UGNA 3043 REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN
Ir Ts Dr. LEONG KAH HON
Email: khleong@[Link]
Room No. E215, Ext 2256
 TOPIC 4

Analysis of Section
 ANALYSIS OF SECTION

The total design of a structure does depend on the analysis and design of the
individual member sections.
The three most important principles are

1. The stresses and strains are related by the material properties, including the
stress–strain curves for concrete and steel.

2. The distribution of strains must be compatible with the distorted shape of the
cross-section.

3. The resultant forces developed by the section must balance the applied loads
for static equilibrium.
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
CONCRETE

The behaviour of structural concrete is represented by a parabolic stress– strain

relationship, up to a strain 𝜺𝒄𝟐 , from which point the strain increases while the
stress remains constant.

fck characteristic cylinder strength

𝛾𝑐
Partial safety factor for concrete
strength
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
CONCRETE

The ultimate design stress is given by

α𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘

=
γ𝑐 1.5
= 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
CONCRETE

where the factor 𝜶𝒄𝒄 = 0.85 allows for long-term effects and the difference
between the bending strength and the cylinder crushing strength of the concrete,
and
𝜸𝒄 =1.5 is the usual partial safety factor for the strength of concrete.

The ultimate strain of 𝜺𝒄𝒖𝟐 = 0.0035 is typical for classes of concrete ≤ C50/60.

Concrete classes ≤ C50/60 will, unless otherwise stated, be considered throughout

in this class.
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
REINFORCING STEEL

The behaviour of the steel is identical in tension and compression, being linear in
f
the elastic range up to the design yield stress of yk ,
𝜸𝒔

where fyk is the characteristic yield stress and

𝛾𝑠 is the partial factor of safety.
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
REINFORCING STEEL

Within the elastic range, the relationship between the stress and strain is
 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES
ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING

The theory of bending for reinforced

concrete assumes that the concrete
will crack in the regions of tensile
strains and that, after cracking, all the
tension is carried by the
reinforcement.

It is also assumed that plane sections

of a structural member remain plane
after straining, so that across the
section there must be a linear
distribution of strains.
 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES
ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING

Three different types of stress

distribution in the concrete:

1. The triangular stress distribution

applies when the stresses are nearly
proportional to the strains, which
generally occurs at the loading levels
encountered under working
conditions and is, therefore, used at
the serviceability limit state.
 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES
ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING

2. The rectangular–parabolic stress block represents the distribution at failure when

the compressive strains are within the plastic range, and it is associated with the
design for the ultimate limit state.

3. The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified alternative to the

rectangular– parabolic distribution.
 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES
ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING

As there is compatibility of strains between the reinforcement and the adjacent

concrete, the steel strains 𝜺𝒔𝒕 in tension and 𝜺𝒔𝒄 in compression can be
determined from the strain diagram.

The relationships between the depth of neutral axis (x) and the maximum
concrete strain 𝜺𝒄𝒖 ) and the steel strains are given by similar triangles

𝑑−𝑥
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢2 ( )
𝑥
and
𝑥 − 𝑑′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢2 ( )
𝑥
where d is the effective depth of the beam and d’
is the depth of the compression reinforcement.
 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES
ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING

Having determined the strains, we can evaluate the stresses in the

reinforcement from the stress–strain curve of figure.

For analysis of a section with known steel strains, the depth of the neutral axis
can be determined by rearranging equation

𝑑−𝑥
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢2 ( )
𝑥

𝑑
𝑥= 𝜀𝑠𝑡
1+
𝜀𝑐𝑢2
 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES
ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING

For steel with fyk =500N/mm2 the yield strain is 𝜀𝑦 =0.00217.

𝑑
𝑥=
0.00217
1+
0.0035

𝑥 = 0.617𝑑

Hence, to ensure yielding of the tension steel at the ultimate limit state : 𝒙 ≤
𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝒅
 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES
ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING

At the ultimate limit state it is important that member sections in flexure

should be ductile and that failure should occur with the gradual yielding of the
tension steel and not by a sudden catastrophic compression failure of the
concrete.

Also, yielding of the reinforcement enables the formation of plastic hinges so

that redistribution of maximum moments can occur, resulting in a safer and
more economical structure.
 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES
ACROSS A SECTION IN BENDING

To ensure rotation of the plastic hinges with sufficient yielding of the tension
steel and also to allow for other factors such as the strain hardening of the steel,
EC2 limits the depth of neutral axis to

𝑥 ≤ 0.45𝑑 For concrete class ≤ 𝐶50/60

 BENDING AND THE EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR STRESS BLOCK

For most reinforced concrete structures it is usual to commence the design for
the conditions at the ultimate limit state,

followed by checks to ensure that the structure is adequate for the

serviceability limit state without excessive deflection or cracking of the
concrete.

The rectangular stress block may be used in preference to the more rigorous
rectangular–parabolic stress block.
 BENDING AND THE EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR STRESS BLOCK

It can be seen from figure that the stress block does not extend to the neutral
axis of the section but has a depth
s = 0.8x.

This will result in the centroid of the stress block being s/2= 0.40x from the
top edge of the section, which is very nearly the same location as for the
more precise rectangular–parabolic stress block.

Also the areas of the two types of stress block are approximately equal.

Thus the moment of resistance of the section will be similar using calculations
based on either of the two stress blocks.
 BENDING AND THE EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR STRESS BLOCK

0.0035 0.85fck/ϒc = 0.567fck

b

S/2
x S=0.8x
Fcc
d Neutral axis

z= lad
As
Fst

Ƹst

Section Strains Stress Block

 BENDING AND THE EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR STRESS BLOCK

Bending of the section will induce a resultant tensile force Fst in the reinforcing
steel, and a resultant compressive force in the concrete Fcc which acts through
the centroid of the effective area of concrete in compression.

For equilibrium, the ultimate design moment (M), must be balanced by the
moment of resistance of the section so that,
BENDING AND THE EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR STRESS BLOCK
 BENDING AND THE EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR STRESS BLOCK

𝑀
Hence 𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
BENDING AND THE EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR STRESS BLOCK
 EXAMPLE 1

The ultimate design moment to be resisted by a beam section with

effective depth of 450 mm and breadth of 250 mm is 175 kNm . Design
the required area of tension reinforcement given that the characteristic
material strength are fyk = 500 N/mm2 and fck = 25 N/mm2.
 EXAMPLE 2

Design the minimum required area of reinforcement for the beam

section as below. The beam section needed to resist a maximum moment
of 241 kNm. Given that the characteristic material strength are fyk = 500
N/mm2 and fck = 30 N/mm2.

300

500
 THE BALANCE SECTION

The concrete section with the depth of neutral axis at the specified maximum
depth of 0.45d is often referred to as the balanced section because at the
ultimate limit state the concrete and tension steel reach their ultimate strains
at the same time.

This occurs at the maximum moment of resistance for a singly reinforced

section, that is a section with no compression steel. So for this section with
THE BALANCE SECTION
THE BALANCE SECTION
 THE BALANCE SECTION

The following equations may be used to calculate the moment of resistance

of a given section with a known area of steel reinforcement.

For equilibrium of the compressive force in the concrete and the tensile
force in the steel.
 THE BALANCE SECTION

These equations assume the tension reinforcement has yielded, which will be
the case if x < 0.617d.
 RECTANGULAR SECTION IN BENDING WITH
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT

• From the section dealing with the analysis of a singly reinforced section and
for concrete class not greater than C50/60

• Design ultimate moment exceeds the moment of resistance of the concrete

(Mbal) and therefore compression reinforcement is required.

• Thus k ≤0.167 only tension steel is required, if k > 0.167 provide tension and
compression steel both.

𝑑′
• If < 0.171 compression steel will have yielded
𝑑

• Maximum value allowed by the code in order to ensure a tension failure with
a ductile section

• Depth of neutral axis, x ≤ 0.45d

RECTANGULAR SECTION IN BENDING WITH
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT
 RECTANGULAR SECTION IN BENDING WITH
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT

Area of compression reinforcement

2
′
𝑀 − 0.167𝑓 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

Area of tension reinforcement

0.167𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.82𝑑

𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 with
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 × 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙
 RECTANGULAR SECTION IN BENDING WITH
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT

Area of compression reinforcement

2
′
(𝐾 − 𝐾 )𝑓
𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

Area of tension reinforcement

𝐾𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.82𝑑

𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 with
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧𝑏𝑎𝑙
 EXAMPLE 3

Determine the maximum moment of resistance of the cross section with

effective depth of 450 mm and breadth of 250 mm. Given the
characteristic strength of steel and concrete are 500 N/mm2 and 35
N/mm2 respectively. The area of reinforcement provided are 4T25.
 EXAMPLE 4

Determine the areas of reinforcement required for the beam section

shown below. This beam section is design to resist the ultimate moment
of 305 kNm. Given the characteristic strength of steel and concrete are
500 N/mm2 and 25 N/mm2 respectively.

250
50

450
 FLANGED SECTION IN BENDING AT THE
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

T-sections and L-sections which have their flanges in compression can both be
designed or analysed in a similar manner, and the equations which are
derived can be applied to either type of cross-section.

As the flanges generally provide a large compressive area, it is usually

unnecessary to consider the case where compression steel is required; if it
should be required, the design would be based on the principles derived in a
later topic.

For the singly reinforced section it is necessary to consider two conditions:

1. The stress block lies within the compression flange, and

2. The stress block extends below the flange.

 FLANGED SECTION IN BENDING AT THE
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Flanged section – the depth of the stress block lies within the flange, s < hf
 FLANGED SECTION IN BENDING AT THE
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

For this depth of stress block, the beam can be considered as an equivalent
rectangular section of breadth bf equal to the flange width.

This is because the non-rectangular section below the neutral axis is in

tension and is, therefore, considered to be cracked and inactive.

𝑴
Thus 𝑲 = can be calculated and the lever arm determined from the
𝒃𝒇 𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒌
equation or lever arm chart

The relation between the lever arm, z, and depth, x, of the neutral axis is
given by
 FLANGED SECTION IN BENDING AT THE
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

If s is less than the flange thickness (hf ), the stress block does lie within the
flange as assumed and the area of reinforcement is given by

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
 FLANGED SECTION IN BENDING AT THE
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Flanged section – the depth of the stress block extends below the flange, s
> hf

For the design of a flanged section, the procedure described in earlier section will
check if the depth of the stress block extends below the flange.

An alternative procedure is to calculate the moment of resistance, Mf , of the

section with s = hf , the depth of the flange.

Hence if the design moment, Md, is such that,

𝑀𝑑 > 𝑀𝑓

then the stress block must extend below the flange, and

𝑠 > ℎ𝑓
 FLANGED SECTION IN BENDING AT THE
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

In this case the design can be carried out by either:

(a) using an exact method to determine the depth of the neutral axis,

or

(b) designing for the conservative condition of x = 0.45d, which is the

maximum value of x for a singly reinforced section and concrete class
≤C50/60.
 EXAMPLE 5

Determine the maximum design moment of resistance of the T-section as shown

below. Given the characteristic strength of steel and concrete are 500 N/mm2
and 30 N/mm2 respectively.

bf = 500 mm 0.567fck

x S Fcc
hf = 125
mm Neutral axis

d = 500
mm
As = 1960
Fst

bw = 300
 EXAMPLE 6

Determine the required area of reinforcement of the T-section as shown below.

The T-section is needed to resist an ultimate design moment of 355 kNm. Given
the characteristic strength of steel and concrete are 500 N/mm2 and 30 N/mm2
respectively.

bf = 450 mm 0.567fck

x S Fcc
hf = 125
mm Neutral axis

d = 500
mm

Fst

bw = 300
 EXAMPLE 7

Determine the ultimate design moment of resistance of the T-section as shown

below. Given the characteristic strength of steel and concrete are 500 N/mm2
and 25 N/mm2 respectively.

bf = 400 mm 0.567fck

hf = 100 Fcf
x s
mm
sw Fcw

Neutral axis
z1
d = 350 z2
mm
As = 1470
Fst

bw = 200
 EXAMPLE 8

Determine the ultimate design moment of resistance of the T-section as shown

below. Given the characteristic strength of steel and concrete are 500 N/mm2
and 25 N/mm2 respectively.

bf = 300 mm

hf = 125
mm

d = 450
mm
4H20

bw = 200
APPENDIX
Any Questions?

THANK YOU
END