WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE

Basic Calculus 11

3
LEARNING QUARTER

MODULE WEEK 2

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 MODULE IN
BASIC CALCULUS

QUARTER 3
WEEK 2

Limits of Some Transcendental

Functions and Indeterminate
Forms
Development Team

Writers: George A. Alonzo Myla Fei Q. Martinez

Jenny Rose Q. Ancheta Romnick S. Castillo
Editors/Reviewers: Gerson Jeremy C. Antonio Gregorio P. Agatep, Jr.
Myla Fei Q. Martinez
Layout Artists: Romnick S. Castillo Myla Fei Q. Martinez
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Marlyn S. Ventura

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 What I Need to Know
This module will help you understand the concept and process of solving the limits of
a function, use these limit laws, apply these on certain functions, and solve the limits of
transcendental functions.

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)

The learner:
1. compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using
tables of values and graphs of the functions; and
sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
2. illustrate limits involving the expressions , and and using tables of
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
values.

Objectives:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. evaluate the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using tables
of values and graphs of the functions;
2. apply some special limits to find other limits of trigonometric functions; and
0
3. evaluate the function limits of indeterminate form of type .
0

What I Know

Direction: Choose the letter of the alternative that correctly completes the statement or
answers the question. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided for. (Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.)
______1. If 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, and 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, the exponential function with base b is defined by _____.
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑏 B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥
C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑏 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥
______2. The natural exponential function is defined by f (x) = ex, where e is approximately
equal to 2.71828183. The letter e is an irrational number named after the 18th
century Swiss Mathematician ___________.
A. Euclid B. Leonhard EulerC. George Boole
D. Isaac Newton
______3. The graph of the function defined by f(x) = ex is
shown at the right (Figure 1). What is the lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
𝑥→0

A. -2 B. -1
C. 0 D. 1
Figure 1

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______4. What is the inverse of the exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 ?
A. 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 B. 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏 C. 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑥 D. 𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑦
______5. Let 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1. If 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥, then y is the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted
by _______.
A. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 B. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑏
C. 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 D. 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑏
______6. What is the lim 𝑒 𝑥 ?
𝑥→−∞

A. DNE B. 0 C. −∞ D. +∞
______7. What is the lim 𝑒 𝑥 ?
𝑥→+∞

A. DNE B. 0 C. −∞ D. +∞
______8. Evaluate the lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥.
𝑥→𝑒

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE
______9. The graph of the function defined
by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 is shown at the
right (Figure 2). What is lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
𝑥→1

A. -1 B. 0
C. 1 D. DNE

Figure 2

______10. Evaluate: lim+ ln 𝑥.

𝑥→0

A. 0 B. 1 C. −∞ D. +∞

______11. Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 shown below (Figure 3), what is the lim𝜋 sin 𝑥?
𝑥→ 2

Figure 3

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE

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______12. Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 shown below(Figure 4), what is the lim cos 𝑥?
𝑥→0

Figure 4

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE
𝑓(𝑥)
______13. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim is called ________.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥)
0
A. Undefined B. Indeterminate form of type
0

C. DNE D. Infinite form

sin 𝑡
______14. What is the limit of as t approaches 0?
𝑡

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE
1−cos 𝑡
______15. What is the lim ?
𝑡→0 𝑡

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DN

Lesson LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL,

LOGARITHMIC, AND
1 TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
Recall that the limit of a function only exists if the left-hand limit (as 𝑥 → 𝑎− ) and right-
hand limit (as 𝑥 → 𝑎+ ) are equal. Otherwise, the limit does not exist (DNE).

In its formal definition, the limit of a function is equal to L as x approaches a, written as

lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 if and only if lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

On the other hand, it is relatively easy to look for the limit of a function when its graph
is given. To approach any given value a, the direction may be from the left or the right, that is
𝑥 → 𝑎− and 𝑥 → 𝑎+ . Another way to determine the limit is by tracing the graph from both
directions, and the graph will approach a certain value of 𝑓(𝑎).

Taking the limit of a function means approaching a certain value of x. It does not
necessarily mean that the function value at that point is obtained. This means that for any
function 𝑓(𝑥), the value of 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) may or may not be equal to 𝑓(𝑎).
𝑥→𝑎

Using a table of values, graphing, and mastering the different theorems on limits can
help fast-track the evaluation of limits. By using these methods, one can find out that there are
cases that the limit is infinite.

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 What’s In
Activity 1: Let’s do FunGra!

A.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) = 3𝑥

Graph the function by plotting the points on the cartesian plane.

i. In the graph, investigate the limit of f(x) at x = 0.
ii. Discuss concisely and comprehensively how you can determine the
limit of f(x) using your graph.
iii. Is the limit of the exponential function as x approaches 0 always equal
to 1? Why?

B.
x 1/81 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 81
f(x) = log 3 𝑥

Graph the function by plotting the points on the cartesian plane.

i. In the graph, investigate the limit of f(x) at x = 1.
ii. Discuss concisely and comprehensively how you can determine the
limit of f(x) using your graph.
iii. Is the limit of a logarithmic function as x approaches 1 always equal to
0? Why?

C.
x -𝜋 −3𝜋/2 -𝜋/2 0 𝜋/2 3𝜋/2 2𝜋
f(x) = cos 𝑥

Graph the function by plotting the points on the cartesian plane.

i. In the graph, investigate the limit of f(x) at x = 0.
ii. Discuss concisely and comprehensively how you can determine the
limit of f(x) using your graph.
iii. Is the limit of cosine function as x approaches 0 always equal to 1?
Why?

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 What’s New

Real-world situations can be expressed in terms of functional relationships. These

functional relationships are called mathematical models. It is important that one can generate
mathematical models when dealing with applications in calculus. These sometimes include
functions such as exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. We shall begin this
lesson by recalling these functions and their corresponding graphs.

A. Exponential function

If b is any number such that b  0 and b  1 then an exponential function is a

function in the form f ( x ) = b where b is called the base and x can be any real
x

number.

The graph is shown on the right.

When we replace b by e = 2.71828 ... ,

called the Euler’s number, then f ( x ) = e is what

x

we call the natural exponential function.

On the other hand, a logarithmic function, as you may recall, is just the inverse of an
exponential function, defined as

If b is any number such that b  0 and b  1 and x  0 then y = logb x is equivalent

to b = x , read as “log base b of x.”
y

The graph is shown below.

There are also special
logarithms called the common
logarithm and the natural logarithm.
A common logarithm is when
b = 10 and a natural logarithm is
when b = e . Note that loge x = ln x

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 Trigonometric functions, on the other hand, are functions of an angle. And here are
the common six trigonometric functions:

For every 𝑐 in the trigonometric function’s domain where c is an angle measure,

a. lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑐 b. lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑐 c. lim tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

d. lim sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑐 e. lim csc 𝑥 = csc 𝑐 f. lim cot 𝑥 = cot 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

What is It

We will evaluate some exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. Also, we

will find the limits of special functions through a table of values and graphs.

Example 1. Consider this exponential function f ( x ) = 2 . What is lim 2 ?

x x
x →0

Table of values:

As x → 0− As x → 0+

x f ( x ) = 2x x f ( x ) = 2x
-0.9 0.5358… 0.9 1.8660…
-0.09 0.9395… 0.09 1.0643…
-0.009 0.9937… 0.009 1.0062…
-0.0009 0.9993… 0.0009 1.0006…
-0.00009 0.9999… 0.00009 1.0000…

Since the left-hand and right-hand limits are equal, therefore, lim 2 = 1 .
x
x →0

Example 2. Let’s have the natural exponential function f ( x ) = e . Find lim e .

x x
x →0

Table of values:
− +
As x → 0 As x → 0

x f (x) = ex x f (x) = ex
-0.9 0.4065… 0.9 2.4596…
-0.09 0.9139… 0.09 1.0941…
-0.009 0.9910… 0.009 1.0090…
-0.0009 0.9991… 0.0009 1.0009…
-0.00009 0.9999… 0.00009 1.0000…

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 Note that both the left-hand and right-hand limits approach 1, therefore, lim e x = 1 .
x →0

For the graphs of example 1 and 2, we have the following:

One can verify from the graphs that

indeed lim 2 = 1 and lim e = 1 .
x x
x →0 x →0

Example 3. Consider the function

f ( x ) = log x . Solve for lim log x .
x →1

Table of values:

As x → 1
−
As x → 1+

x f ( x ) = log x x f ( x ) = log x

0.9 -0.0457… 1.1 0.0413…

0.99 -4.3648…  10
−3 1.01 4.3213…  10 −3
0.999 -4.3451…  10
−4 1.001 4.3407…  10 −4
0.9999 -4.3431…  10
−5 1.0001 4.3427…  10 −5

0.99999 -4.3429…  10
−6 1.00001 4.3429…  10 −6

Observe that the left-hand and right-hand both go to 0 as x approaches 1. Therefore,

lim log x = 0 .
x →1

Example 4. Let’s look at this another logarithmic function f ( x ) = ln x . Find lim ln x .

x →1

Table of values:

+
As x → 1− As x → 1

x f ( x ) = ln x x f ( x ) = ln x
0.9 -0.1053… 1.1 0.0953…
−3
0.99 -0.0100… 1.01 9.9503…  10
−3
0.999 -1.0005…  10 1.001 9.9950…  10
−4

−4
0.9999 -1.0000…  10 1.0001 9.9995…  10
−5

−5
0.99999 -1.0000…  10 1.00001 9.9999…  10
−6

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 Observe that the left-hand and right-hand both go to 0 as x approaches 1. Therefore,
lim ln x = 0 .
x →1

For the graphs of example 3

and 4, we have the following:
f(x) = ln x
f(x) = log x

One can verify from the graphs that

indeed lim log 𝑥 = 0 and lim ln 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Example 5. Let’s consider the trigonometric function f ( x ) = sin x . What is lim sin x ?
x →

Table of values:

As x →  − As x →  +

x x →+ x f ( x ) = sin x
3 0.1411… 3.5 -0.3507…
3.1 0.0415… 3.2 -0.0583…
−3
3.14 1.5926…  10 3.18 -0.0383...
−4
3.141 5.9265…  10 3.16 -0.0184...
−3
3.1416 -7.3464…  10 −6 3.15 -8.4072…  10

Based on the table of values, we can see that the left-hand and the right-hand
approaches 0. Looking at the graph verifies that indeed lim sin 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→𝜋

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 What’s More

Activity 2: Find the Limits!

I. Evaluate the following limits by constructing the table of values.
1. lim 4𝑥 2. lim ln (𝑥 + 2)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

II. Given the graph below, evaluate the following limits

2
1

A. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ______ A. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ______

𝑥→1 𝑥→0
B. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ______ B. lim𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = ______
𝑥→0 𝑥→
2
C. lim 𝑓(𝑥) =______ C. lim𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = ______
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→ 4

What I Have Learned

An exponential function is defined as If b is any number such that b  0 and b  1

then an exponential function is a function in the form f ( x ) = b where b is called the
x

base and x can be any real number.

A logarithmic function is defined as If b is any number such that b  0 and b  1

and x  0 then y = logb x is equivalent to b = x , read as “log base b of x.”
y

Trigonometric Functions are functions of an angle, and there are the common six
trigonometric functions:

For every 𝑐 in the trigonometric function’s domain, where c is an angle measure,

a. lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑐 b. lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑐 c. lim tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

d. lim sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑐 e. lim csc 𝑥 = csc 𝑐 f. lim cot 𝑥 = cot 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

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 What I Can Do

Activity 3: Push your Limits

Direction: Given the following transcendental functions, you must find their limits using a table
of values and corresponding graphs. As you do the activity, you will answer each of the
following conditions/questions in columns 2 & 3. Your output will be based on the rubric shown
on the next page.

Transcendental Table of Values Graph

Function
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 A. Construct and use the table of values Use the table of values to sketch
in… the graph of the function.
i. interpreting the limit of f(x) as x Make sure to label the graph
approaches 2 from the right; and properly. What can you observe
ii. interpreting the limit of f(x) as x on the function’s behavior as it
approaches 2 from the left. goes closer to the value of x = 2
B. What conclusion could you make from both directions?
about the limits of f(x)?
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥 A. Construct and use the Table of Use the table of values to sketch
Values in… the graph of the function.
i. interpreting the limit of f(x) as Make sure to label the graph
x approaches 4 from the properly. What can you observe
right; and on the function’s behavior as it
ii. interpreting the limit of f(x) as goes closer to the value x = 4
x approaches 4 from the left. from both directions?
B. What conclusion could you make
about the limits of f(x)?
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 A. Construct and use the Table of Use the table of values to sketch
Values in… the graph of the function.
i. interpreting the limit of f(x) as Make sure to label the graph
x approaches 0 from the properly. What can you observe
right; and on the function’s behavior as it
ii. interpreting the limit of f(x) as goes closer to the value of x = 0
x approaches 0 from the left. from both directions?
B. What conclusion could you make
about the limits of f(x)?

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 Scoring Rubric
Category 4 3 2 1
Very Good Good Fair Poor
Interpretation The table of The table of The table of The table of
of the Table values is well- values is values is values is not
of Values organized and organized, accurate but accurate and not
accurate and accurate, and incorrectly used used to interpret
interprets the limit interprets the to interpret the the limit of the
of the function limit of the limit of the function.
correctly. function function.
correctly.
Accuracy of The graph of the The graph of the The graph of The graph of the
the graph function is function is the function is function is
correctly and correctly but drawn but not incorrectly drawn,
completely drawn incompletely based on the and the points are
based on the table drawn based on table of values. connected using a
of values. All the the table of Some of the sharp curve.
points are values. All the points are
connected using a points are connected
smooth curve. connected using using a sharp
a smooth curve. curve.
Interpretation The graph is The graph is The graph is The graph is not
of the Graph appropriately somewhat labeled and labeled correctly
labeled, showing labeled and incorrectly used and is not used to
the function’s limit, correctly used to to interpret interpret the
and correctly used interpret the behavior of function’s behavior
to interpret the the behavior of the function as as it gets closer
function’s the function as it it gets closer and closer to a
behavior as it gets gets closer and and closer to a particular value in
closer and closer closer to a particular value both directions.
to a particular particular value in both
value in both in both directions.
directions. directions.

Lesson

2 SOME SPECIAL LIMITS

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned that a function’s limit can be determined in
two ways. (a) construct a table of values and study the function’s behavior as x approaches
its indicated value and (b) sketch the graph of the function and study the function’s behavior
as it goes closer to the given x value from both directions. But graphing and making a table of

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values of a function can be tedious. So, here are the limit theorems you can apply when solving
for the limit of a function.

A. Special Functions:
sin 𝑡 1−cos (𝑡) 𝑒 𝑡 −1
1. 𝑓(𝑡) = 2. 𝑔(𝑡) = 3. ℎ(𝑡) =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

Note: These functions will be vital to the computation of the derivatives of the sine,
cosine,
and natural exponential functions in Chapter 2.
What’s New
0
B. Indeterminate Form of Type
0

A. Special Functions
sin 𝑡
1. Verify that lim = 1 by constructing a table of values.
𝑡→0 𝑡

𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)
−𝟏 0.84147099848
−𝟎. 𝟓 0.9588510772
sin 𝑡 −𝟎. 𝟏 0.9983341665
A. The lim−
𝑡→0 𝑡 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 0.9999833334
−𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 0.9999998333
−𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 0.9999999983

𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)
𝟏 0.84147099848
𝟎. 𝟓 0.9588510772
sin 𝑡 𝟎. 𝟏 0.9983341665
B. The lim+
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 0.9999833334
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 0.9999998333
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 0.9999999983

It can be observed from the table of values that as the values of 𝑡 approach zero from
sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
either side, the values of approach 1. Hence, lim = 1.
𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

sin 𝑡
The graph of 𝑓(𝑡) = below confirms that the y-values approach 1 as 𝑡 approaches 0.
𝑡

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 1−cos 𝑡
2. Verify that lim = 0 by constructing a table of values.
𝑡→0 𝑡

𝒕 𝒈(𝒕)
-1 -0.4596976941
1−cos 𝑡
A. lim− -0.5 -0.2448348762
𝑡→0 𝑡
-0.1 -0.04995834722
-0.01 -0.0049999583
-0.001 -0.0004999999
-0.0001 -0.000005

t g(t)
1−cos 𝑡
B. lim+ 1 0.4596976941
𝑡→0 𝑡
0.5 0.2448348762
0.1 0.04995834722
0.01 0.0049999583
0.001 0.0004999999
0.0001 0.000005

1−cos 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡

Since lim− = 0 and lim+ = 0, we conclude that lim = 0.
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

1−cos 𝑡
Below is the graph of 𝑔(𝑡) = . We see that the y-values approach 0 as t tends
𝑡
to 0.

𝑒 𝑡 −1
3. Verify that lim = 1 by constructing a table of values.
𝑡→0 𝑡

t h(t)
𝑒𝑡 −1 -1 0.6321205588
A. lim−
𝑡→0 𝑡
-0.5 0.7869386806
-0.1 0.9516258196
-0.01 0.9950166251
-0.001 0.9995001666
-0.0001 0.9999500016

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 t h(t)
1 1.718281828
𝑒𝑡 −1
0.5 1.297442541
B. lim+ 0.1 1.051709181
𝑡→0 𝑡
0.01 1.005016708
0.001 1.000500167
0.0001 1.000050002

𝑒 𝑡 −1 𝑒 𝑡 −1 𝑒 𝑡 −1
Since lim− = 1 and lim+ = 1, we conclude that lim = 1.
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

𝑒 𝑡 −1
The graph of ℎ(𝑡) below confirms that lim ℎ(𝑡) = 1
𝑡 𝑡→0

𝟎
B. Indeterminate form
𝟎

There are functions whose limits cannot be determined immediately using the Limit
Theorems we have so far. In these cases, the functions must be manipulated to calculate the
limit if it exists. We call such limit expressions “indeterminate forms.”
0
In this lesson, we will define a particular indeterminate form , and discuss how to
0

evaluate a limit that will initially result in this form.

0
Definition of Indeterminate Form of Type “ ”
0

𝑓(𝑥) 𝟎
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim is called an indeterminate form of type " ”
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝟎

16
 What Is It?

We will more be interested in the following discussion by applying the previously

proven limits of special functions to evaluate some trigonometric functions without constructing
a table of values, and also, we will study how limits of function in the indeterminate type of the
0
form could be solved in different ways.
0

0
Note 1: A limit that is indeterminate of type may exist. To find the actual value, one
0

should find an expression equivalent to the original. This is commonly done by factoring
or by rationalizing. Hopefully, the expression that will emerge after factoring or rationalizing
will have a defined limit.

sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1 0
Note 2: The lim , lim , and lim will result in upon direct substitution.
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 0

However, they are not resolved by factoring or rationalization, but by a method which you
will learn in college calculus.

Let’s take some illustrative examples:

I. Evaluate the following without constructing a table of values:

Theorem: For every 𝑐 in the trigonometric function’s domain where c is an angle

measure,
a. lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑐 b. lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑐 c. lim tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

d. lim sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑐 e. lim csc 𝑥 = csc 𝑐 f. lim cot 𝑥 = cot 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

tan(𝑡)
1. lim =?
𝑡→0 𝑡

sin 𝑡 Quotient Identity

Note that: tan 𝑡 =
cos 𝑡

sin 𝑡
cos 𝑡
Substitute the above identity to 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡
lim =
𝑥→0 𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 Simplify
lim =
𝑡→0 t cos 𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 1 Separate the limit using the product rule

lim • =
𝑡→0 𝑡 cos 𝑡

17
 1 sin 𝑡
1• ( lim )= Applying lim =1
𝑡→0 cos 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

1
1• 1 = 1 Substitute 𝑡 = 0 in 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡

(That is, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = 1)

Therefore:

tan(𝑡) Answer
lim =1
𝑡→0 𝑡
sin 3𝑥
2. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

sin 3𝑥 3 Multiply both numerator and denominator

lim •
𝑥→0 𝑥 3 by the number in the numerator.

sin 3𝑥 Simplify
lim 3
𝑥→0 3𝑥

sin 𝑡 Assume 𝑡 = 3𝑥 as x approaches 0

lim 3
𝑥→0 𝑡
sin 𝑡 Applying the Product Rule
lim 3 • lim
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑡

lim 3 • 1 sin 𝑡
𝑥→0 lim =1
𝑡→0 𝑡

(3)(1) Apply limit of a constant

Therefore:

sin 3𝑥 Answer
lim =3
𝑥→0 𝑥

II. Evaluate the following limits

𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
3. lim .
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1

The limit of both the numerator and the denominator as x approaches -1 is 0. Thus,
0
this limit as currently written is an indeterminate form of type .
0

However, observe that (x + 1) is a factor common to the numerator and the

𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1 (𝑥+1)2
denominator, and = = x + 1 when x ≠ -1.
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1 (𝑥+1)2
Therefore, lim = lim = lim (𝑥 + 1) = (-1+1) = 0
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1 𝑥→−1 𝑥+1 𝑥→−1

18
 𝑥 2 −1
4. lim .
𝑥→1 √𝑥−1

𝑥 2 −1
Since the lim 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 and the lim √𝑥 − 1 = 0, then lim is an indeterminate
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1 √𝑥−1
0
form of type . To find the limit, observe that if x ≠ 1, then by rationalizing the denominator,
0
𝑥 2 −1 √𝑥+1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)(√𝑥+1)
∙ = = (𝑥 + 1)(√𝑥 + 1).
√𝑥−1 √𝑥+1 𝑥−1

𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)(√𝑥+1)
Thus, lim = lim = lim (𝑥 + 1)(√𝑥 + 1) = 4.
𝑥→1 √𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1

What’s More

Activity 1: Let’s evaluate!

A. Evaluate without constructing a table.

sin 2𝑥 sin 7𝑥 sin 𝑡 1− cos 𝑡 𝑡

1. lim 2. lim 3. lim ∗ 4. lim
𝑥→0 5𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑡 𝑡 𝑥→0 𝑒 𝑡 −1

B. Evaluate the following limits.

𝑥 3 −27 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑡 2 −1

1. lim 2. lim 3. lim 4. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥→−2 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥+2 𝑡→−1 𝑡 2 +4𝑡+3

What I Have Learned

A. Transcendental Functions also include three theorems. (SPECIAL THEOREM)

sin 𝑡 1−cos (𝑡) 𝑒 𝑡 −1

1. lim =1 2. lim =0 3. lim =1
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

𝑓(𝑥) 0
B. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim is called an indeterminate form of type .
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) 0

19
 What I Can Do

Activity 2: Help Me Write!

Your classmate requests you to help him/her in understanding the solutions of the
1−cos 3𝑡
lim = 0, via writing. How do you apply your knowledge based on what you have
𝑡→0 3𝑡

learned from this module in doing the task?

Note: Your output will be rated using the rubric shown on the next page.

Analytic Rubric
Criteria 4 3 2 1
Very Good Good Fair Poor
Organization of The content of The content of The content of The content of
the Content the written work the written work the written work the written work
is explained in is explained in is explained in is explained, but
detail, well- detail, detail, but some most are not
organized, and organized, and are not clear clear and difficult
easy to somewhat easy and difficult to to understand.
understand. to understand. understand.

Completeness of The solutions The solutions The solutions The solutions

Solutions are correct, are correct, contain errors, contain many
systematic, and systematic, but somewhat errors and not
complete. Used not complete. systematic, and used any of the
all of the Used any two of not complete. following: table of
following: table the following: Used only one values, graph, or
of values, graph, table of values, of the following: special limit in
or special limit in graph, or table of values, showing the
showing the special limit in graph, or special solution.
solution. showing the limit in showing
solution. the solution.

20
 Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the alternative that correctly completes the statement or
answers the question. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided for. (Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.)
______1. If 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, and 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, the exponential function with base b is defined by _____.
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑏 B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥
C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑏 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥
______2. The natural exponential function is defined by f (x) = ex, where e is approximately
equal to 2.71828183. The letter e is an irrational number named after the 18 th
century Swiss Mathematician ___________.
A. Euclid B. Leonhard Euler
C. George Boole D. Isaac Newton

______3. The graph of the function defined by f(x) = ex is

shown at the right (Figure 1). What is the lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
𝑥→0

A. -2 B. -1
C. 0 D. 1
Figure 1

______4. What is the inverse of the exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 ?

A. 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥 B. 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏 C. 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑥 D. 𝑥 𝑏 = 𝑦

______5. Let 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1. If 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥, then y is the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted
by _______.
A. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 B. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑏
C. 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 D. 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑏

______6. What is the lim 𝑒 𝑥 ?

𝑥→−∞

A. DNE B. 0 C. −∞ D. +∞

______7. What is the lim 𝑒 𝑥 ?

𝑥→+∞

A. DNE B. 0 C. −∞ D. +∞

______8. Evaluate the lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥.

𝑥→𝑒

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE

21
______9. The graph of the function defined
by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 is shown at the
right (Figure 2). What is lim 𝑓(𝑥)?
𝑥→1

A. -1 B. 0
C. 1 D. DNE
Figure 2

______10. Evaluate: lim+ ln 𝑥.

𝑥→0

A. 0 B. 1
C. −∞ D. +∞
______11. Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 shown below (Figure 3), what is the lim𝜋 sin 𝑥?
𝑥→ 2

Figure 3

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE
______12. Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 shown below(Figure 4), what is the lim cos 𝑥?
𝑥→0

Figure 4

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE
𝑓(𝑥)
______13. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim is called ________.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥)
0
A. Undefined B. Indeterminate form of type
0

C. DNE D. Infinite form

sin 𝑡
______14. What is the limit of as t approaches 0?
𝑡

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE
1−cos 𝑡
______15. What is the lim ?
𝑡→0 𝑡

A. -1 B. 0 C. 1 D. DNE

22
Answer Key

23
References
Eduard M. Albay. 2020. Basic Calculus. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. Makati City.

Leithold, L. (2002). The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Department of Education. 2016. Basic Calculus Teaching Guide for Senior High School.
Commission on Higher Education. Quezon City.

[Link]