artists of the past may not have produced anything more amazing than countless others, but through
coincidence become icons.

Art does not only mean drawings, painting, sketching or sculpturing but its spectrum is quite wide with
the inclusion of such subjects like education, civics, sociology, psychology, textile designing, fashion
designing, jewelry designing etc. at the educational level. That’s not all; there is one more eminent
category of arts and that is performing arts as it includes dance, music, drama, poetry, theatre etc.

Modern man is quite aware of his responsibility that’s why one can find that nowadays people are
giving more respect and value to the impact of arts on their lives. More and more people are inclined
towards one of the prominent branches of arts called performing arts. The reason behind is not only
the fame that they receive from the masses but it’s a matter of inner satisfaction too.

It can be concluded that as people are becoming more beauty conscious they are becoming more
aware about the value of arts in any of the above-mentioned form. This sort of awareness is helpful in
the broad-mindedness of people all over the world.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

What We Can Learn from the Successes and Failures of the West
Success and failure are the two most important aspects of human life. They are responsible for
impacting the life of an individual to a great extent. Some people learn more from the successes
whereas there are some people who have the courage and wisdom to learn well from the failure. Both
categories are good enough as they are learning and getting something that helps in their future lives.

Talking about the East or Asian nations, they have the tendency to imitate the west more frequently
and to some extent appropriately. But here I must say that not all the things need to be copied from
the west. Success stories of the west should be followed by the east but when the question of failures
or mistakes, the east comes should be aware enough to reject them at the spot.

Let’s begin with the successes of the west and the lessons which we (east or Asian nations) can learn
from them. West is a symbol of success due to a number of reasons or values which they are observing
and strictly following in their routine lives. For instance, one can find honesty, justice, cleanliness,
hygiene, punctuality, management, truth, and privacy of others’ lives everywhere in the west. All the
above-mentioned moral or ethical values count a lot for the success of the West so we need to follow
them if we really want to be successful in our lives at the individual as well at the collective level.

Now, comes the turn of failures of the west. One of the biggest failure or mistake done by the west is
the introduction of cultural conformity or multiculturalism. This concept has devastated the culture
and civilization of the west to a great extent.

Another biggest failure of the west can be seen that even after 15 years of attack on World Trade
Center in the U.S., west is still facing a failure to combat terrorism on sound grounds. Although the
west is spending a huge sum of money every year to crumble the towers of terrorism but it seems all in
vain. Due to this failure of the west, it is evident to east or Asian nations not to pay any heed to the
greed and lust for power and wealth and they should give space to small nations around them to
flourish and prosper according to their own will and desire so to maintain world peace and order.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

A Visit to a Factory
I am a curious sort of a child since my childhood. It is my sense of curiosity that forced me to peep into
our past, experience the present and foresees the future too. Meaning that; due to this curious nature
of mine I not only visited various historical monuments but a number of present-day buildings
including factories and science exhibitions revealing some of the aspects of future as well.

Here I want to share my wonderful experience of making a visit to one of the famous biscuits factory of
Pakistan. Last year, my father gave me the exciting news that we were going to visit the biscuit factory
owned by my father’s friend in Lahore.

The day we had to go was quite thrilling for me as I haven’t visited any such place before. The moment
we entered the factory, the first thing that caught our attention was the aroma i.e. the sweet smelling,
warm fragrance of freshly baked biscuits. As soon as we passed through a corridor, we found ourselves
standing in a huge hall with a number of machines, ovens, sections etc. with more than a hundred
workers and a few bakery experts. The biscuits were baked in large hissing ovens in the baking section
of the factory. It was the place where the dough was prepared for the biscuits and put in specific molds
to give them the perfect shape. The freshly baked biscuits then sailed in proper sequence on endless
waves of conveyor belts at the assembling section. From there they were packed in the company’s
wrappers at the packaging section. Last but not the least, they were sent to the distribution section
where they were put in huge cartons to be delivered to the distributors for their sale in the market
place according to the needs and requirements of both the sellers and the purchasers.

That’s not all; I and my father were taken to the auditorium where we watched an animated movie
with the genie explaining the whole biscuits making process in an interesting way.

It took three hours to complete the tour of the factory and experience the biscuits making process in
reality.

Being habitual of jotting down the details and taking photographs of the event or process, till date I
have all the assembled details with me that freshen up my memory about the awesome visit to the
biscuit factory.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

Précis
Write a précis of it in about 120 words.

Several times in the history of the world, particular countries and cities, or even small groups of
people, have attained a high degree of civilization. Yet none of these civilizations, important as they
were, have lasted, and one of the reasons why they did not last was that they were confined to a very
few people. They were like little oases of civilization in deserts of barbarism. Now it is no good being
civilized if everybody round about you is barbarous, or rather, it is some good, but it is very risky. For
the barbarians are always liable to break in on you, and with their greater numbers and rude vigor
scatter your civilization to the winds. Over and over again in history comparatively civilized people
dwelling in cities have been conquered in this way by barbarians coming down from the hills and
burning and killing and destroying whatever they found in the plains. In the thirteenth century most of
Europe was overrun in this way by the Mongols from Central Asia, and such civilization as then existed
was nearly destroyed. Thus any people which has advanced in civilization too far beyond its neighbors
has always been liable to be set upon and pulled back by the others, just as, if you build a high tower
without proper supports, it is always liable to fall down to the level of the lower buildings round about
it.

Now one of the noticeable things about modern civilization, which is also one of the reasons why it is
likely to outlast the others, is that it is more or less free from this particular danger. And it is free from
it. Because it is far less local and far more widespread than the other: so widespread, indeed, that it
already covers a large part of the earth.

Make certain that your précis brings out the three following points at least:
(i) Civilizations of earlier periods have invariably collapsed.
(ii) They did so because they were attacked by backward but numerically superior people.
(iii) The civilization of the modem world is less likely to collapse because it is not local.

Answer:
In the past, most of the superior civilizations had collapsed due to their confinement to few members.
Barbarism ruthlessly eradicated the civilizations from the world. Even now barbarism prevails around
us. History has witnessed that civilized people of the plains were attacked and demolished by the
barbarians of the hills. Mongols from Central Asia played their terrorist role in devastating the civilized
community of Europe in the thirteenth century. Civilizations might experience their downfall just due
to the extreme influence of their neighbors on their culture. Modern world civilization has fewer
chances to collapse as it is not local and more extensive.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

Translation
1. The recent discoveries of medical science have brought life and health to millions of people.
2. He could not bring himself to accuse his own brother.
3. The destruction of forests commonly brings about great changes of climate.
4. He fired both barrels and brought a bird down with each shot.
5. The shop-keeper refused to bring his price down any further.
6. If children are badly brought up, you cannot expect them to be good citizens when they have grown
up.
7. Several important topics will be brought up at our next meeting, so I hope you will be able to attend.
8. Our chairman brought forward a very strong argument for enlarging the committee.
9. The increase in crime will not be halted unless society brings home to criminals the fact that crime
does not pay.
10. His shares in his brother’s company bring him in a bigger income than he ever expected.
11. This is not a good summary because it fails to bring out one of the most important points in the
original passage.
12. Our football team has brought of the remarkable feat of winning the championship for three years
in succession.
13. Your arguments are not strong enough to bring me round to your point of view.
14. Is he still unconscious or has the doctor brought him round?
15. We thought he would die of his injuries but the wonderful work of the hospital staff brought him
through.
16. We shall have to bring all our intelligence to bear upon this difficult problem.
17. The headmaster’s stem words brought the lad to his senses.
18. Great historical events are sometimes brought to pass by the will and energy of a single person.
19. Historians have recently brought to light a number of important new facts about the last years of
Napoleon’s life.
20. Please try to bring your son to understand that he has no hope of passing the examination if he
does not work harder.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Reflections on the Re-Awakening East

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Day The Dam Broke

The Day the Dam Broke

Introduction

The Day the Dam Broke is a fascinating, captivating, remarkable humorous story written by the
great American humorist James Groves Thurber. He has written a number of witty and humorous
articles. In this story, the writer has depicted the mob mentality with great dexterity. He has narrated
the experiences of his Aunt Edith Taylor and his own experiences about the “Great Run” of the
afternoon in Columbus city. This short story is a good example of Thurber’s sardonic but affectionate
view of human behavior. “Humor is an emotional chaos recollected in tranquility.”

- James Thurber

Introduction of Author

James Grover Thurber (December 8, 1894 – November 2, 1961) was an American cartoonist,
author, humorist, journalist, playwright, and celebrated wit. He was best known for his cartoons and
short stories, published mainly in The New Yorker and collected in his numerous books.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Day The Dam Broke

Summary

James Thurber recalls an interesting incident of his early childhood when he lived in Columbus
City, situated near the Ohio River in the U.S.A. All of a sudden, on March 12, 1913 a rumor spread that
the River Ohio was in flood and the water would rush towards the city as the dam had broken. The
people became panicky after hearing the rumor and came out on the High Street. They started running
towards the East for safety without confirming the news about the flood. In calamity ever rumor is
believed. Men, Women and children were running helter-skelter towards the East. Normal business
was going on in the market, but when the rumor spread about the flood, the people who were busy in
selling and buying, started to run in utter confusion for saving their lives. Two thousand people were
abruptly in full right. Go East! Go East! The Dam has Broke was the clarion cry, being heard
everywhere.

The writer’s aunt Edith Taylor was in a movie theatre, she wrote:

“When I reached Grant Avenue, I was so spent that Dr. H.P Mallory passed me, there was a boy behind
him on roller-skates and Dr. Mallory mistook the swishing of the skates for the sound of rushing water.
He eventually reached the Columbus School for Girls where he collapsed.”

The panic-stricken people ran out for safety leaving fires burning and food cooking and doors wide
open. Some of the people covered the distance 12 miles in order to save their lives. At last the military
men riding through the city in motor-lorries announced that the news about the flood was false and
that the dam had not broken. At first the announcement added to the confusion and increased the
panic, for many stampedes the militiamen were announcing, The Dam has now broken! Thus setting an
official seal of authentication on the calamity. But after repeated announcements the
misunderstanding was removed and order was restored. The people heaved a sigh of relief when they
heard that the dame had not broken. The people returned to their homes and started their normal
business the next day, but they did not joke about the happenings of the previous day. It is rightly said:

“How much have cost us the evils that never happened.”

- Jeferson

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Day The Dam Broke

1. Q. How accurate is the title of Thurber’s essay?

Thurber has given the perfect title to his essay “The day the dam broke” as it is all about the people
who had fear of flood due to a broken dam. They had experienced the same great spring floods some
twenty years ago that brought about thirty feet of water to the city of Columbus. The fear, anxiety,
running, shouting, weeping, bawling, escape of all including housewives, old and young, children and
professionals vacating the offices, courts, business centers, houses etc, each and everything is depicted
with accuracy and comprehensively by the author.

2. Q. What can we gather about grandfather’s age, physique, and mental condition?
No particular details about the age of the grandfather are given by Thurber but as one reads the essay,
he comes to know some of the facts related to his height and weight. He must be of ripe old age being
the grandfather. He was taller than six feet and weighed almost a hundred and seventy pounds. He
doesn’t seem to be quite strong and fit mentally as at some of the occasions he acted in a somehow
bizarre manner.

3. Q. How does the panic appear to have started?

The panic just begins as everyone blindly follows everyone else due to the factor of mass psychology. It
happens all of a sudden when someone starts running in the busy city of Columbus the time when
everybody is keenly busy in his professional activities.
It simply starts when a man who has to meet his wife at Maramor Hotel gets late and then he starts
running so to be on time. Right after that, a newsboy begins to run. Followed by a portly gentleman of
affairs and then a little old lady also begin to run as someone announces that the dam has broke! Just
in a time period of ten minutes; the rumor spread all over the city and as a result, two thousand
frightful people make their appearance on High Street. All of them seem singing in the chorus ‘Go east!
Go east.’

4. Q. How did Thurber’s mother cope with the situation?

According to Thurber, his mother was a lady with strong nerves, courage, and sense. Even after hearing
the rumor from the people about the broken dam, she didn’t panic and lose her sense. She quite
calmly turned out all the fires and took with her a dozen of eggs and two loaves of bread. She had a
plan in her mind that she would be taking refugee somewhere in the top of the Memorial Hall that was
just two blocks away and be saved from the running water.

5. Q. What caused the lieutenant colonel of infantry to lead a fleeing company of three hundred
persons?
It was the cries of a little girl who caused the lieutenant colonel of infantry to lead a fleeing company of
three hundred persons. Lieutenant colonel was sitting on the porch in a drowsy condition when he
heard the cries and weeping. Then and there, he woke up and asked the girl about the reason of cry.
The little girl at once replied in a piping voice that the dam had broken, go east. He due to his training
of immediate obedience held the girl in his arm and caught hold of the old man and announced that
the dam had broken and everyone should go east in order to save your lives. Soon afterward he was
leading a crowd of three hundred persons all fleeing towards east leaving behind all their belongings
even the near and dear ones.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Day The Dam Broke

6. Q. How long the panic did last and how was order restored?
The situation of panic lasted for not more than two hours when the militiamen held the charge in
restoring the order of the city while driving their motor Lorries. They clearly and loudly announced
through their megaphones that the dam had not broken and it was just a matter of confusion and
miscommunication that created the whole terrorized scene. A number of people who ran for four to
twelve miles managed to return back to their work giving various fake excuses for their immediate
stupid running.

7. Q. How did the panic start in the cinema on High Street?

Again the panic started in the cinema just due to the matter of misunderstanding. It happened all at
once when an elderly man sitting next to Thurber’s aunt named Edith Taylor mumbled something into
her ear and started running towards the aisle in a rapid pace. At that very moment, everyone blindly
followed him and began running towards the aisles and thus jamming them all.

8. Q. Why did Dr. Mallory think that the floodwaters were about to engulf him?
Dr. Mallory thought that the flood waters were about to engulf him due to the swishing of skates of
the boy who was busy in roller skating right after him. Again it was a matter of misunderstanding that
forced Dr. Mallory to run towards east considering the sound of roller skates as that of rushing waters.

9. Q. How did Thurber obtain the description of the events in the cinema and the experience of Dr.
Mallory?
Thurber obtained the description of the events in the cinema through the words of one of his aunts
named Aunt Edith. She gave the author first-hand knowledge what had happened in the cinema at the
time when the dam broke. It all happened just due to the running of the elderly man in the cinema and
right after him, the audience started running thus jamming the aisles of the cinema. Coming towards
the experience of Dr. Mallory, he himself described Thurber how the swishing of the skates seemed to
him the sound of rushing and gushing water and how he breathlessly started running to reach the
safest point.

10. Q. Why did the citizens of Columbus not care to talk about the events of 12 March 1913?
The citizens of Columbus did not care to talk about the events of 12th March 1913 because it was a
matter of shame and disgrace for them for their immature, silly conduct. They became depressed at
the cry of “The dam has broken” and never tried to authenticate it. Whenever someone talked to them
about it they simply tried to ignore. The author gives the title of “the Great Run” to the events of 12th
March but the people never accepted it and always tried to pay no heed to the talks about such
events.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Day The Dam Broke

An Appreciation of the Day the Dam Broke

James Thurber is one of the prominent writers of modern times belongs to America. He is the one who
focuses extensively on the significant aspect of life i.e. “humor” to a great extent. The style he adopted
became the source of fame and fortune for James. There are a number of witty and humorous articles
and entertaining books on his credit such as “The Seal in the Bedroom”, “Men, women and dongs” and
“Let your mine alone”.

According to James Thurber, “Humor is emotional chaos recollected in tranquility.”

“The day the dam broke” has been written by Thurber in an awesome humorous way. The focal point
of the story is human psychology especially related to the aspect of people’s behaviorism under some
unexpected, sudden circumstances. Thurber depicts mob mentality with great dexterity.

The written expression of the author shows his outstanding sense of observation regarding human
nature, behavior, and attitude. Thurber’s sardonic but affectionate view of human behavior is reflected
amazingly in the flowing lines of the story.

The author has a strong desire to bring out the silly, destructive effects of mob mentality which force
the sensible people to get involved in unreasonable acts and commit quite foolish blunders too.

The short story throws light on the fact how people behaved unreasonably in any form of calamity.
Sometimes people of sound background and profound understanding too behave in a ridiculous way
and respond foolishly towards any such catastrophic situation.

The story is the true picture of what Dickens once said that “People do what the mob do.” In the story,
everyone blindly follows everyone else and pay heed to whatever they have heard as a rumor, without
making use of their senses.

Thurber artfully gives a description of different kinds of people reacting differently to the rumor of the
broken dam. Some were engulfed with extreme fear whereas some were as calm as sea like his
mother. Even the most learned and experienced ones behaved quite ridiculously like Dr. Mallory and
Lieutenant Colonel of infantry.

In a nutshell, it can be concluded that the rumor and the people’s reaction to it proved that in the
situation of panic people used to behave ridiculously and avoid using their common sense at such a
critical point.

“Sometimes a majority simply means that all the fools are on the same side.”

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Day The Dam Broke

The Behavior of Crowds

Human nature is based on a number of factors. Among them, one is called as ‘behavior or attitude’.
This behavior varies from person to person, place to place, situation to situation and from the
individual level to the collective level. When a person is alone, his behavior is altogether different than
the situation when he has to act as a part of a crowd.

According to the Oxford Dictionary, the simple definition of a crowd is “a large number of people
gathered together, usually without orderly arrangement.” Crowds are categorized into two main
classes: active crowds and inactive crowds. Both are the representatives of their own type of behavior.
Basically, crowd or collective behavior is the way a group thinks, feels, or acts as a unit in response to
an irrational process.

All over the world, psychologists have categorized crowd/group behavior in two main theories: the first
one is that when a crowd is less organized; they share a common approval/disapproval or similar
emotion. Secondly, they share a common gesture, comments and stimulate similar behavior and move
the crowd. Sometimes it happens that the behavior of crowds at events is determined by their own
personal goals and motivations. Crowd behavior is heavily influenced by the loss of responsibility of the
individual and the impression of the universality of behavior, both of which increase with the size of
the crowd.

A number of theories are put forward by the researchers to give insight into crowd behavior. According
to Le Bon’s early attempt to understand crowd behaviors come up with the result that crowd behaviors
are pathological and abnormal, where people are reduced to a primitive or instinctive mode of
behavior. This theory proposes that feelings of mystery cause people in a crowd to lose their sense of
self and responsibility and act in ways that stem from a ‘group mind’.

Therefore, it can easily be said that the behavior of an individual is pretty much different when he is
alone but changes altogether when he becomes a part of any type of crowd. To understand crowd
behaviors social psychologists and researchers really worked hard and some even working on this
aspect to reveal each and every hidden truth about crowd behaviors.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Day The Dam Broke

The Dangers of Panic

Life is full with a range of feelings and emotions. Some we cherish and love to experience whereas
there exist some which we always want to avoid as they become a source of creating negative effects
on our lives. Joy, happiness, excitement is welcomed by the people. On the other hand, panic, anxiety,
fear, jealousy is rejected by the masses to a great extent.

Emotions and feelings are closely associated with the incidents and happenings that occur in
someone’s life. Panic is one such feeling that sometimes seems to be unavoidable by the people
although they want to get rid of it as soon as possible.

In simple easy words, panic can be defined as “sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety, often causing
wildly unthinking behavior.” It appears in two forms, one is the slight attack of fear and anxiety and
simply known as ‘panic attack’ whereas the other one is the type of panic attack that is more frequent
and severe in its nature and is likely to be known as ‘panic disorder.’

Although panic attacks can be a normal thing, and most people will experience a panic attack at some
point throughout their lives, when they become frequent it is often a sign of concern. The dangers of
panic are no doubt numerous and thus need attention at a right time to be reduced.

First and the foremost danger that always haunts people with panic attacks are the chances of having
difficulties in their relationships and the extreme fear of isolation. A person with panic disorder may
find it difficult to genuinely connect with others. Many people with panic disorder keep what is called
the ‘panic secret’ in which they try to hide their symptoms out of fear of being negatively evaluated by
others, or worse yet, many worries that they will be rejected or abandoned by loved ones who don’t
understand the panic disorder.

On the second place come the problems that are faced by panic disorder persons at the workplace.
Panic disorder can hinder a person’s work performance and get in the way of developing relationships
with co-workers.

One may say that panic attacks come in the life of almost every single individual but some have the
ability to cope with them due to their strong will power whereas there are some people who just give
up quite easily.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Day The Dam Broke

Precis
Summarize the following passage in from 90 to 100 words:

During the Mutiny of 1857 Syed Ahmed Khan saved many British people from murder by hiding them
in a bungalow at Bijnor. When an angry crowd shouted that they would break into the house he went
out to them, unarmed and persuaded them to go away. For his courage, he was given an honour by the
Government. Soon afterward, Syed Ahmed Khan wrote a book in which he told the British that the
main cause of the Mutiny was that they knew too little about the people they were ruling. If they
wanted to win the friendship of the Indian people then, they must mix with them. Very few of the
British followed his advice.

Most good Muslims at this time were afraid to send their sons to the government colleges, where the
English language and Western ways were taught; for fear that they would lose their faith in Islam and
forget how to speak their own language. Yet education of this kind, said Syed Ahmed Khan, was the
only hope for the Muslims if they wanted to win back their freedom and their proper share in the life
of their country’. In 1875, he founded the famous university at Aligarh where young Muslims could
receive an English education without fear of becoming worse Muslims. It was a wonderful success.
From Aligarh came many great Muslim scholars, teachers, reformers and statesmen. Among them was
Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. Khawaja Nazimuddin, who succeeded Jinnah as
Governor-General and many other makers of modern Pakistan. At Aligarh Muslims once again learned
to think of themselves as a great people and to take a pride in their own language Urdu.

Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan received the honor by the government for courage in providing shelter to the
British during the mutiny of 1857. In his book, Sir Syed gave advice to the British to mingle with the
Indians if they want to rule them. At that time, Muslims showed resistance in sending their young to
English colleges for the fear of losing faith in Islam. Sir Syed established Aligarh University in 1875 and
greatly promoted the Urdu language. From there, a number of eminent personalities appeared in the
face of Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazimuddin and many others.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

Pakistan and the Modern World

Introduction
After the creation of Pakistan in the year 1950, Mr Liaquat Ali Khan went on an official tour of
the United States of America. His mission was to introduce to the Americans the newly formed country
of Pakistan, to tell the Americans all about Pakistan and to bring the two countries close together. This
chapter Pakistan and the Modern World, actually is the explanation of Liaquat Ali Khan’s speech at the
Kansas City, while he was thanking them for the degree bestowed on him.

Summary
While [Link] Ali Khan was in the United States of America, on this trip the University of
Kansas City awarded him an honorary degree for his services rendered to his country. As far as the
contents of the speech are concerned, these are what that makes the speech all important and
interesting. Mr. Liaquat Ali begins by thanking the administration of the University of Kansas City and
tells them that he will talk about Pakistan in his speech because his mission is to make the Americans
familiar with the history and origin of Pakistan. Mr. Liaquat Ali then goes on to say that there are
similarities between the fight for independence that the Muslims waged against the British and the
fight that the Americans put up for their independence. Thus there are similarities between fight for
Indians and Muslims and Americans.
After that Liaquat Ali goes on to explain as to why the Muslims wanted a separate homeland and the
Muslims of Indian Sub-Continent were not willing to line with Hindus. There are religious, economic
and social differences between the Hindus and the Muslims. Furthermore, Mr. Liaquat Ali goes on to
say that many people did not agree to the partition of India. However, later on they realize that the
creation of Pakistan has made the Asian Continent more stable, also Mr. Liaquat Ali goes on to explain
what advantages the creation of Pakistan has brought about in the region. According to Mr. Liaquat Ali
whereas in other countries there is backwardness, inner confusion, discontentment, religious
difference but in Pakistan there is no internal struggle, no religions difference and there is democracy
in the country. Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan then praises the Pakistani nation and declares that when Pakistan
was created there was no proper government, no money and no security, but it was due to the hard
work and unity of Pakistani nation that we managed not only to survive but also to progress.
Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan makes yet another point while introducing Pakistan to the Americans, he declares
that even the Pakistani people have duties to fulfill towards their country; the duty of each Pakistani is
to guard and protect his freedom and the freedom of his country. After that Mr. Liaquat goes on to
make a very very important point. He declares that in order to progress we must have strong faith in
our religion and at the same time we must accept scientific technology and progress. Then Mr. Liaquat
Ali goes on to suggest that we must stay away from war and we must follow the progress of the West
and take from the West what we considered to be good.
Finally, he requests to the Americans to help Pakistan on the path of progress and the United States
could do that be lending its fund of knowledge and progress to backward Pakistani nation. Mr. Liaquat
Ali Khan ends the speech on an optimistic and hopeful note wanting Pakistan and United States to be
friends for all times to come.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

1. Q. Briefly state the main reason given by Liaquat Ali Khan for the Muslim’s desire not to continue
living in a united India.
The main reason given by Liaquat Ali Khan for the Muslim’s desire not to continue living in united India
was that if they were given freedom from Englishmen then Hindus would become their rulers and it
was just merely the change of rulers nothing else.

2. Q. What main differences does he point out between Muslim and Hindu beliefs and attitudes?
The main differences pointed out by Liaquat Ali Khan between Muslim and Hindu beliefs and attitudes
are as follows:
a) The Muslims are monotheists i.e. they believe in only one God whereas the Hindus are
polytheists i.e. they believe in many gods and goddesses.
b) The Muslims believe in the Prophet of Arabia and in Christ and the prophets of the Old
Testament whereas the Hindus do not.
c) The Hindus believe in the caste system whereas the Muslims believe in the equality of all men.
d) The Muslims believe in the rights of private ownership for everyone whereas the Hindus
promote the distribution of wealth and discourage vast unearned accumulations.
Besides all the above-mentioned differences, one can find a vast difference between the culture,
social, political, economical and ethical values and morals of both Hindus and Muslims. Therefore, it is
not possible for the Muslims to live together with Hindus on the land of Indo Pak Sub-Continent.

3. Q. What advantage does he show the Hindus to have gained from the creation of Pakistan?
According to Liaquat Ali Khan, the creation of two independent states namely Pakistan and Hindustan
is a must in order to have peace in the entire world. One of the biggest advantages that the Hindus
have gained from the creation of Pakistan is that they would have a relatively smaller and peaceful
state to rule as compared to a land where people suffer from injustice, unrest, uncertainty, and
discrimination in every walk of life. It would be beneficial to Hindus with respect to practicing culture,
traditions, and civilizations to the fullest.

4. Q. Our administrative machinery had to be built up from scratch.’ What does this sentence mean?
The sentence delivered by Liaquat Ali Khan has of utmost significance representing the injustice done
to the newly born state of Pakistan by the century-old India or Hindustan. ‘Our administrative
machinery had to be built up from scratch’ means that Pakistan had no resources when she made its
appearance on the map of the world. Pakistan didn’t get sufficient machinery or efficient military
personnel to cope up with the needs of the citizens of the emerging state as well as to curb the
problems related to the political, economic and social upheaval.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

5. Q. On what grounds does Liaquat Ali Khan assert that the first duty of the Pakistanis as a free people
is to themselves?
Liaquat Ali Khan asserted that the first duty of the Pakistanis as a free people is to themselves so not to
dishonor the fair name of the state where men and women would feel and enjoy complete freedom.
On the second place, all Pakistanis should be attentive enough so to prove themselves as truly free
citizens of the country before the eyes of the world.

6. Q. What does he state the real meaning of freedom, for the common man, to be?
Liaquat Ali Khan threw light on the aspect of freedom extensively in his speech. He stated the real
meaning of freedom for the common man that he must enjoy freedom from want, disease, poverty,
and ignorance. If he cannot get rid of any of these then to him the freedom is just the freedom from
only foreign domination and nothing else.

7. Q. What is meant by a ‘synthesis’?

The word ‘synthesis’ means the act of combining separate ideas, styles or beliefs together. This idea
was put forward by Liaquat Ali Khan that firm faith in Islam must be amalgamated with modern science
and technology for the progress and development of the nation.

8. Q. What is the synthesis that Liaquat Ali Khan believes is necessary for Pakistan to achieve?
According to Liaquat Ali Khan, the synthesis necessary for Pakistan to achieve is to do as much as
possible to unite and uplift a large number of Free states which are emerging these days. He further
suggested that Pakistanis should observe a unique combination of faith in Islam and modern
technology for the ultimate progress and prosperity of the nation.

9. Q. Liaquat Ali Khan contrasts two emotions that the Asian peoples tend to feel when they view the
Western world what are these two emotions?
According to Liaquat Ali Khan, following are the two emotions that the Asian peoples tend to feel when
they view the Western world:
a) First of all, the Asian people greatly admire the progress and advancement of the Western
world in every walk of life and they are greatly impressed with the fast pace flourishing
civilization along with other European countries of the world. They too are quite keen to get rid
of their black days of misery, desolation and backwardness and have a strong desire to witness
the bright rays of hope for themselves.
b) Secondly, the Asian people are well aware of the obvious contrast between their standard of
living and the standard of living of the Western world. Therefore, Liaquat Ali Khan demanded
from the Western world to erase the germs of inequality and disruption from Asian countries
and should help and motivate them to get benefit from the seeds of democracy and freedom.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

10. Q. What does he put forward as the two main duties today of the Western world?
Liaquat Ali Khan put forward the two main duties today of the Western world as following:
Firstly, the Western world should share its great knowledge, skill, and expertise with those nations that
are lagging behind in the field of knowledge, information, and experience.
Secondly, the Western world should demonstrate that true democracy is the need of the hour and is
the right of every nation as it is international in its very conception and it is necessary for the world
peace.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

1. Why the Muslims of South Asia strove to found their own state.
Freedom is not only a single word that everyone wants to cherish in life but it is all about the
feelings and emotions attached to the sense of being free. Freedom means freedom of thought,
freedom of speech, freedom to practice religious beliefs and attitudes, freedom to vote etc.

For centuries, the Muslims of Asian nations lived their lives under the oppressive regime of
people who were the followers of different religions other than Islam. Same was the case of Muslims
who lived in United India under the domination of British rule first and then it would be the turn of
Hindus to rule Muslims. Then and there it would be felt by the Muslims of the sub-continent to have a
separate independent nation where they would be free to practice their religion i.e. Islam wholly and
freely. Apart from religion, there are a number of other reasons that compelled Quaid-e-Azam along
with other prominent Muslim leaders to make a demand for a sovereign independent nation for the
Muslims of the sub-continent. Some of them were unemployment, educational aloofness, social and
culture deprivation, equality on civil grounds etc. The Muslims of the sub-continent knew it well that
under Hindu domination it would not be possible for them to excel in any of the fields of life.

Similarly, the Muslims living in other states of South Asia strove really hard to find their own
states. Like Afghanistan, Iran etc. The foremost reason for the Muslims of sub-continent in particular
and South Asia, in general, was one of the ‘religions’. The Muslims all over the world were and still are
subjugated severely not to practice their religion freely and completely.

Therefore, it is evident from the histories of Muslims residing in Asian nations that they
considered their religion above their lives and souls, that’s why millions of Muslims sacrificed their lives
in order to get a free, independent nation where they would be enjoying freedom from the
suppression of any foreign domination in the path of following and practicing their religion i.e. Islam at
its fullest.

In a nutshell, it can easily be said that each individual is born on the concept of freedom and
that he likes to have throughout his lifetime.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

2. The Ideals of Modern Pakistan

Pakistan, an Islamic welfare state made its appearance on the map of the world on August 14,
1947. It just became possible due to the sincere and tiresome efforts of not only by our great Muslim
leaders but by the blood pour of each and every Muslim of the sub-continent.

Pakistan was envisioned by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Being a modernist, he had a
dream to see Pakistan standing firm on the grounds of modernism. According to him, modern Pakistan
should be established in order to survive in the modern world and to make its standing among the
superpowers of the world.

The first and the foremost ideal for a modern Pakistan in the eyes of our founder as he stated in
his address at the Constituent Assembly on August 11, 1947, is that “You may belong to any religion or
caste or creed- that has nothing to do with the business of the state.” This means that he was never in
favor of just an Islamic welfare state but he focuses more on the provision of social justice and equality
to all living in the free state of Pakistan.

The ideals of modern Pakistan are almost equal in strength and measure to the great ideals of
human progress, tolerance, regard and respect for each other’s faith and beliefs.

Furthermore, the ideals presented by Quaid of a modern Pakistan was based on non-feudal
foundation, mainly to abolish the practice of prizing local interests above national interests and to get
rid of the relic of the old administration,

Quaid-e-Azam wanted to work and focus on the economic system so to build Pakistan on solid
economic grounds. With respect to this, he said, “we have to work our destiny in our own way and
present to the world an economic system based on the true Islamic concept of equality of manhood
and social justice.”

In a nutshell, it can be concluded that modern Pakistan is the dream wish of Quaid-e-Azam on
the basis of equality, social justice, non-feudal foundations, democratic system, peace of mind and
soul. Therefore, it is now the responsibility of each and every citizen of Pakistan to work really hard to
achieve his dream of modern Pakistan.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

Précis
Summarize the following passage in from 95 to 100 words:

That freedom means freedom only from foreign domination, is an outworn idea. It is not
merely governments that should he free hut the people themselves who should be free; and no
freedom has any real value for the common man or woman unless it also means freedom from want,
freedom from disease, freedom from ignorance. This is the main task which confronts us if we are to
take our rightful place in the modern world. We cannot hold the clock hack and therefore it is we who
must go forward at a double pace, bending all our resources and all our energies to this great purpose.
Students of history are aware that during the last two or three centuries of foreign domination our
people have not kept pace with the march of civilization.

It was during these centuries that Western civilization of which you are the proud torch-bearers
discovered a use for science which, though not new was so fast in tempo and so vast in its magnitude
that it gave civilization a new orientation altogether. This is the phase that for various reasons our
people missed. The result is that today we find multitudes emerging as large, free nations in Asia with
their material and mental resources utterly undeveloped and with their standards of living so low that
the world conscience should not be content to leave them stagnant. Our ancient steadfast faith is such
a source of strength to us on the ideological front in these modern uneasy limes must. be wedded to
the pioneering virility of modern technology. This is the synthesis we must achieve and achieve quickly,
not merely for the sake of progress but for the sake of world peace it.

Answer:

The real freedom that must be enjoyed by the common man or woman means not only the
freedom from foreign domination but from freedom of want, disease, freedom from ignorance. Due to
foreign domination, it was difficult for Pakistanis to keep pace with the civilization of the modern world
thus western world make use of that time by focusing more on science. This phase is responsible for
turning many Asian nations undeveloped and they lag behind in developmental work. For the sake of
progress and world peace, Pakistanis quickly have to amalgamate their persistent faith with modern
technology.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

Translation
Translate the following sentences into Urdu or Sindhi.

1) How is a gramophone record made?

2) What sort of wood are these chairs made of?
3) The carpenter made his daughter a beautiful dolls’ house.
4) The headmaster made the boys explain why they were not in their classroom.
5) These pictures will make the room more attractive.
6) The bushes on the corner make it difficult for a driver to sec the traffic approaching from the
right.
7) I think you have made a mistake.
8) Why did he make such a long speech?
9) That small aero plane is making for Walton aerodrome.
10) What is a gramophone record made of?
11) Many of the new plastics are made from oil.
12) Can you make out who is standing by the door at the back of the hall?
13) Did you make out a list of the clothes that you sent to be washed?
14) The stories that she makes up for her children ought to be written down and published.
15) It is impossible to make up a good team because nearly half our players are away.
16) They have made it up and are friends again.
17) I wish that he would slop hesitating and make up his mind.
18) He did not write to me at all last week but he has made up for it by writing to me twice this
week.
19) Rashid soon made friends with a boy who lived next door.
20) Did you make certain that the door was locked?

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Pakistan and the Modern World

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Act III of The Silver Box

Act III of the Silver Box

Introduction
John Galsworthy is a famous novelist and playwright whose works contains a great deal of
criticism of British society, particularly of the values of the well-to-do professional class. Like all the
writers of the time, John Galsworthy is a satirist and at bests an ironist.

The Silver Box is a powerful and bitter play. Through the character of James Jones, Galsworthy criticizes
the British society in which the rich are favored by law and injustice is done to the poor.

“Law grinds the poor, and richmen rule the law.”

- Oliver Goldsmith

Summary
Act III of the Silver Box, starts from the scene of a court. Two sisters, Maud Livens, and Theresa
Livens were found crying on the street. The father was jobless, while the mother had broken the home
and gone on the streets. The father was not in a position to look after his daughters. So, he asked the
Magistrate, to get his daughters admitted to an orphanage. This was dually done.

After this case, the case of the silver box comes up for hearing. According to the story, Jack Barthwick,
son of John Barthwick, MP, took a lady’s purse, under the effect of alcohol on Easter Monday night (at
midnight). In this drunken condition, he was looking for the keyhole, on the wrong side of the door;
when Mr. Jones (a laborer), who was passing by, helped him to unlock the door. Jack invited Jones in
for a drink, and then told him, “Take anything you like,” and then went to sleep, on the sofa. Jones,
after finishing, his drink, took the silver box and went home.

The next morning, the butler informed John Bathwick about the theft of the silver box. Mrs. Jones, who
was a charwoman in the house, was suspected of the theft. Her house was searched by the police and
the silver box was found from, the coat packet of Mr. Jones So, the police arrested Mr. and Mrs. Jones
and presented them before the court of the Magistrate.

During the proceedings of the case, the Magistrate is bribed by John Bathwick. He then, through his
lawyer (Mr. Roper), tells the Magistrate, that considering the poverty (poor) of the prisoners, he does
not press the charge (blame) as to the silver box. Perhaps he may deal with Mr. Jones for assaulting
(beating) the police and creating violence. The Magistrate punishes Mr. Jones for the theft by
sentencing him to one month’s hard labor but releases Mrs. Jones with honor.

Through this play, the author criticises the British Legal System, which was corrupt in the 19th century.
There was one law for the rich and another for the poor Mr. Jones, a poor man is punished, although
he is completely innocent. While Jack is let off, although he is guilty of stealing a lady’s purse, simply
because he is a rich man’s son.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Act III of The Silver Box

1. Q. What purpose, in your opinion, is served by beginning this act of the play with the case of the
Livens girls, which has nothing to do with the main story?
Although there seems no link between the case of the Liven girls and the rest of the play but it gives a
clear indication of the fact that there exists injustice and faulty decisions are lawfully taken in the legal
system of England. The poor and the deprived ones always have to suffer in the society of the
Englishmen. It is quite evident that whatever the Livens girls had to face now must be the destiny of
the children of Jones. The reason behind is that their father would be sent to prison for being guilty of
theft and their mother would become an unemployed lady when the whole case was revealed to all
living in their surroundings.

2. Q. Why are Mr. Barthwick and his son so anxious that as little as possible should be said in court
about the purse and the money that Jones had in his possession?
Mr. Barthwick and his son are so anxious that as little as possible should be said in court about the
purse and the money that Jones had in his possession because they are well aware of the fact that Jack
and Jones are the dwellers of the same boat as they have done the same crime. Therefore, they the
idea that if this thing would be disclosed and highlighted then it must definitely come into papers and
this they don’t want. If this incident appears on the record then Barthwick’s must earn a bad identity in
their social circle and it would be a matter of disgrace for the rich family too. In order to keep this thing
behind the veil, Mr. Barthwick gives clear instruction to his advocate by saying, “Roper! The purse must
be kept out of papers. Whatever happens, you must keep that out of papers.”

3. Q. What function is Mr. Roper discharging in the Magistrate’s court?

Roper is the advocate of good reputation who is hired by the Barthwick’s to present their case in the
court before the magistrate. The primary function of Roper is to hide the base of crime to such an
extent that it must not be known to the general public. If it is revealed to the masses then definitely it
becomes a matter of shame for the respected family of the society and people would surely stare at
them with curious degraded eyes.

4. Q. What facts does Marlowe’s evidence establish?

Following are some of the facts that are established by Marlowe’s evidence as he serves as a butler at
Barthwick’s residence:
The silver cigarette box belonged to Mr. Barthwick and he placed it on a tray on the dining – room
table at 6 Rockingham Gate between 10: 45 and 11: 00 P.M on the night of Easter Monday.
He testified that when he went to remove the tray the following morning, he found Mrs. Jones alone in
the dining room and the silver box was missing from the tray.
He assured that Mrs. Jones the lady prisoner was the charwoman employed by Mr. Barthwick at 6
Rockingham Gate.
Right after that, he communicated the loss to the employer Then Mr. Barthwick sent him to the police
station in order to register the case of theft against Mrs. Jones.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Act III of The Silver Box

5. Q. From the Constable’s evidence, we learned that Mrs. Jones was the first to be charged with the
theft. Why was this so?
According to the constable, Mrs. Jones should be the first one to be charged with the crime of theft
because when the police reached Jones’s house, James was there with his wife and the box too was
recovered from the room. It is quite evident that suspicion should first fall upon Mrs. Jones as she was
the one who worked at Mr. Barthwick’s house as a charwoman and might be involved in the act of
stealing the silver box from the residence.

6. Q. What led the Constable to arrest and charge Jones as well?

After the recovery of the silver cigarette box from the house of Mr. and Mrs. Jones, the police arrested
Mrs. Jones for the theft as the case was registered against her. At the time when police arrested Mrs.
Jones, Mr. Jones many times said that he had stolen the silver box and his wife was innocent in all that.
Due to this, he was stopping the officers to perform their duty. As the police was not paying any heed
to what Mr. Jones was trying to tell them so he became violent and struck a blow to the police
constable. Thus, the police arrested Mr. Jones too for this act of violence against a police officer.

7. Q. Briefly give the probable reasons for the Magistrate’s decision to discharge Mrs. Jones.
Following are the probable reasons for the Magistrate’s decision to discharge Mrs. Jones:
Mr. Barthwick declared through Roper that he did not want to precede the case further seeing the
poverty and circumstances of the prisoners.
Mr. Jones accepted his crime of theft by saying that he took the silver box from Mr. Barthwick’s house
in a drunken state.
With all this, it became clear that Mrs. Jones was innocent in the case as no single evidence went
against her as guilty of theft.

8. Q. Briefly discuss whether the Magistrate gives Jones a fair trial.

The Magistrate doesn’t give Jones a fair trial as it is evident that both Mr. Jack and Jones are guilty the
same crime but the Magistrate is not willing to listen to anything against the rich and influential family
of the society. Therefore, he gives punishment to poor Jones only and leaves Mr. Jack as he does not
want to spoil the good name of Mr. Barthwick to be affected in his social circle. According to the
Magistrate, he is giving punishment to Jones not only for the commitment of crime but for his
resistance and violent act against the police.

9. Q. Assuming that Jones has received a fair trial, why does this act of the play leave us with a feeling
that injustice has been done?

This act of the play leaves us with a feeling that injustice has been done to Mr. Jones and his family
because our sympathies are with the poor and deprived family of society. If Mr. Jones would be sent to
prison and Mrs. Jones lose her job then who would be responsible for providing food and other
necessities of life to three little children of Mr. and Mrs. Jones as they are totally dependent on their
parents for their survival.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Act III of The Silver Box

10. Q. What do you imagine to be the unspoken plea that Mrs. Jones makes to Mr. Barthwick at the very
end?
When the case was disposed of against Mr. Jones for stealing the silver box form Barthwick’s house
and misbehaving with the police officer; Mr. Barthwick goes out of the courtroom. On his way, Mrs.
Jones turns to him with a humble gesture. It is her unspoken plea to Mr. Barthwick to let her continue
her job at his home as a charwoman. To this request, Mr. Barthwick gives a response to his nerves and
in a hesitating manner makes a gesture of refusal to poor Mrs. Jones.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Act III of The Silver Box

Précis
Summarize the following passage in not more than 115 words:

Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or, in
winter, skating or skiing. It may be a game of some kind-football, hockey, golf, or tennis. It may be
mountaineering.

Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with
astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risk on
mountains? This astonishment is caused, probably, by the difference between mountaineering and
other forms of activity to which men give their leisure.

Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there are for such games
as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to
ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many
people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods.

If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference
is that mountaineering is not a ‘team game’. We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true no
‘matches’ between ‘teams’ of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face, linked by a rope on
which their lives may depend, there is obviously teamwork.

The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful
than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities.

A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier is probably past his
best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is
not unusual for men fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in the Alps. They may take more time
than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of effort, and they certainly
experience equal enjoyment.

Answer:

Although mountaineering involves risks and hardships still it is one of the most attractive sports
for young ones. The majority of men and women are willing to take such risks just for amazement. As
no man-made rules are involved in this sport hence it gives a complete sense of freedom to the
climbers. There exists a perception that it is not a team game but it is teamwork as one climber
depends on the other while linking with a rope to save his life. A mountaineer knows that this sport
requires great mental and physical strength and he has to fight against the forces of nature. The age
factor is not much involved in the sport of mountaineering.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Act III of The Silver Box

1. A character study of the Magistrate in the Silver Box.

In any of the trial scenes of drama, the role of a Magistrate is definitely of utmost importance,
as without the presence of a Judge or Magistrate the trial scene in a court can never be completed.

The Magistrate in Act III of The Silver Box has a somewhat biased attitude throughout the act.
He might be a man of wisdom as it is reflected through his eloquent conversation and authoritative
attitude towards the cases that were put in front of him for judgment. On many of the occasions, he
used to begin his conversation with ‘yes’, meaning that he was well aware of all the facts and minute
details of the cases of both the Livens girls and Mr. and Mrs. Jones. He used to sit on his seat that was
placed just beneath the canopy of justice. Many times he hissed with protruded neck and this seems to
be his peculiar way of treating the people in the court.

His behavior represented a person who didn’t like anyone in the court to perturb him or create
disturbance or hindrance in the way of understanding the case. As right, in the beginning, he in his
paternal and ferocious voice, hissing his s’s. He had to show a strict attitude as per his designation’s
demand.

The Magistrate usually used small, crisp sentences for asking questions from the culprits. For
instance, how is that? Did you ill-treat her? Then what was it – did she drink? Etc.

The Magistrate was a biased individual as he showed his tilted positive behavior towards Mr.
Jack as being a son of an influential rich Mr. Barthwick. That’s not all; he reflected his favoritism by
giving punishment to Mr. Jones not for stealing the silver box from the residence of Mr. Barthwick but
for the trivial crime of striking the police officer as well as for drinking and roaming in the drunken
state in the vicinity.

At the end of the Act III of the play, the verdict given by the Magistrate against Mr. Jones
without taking into account the severe effect of that on the life of the Jones’s family, has left the
audience with an awful persona of the Magistrate as he promoted prejudiced attitude towards the rich
and the poor of the society.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Act III of The Silver Box

2. The characters of Mr. and Mrs. Jones as revealed in Act III of the Silver Box. Mr.
Jones
Mr. Jones might be a middle-aged man as he was performing the duties of both of a husband as well as
a father of three little innocent children. He belonged to a lower middle-class family. He sometimes got
a job and sometimes he had to spend his days and night as a jobless person. Although it seems that Mr.
Jones was not a man of loose character but he was in a habit of drinking as Mr. Jack was.

Mr. Jones always gave respect to his wife and had a soft corner for her too. At the time when his wife
was arrested by the police officers, he struck a hard blow to the officer as he didn’t want his wife to be
taken by the police as she was as innocent as a child in the whole crime of theft done by Mr. Jones.

Mr. Jones was a true lover and wants to have justice in its true sense. That’s why he was not contented
when he got punishment and Mr. Jack didn’t.

Mrs. Jones

Mrs. Jones, wife of Mr. Jones and mother of three children worked as a charwoman at homes of
various affluent families of the society. She might be a thin lady due to insufficient food. She was
wearing a thin, black, wispy dress and a straw hat in the play that further showed a lady of a hand-to-
mouth family. In the court, she stood motionless with her hands crossed on the rail of the dock that
showed her as a law-abiding citizen of the state.

Jane Jones or Mr. Jones was a hardworking and honest lady. As she proved in the court that although
she belonged to a middle-class family but she never ever had greed or lust for worldly things. While
working in the homes of the rich, it happened most of the times, that she got the opportunity to steal
the expensive things from there but she never involved herself in any such activity.

She used to perform her duties well and side by side took good care of her children. She basically
worked to provide her children better and timely provisions.

She seems depressed when Mr. Jones got punishment for the crime of theft as she knew it well that
after all this she had to lose her job and then who would be there to feed their children.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Act III of The Silver Box

3. The Effectiveness in Drama of Trial Scenes

The life we are living is basically a ‘Drama’ at the stage of reality in which we all are performing our
roles differently at different occasions and under different circumstances and again with different
people around us. Hence, we all are perfect actors or performers and this is somewhat a God gifted
quality with which we all are blessed.

That is the philosophical definition of drama but if we look at it under the realm of practicality, a drama
is simply something that can be performed by a number of professional actors or performers enriched
with the flavor of emotions, feelings, sympathy, laughter, entertainment, aggression or tension.

The effectiveness of drama actually depends not only on the dialogues, theme or plot but also on the
performance, props, set, tone and ambiance of the play too. Now coming towards the trial scenes,
they are such scenes of drama in which the scenario is of the court where any sort of action has to be
performed by the theatre actors regarding the crime and the accused individuals for that crime and the
judge has to listen to the case attentively and gives the verdict in favor or against of the suspected
culprit.

The drama in trial scenes is of utmost importance and is quite effective too. The reason behind is its
direct effect on the minds and hearts of the audience. One can have a close look at this perspective by
keeping a bird’s eye view at the trial scenes performed by actors while performing various trial scenes
of ‘The Merchant of Venice’ by William Shakespeare.

In the trial scene of (Act IV, Scene I) Shakespeare uses many different dramatic techniques to make the
tension in the courtroom rise and build. He also makes effective use of dramatic irony and many other
techniques to engage the audience.

Similarly, on another occasion, Portia makes an important discovery as Shylock is taking his knife to
Antonio’s breast. In this way, the audience is being thrown around in many twists of emotions and
situations. This is dramatically effective because the audience is left in the balance wondering what
plan Portia has come up with.

At the end, one can conclude that drama is one of the most powerful tools to have a strong impact on
the lives, minds, souls, and hearts of the audience in a less period of time.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

The World As I See It

Introduction
The World as I See It is an interesting essay in which Albert Einstein has expressed his personal
views about the purpose and ideals of life; democracy and dictatorship; war and peace; mystery and
religion.
Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists and the greatest mathematical physicist of
the current century. However, in this chapter, he gives us his views not about science but about the
world as he sees and understands it.

Summary
There are several things that Einstein mentions in this connection. Firstly, Einstein tries to find
out the purpose of the existence of human beings and giving an answer. He feels that we human
beings are created for each other and we are dependent on each other.

Einstein goes on to declare that he does not believe in class differences. Einstein also declares that he
believes in simple living and a simple way of life. Next, he expresses his opinion regarding freedom.
Einstein declares that he definitely believes in freedom but he does not believe in unlimited freedom
because according to Einstein unlimited freedom is not possible, freedom has to be limited.

Further, Einstein goes on to talk about his ideas and goals in life. These are for three in number truth,
goodness and beauty. Einstein says that friendship should be made only with like-minded people.
Einstein at time prefers to be alone so that he can think well. Einstein now moves to another factor and
that is the system of Government. According to Einstein democracy if practiced correctly, is the best
form of Government for any country. While talking about Governments, he goes on to declare that he
is totally against war and he has always favored peace.

He goes on to say that he loves to solve the mysteries of the Universe. As such he was fond of solving
all mysteries. In the end, Einstein is very grateful for the fact that he is still living and that he is trying to
contribute in solving the mysteries of this Universe.

“This life which seems so fair is like a bubble blown up in air.”

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

1. Q. What leads Einstein to feel a strong sense of duty towards his fellow-men?
Einstein feels a strong sense of duty towards his fellow-men as he believes that his inner and outer life
depends on the labor and hard work of other men that’s why he wants to serve them in the same
equivalent way as they have served him. Furthermore, he mentions that we all depend on others for
our survival or well-being and thus it is our duty and responsibility to give respect to one other.

2. Q. What is his attitude to properly, outward success and luxury?

Albert Einstein shows extreme hatred towards the materialistic commodities of modern life including
property, outward success, and luxury. In his point of view, these all things have nothing to do with the
inner satisfaction and real happiness of mankind. His ideals of living a comfortable, successful life
depend on Truth, Goodness, and Beauty. These things are of worth and value in the eyes of the great
mathematician. He always has a sense of disgrace to property, outward success, and luxury. Rather
than he is of the opinion that plain living is a true source for the recreation of body and freshness of
mind.

3. Q. What are the insecure foundations referred to at the end of the last sentence of the fourth
paragraph?
Mutual understanding and sympathy are the insecure foundations referred to at the end of the last
sentence of the fourth paragraph by Einstein. He is of the opinion that a person who is largely
independent of the opinions, habits, and judgments of his fellows and avoids the temptation to take
his stand on such insecure foundations. This is because he believes that such a person might lose
something on his way of hospitability and cheerfulness.

4. Q. What, in brief, is Einstein’s attitude to leadership?

Einstein is a staunch supporter of political freedom to each and every individual of the society. He is of
the opinion that everyone should be free enough to select their leaders according to their own will and
choice. He himself is a Democrat and thus democracy in every field of life including leadership.
According to him, leadership should not be imposed on the masses because force only attracts people
having low mentality and morality as well.

5. Q. On what grounds does Einstein put the individual before the State?
Einstein gives more weight age to the power of individuals as compared to the State. He believes it is
the strength and vigor of the creative, genius minds of the individuals that alone has the ability to build
noble nationals and thus inspirational nations. On the other hand, he is of the opinion that the herd as
such remains dull both in thought feeling. No one can ever expect any great success and genuine
creations from them.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

6. Q. What example does he give of service by the State to the individual?

Being a democratic personality, Einstein always supports democratic system in the society. He gives an
excellent example of service by the State to the individual that let every man be respected as an
individual and no man idolized. He further put emphasis on the system of United States of America
that it is a system that is providing security and provisions to each and every citizen of its land. He is in
the favor of such a government where extensive works have been done for providing complete
security to the people along with the true sense of relief to the individuals in case of any emergency,
misfortune or need.

7. Q. What is his attitude to war?

Albert Einstein is that person who opposes war at length. He considers war a mean, contemptible
thing. He is always against the concept of war and condemns it to such an extent that he gives
preference to the act of chopping his whole body into pieces rather than taking part in the war and
being a witness of blood, destruction, tears, and fears of the masses all around.

8. Q. What forces does he blame for the persistence of war?

The forces which are blamed by Einstein for the persistence of war depends on the sound sense of the
nations not been systematically corrupted by commercial and political interest acting through the
schools and the Press.

9. Q. What does he appear to regard as the most precious element in human experience?
According to the viewpoint of Einstein, the most precious element in human experience is the curious
and inquisitive nature of mankind. Human beings must be crowned for making extensive discoveries
and explorations in order to know this world well. It is this basic emotion that motivates and assists
man to know the facts about the unknown world to them. This thirst of knowledge has given vigor to
humans to go and explore far off planets and moon too. He further says that without the existence of
this basic emotion man is as good as dead and it is just equivalent to a snuffed-out candle.

10. Q. What is his belief concerning the immortality of the soul?

With respect to the concept of the immortality of the soul, the great scientist and mathematician of
our time firmly believe in the existence of God. He says that the experience of mystery is the base of
true art, true science and true religion. He further illuminates the idea that whatever progress science
has made so far is just due to the curious nature of mankind to unleash the secret and mysteries of the
world. For Einstein, the true religious attitude is the knowledge of something that is beyond our
understanding. Although he owns Jewish beliefs and attitudes, he truly believes in the mystery of the
eternity of life.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

A Muslim’s Reactions to Einstein’s Statements of his Personal Beliefs

Every one of us is free to hold opinions and beliefs about different people, events, happenings,
religions, culture etc. Sometimes others react to our opinions and beliefs either pessimistically or
optimistically.

The statements that were put forward by Einstein in his book “The world as I see it” regarding his
personal beliefs are vital in generating reactions from both the Muslim and Western worlds.

Although Einstein belonged to a Jewish family and owe Jewish beliefs and attitudes but still his beliefs
are more in accordance with the Islamic teachings and principles. Due to this, the Muslim community
reacts positively towards Einstein’s statements of personal beliefs.

The first and the foremost personal belief of Einstein with respect to social justice and responsibility
are in complete accordance to Islamic principle of equality, brotherhood (Masawa’at) and justice.

Next, he believed in the ever-green system of man dependency on another man for better social
survival. According to him, no one can survive alone and every individual has to give something good or
bad to any other individual.

He was against the concept of war as it is also forbidden in Islam. It showed his extreme contempt
towards a war that’s why he said that he would prefer to be chopped off rather than being a part of
any kind of war.

At one point in his book, he reflected his belief with respect to worldly success and materialistic
approach of people towards that by saying “The ordinary objects of human endeavor – property,
outward success, luxury – have always seemed to me contemptible.” Again this belief of Einstein is
appreciated by Muslims as this concept is truly given by Islam so to lead a simple life without the lust
for power, money or luxury.

Democracy was advocated by Einstein being a true democratic scientist of the twentieth century. He
believed that every individual should have the right of freedom and that it must be given by the state
and enjoyed by the citizens in all forms. It’s the same attitude that was promoted by the Prophet of
Arabia (P.B.U.H) some 1, 400 years before.

In a nutshell, it must be concluded that even having strong Jewish beliefs at one time in his life,
Einstein holds a firm belief in the teachings of Islam which are reflected in the statements given by
Einstein in his book.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

‘Plain Living is good for Everybody, Mentally and physically’.

The lifestyle of a person not only depends on his financial status but sometimes rests on his
religious beliefs and family background. Plain living doesn’t mean a living without comfort or ease. It
simply means a life without mental stress and physical complaint.

The plainer a life is lead, the less we have to be answerable in front of Allah at the Day of Judgment for
the misuse of nature’s blessings and worldly things.

Being a Muslim, the best example of a plain living is of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H). He led his life in a
very simple way without any comfort or even sufficient necessities of life. Although he belongs to one
of the influential families of Arab still He (P.B.U.H) had no big palace, no bed, not much food, and no
luxuries of life. Still, he performed his duties and responsibilities not only well but beyond expectations
of a layman.

If an individual is having a plain living, it means he is free from any lust or greed for worldly things. This
means that he is safe from the germs of jealousy and avarice and this attitude of him would surely help
in being safe from the punishment by Allah in the life hereafter, when a person has a materialistic
approach to life then he has a desire to get money and grab all the luxuries of life by hook or crook. In
order to satisfy this hunger, sometimes people get themselves involved in such activities that are illegal
and a sort of crime like theft, robbery, bribery.

Coming towards the advantages of plain living for physical strength, it means that you have to spend
less on the food you eat. According to the teachings of Islam and our Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) the less
you eat, the more you can enjoy good health. Definitely, if you are living a plain life then you are not an
easy catch for various diseases of the present times to attack that is the outcome of excessive eating
like obesity, stress, diabetes, cholesterol etc. If you are healthy, it means you are mentally sound and
physically strong to cope up with all the hardships and stresses of life.

In a nutshell, it can be concluded that plain living is an asset of life. The one who understands and
adopts it gets the benefits here and in the life hereafter as well.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

The Personality of Einstein as Revealed in the World as I see it.

Albert Einstein, a great personality of the twentieth century stands out in the world of science
and mathematics as a physicist, scientist, and mathematician. He wrote a book that was published in
1949 with the title of “The World as I see it.” It is a composition of articles, addresses, letters,
interviews, and pronouncements. This book is a great asset in understanding the hidden personality
traits of Albert Einstein. It throws extensive light on the opinions of the great physicist about the
meaning of life, ethics, science, society, religion, and politics.

The first and the foremost trait that is the true reflection of Einstein is the value given by him to
mankind. He believes that each and every individual is dependent on one another and is linked through
an unseen thread of humanity.

He was of the opinion that freedom is the right of each and every individual of the society. He had a
desire to see a nation where freedom, provisions, health, and education should be available for all
without any discrimination.

Albert Einstein was a man who openly rejected and degraded the ideals of possessions, outward
success and luxury. This represents his personality as of a man who always had a desire to live a plain,
simple kind of life without any comforts, luxury or materialistic desires to run after.

He entitled himself as a ‘lone traveler’ meaning by that he loves solitude and never tied himself with
the strong bonds of family, home, country, friends or community.

Einstein was a true supporter of social justice and social responsibility. He was totally against the
concept or need of war. This shows him a ‘peace-lover’ individual. He considered war ‘a mean and
contemptible thing.’

The seeds of democracy were there in the blood and soul of Albert Einstein. He was of the opinion that
every individual of a community must be respected and honored equally without any kind of prejudice.
This quality of him presented Einstein as a true advocate of equality of mankind.

Although he was a Jew owing Jewish religious beliefs but he still strongly believed in the concept of
‘eternity of life’.

That’s not all; his personality can truly be judged by focusing on just the use of three beautiful words
uttered by Einstein i.e. Truth, Beauty, and Kindness. These words represented Einstein as a person of
calm nerves, gentle nature, exquisite sense of beauty and optimism.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

Summarize the following passage in not more than 75 words:

There is a public library in every town in Great Britain. There are branch libraries in most villages.
Anyone may become a member and it costs nothing to borrow books. Three books may be borrowed
at a time, but only two may be novels. If there are four persons in the family, they can, between them,
take home twelve books. These books can be kept for a fortnight, so there is no difficulty in providing
the family with all the reading that is needed. If, at the end of the fortnight, you have not finished
reading a hook you may renew it for another fortnight. If the book you want is out, you may ask for it
to be kept for you. and if you pay the cost of a postcard, the librarian will let you know when the book
has been returned and is ready for you.

Most public libraries also have a reading room and a reference library. In the reading room, there are
tables and desks at which you can sit and read the daily papers and all the other important periodicals
(the weeklies, monthlies and quarterlies). In the reference library there are encyclopedias, dictionaries,
atlases and numerous other books. These may not be taken away.

Answer:

Both towns and villages of Great Britain have public libraries. One can borrow three books at a time
without any membership cost. A family of four persons can get twelve books for a fortnight. If any of
the books is not finished till fortnight, it can be renewed. If the book is not available, you can ask
someone there to keep it for you. Reading room and reference library are available at most public
libraries.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

Translate the following sentences into Urdu or Sindhi:

1) The college has extensive playing fields.
2) We were sorry to leave Lahore because we had many friends there.
3) When will you have lunch?
4) I think the children ought to have a sleep this afternoon.
5) I was having a cup of lea when he knocked on the door.
6) Have you had any letters by this morning’s post?
7) He had a pain in his back.
8) We have just had a great disappointment.
9) The librarian is going to have all these book-cases replaced.
10) The students had an essay to write.
11) I shall have to get up early tomorrow morning.
12) Did you have to take a taxi when you came here?
13) He has had to buy a new set of tyres for his car.
14) He would like to have a job in the same office as his brother.
15) I had no chance to meet him when he made his brief visit to our college.
16) Will you have time to pay us a visit next week?
17) What reasons have you for distrusting him?
18) He had a peculiar feeling that he was being watched.
19) These mountain people have great powers of endurance.
20) He was so ill that he scarcely had enough strength to walk across the room.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The World As I See It

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Devoted Friend

The Devoted Friend

Introduction
The Devoted Friend is an interesting short story of two friends having different temperaments
and different conceptions of devoted friendship written by Oscar Wilde. He was one of the most
eminent and elegant writers of the 19th century. The story is both tender and profound in its
treatment of the comically one-sided friendship between poor Hans and the rich Miller.

Summary
The story is narrated by a songbird to a water rat and a duck. There are two characters in the
story little Hans and Hugh the miller. Little Hans was a simple, innocent, kind-hearted and sincere
fellow. He was a hard working gardener and earned his living by selling the fruits and flowers into the
market of the town. Hugh the miller was a rich but clever and selfish man. He always claimed that he
was a devoted friend of little Hans. In the summer season, the miller would go to the garden of Hans
and bring plenty of flowers and fruit without making him any payment. He never gave anything to
Hans. Hugh the miller repeatedly exploited Hans. Sometimes, he sent Hans to Market with a heavy
sack of flour. Sometimes, he asked Hans to drive his flock of sheep to the mountains for grazing. He
would also ask Hans to work on his flourmill or do some work of repair in his barn.

In return, he merely made a promise to give his invalid and damaged wheelbarrow to Hans, free of
cost. The miller called it an act of great generosity. Unfortunately, the promise was never materialized.
It is so happened that on a rough and stormy night, Hugh the miller sent little Hans to bring the doctor
because the miller’s little son had been seriously injured. As usual, little Hans showed compliance and
left for the doctor’s home as he could never think of displeasing the miller. When poor Hans was
returning with the doctor, the storm grew fiercer and he lost his way in the dangerous rocky region. He
stranded on the moor and fell into a deep pool of water, where he was drowned. In this way, the
innocent fellow lost his life for the sake miller.

Moral

The story suggests that friendship is a noble and respectable bond based on bilateral love and
cooperation. Mutual interest is the essence of true friendship.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Devoted Friend

1. Q. Briefly explain why the story of Hans and the Miller was applicable to the Water-rat.
The story of Hans and the Miller was applicable to water rat as he showed the same selfish attitude as
the Miller had shown to Hans. The story was like; one day a duck was teaching her ducklings the art of
swimming. The ducklings being too young were not paying attention to their mother’s guidance. On
seeing that all, the water rat said that the ducklings were quite disobedient and they must deserve to
be drowned. This reflected his egoistic attitude. According to the water rat “friendship is much higher
than anything else in this world.” He just claimed that but never knows exactly what devoted
friendship stands for when asked by the linnet. Therefore, the linnet decided to tell him the story of
Hans and the Miller that was quite applicable to the water rat.

2. Q. When do we first suspect that the Miller was not really a very good friend to Hans?
We first begin to suspect that the Miller was not really a very good friend of Hans as he said to his wife,
“when our relatives and friends are in trouble, they should be left alone and not be bothered by us.”
This statement of the Miller clearly gives the indication to the reader that he was a selfish sort of a
person who instead of helping and sympathizing with the near and dear ones in time of need, had the
intention of leaving them all alone to endure the hard times of life.

3. Q. How did Miller justify his not asking Hans to share some of his good things during the winter?
First of all, the Miller insulted his son when he said that they should call Hans to their home to live and
enjoy the luxuries during winter. The Miller further justified his saying for not letting Hans come and
live with them by saying that Hans must become jealous when he saw the luxuries at our home. He
further added that he didn’t want his best friend’s nature to be spoiled with such envious thoughts. In
his point of view, flour and friendship are two different things with different worth and meaning;
hence they should be kept separate and must not be confused.

4. Q. How did Miller’s wife reveal that she too was ready to exploit the generosity of Hans?
The Miller’s wife was as selfish as the Miller was. She always appreciated her husband’s ideas even the
bad ones too. She encouraged the Miller for having such good thoughts of letting the dear ones alone
in the time of trouble. She said, “You are certainly thoughtful about others.” Next, she motivated the
Miller at the thought for not letting Hans come and live with them by saying, “How well you talk! It is
just like being in the church.” Furthermore, when the Miller showed his intentions for making a visit to
Hans after winter, she said that you should take a big basket for getting a huge number of flowers from
Hans. All this showed the Miller’s wife intentions for exploiting the generosity of Hans.

5. Q. How did Miller persuade Hans to carry the large sack of flour to market?
Being unaware of the shrewdness of the Miller, Hans innocently got trapped in the web of the Miller’s
so-called generosity. The Miller promised Hans that he would give Hans his wheelbarrow as Hans’s was
not in order. One day, the Miller asked Hans to take the sack of flour to the market and sell. Hans was
quite busy in taking care of his garden so he tried to refuse the Miller. But the clever Miller persuaded
Hans to carry the large sack of flour to the market by saying that he would be giving him the
wheelbarrow so how he could refuse him by ignoring his kindness.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Devoted Friend

6. Q. How did Miller justify his rebuke to Hans for staying in bed a little later than usual after his tiring
expedition to the market?
After a tiring journey to the market, Hans woke up late the next morning. When the Miller visited Hans
for taking his money, he insulted Hans for being in bed for too late and called him lazy and idle. The
Miller justified his rebuke by saying that Hans should not mind whatever he had said as it was just for
his good. He further said that idleness is a great sin and he did not want any of his friends to commit
such a sin of idleness.

7. Q. Why was Hans unable to look after his garden? What promise was the Miller constantly holding
out before him?
Hans was unable to look after his garden because the Miller cunningly sent him on different errands of
his own. One day he sent to the market to sell his large sack of flour. On the second day, the Miller
persuaded Hans to mend his barn’s roof. Thirdly, he was sent to the mountains to graze Miller’s sheep.
Although Hans was reluctant to perform all such duties but he was not in a position to refuse the miller
as he was constantly holding out before him the promise he has made of giving his wheelbarrow to
Hans.

8. Q. What was the supreme manifestation of Miller’s selfishness which caused Hans to lose his life?
The supreme manifestation of the Miller’s selfishness which caused Hans to lose his life can be judged
from the incident when the Miller’s son fell from the ladder. At that moment, Hans was asked by the
Miller to go to the city and fetch the doctor. As it was a dark stormy night so Hans asked the Miller to
give him the lantern. But the Miller refused by saying that it was his favorite and expensive lantern so
he couldn’t give it to him. Hans agreed to go in pitch darkness to fetch the doctor. On his way back to
the Miller’s home, he fell down in the ditch and lost his life just for the sake of true friendship from his
side towards the Miller.

9. Q. Comment briefly on Miller’s claim to have been Hans’s best friend.

The Miller’s claim to have been Hans’s best friend was nothing but just a fake drama to convince
others. Being a shrewd person, he walked at the head of the funeral procession and shed crocodile
tears too. He promised to give his wheelbarrow to Hans for nothing.

10. Q. What is the effect of Miller’s disclosure that the wheelbarrow was totally worthless?
The effect of the Miller’s disclosure that the wheelbarrow was totally worthless showed his mean and
cunning nature. He confessed his mean act by saying, “It is very much in my way at home and it is in
such bad repair that I could not get anything for it if I sold it. One certainly suffers for being generous.”
The wheelbarrow that was not at all of any use to the Miller still was not given to Hans till his death.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Devoted Friend

Summarize the following passage in not more than 120 words:

There are few subjects about which so much nonsense is talked as human speech. It is amazing that
ignorance about the nature of speech is so general, for speech is, perhaps, the most striking ability of man and
without speech, the rise of human civilization would have been impossible. Yet even the well-educated person
has rarely been given at any stage in his education any information about how he manages to produce the
speech sounds through which he communicates with his fellow men, even though the elementary mechanics of
speech may be taught to an intelligent person within a matter of hours.
We hear speech because the speaker sets up vibrations through the air to which our ear-drums respond.
He sets up these vibrations by means of a number of organs in his body, not one of which, strangely enough,
was designed by nature for the production of speech. Most languages rely entirely for the production of speech
sounds on the outward flow of air from the lungs, organs which nature gave us to breathe with. When this
outward flow of air is disturbed at any point between the lungs and the lips, a sound is produced, the quality of
which will depend upon the attitudes taken up by the different vocal organs at the time. The vocal organs, as we
have said, have primary functions quite unconnected with speech. The vocal cord, which come into play when
any vowel or voiced consonant is sounded, were provided by nature to stop food from ‘going down the wrong
way, to stop it from going down to the lungs instead of the stomach. The other organs which contribute to the
making of speech sounds – the tongue, the velum (a flexible piece of tissue at the back of the roof of the
mouth), the nose, the lips, and the teeth – were all given to us for purposes of breathing and mastication.
Now these organs, like all the other organs of the body – the heart, the liver, the kidneys – are remarkably
uniform in construction from one person to another. Yet we hear such pieces of nonsense as the statement that
a given speech sound can only be made by people of a certain race, because of some local peculiarity in their
speech organs. This is as absurd as saying that a surgeon who has learned his anatomy on one race of human
beings cannot safely operate on people of oilier races. The speech organs of under formed people are virtually
the same from one race to another. This means that anybody who can overcome the speech habits of his
mother-tongue is physi-cally capable of making the speech sounds of any other language whatsoever.

Make certain in your précis that the author’s main contentions stand out clearly. His main points are:
a) The importance of speech and how the general ignorance of it can be dispelled by a little elementary
information.
b) The fact that the speech organs are parts of the body designed for the more basic physical functions.
c) The uniformity of all organs of the body, including the speech organs, among all races.
d) The fact that every physically normal person has the means of making any speech sound in any
language.

Answer:
The knowledge of speech is of utmost importance but still, it is ignored by the most learned
people of society. It only requires a few hours to understand the fundamentals of speech. Without the
ability of speech, human civilizations must not be developed to the present day stature. Speech organs
are of equal worth as the heart, liver and other organs have in a human body. They are designed
fabulously by nature. They are interconnected and involved lungs, tongue, lips, teeth, mouth for
delivering any kind of speech. Race or nationality has nothing to do with the ability of speech or
learning language. Any physically normal person has the tendency to learn any language other than his
mother tongue quite easily.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Devoted Friend

Translate the following sentences into Urdu or Sindhi:

1. He was told to get his hair cut.
2. I must get my watch repaired.
3. I don’t understand how this absurd rumor got about.
4. How will they get across the river if the ferry is not running?
5. It was impossible to get the horses across the river at this point.
6. Our luggage was still in the customs shed and we could not get at it.
7. It scents impossible for anybody to get away from this prison.
8. Have you any hope of getting back the money you lent him?
9. She asked the shop-keeper to get another roll of cloth down from the shelf.
10. He could not get his car into the garage because it was already half full of garden implements.
11. The bus broke down and all the passengers had to get off.
12. The car stopped and the driver got out.
13. We shall have to use a hammer to get the lid off this packing-case.
14. She helped the little boy to get his shoes on.
15. You must get on the train. The guard is blowing his whistle.
16. They had to get over a tree which had fallen across the path.
17. The scouts had to get their cart over a fallen tree.
18. It will take him a long time to get over the shock of his brother’s death.
19. The car was too wide to gel through the narrow gateway.
20. He always gets up as soon as he awakes.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 The Devoted Friend

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

Space Ship One

Introduction to Author
John Hampden (June 1595 – 24 June 1643) was an English landowner and politician whose
opposition to arbitrary taxes imposed by Charles I made him a national figure. An ally of
Parliamentarian leader John Pym, and cousin to Oliver Cromwell, he was one of the Five Members
whose attempted arrest in January 1642 sparked the First English Civil War.
After war began in August 1642, Hampden raised an infantry regiment, and died of wounds
received at the Battle of Chalgrove Field on 18 June 1643. His loss was considered a serious blow,
largely because he was one of the few Parliamentary leaders able to hold the different factions
together.
However, his early death also meant he avoided the bitter internal debates later in the war, the
execution of Charles I in 1649, and establishment of The Protectorate. This makes him a less complex
figure than Cromwell or Pym, a key factor in why his statue was erected in the Palace of Westminster
to represent the Parliamentarian cause in 1841.
A reputation for honest, principled, and patriotic opposition to arbitrary rule also made him a
popular figure in North America; prior to the American Revolution, Franklin and Adams were among
those who referenced him to justify their cause.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

Summary
This fantasy, “Space- Ship One” was written in 1946 by John Hampden. It is the story of
imaginary flight to the moon. As we see, Professor Witney is a great scientist. He has invented a space
ship, which he is taking to the moon. His aim is to reach the moon, and then, after making it a base, to
voyage through the solar system and reach Mars and Venus. Professor Witney is accompanied by an
engineer, William Leigh, and a young pilot, Harry. The latter is in love with the Professor‟s daughter,
Katherine, and hopes to marry her on his return from the space travel. In the beginning, they have very
high speed but later on, as they reach near the moon, the speed is brought down. All preparations for
landing on the moon are complete. Witney feels worried because he has not been able to contact
Katherine on the television for a long time. He has dreamt that England has been attacked and London,
occupied, by the enemy. In the morning Professor Witney tries to contact his wife and daughter on the
television but without success. In the dream he has also felt that his wife and daughter crying for help.
As he is relating his dream, his voice breaks down, which shows his grief. However, he soon controls
himself. Just then there is a call from below. It is Katherine, speaking. She tells her father that England
has actually been attacked and there are parachutists landing in England. All the members of the family
except her have been killed. She is safe and has taken refuge in the crow‟s nest. She suggests her
father that as England was sure to be ruined, he should not return to England but, instead, he should
land in America or Canada, if he wanted to save himself. Professor Witney fears that the enemy would
torture Katherine to get from her the secrets of atomic energy. He, therefore, advises her to put an
end to her life to save these secrets. So, Katherine actually commits suicide, and when the enemy
soldiers reach they find her dead. Through, Professor Witney lands on the moon, but this is a very
tragic landing.

In this romance John Hampden shows the helplessness of humanity despite its development
and progress in science. Though Witney is going to be the first man on the moon due to his research in
science yet he is not able to stop the decision of the nature which results in the death of his daughter.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

1. Q. Why is the spaceship traveling at only seventy miles an hour when Harry wakes up?
Harry wakes up due to the constant calling of William Leigh (the engineer of the space ship) of his
name. He wakes up rubbing his eyes. At that time the space ship is travelling at only seventy miles an
hour. The reason for such a low speed of the space ship is that it is approaching the moon and soon it
would be landing there safely.

2. Q. When has the spaceship been to the moon before and with what passengers?
A month earlier the first space ship was sent to the moon and at that time three sheep were the lucky
passengers of it as they were the first to have an extraordinary scientific trip to the moon.

3. Q. What is the relationship between Harry and Professor Witney?

Harry was the supposed son-in-law of the genius Professor Witney. We came to know this fact when
Harry while talking to professor Witney said, “If I hadn’t had the infinite cheek to fall in love with your
daughter, sir, I suppose I’d have had a very dim chance of coming.” The name of Professor Witney’s
daughter was Katherine with whom Harry intends to marry soon.

4. Q. What was the significance of Professor Witney’s chalking Noah’s Ark on the second space ship?
Professor Witney had designed a second spaceship for his next expedition. The purpose of that space
ship was to unearth the hidden secrets of the solar universe. After designing, he chalked out “Noah’s
Ark” on the bow of the space ship. This chalking was of utmost significance. Professor Witney hated
war to a great extent and he feared that soon the dominant nations of the world might be having
nuclear war creating chaos and disturbance in the whole world. He had a desire to save humanity from
the dangerous effects of such nuclear war that’s why he called his space ship “Noah’s Ark” as Noah
saved people of his nation from the Great Deluge in his ship. That specific space ship was capable of
carrying ten people along with a dozen animals and vast stores and can travel with the cruising speed
of hundred thousand miles an hour.

5. Q. What was the nature of the fear that afflicted Professor Witney during the night before the
landing on the moon?
Being a loving husband and caring father, Professor Witney had a terrible dream during the night
before the landing on the moon. He had dreamed that war broke out in the world and England was
attacked by some forces. Due to that dream, when he woke up he was too anxious about the safety of
his wife and daughter as he was unable to have any sort of contact with them. He too feared that his
dream might not come true.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

6. Q. What is Professor Witney’s attitude to the new type of society in which scientific and technical
progress is the one thing that seems to matter?
Although Professor Witney himself was a scientist still he was quite depressed to see all around him
the nations and people actively busy in utilizing scientific and technical progress for the destruction of
the universe. He wanted the scientist to make positive use of the scientific and technical progress so to
provide comfort, ease, and happiness to mankind. Therefore, according to Professor Witney, the new
type of society was simply ‘a silent murderer of the universe’ where scientific and technical progress
was affecting the lives of millions in a negative way.

7. Q. How has England come to be defenseless?

England has come to be defenseless as the enemy of the country attacked it with nuclear weapons and
army too.

8. Q. What disaster has befallen England during the night?

A severe disaster struck England that night as the enemy of England attacked it with nuclear weapons.
The sky was full of great grey canisters. They burst in the air and sprayed out a heavy, oily fog. The
soldiers of the army were in armor wearing gas masks just similar to helmets and a sort of parachute.
They had guns in their hands and were dropping canisters on the city.

9. Q. How has Katherine survived the poison-gas attack?

Katherine, the daughter of Professor Witney was in England at the time when there was a nuclear and
poison-gas attack on the city of London. She had survived from the poison-gas attack as she managed
to hide herself in one of the topmost parts of the building known as “Crow’s nest.” It was well
protected from the gas that’s why Katherine survived from the poison-gas attack.

10. Q. Why does her father instruct her to kill herself?

Professor Witney, Katherine’s father instructed her to kill herself as he was aware of the torture that
might be inflicted upon the war prisoners by the victorious army. He knew it well that if she was caught
by the army alive they would definitely inflict severe torture on her when they came to know that she
was his daughter. He instructed her to inhale the fluids that were present there in corked tubes, pour
them in a glass of water and drink. Katherine did the same as instructed by her father as she was an
obedient daughter.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

An appreciation of Space Ship One

James Hampden has done a marvelous job in sketching the flight of spaceship one in dramatic
scenes performed by renowned performers of different times. Spaceship one reflects the genius
intuitions of James as he has written: “Spaceship One” in 1946, long time before the first ever flight
into space.

Right in the beginning, the scenario details that are given by the author gives a perfect imagination to
the readers about the inner view of the spaceship. All the equipment and gadgets are quite the same
as they are used in space craft’s. Apart from gadgets, the physical appearance of the characters is
described in full length. Just in words, the readers get a clear idea about the personality, attitude,
gestures and body movements of the three characters.

The dialogues written by James are quite simple in nature but at the same time effective too. That’s
not all; the actors delivered the dialogues with accuracy, expression and utmost perfection.
Furthermore, the dialogues are not too long but simple and crisp to be understood even by a layman.

Each and every detail that is there in the act about the acceleration, time lapse etc. is just perfect to
understand the whole process of spaceship travel into space and its landing on to the moon.

The fear and dream of Professor Whitney turned into reality means that sometimes it happens in real
life too that dreams may come true whether good or bad.

The emotions and facial expressions of the characters really add a delicate flavor to the act. For
instance, a little wryly, he (Harry) peers a little anxiously at the board, with no conviction etc.

The way James has depicted the war scene shows his skillful approach towards the panic that can be
created among the masses by the unusual, sudden attack of the enemy forces, especially at night time.

Almost at the end, the heart-touching talk of Professor Whitney with Katherine and the helpless
gestures of Harry has the potential to make the readers not only gloomy but gives a sympathetic touch
to the drama.

In a nutshell, it can be said that “Spaceship One” is one of the splendid pieces of literary work by
James. All the spices of description, emotions, feelings, dialogues, character sketch are just perfectly
amalgamated by James in Spaceship One.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

Has Space Traveled any Real Value to the Human Race?

Space travel doesn’t mean a trip performed by men of different nations just for the sake of real
pleasure. But it is more than that if viewed by wearing the spectacles of optimism that really count for
the betterment of human race.

Travel in space stands for space exploration from different perspectives. The first benefit that one can
derive from space travel that has real value to the human race is the Long-Term Survival. Meaning that
we have an idea that may be the world we call Erath might lose its identity either in a natural way like a
rogue comet or by the hands of humans in case of nuclear war. Then what we would be expecting at
that time. For sure, we as humans must need an alternate for our survival and continuity of human
race; it can either be a Moon or Mars.

Secondly, if nothing happened like mentioned above related to the world’s destruction then comes the
question of the ever-growing population of the earth. The current earth’s population is about 6.8
Billion people. It is already beyond the carrying capacity of the earth. Therefore, we need somewhere
to put up all these people or it might occur that we end up living in skyscrapers by probably destroying
all animals’ habitats and pollute the air beyond what is breathable.

Space exploration led to a great number of medical breakthroughs that can save mankind from a
number of serious diseases or illnesses. For instance, the technology used to detect breast cancer
tumors in the early stages is derived from the star-mapping technology used by the Hubble Space
Telescope, an alternative to detection by surgery, which saves time and money and isn’t painful.

As we are polluting our planet earth with our own hands, at the same time we are also responsible for
diminishing the valuable natural resources from the face of the world. Through space travel, it is
revealed to the scientists that yes there is a wealth of natural resources available in space that can be
utilized by mankind in order to survive well, but definitely, it’s not a simple and easy task to carry on.

At the end, it can be concluded that space travel or space exploration is of utmost importance for the
welfare and survival of the human race in the coming years. The future of space travel and exploration
is quite bright and full with potential.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

The Benefits offered by Science

The world we are living in is doubt can easily be titled as “scientific world.” The reason behind is
that every inch a man moves, everything his eyes experience, every sound his ears hear has a scientific
touch in it. Science is one of the greatest blessings for mankind. It has changed the world from Stone
Age to modern digitalized world. It is just possible due to science that now the man is living a
comfortable, luxurious and easy life without much difficulty as compared to the hard labor of the
people of the past times. A huge number of benefits may fall into the lap of mankind just due to
scientific inventions, innovations, discoveries and technological advancement. First and the foremost
benefit are related to human health. Medical discoveries increase the rate of mortality among millions
that abode on earth. The diseases that seem to be incurable are now cured quite effectively due to
science such as T.B, malaria etc. X- Rays and laser therapies are also the milestones in the field of
medical sciences.

With respect to illuminating the life of mankind, it is the electricity that is the outcome of scientific
technology. It not only lit up our paths but our homes, roads, offices, and factories too. A number of
machines in industries and factories are now dependent on electricity for more efficient work, greater
and better output.

Chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, modern machinery, and technical knowledge are
responsible for the re-birth of agriculture. These innovations are of great help for much better
production of fruits, vegetables, grains etc. in bulk amount.

Means of communication and transportation must not be forgotten while talking about the benefits of
science. Radio, television, cinema, newspaper, internet is pouring a wealth of knowledge and
information into the minds and souls of the masses at a fast pace. People of present times are much
more aware about not only their surroundings but have a better know how about the events and
happenings, discoveries and innovations, accidents and mishaps that are taking place all over the
world. Same is the case with ships, aero planes, and cars etc. that have crept slowly but amazingly in
the lives of the people giving them comfort and saving their precious time too.

In a nutshell, it can be concluded that science is nothing but is the eyes, ears, breath and even mind of
the people of this planet earth. Therefore, it can be said that science is the right hand of mankind.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

The Dangers to Mankind created by Science

Science all around us has not only facilitated man in each and every walk of life but is also
responsible for creating havoc, chaos, disturbance and hazards in his life.

Along with a long list of benefits, science also has a lengthy list of dangers as well. Due to the factor of
modernization and industrialization, pollution can be considered as the foremost threat posed by
science and its various inventions. The air around us is polluted by the smoke coming out from various
vehicles and the huge thick clouds of smoke from the chimneys of the industries and factories. This
pollution is hence responsible for a number of serious and threatening diseases to mankind. That’s not
all; it is this world’s pollution that is seriously damaging the ozone layer and is one of the causes for the
increase in earth’s temperature.

Next comes the turn of unemployment that is generated by the use of modern, latest technologies
created by science. Years before the work that needed hundreds of people now just require a man or
two to accomplish the task just due to the entry of computer in the life of mankind.

On the third place, we can easily place atomic bombs and nuclear weapons that have taken years of
scientists to invent for the destruction of mankind. The nations who own them can get the title of
‘super-powers’ meaning that they have the license to murder and disable the generations of the man
just in few minutes.

From the cultural and ethical point of view, the massive demolition done by science is in the name of
latest media technologies that have given an opportunity to all to view whatever they want to without
the fear of their elders. In this way, people of all ages are using the internet without any check and
balance and thus they are knowingly treading on the path that only leads to Hell.

Therefore, we all know that everything has its pros and cons; it just depends on the wise or foolish
usage of that commodity. In order to progress, every one of us has to show a positive attitude towards
the eradication of dangers created by science to mankind.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

Summarize the following passage in not more than 130 words:

Space travel is by far the most expensive type of exploration ever undertaken by man. The vast
expenditure of money and human effort now being devoted to projects for putting man into space
might well be applied to ends more practically useful and more conducive to human happiness. It is a
strange world in which tens of millions of pounds are spent to give one man a ride round the earth at
thousands of miles an hour while beneath him in his orbit live millions for whom life is a daily struggle
to win a few coins to buy their daily bread.

The money and effort that go into the development and construction of a single type a space-rocket
would more than suffice to rid several countries of some such scourge as malaria or typhoid fever, to
name only two of the diseases medical science has conquered but which still persist in the world,
simply because not enough money and effort are devoted to their eradication Why should the richer
countries of the world be pouring their resources into space when poverty and disease on earth are
crying out for relief ? One could give a cynical answer to this question and assert that man’s expensive
adventures into space are merely the by-products of the struggle between two great powers for
prestige and possible military advantage.

There is some truth in this answer, but not the whole truth. Travel into space exemplifies the same
spirit of courage and curiosity which has taken man to the poles and the top of Everest, and produced
the scientific miracles of this age. Poverty and disease are, in fact, being relieved more rapidly than
ever before thanks to the applications of science to production, transport, and medicine. Space travel
is one of the more striking aspects of the progress of science and it is this same progress which gives us
reasonable hope of banishing poverty, ignorance and preventable disease from the earth. It is worth
remembering that many of the practical advantages now enjoyed by the common man from the
applications of science have been brought about by scientific research which seemed, when it was first
attempted, as unrelated to practical benefits as the exploration of space may seem to us at present.

Answer:

Space travel is one of the exciting sorts of travel undertaken by man so to travel into space. The
rich and powerful countries are spending a huge sum of money just to send one man into space
ignoring the fact that millions of lives on earth are crying for some of the basic necessities of life such
as food. Poverty and diseases can easily be eradicated from the face of this planet earth only if the rich
nations show concern and generosity towards such grave issues of the other nations of the world.
Other than this, with the advancement in the field of science, poverty, and disease can be eliminated
quite easily. This progress of science seemed useless in the beginning as today it seems worthless with
respect to space exploration.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

Translate the following sentences in to Urdu or Sindhi.

1) Parents should not do their children’s homework.

2) You ought to visit us next spring when the weather will be delightful.
3) He ought to be working instead of reading the paper.
4) You should have returned this book to the library last week.
5) The workmen should have been painting the house but they were standing about doing
nothing.
6) Your car ought to be repaired by the end of the week.
7) These books ought to have been taken back to die library.
8) It should be warmer in Karachi than it is here.
9) The pupils ought to have found this examination paper easy.
10) Ought we to take warm clothes with us if we go to Abbottabad next month?
11) Must you leave so soon?
12) He must come and see me tomorrow morning.
13) This room must be thoroughly cleaned by tomorrow morning.
14) He had to come and see me on the following morning.
15) The room had to be cleaned by the following morning.
16) You must be very tired after your long journey.
17) This house must have been built before my father was born.
18) These letters must have been put on my desk while I was out of the room.
19) The aero plane was delayed owing to a fault in one of the engines.
20) The delay was due to a fault in one of the engines.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Space Ship One

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 An Astronomer’s View of The Universe

An Astronomer’s View of the Universe

About Author
Sir James Jeans, in full Sir James Hopwood Jeans, (born Sept. 11, 1877, London, Eng.—died
Sept. 16, 1946, Dorking, Surrey), English physicist and mathematician who was the first to propose that
matter is continuously created throughout the universe. He made other innovations in astronomical
theory but is perhaps best known as a writer of popular books about astronomy.
Jeans taught at the University of Cambridge (1904–05, 1910–12) and at Princeton University (1905–
09). In 1923 he became a research associate at Mt. Wilson Observatory, Pasadena, Calif., where he
remained until 1944. In 1928, the year he was knighted, he proposed his continuous-creation theory.
His work included investigations of spiral nebulae, the source of stellar energy, binary and multiple star
systems, and giant and dwarf stars. He also analyzed the breakup of rapidly spinning bodies under the
stress of centrifugal force and concluded that the nebular hypothesis of Laplace, which stated that the
planets and Sun condensed from a single gaseous cloud, was invalid. He proposed instead the
catastrophic or tidal theory, first suggested by the American geologist Thomas C. Chamberlin.
According to this theory, a star narrowly missed colliding with the Sun and, in its passing, drew away
from the Sun stellar debris that condensed to form the planets.
Jeans applied mathematics to problems in thermodynamics and radiant heat and wrote on other
aspects of radiation. Among his many popular books, perhaps his best were The Universe around Us
(1929) and Through Space and Time (1934). His important technical works include The Dynamical
Theory of Gases (1904), Theoretical Mechanics (1906), The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and
Magnetism (1908), and Introduction to the Kinetic Theory of Gases (1940).

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 An Astronomer’s View of The Universe

Summary
This interesting and splendid piece has been extracted from Sir James Jeans „The Mysterious
Universe‟ According to the writer, our earth came into being as the result of an accident. There are
countless stars in the universe. They are more in number than all the grains of sand on all the
seashores of the world.

A majority of these stars are so big that millions of earths can be packed up in each of them.
This shows the smallness of our earth. These stars are wandering about in space. They are so away
from one another that there is no possibility of any two stars coming near to our earth or to one
another. James Jeans thinks that about two thousands million years ago, a star wandering blindly
through space came near the sun. This star raised huge tides on the surface of the sun, and ultimately,
these tides broke into pieces before the big star would move back. These small fragments, which fell
off, are called planets. They have been circulating round the sun since then. Our earth is one of these
planets. This is how the earth came into being. It was very hot in the beginning but, gradually, it cooled
down.

In due course of time one of these fragments, that is, the earth, gave birth to life. It started in
simple organisms. At this stage, life consisted only of reproduction and death. This was a simple
beginning of life. It developed into a greater complexity, till; at last, human beings were born. Soon
they developed emotions and ambition. The author thinks that the universe was not designed
primarily to produce life like our own because our earth, and the life on it, is so insignificant that the
creation of life does not seem to be the purpose of the universe. Life seems to be only a by-product.
The material constituents of life too are quite ordinary chemical atoms. These atoms must have existed
in the newly born earth. But the origin of life is still a riddle, and our scientists are quite unable to solve
it.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 An Astronomer’s View of The Universe

1. Why it improbable is that one particular star will ever come close to another?
The vast multitude of stars is wandering about in space. Some of them from groups which journey in
company, but majority of them is solitary travelers. It is improbable that one particular star will ever
come close to another because the space in the universe through which they travel is spacious.

2. What is Jeans’s explanation of how the planets came to be formed from the sun?
James Jean’s gives an awesome explanation about the formation of planets from the sun. According to
him, the whole phenomena took place some two thousand million years ago. It occurred when a
second star, wandering blindly through space came within hailing distance from the sun. It raised tides
on the surface of the sun that formed a mountain of great height. Before this second star began to
recede, its tidal pull was so powerful that the mountain was torn into pieces and threw small
fragments of it. These small fragments then took the form of planets.

3. How does a planet, such as the earth, derive its warmth?

A planet, such as the earth derives its warmth solely from the radiations that are poured down from
the sun. As after separation from the sun, it gradually cooled down, now they have but little essential
heat left

4. What do Jeans imagine the first forms of life on earth to have been like?
According to Jeans’ perspective, the first forms of life on earth came into existence from a very humble
beginning. It started with the origin of simplest organisms that reproduced themselves and soon died.
With the passage of time, this simplicity turns into complexity and then the life on the earth began to
start with greater maturity and vigor.

5. Why are our first impressions of an astronomer’s picture of the universe likely to make us feel that
humanity is insignificant?
Our first impressions of an astronomer’s picture of the universe likely to make us feel that humanity is
insignificant because it has given the information about the meaningless distances, vast duration of
time which is much longer than the history of life on earth, complete loneliness of the earth and the
hostile nature of the universe.

6. How do Jeans justify his assertion that ‘the universe appears to be actively hostile to life like our
own?
Sir James Jeans justifies his assertion that ‘the universe appears to be actively hostile to life like our
own’ by giving the following points to ponder:
a) Vast and meaningless distances are present between the earth and the universe.
b) The universe seems quite terrifying because of its inconceivably long vistas of time which dwarf
human history to the twinkling of an eye.
c) We as the residents of this planet earth feel a strong sense of loneliness as compared to the
vastness of the universe.
d) The material substances lose their significance when compared to the total substances of the
whole universe.
e) That’s not all; everything seems to be terrifying as our ambitions, achievements, emotions and
even religion have nothing to do with the plan of the universe.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 An Astronomer’s View of The Universe

7. Why does a planetary system seem to be the only kind of environment on which life could originate?
A planetary system seems to be the only kind of environment on which life could originate due to the
factor of suitable physical conditions needed for the production of life. These perfect conditions are
only available on the planets of a planetary system. Hence, the earth is the only planet of a planetary
system where life exists in its true form.

8. What is the temperature of most of the space?

According to Sir James calculations, the temperature of most of space is some four degrees about
absolute zero i.e. 273K. It is about 484 degrees of frost on our Fahrenheit scale of temperature and is
even lower in the vast stretches of space which lie beyond the Milky Way.

9. Why does it seem incredible to Jeans that the universe was designed primarily to produce life-like
our own?
It seems incredible to Jeans that the universe was designed primarily to produce life like our own. In his
point of view, if it can be considered as one of the reasons then one has to keep the reality in mind
that we should find a better proportion between the magnitude of the mechanism and the amount of
the product in every part of this universe. It is also a fact that life may seem to be an absolutely trivial
by-product.

10. Why is the origin of life still a riddle to the scientist?

According to Jeans’s perspective, the origin of life is still a riddle to the scientist. There still lies a great
confusion in the minds of a number of scientists to find out whether the living cells of the mankind i.e.
atoms hat atoms are merely atoms or they are atoms mingled with life. They are anxious enough to
find the answer to the question that if a second accident appears then what would be the nature of the
atoms which have been taken as the fundamental part for the origin of life.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 An Astronomer’s View of The Universe

Précis
Summarize the following passage in not more than 75 words:

A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large that
hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there
we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions and millions of earths. And the total
number of stars in the universe is probably something like the total number of grains of sand on all the
seashores of the world. Such is the littleness of our home in space when measured up against the total
substance of the universe.

This vast multitude of stars is wandering about in space. A few form groups which journey in company,
but the majority are solitary travelers. And they travel through a universe so spacious that it is an event
of almost unim-aginable rarity for a star to come anywhere near to another star. For the most part
each voyage in splendid isolation, like a ship on an empty ocean. In a scale model in which the stars are
ships, the average ship will be well over a million miles from its nearest neighbor, whence it is easy to
understand why a ship seldom finds another within hailing distance.

Write your summary in one paragraph. The essential points to bring out are the great size of stars
compared with the earth, the immense number of stars that exist their great isolation from each other,
and the great rarity with which one star comes close to another.

Answer:
The stars in space are so huge and spacious that millions and millions of earth can easily be
folded into it. This shows the minuteness of earth in the whole universe. Some stars travel in groups
whereas most being the solitary travelers loved to move in isolation. The stars are equal to the grains
in sands of the whole world’s seashores. It rarely happens that one star could get a chance to meet
another star.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Life in the Universe

Life in the Universe

About Author
John Alfred Valentine Butler (always known to his friends and colleagues as J.A.V.) was born on
14 February 1899 at Winchcombe, Gloucestershire. His father Alfred Butler (1860-1930) came from
Sedgeberrow near Evesham and was employed by his own father until about 1904. He then set up as a
farmer on his own account, first at Postlip near Winchcombe and later at Langley Farm nearer
Winchcombe. J.A.V.’s mother (1861-1952), Mary Ann Powell, came from Hartlebury near
Kidderminster. She was at one time in the household of the Bishop of Worcester near Hartlebury and
later in that of Emma Dent at Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe. John was the eldest of three children. His
sister Frances died in 1914. His younger sister Doris, of whom more lately, married W. J. Margrett.
Little is known of the ancestry. J.A.V.’s grandfather (John Butler) was probably born near Berkeley,
Gloucestershire, and moved to Evesham and later to Sudeley near Winchcombe, where he farmed
Home Farm at Sudeley Castle. J.A.V. was thus of Cotswold farming stock and rightly proud of it.

Summary
This interesting and impressive essay was written by John Alfred valentine Butler F.R.S., [Link], who was
born in 1899. The writer refutes the views of modern astronomers about life and the universe. According to him,
life is not a rare thing on our earth, nor is an unimportant by-product, as James Jeans had said. Recent scientific
theories hold that the earth was not born due to tidal waves produced on the surface of the sun by a star.
Instead, they hold that planets came into being due to the explosion of certain stars. And this phenomenon is
not as rare as James thought it to be. Moreover, as proved by scientific researches, our earth is not a rare
exception or some unique thing in the universe. Many elements that are found on our earth are found on other
planets and stars as well.
Therefore, this is quite reasonable to believe that there is some sort of life in other planets as well.
However, the creatures of other worlds may differ from human beings of this world in thinking power, social
organization or in the structure of their bodies. Butler does not agree with the view that the earth and human
life are of no significance in the universe. He asks scientists to use the objects of the universe through telescope.
If they do so they will come to know that life on earth is very interesting in its complexity. Although the
living beings are of various forms, yet they have the same chemical composition. Various substances undergo
various changes, and form various chemical compounds. But their elements remain the same. Today, scientists
have come to know how different compounds can be formed from the same elements. The achievements of
scientists are impressive, no doubt, but it cannot be said that man will be able to combine all necessary
elements to create life in a test tube at any stage. Butler thinks that unhealthy scientific researchers have
lowered the dignity of man. Galileo was the first man to lessen the importance of man on earth, in the scheme
of the universe. Darwin’s theories positively degraded man to the rank of beasts. In the modern world the
concept of life has become quite mechanical. The result is that the value of man has come down to the value of
a machine, or even less than that.
It is, however, encouraging to note that some scientists of our age like Butler have given up this
mechanical attitude towards life. They have been deeply impressed by the complexity and variety of the living
organism. Therefore, the day is not far when they will be convinced that the rich variety of life on earth is not
less attractive than the vast empty spaces of the universe.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Life in the Universe

1. What new theory concerning the origin of the planets is presented by Professor Butler?
Professor Butler presented a new theory concerning the origin of the planets. According to him, there
are equal chances of life on other planets as we have on our planet earth. He further emphasizes on
the concept that the planets originated in the breakup of the companion of the sun in a tremendous
explosion. He suggests that explosive starts called Supernovae are not at all infrequent and it has been
estimated from such occurrences that at least a million planetary systems may have been produced in
our galaxy.

2. What, in brief, are his views on the probability of life existing in worlds other than our own?
Butler has a different opinion about the origin of life as compared to James Jeans. He is of the view
that the origin of life is not a mere coincidence that accidental combining different chemical atoms at a
moderate temperature to put life into existence. Whereas he believes that the essentials of life also
exist on other planets if suitable physical conditions, moderate temperature are available.

3. What had to be understood for chemistry to become a science?

In order to consider chemistry as a science, it is important that it had to be understood that all the
substances are combinations of the same primary elements which are to all intents and purposes
indestructible.

4. Who was responsible for the atomic theory of chemistry?

John Dalton was responsible for the atomic theory of chemistry. This theory basically explained the
facts of chemical combination in simple compounds. It was concerned with the elementary
composition of substances.

5. What was the original distinction between ‘organic’ and ‘inorganic’ substances? Does this distinction
still hold well in modem science?
Organic compounds are the great fusion of substances that come from living things such as alcohol,
oils, fats, sugars, waxes, resins, rubber, cellulose, starch etc. These organic compounds were thought to
be quite different from the inorganic ones. No doubt, they were compounds of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen etc but the chemists were not at all willing to consider them into a class of compounds which
they had managed to prepare. This distinction between organic and inorganic was broke down when a
German chemist, Wohler became successful in preparing urea which had previously been regarded as
a typical product of life.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Life in the Universe

6. How does Butler justify his belief in the importance of scientific research into the nature of living
cells?
Butler justifies his belief in the importance o scientific research into the nature of living cells by saying
that it will enable the scientists in future to create a microscopic spot of jelly which they can proudly
describe as alive. Apart from this, Butler does not believe that there is any scientific knowledge which
leads to a certain answer to the question of the ability of scientific research in creating life in a test
tube.

7. How, according to Butler, was science responsible for fostering a popular belief that man is
insignificant?
According to Butler, science was responsible for fostering a popular belief that man is insignificant as
he believes that it is due to Galileo’s discovery that lessens the importance of man in the universe. On
the second place, Darwin’s theory further weakens man’s position in the universe. Butler denies all
such mechanical concepts put forward by the scientists about the importance of mankind and thus
says that intelligence is the main factor that is responsible for the worth of a man, not his size or shape
in labeling him an insignificant being.

8. Why does Butler think that calculating machines ought not to be called ‘mechanical brains’?
Butler is of the view that it is simply a matter of injustice to consider calculating machines equivalent to
human brains or to be called ‘mechanical brains.’ He justifies his statement by saying that the diverse
functions of real brains are beyond our understanding and they are much more capable of doing and
manipulating the phenomenon as calculating machines are.

9. Why did the scientist of the nineteenth century tend to find simplicity in the universe?
The scientists of the nineteenth century tend to find simplicity in the universe because they were
primarily concerned with the elemental forces. Therefore, they were of the view that nineteenth-
century science is simple in nature as compared to the complexity of the universe in the twentieth
century.

10. Why, according to Butler, is modem science likely to restore man’s faith in his own importance in the
universe?
According to Butler, modern science is likely to restore man’s faith in his own importance in the
universe because of the major shift in the methodology of science. It is now changing from the study of
elementary forces and simple particles to the complexities of living textures.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Life in the Universe

The differences between the views of Jeans and Butler on the place of life in the
universe
The world rests upon the foundations of opinions, thoughts, ideals, appreciation, and criticism
of people. Among all, the most important one is criticism or opposition to someone’s work or thought.
The reason behind is that it opens new doors and widens the horizon for others to think logically and
put forward new theories and produce ingeniously.
The views about the origin of life in the universe are quite contradictory according to the point
of view of James Jeans and Alfred Butler. Jeans was of the opinion that life started on this planet earth
with the origin of simple organisms and then it took the form of the more complex creatures i.e.
human beings. Whereas Butler had a different opinion about that, he believed that the theories put
forward by Galileo and later by Darwin further weakens the position and importance of man in this
universe. According to him, it is the intelligence not the size or shape of a man that matters to raise
the stature of the man in the eyes of the world.
Secondly, with respect to the place of life in the universe James holds a belief that earth is the
only planet where life can exist as it provides favorable conditions and moderate temperature for the
living beings to breathe and grow and have life in its true sense. On the other hand, Butler has the
opinion that earth is not the only planet in the planetary system that can have and support life. He was
of the view that the origin of life is not a mere coincidence about the accidental combination of
different chemical atoms at a moderate temperature to put life into existence. Whereas he believed
that essentials of life also exist on other planets if suitable physical conditions, moderate temperature
are available, we can have a life over there too.
At the end, it can be concluded that different people or scientists hold different opinions about
the same concept and they all are important for fostering the concept in the minds of the millions.
Therefore, it cannot be said that if one concept is accurate the other is not.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Life in the Universe

A Layman’s Attitudes towards Science

Science although is the discovery or the result of hard work of the scientists of all times but it is
basically a gift from Allah Almighty to humanity. Science has served and still serving or will keep on
serving mankind until and unless he starts misusing it for destructive purposes.
The advantages that science offers to a layman are responsible for creating a positive image of
it in the mind of him. A layman appreciates science on the forefront due to its marvelous discoveries in
the field of agriculture as food is of vital importance in the lives of the masses. Modern agricultural
machinery, latest equipment, premium insecticides, pesticides, and good-quality fertilizers truly add
the production of an agriculturist and that in turn improves the quality of food items available to a
layman at the marketplace.
After satisfying the stomach, next comes the question of good health and hygiene as it is the
basic right of all the citizens of any nation. Scientific inventions help play a vital role in the cure and
treatment of various fatal diseases such as malaria, cholera, plague etc. Scientific technology in the
field of medicines helps a great deal in increasing the mortality rate of individuals all over the world.
This gives a real sense of relief to a layman as he knows that after Allah’s will, it is science that helps
him in his recovery from a number of diseases and in gaining health.
Communication and science are the two inter-related phenomena that have influenced the
lives of millions. Radio, newspaper, television, cinema, internet etc has given a wide spectrum to a
layman to get informed and stay in touch with the dear ones by using any of the above-mentioned
scientific means of interaction and communication.
A layman’s life has shrunk into not only days but into hours or minutes as he is able to cover the
large distance by travelling either by airplane or train, ship or boat, bus or car. With the advancement
in the means of transportation, it becomes easier and much more comfortable for a layman to
transport his goods to distant places without any difficulty.
Therefore, one can say that a layman always holds a positive attitude towards science as it has
affected his life quite optimistically in almost every walk of life including business, education, industry,
improved lifestyle etc.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Life in the Universe

The Role of Science in Education

Science and technology have strongly influenced the social, cultural and educational
perspective of mankind to a great and unbelievable extent. It is science that has given passion and
vigor to man to explore not only space but to step on the moon too.
The life of our great-grandparents was totally different from the one we are living and enjoying
in the present times and all the credit goes to the latest, modern scientific inventions and discoveries
of this era. Science has a direct impact on almost all the people belonging to different walks of life like
business, agriculture, industry etc. Similarly, it is playing a pivotal role in the field of education as well.
Nowadays, science and education are like the mind and soul of an individual as one cannot progress
without the assistance of the other. The role of science just begins at a very early stage of education
when a child enters his kindergarten. The first step is to inculcate the habit of observation among
children as they are always curious about nature, trees, flowers etc.
Later on, when they grow up, it is the responsibility of not only institutions but science teachers
too to focus more on experimental study rather than the theoretical one. It is a fact that human beings
learn more through practical or experimentation as they can observe the whole process in front of
their eyes.
Science in education broadens the minds of the learners towards various hidden truths of
nature including the universe, earth, planets, plants etc. It gives in-depth knowledge about the
processes involved in the happening of any incident as it is based on real facts, figures, hypothesis, and
examinations.
Apart from the sole role of science, science teaching has to be effective enough so to achieve
the desired objectives and purposes such as to promote an ever-deepening understanding of basic
principles, to develop pro-blem-solving and analytical skills and the ability to apply them to the
problems of the material environment and social living, and to promote the spirit of enquiry and
experimenta-tion.
In a nutshell, it can be concluded that science has a direct influence on the minds of the new
generation, therefore, it must be catered with full responsibility and accurate teaching methodologies
should be adopted so as to gain the desired result in the form of brilliant, first-class scientists, biologist,
geo-physicists, and zoologists etc to serve the nations.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah
 Life in the Universe

Summarize the following passage in not more than 85 words:

Because they had learnt a little about living things, uninformed people jumped to the
conclusion that what was still to be learnt was unimportant. Because, they were impressed by
machines, they assumed that human beings were like them, only a little more complicated. The
mechanical concept of life runs through innumerable books and newspaper articles and has done
much to produce and foster this low opinion of human ability. A calculating machine is called a
mechanical ‘brain’. It is true that these machines are wonderful pieces of mechanism and ingenuity,
but the operations they perform are really rather limited. Their main value is to carry out quickly
certain repetitive operations which human beings find tedious and time-consuming. To call them
‘brains’ is a gross libel on real brains, the fantastic operations of which, as we shall see, are quite
beyond our understanding even in comparatively unintelligent animals.
The idea of a ‘mechanical man’ is another sign of the times. ‘Rossum’s Universal Robots’ have had
plenty of successors, which have spilled over from literature into the films and comic strips. The
popular magazines of ‘science fiction’ are full of them. The girl in the mass-production factory lakes
them for granted: but it is not surprising that she should think that an automaton could put a squiggle
on the chocolates nearly as well as she can, and if an automaton could do that she might easily imagine
there was little difference between it and her.

Answer:
Living beings are still not properly understood by people that are why they are willing to accept
that machines are equal to man in terms of work and intelligence. People consider mechanical
machines as brains although the concept is wrong as such machines can just perform some tasks
repetitively which humans consider tiring and time taking otherwise the machines are not at all equal
to the intelligence of even an unintelligent animal. In present times, the concept of mechanical man i.e.
robot is also gaining success.

2nd year Notes Zeeshan Ali (BS in English) Level Up Academy Nawabshah