1.

They both are "basic" views of life and humanity,

Realism stripping away the layers of romanticism to present a
“natural" or "real" outlook of the work.
 Began in France in the 1850s.
2. Both of these pessimistic views came to be in a time
 The art-historical definition of realism originated in
around the 19th century, a period known for its trials
the movement that was dominant primarily in France
and turmoil. 
from about 1840 to 1870-80 and that is identified
3. God is absent from most of the writing in either
particularly with the work of Gustave Courbet.
category, with writers opting for a focus on the real
 Defined by the accurate, unembellished, and detailed
world.
depiction of nature or contemporary life.
 Representation of the external world as it is actually
But despite these similarities, these two literary movements are
seen.
separate for a reason.
 Prefers an observation of physical appearance rather
than imagination or idealization. 1. Realism sought to be a faithful representation of life,
 Believed in the ideology of objective reality and while Naturalism was more like a "chronicle of despair.
revolted against exaggerated emotionalism. In a way, Naturalism can see as a exaggerated form
 Truth and accuracy became the goals of many Realists. of Realism.
Everyday Life is the subject of the realists. 2. While in Realism the main focus was on the middle
class and its problems, Naturalism dives head first into
the major drama, favoring the ill educated or low class
Different Styles of Realism for its characters and violence and taboo for its
themes.
Social Realism 3. While in Realism, faithful representation of reality is
 (1920s/1930s) important, in Naturalism, Nature itself is an indifferent
 A naturalistic style of realism which focuses exclusively force.
on social issues and everyday hardships.
 Best known members of the group: Ben Shahn, Jack  Some writers restrict the terms "Naturalism" and
Levine and Jacob Lawrence. "Realism" for use as labels for period styles of the
 All were significantly influenced by the earlier Ashcan middle and late nineteenth century in Europe and
School of New York city. America, thus making available the terms "naturalism"
and "realism," all lowercase, for tendencies of art of any
Surrealism period so long as the works strive for an accurate
 launched in Paris in 1924 representation of the visible world. All art is
 published by of Andre Breton's Manifesto conventional, but artists following the tendency
 Based on the psychoanalytical ideas of Sigmund Freud "naturalism" profess a belief in the importance of
 Sought to release the creative potential of the producing works that mimic the visible world as
unconscious mind. closely as possible. Thus, "Naturalism" and “Realism”
are tied to time and place, whereas "naturalism" and
Two broad types of Surrealist art: “realism” are timeless.
1. The fantasy-like paintings of Salvador Dali (1904-89)
and Rene Magritte (1898-1967) Realist Painters
2. The automatism of Joan Miro (1893-1983) 1. Gustave Courbet
The Salon of 1850–1851 [10] found him
 Despite its bizarre style and a relatively short span, triumphant with Stone-Breakers, thePeasants of Flagey and A
Surrealism proved immensely resilient as an influence, Burial at Ornans. The Burial, one of Courbet's most important
and continues to this day. Famous Surrealist paintings works, records the funeral of his grandfather. People who
include Dali's The Persistence of Memory (1931) attended the funeral were the models for the painting.
and The Disintegration of the Persistence of
Memory (1954). Courbet became a celebrity, and was
spoken of as a genius, a "terrible socialist" and a "savage".[12] He
Naturalism actively encouraged the public's perception of him as an
unschooled peasant. While his ambition, his bold
 Employed by novelists, artists, and art critics as a
pronouncements to journalists, and his insistence on depicting
synonym for realism. But, in fact, naturalism was a
his own life in his art gave him a reputation for unbridled vanity
much more complex term.
A Burial at Ornans
 A type of art that pays attention to very accurate and
precise details, and portrays things as they are.
 Representation of the external world as it is actually 2. Singleton Copley
seen. Copley was born in Boston, Massachusetts
 These rules out God, so naturalism is atheistic. in 1737 and was brought up over his mother’s tobacco shop after
 Naturalism usually but not always denies that the his father died in the West Indies when he was a baby. His
universe has any meaning or purpose because there is mother married artist Peter Pelham, who ran a school where his
no God to give it a meaning or purpose, and nothing stepson learnt the rudiments of art, before Pelham also died
else which can give it a meaning or purpose. when John was only 13.
 Anyone who accepts the first three denials, of God,
spiritual beings, and immortality, might be called a The young Copley turned his hand to
naturalist in the broad sense, and anyone who adds to portrait painting and engraving and a portrait of his step-
these the denial of freedom, values, and purpose might brother so impressed Joshua Reynolds when it was taken to
be labeled a naturalist in the strict sense, or a strict London that the young artist was urged to follow it across the
naturalist. Atlantic. But Copley was establishing a growing reputation in
Boston and remained there, marrying Susannah Clarke in 1769.
Through his father-in-law Copley became embroiled in the
Realism and Naturalism notorious Boston Tea Party in 1773 and set off afterwards on an
While being two separate literary movements, Realism artistic tour of Europe, followed two years later by his wife and
and Naturalism have at times found themselves to be four children.
interchangeable, sharing some deep running similarities:
Copley was known in London as a loyalist
and an accomplished artist and he joined the Royal Academy.
jOnah_58 
His reputation grew and it was little surprise that he was chosen principal force in the development of 19th-century
by Boydell to paint the story of the Battle of Jersey. musical romanticism and an influential music critic.

John Singleton Copley's famous painting of the Death of Major  Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique
Peirson during the Battle of Jersey Hector Berlioz wrote his revolutionary Symphonie Fantastique
(1831) in reaction to the intense and unreciprocated passion he
3. Edouard Manet, 1832-1883 felt for Irish actress Harriet Smithson. The work was considered
one of France’s famous artists in art history, by Berlioz to be a musical drama that should be presented
painted one of his most without written programs in the hopes that it would “of itself,
famous paintings, "Luncheon on the Grass", in 1863. and irrespective of any dramatic aim, offer interest in the
The painting was rejected by the Academy Salon, Paris, and musical sense alone.” As a result, each powerful movement in
then submitted to the Salon des Refuses that same year. the work stands on its own in its ability to evoke a particular
mood, character, and image.
A partial reason his art was rejected at the
Salon, was a suspicion by the judges that he was promoting 2. Franz Liszt (1811-1886), Hungarian-born pianist and
himself just before the up-coming 1863 Salon. Two months prior composer, founder of the solo piano recital and
to the Salon opening, Edouard Manet exhibited fourteen of his perhaps the greatest pianist of all time, as well as one
paintings in a local gallery, eager to capitalize on an honorable of the important composers of the 19th century.
mention award won in the Salon two years earlier submitting
the painting "Spanish Guitar Player", 1860  Liszt’s Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2
The nationalistic impulses that were an essential part of 19th-
"Luncheon on the Grass", lacking in century romanticism are evident in the series of Hungarian
moralistic values, and allegorical history, not to mention the Rhapsodies for piano written by Hungarian composer Franz
audacity of the nude woman sitting undisturbed in front of two Liszt between 1846 and 1886. Liszt presented a highly theatrical
fully clothed well-dressed men must have been quite shocking interpretation of gypsy music in these works, many of which
to the jurors at the Salon. Edouard Manet's painting certainly have orchestral versions.
was shocking to the public. The reaction to the painting is
difficult to understand in light of the fact that famous artists 3. Georges Bizet (1838-1875), French composer, best
such as Giorgione and Titian have done similar things in known for his operas. He was born Alexandre César
Giorgione's painting "Tempest", 1505-1510, and in Titian's Léopold Bizet in Bougival near Paris on October 25,
art"Bacchanal of the Adrians", 1520. A reasonable first thought is 1838. His parents were musical: His father was a
the painting did not follow artistic academic standards of the singing teacher and his mother, a pianist. The young
time. Bizet entered the Paris Conservatoire at the age of
nine, where he won first prize for piano in 1852 and
Manet’s problem was he had made outdoor studied composition with French composers Jacques
art studies of Nature for the landscape painting but painted the Halévy and Charles Gounod. By the time Bizet won the
figures in his studio without any reference to natural light. This much coveted Prix de Rome in 1857, he had already
is why they look like paper cutouts pasted into the landscape. composed his Symphony No. 1 in C Major (1855).

Manet’s art is not interested in the subject  Bizet’s Carmen

matter but in an artistic way of creating a picture. Manet is Georges Bizet’s Carmen, first performed in Paris in 1875, was a
looking for the best way to create a visual experience in paint milestone in the history of French opera. It is renowned for its
medium. rhythmic and melodic vitality. The opera’s colorful Spanish
setting and musical atmosphere show the interest in music of
"Luncheon on the Grass" distinct ethnic origins during the romantic period (about 1820 to
Naturalist Painter about 1900). In this excerpt of Carmen the main character sings
an evocative habanera (slow Cuban dance rhythm popular in
Spain).
 Albert Charpin born in Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes in
1842, died in Asnières-sur-Seine in [Link] was a
natualist painter. He painted real objects in a natural
setting. A pupil ofCharles-François Daubigny, Charpin
was a painter of natural landscapes with, typically, a
shepherdess and her guardian-dog taking care of
animals, cows or sheep. Characteristic of his paintings
are the natural poses and serenity of his actors, in a
context of early morning light, with cloudy skies. He
was a well-known member of the Barbizon School.
One of his paintings, "Le Retour à la Ferme", is at the
Musée des Beaux-Arts at Chambéry in Savoie. His
paintings can also found in museums and private
collections elsewhere in Europe and in the Americas.

Realism and Naturalism In Music

As intellectual and artistic movements 19th-Century
Realism and Naturalism are both responses to Romanticism but
are not really comparable to it in scope or influence.

For one thing, "realism" is not a term strictly applicable to

music. But, despite of that, we still have three prominent
composers during this era. These are:

1. Hector Berlioz (1803-1869), French composer, known

for his melodic and orchestral innovations. He was a

jOnah_58 