Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION-IVA CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF QUEZON PROVINCE
RECTO MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Quarter 1 Week 5-6
What I need to Know?
This module will discuss the lesson about STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM: LATENT AND
MANIFEST FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL PHENOMENA.

MELC: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories:

 Structural functionalism

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Determine manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions of soci0-cultural phenomena
(HUMSS_DIS 11 -IIIe-f-1)

Objectives
1. Explain the central idea of structural- functionalism theory
2. Establish the differences between manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions of
society
3. Exhibit deep sense of commitment to become functional member of any social groups in
the society

What I Know?
Fact or Bluff: Read the following statements. Write F if the statement is a fact, and B if it is a
bluff.

1. Social Institutions are responsible for regulating social norms and values.
2. Economy is an organization that can be considered as a group.
3. Structure in society is the same as putting together the different parts.
4. Online community like chat rooms and messenger are acceptable organization.
5. Society cannot be composed of different parts that are interconnected.
6. When the elements of society are functional, it contributes to social stability.
7. Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) can be an example of dysfunctions in society.
8. Social order is possible even without collective decision and shared values.
9. Family bonding during home quarantine was government’s intention.
10. Churches help in strengthening the faith of the people.
11. Social groups are sometimes unaware in doing their manifest function.
12. Take home activities and home works are latent functions of education.
13. Finding a life partner during church gathering is a manifest function of Religion.
14. Dysfunction in the economy results to poverty.
15. Lack of parental guidance causes crimes which is a dysfunction.
What is It?

STRUCTURAL – FUNCTIONALISM

Structural –Functionalism theory says that society is composed of different social groups
or structures that work interdependently to create balance and harmony. Herbert Spencer, one
of the proponents of this theory sees society as similar to human system where different parts
have to work according to its design for the entire body to be functional. Human body just like
human society is made up of various structures such as government acting as the head,
economy as the working force represented by the hands, while the family serves as the heart.
These social structures or groups perform specific functions that are needed in order to attain
social survival and equilibrium.

Basic Assumptions of Structural Functionalist

There are four elements functionalist emphasize in analyzing social systems.
1. General interrelatedness or interdependence of systems or parts.
2. Normal state of affairs of equilibrium of system
3. The way all parts of the system reorganize to bring things back to normal in case of
disruptions.
4. Value concensus as key to maintaining equilibrium. Functionalist focuses on values and
norms which are external to the individual.

Social phenomena are events created by society and culture that forms social structures
or systems such as marriage leading into a family, religious activities turned into a congregation,
learning language and alphabet formed schools and many others. Thus, society is primarily
composed of Family, Economy, Education, Government, and Religion.

Family is the most basic unit of human society composed of parents, children and relatives.
It provides the earliest foundation and development of a person’s values and formation. Family is
also a source of strong social, emotional and economic strength.

Education is another important social group that intensifies values acquired from home. It
also provides knowledge and skills through formal schooling that prepares students in becoming
a good citizen for better future and economic means.
Economy is also a group in the social process. It comprised the working force that sustains
the needs of other groups like family, school, and government through different products and
services produced.

Government is a political group that ensures society follows the rules and laws set forth to
maintain peace and order in the society. Some of its function includes protection from any
foreign control, economic growth and development as well as poverty reduction for social welfare.

Religion is a spiritual group of people in the society whose main function is to bring the
inner goodness of man as he interacts with other people. It is formed by people with the same
beliefs, attitudes and practices in relation to the worship of the supernatural being or God.

Moreover, they are considered pillars of the society because of each important function.
Function, in sociology, refers to the positive result or consequence of human action. Desirable
consequences means the action is functional. These consequences can be either latent or
manifest. The distinct between these functions were explained by Robert K. Merton in his book,
Social theory and Social Structure.

Latent function occurs when there is no intention of doing so. It is the unnoticed or
unrecognized consequences of actions performed by any social structure or groups.
 Manifest function, on the other hand pertains to the obvious and conscious actions done
intended to create social benefit. This is the kind of function generally expected to be performed
by different social groups in the society. Meanwhile, social processes that results to undesirable
outcomes for society’s operation are known as Dysfunction.

Dysfunction is the negative result of a person or group’s action. It is a latent function that
create social conflict and disorder because most of the time they are unnoticed or unrecognized
action of some social groups. Robert Merton’s idea of dysfunction refers to the effects of any
system or institution which detracts from the conservation of society.

For example, at the height of COVID Pandemic, hospitals around the world are expected to
provide the best possible health care for the probable, suspect and confirmed patients. This
situation is the manifest function of hospital. However, while providing health care treatment,
the medical experts discovered drugs or medicine to kill the virus. New medicine or method
discovered is the latent function. On the contrary, asymptomatic COVID patient who did not
follow the home quarantine and medication can result to the greater number of confirmed cases.
The increase number of COVID infected is the dysfunction.

Likewise, one of the manifest functions of religion is to strengthen the spirituality of people
through gospel sharing in masses or services. During the extended community quarantine
(ECQ), mass or bible study is made accessible via online or telecommunication and becomes the
new way of spiritual nourishment. This is the latent function.

In addition, family as the basic unit of the society provides the early socialization among
children. Socialization is the manifest function of the family. While the creation of stronger bond
during home quarantine period lead to the latent function of catching up on each other’s lives.
In summary, structural- functionalism assumes the interconnectedness and
interdependence of social groups or structures since they perform different but related functions
to establish social order. Each structure functions in either latent or manifest. Yet, the latent
function is more prone to become dysfunctional because they are unnoticed most of the time. It
can cause greater concern as it results to unpredictable and unknown outcomes that may harm
the society.

What’s More
Activity 1.1

Chart Completion: Complete the comparative chart distinguishing the function and dysfunction
of each social group.

Social Groups Functions ( +) Dysfunction (-)

Example: Samahang Promotes the rights Possible riots in

Mayo Uno Filipino workers conducting street
Supreme Student protest
Government ____________________ _____________________

____________________ _____________________
Sangguniang Kabataan
(SK)
____________________ _____________________
Cooperatives
____________________ _____________________
Fraternities
____________________ _____________________
Youth for Christ
What I can Do?

As a member of two or more social groups in your community, what functions do you perform
best to make each social group work in harmony? Give one best function you are doing for each
social group that you belong.

Name of group
Group1
My Function:

Name of group
ME Group2
My function:

Name of group:
Group3
My Function :

MARXISM
SOCIAL CONFLICT AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY

This lesson presents the ideas about social inequality brought about by class differences
and struggles as shown in the contemporary society. The prevalence of social conflict will be
analysed using the lens of inequality that are currently taking place socially, economically, and
culturally. Since different classes have conflicting interest due to their positions and status, Karl
Marx saw this as an opportunity for social change. In this module, another perspective on the
existence of society will be discussed. As society has unending competition for limited resources,
conflict is unavoidable. Therefore, constant struggle between the rich and the poor is possible.
Moreover, contemporary society’s ideas of social were influenced by Marx’s theory of social
conflict and social inequality.

What I need to Know

This module will discuss the lesson about MARXISM THEORY : SOCIAL CONFLICT AND
SOCIAL INEQUALITY.
MELC: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories: Marxism

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Analyze social inequalities in terms of social conflict (HUMSS_DIS 11 -IIIg-2)

Objectives:
 Define social Inequality and Social Conflict
  Analyze the social conflict between the bourgeoisie and the Proletariat that causes social
inequalities
 Advocate responsible and active citizenship to equalize opportunities

What I Know
Direction: Encircle/write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Who among the following groups of people is considered as the working class?
A. Company President B. Factory worker C. Sari-sari store owner
2. Which of the following choices represent the bourgeoisie?
A. Owner of Corporations B. Owner of small businesses C. Laborers
3. What factor of production is primarily used for putting up business?
A. Machine B. Capital C. Strength
4. Which of the following does NOT describe a social class?
A. strata of people based on skin color
B. Groups of people based on income
C. people from different countries
5. What is the main factor that might cause rebellion among laborers?
A. No 13th month pay B. Very low salary for hard work
C. No health benefits for workers
6. Who among the following people are considered laborers?
A. Construction workers B. Street vendors C. Fish vendors
7. Which of the following situation is an example of inequality in the society?
A. The rich have their own markets, churches, schools, movie house, etc
B. The poor is not allowed to go along with the rich.
C. Special treatment for the rich prisoners in jail facilities.
8. What is the title of the song about social class by Bambo?
A. Tatsulok B. Pinoy Ako C. Para sa Masa
9. Who among the choices below is NOT considered rich?
A. Lucio Tan B. Manny Pacquiao C. Juan Dela Cruz
10. What is meant by the word bourgeoisie?
A. owners of huge land area B. owner of a country C. owner of factors of production
11. Which of the following does NOT describe social inequality?
A. It is the unfair treatment of people according to their nationality.
B. It is the unjust distribution of wealth and opportunities.
C. It is the equal provision of housing, education and employment.
12. How can social change happen in a society?
A. by revolting against social inequalities
B. by removing the economic barriers for the poor
C. by revising the laws on owning properties
13. Who is the proponent of Social Conflict theory?
A. Karl Marx B. Adam Smith C. John Stuart Mill
14. What is class antagonism?
A. It is a war between two classes. B. It is the clash of ideologies.
C. It is the conflict between the rich and the poor.
15. Which word is similar to Utopian society?
A. Perfect B. Prosperous C. Progressive

What is It?

Society, in another perspective is made up of individuals from different social classes who
competes for social, material and economic resources like food, housing, education, health and
employment. According to Karl Marx, the proponent of the theory on Social Conflict, society is
divided into two classes. These classes are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. This society
originated from the rise of the capitalist dating back industrial revolution.

Bourgeoisie are the owners of the means of production in the society. They are the rich class
who owns big businesses.

Factors or production includes land, entrepreneurial skills, and capital like money, factories,
machineries. These are also known as means of production.

Proletariat are the workers or laborers in the society. In most cases, they constitute the
majority of poor people who works in the businesses owned by the rich.

In understanding society using this lens, it is noteworthy to consider that Marx have
identified stages of time by which development took place from primitive communism to a
capitalist society. For him only the first period of primitive communism people are free from
some form of social stratification or class. However, the moment people start producing their
daily needs, increase for economic activity follows. This leads to the formation of a Capitalist
society.It is run by a capitalist class called as the bourgeoisie. Production from factories
became a norm during the industrial period that made the bourgeoisie more interested in
manufacturing and profits. On the other hand, pre-capitalist peasant remained in the
agricultural form of production.

Social conflict arise from the inequalities produced by ownership and control of limited
resources. Naturally, the bourgeoisie serves as the ruling class in running the means of
production that leads to higher profit and income generated from the business. With these, they
enjoy social and economic benefits such as having big and beautiful houses, eating in high class
hotel and restaurants, study in prestigious private schools and put up more businesses. Unlike
the proletariat, they have income just enough for their basic needs such as renting a house,
eating in fast food chain, sending kids to public schools and do another job to extra income.
While the rich bourgeoisie have still excess money for savings, the poor proletariat strive very
hard for daily survival.

As search for more profit increases, bourgeoisie tends to neglect fundamental needs of
workers such as clean and healthy working environment. In addition, more business means
more workforce to exert labor resulting to longer hours of work without appropriate overtime
pay. These situations may ignite revolt among workers. This revolt creates the so called class
antagonism. That is why Marx believes that class consciousness must be done to eliminate
false consciousness.

Class consciousness refers to the person’s awareness of his/her rank in the society.
Knowing one’s personal rank may bring social improvement to overcome conflict. Social conflict
cannot be avoided in the society because there is always competition and differences in interest.
Social conflict happens when two or more people or group don’t agree with each other. It is
further aggravated by the use of social power to get their goals. If this situation continues, then
inequality is also present.

Basic Arguments of Marx on Social Inequality

1. All socities are characterized by the struggle between social classes.
2. The existing relationship between these classes is both dependent and conflicting.
3. The contradicting relationship of dependency and conflict explains the basis of social
stability and social change.
 Social Inequality is the uneven social status in the society due to unequal opportunities. It
is the state of imbalanced distribution of valued goods and resources. Social inequality is caused
by both social and economic factors.

Social factors that causes inequality involves education, health, number of family members,
justice system, and housing to name a few. While economic factors causing inequalities are
income, poverty, unemployment, degree of educational attainment, and promotion among others.
This is because economic production change more rapidly than people’s ability to adopt the
change. Marx argued that economic infrastructure was the most important division in society for
two reasons such as:
1. It involves production, distribution, and exchange of essential requirements for living like
food, clothing, shelther and consumer goods.
2. Systems of government, communication, and the like are dependent upon the way in
which society organizes itself to provide these essential requirements.

Say for example is the Income inequality. It is the unequal amount of income due to lack of
employment with enough compensation to pay for everyday consumption of goods and services.
Poor families tend to accept sub-standard housing that are sometimes located in depressed area
because they cannot afford to build concrete houses in subdivisions.
Moreover, inequality can be addressed only if the poor will have equal opportunities with the
rich. If this social change happens then a Utopian society can be achieved. Utopian society for
Marx is the classless and perfect society.

What’s More?

Activity 1.1
Read the paragraph carefully and answer the questions below.

Reading Article 1: Closing the Social Inequality Gap in the Philippines

Poverty doesn’t just make it difficult for families to survive. It can also have much wider
economic impact. In the Philippines, more than a quarter of the country’s population of 92.3
million lives below the poverty line, economic and social inequality is major problem. The
Philippines has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world, and unless action is
taken the gap will continue to widen.

According to ASEAN trade Union Council, the Philippines has the highest rate of economic
and social inequality in Southeast Asia. This problem is not limited to personal wealth, land
distribution, educational and vocational opportunities and basic welfare programs are affected
by the growing disparities between the rich and the poorest citizens.
Source:www.childfund.org.

Questions:
1. What are the causes of inequalities in the Philippines?
2. What is meant by disparity between the rich and the poorest citizen?
3. Do you think the rich and the poor can be equalized? How?

Reading Article No.2 : Winning the war on inequality by Liam Lu

The Philippines currently operates one of the most extensive cash transfer programs in the
world, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). This conditional cash transfer program
targets the poorest by providing cash for accomplishing tasks related to the health and
education of their children. The program gives a leg to destitute Filipino by providing them with
supplemental income and making sure that the families make the necessary investments in
order to break away from poverty.
 The 4Ps is a successful way of levelling the playing field by making sure everyone gets the
same resources for social mobility. The program has so far helped reduce the poverty rate among
beneficiaries by 6.5 percent. The 4Ps also boost productivity by ensuring a healthy and well-
educated labor force.
Source: Inquirer.Net
Questions:
1. Do you believe that 4Ps program is an effective answer to inequality in the Philippines?
Briefly explain your yes or no.
2. In what ways do 4Ps program solve the issue of social conflict and inequalities?

Symbolic Interactionism

What I Need to Know

This module describes the way you look to the world focusing on communication, meaning, and
symbols. You will examine a real-life example of this approach and recognize sociologist for
symbolic interaction.

This module will discuss the Symbolic Interactionism.

MELC: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories: Symbolic
Interactionism

After going through this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Apply the major social science theories and its importance in examining socio-cultural,
economic, and political conditions.
a. Structural-functionalism
b. Marxism
c. Symbolic Interactionism
Objectives
1. Define symbolic interactionism in understanding one’s culture, norms, and traditions;
2. Examine the utilization of symbolic interactionism through making a doodle on the
learner’s community;
3. Determine the meanings of different symbols, icon, things, events as platforms of symbolic
interaction; and
4. Appraise the meanings that people attach to everyday forms of interaction in order to
explain social behavior.

What I Know?

Choose from the box the missing word in each statement. Write your answer on the blank
provided.

action create interaction large-scales others theories

beings experience interpret meanings own thought
constructed human individuals naturally society yellow

1. The foundation of ______________ is language.

2. ____________ color may stand for happiness because we say it does.
3. Through interaction, people learn symbols and _____________ that allow
them to think.
4. Human __________ are primarily symbolic creatures.
5. Self-concept is shaped by the reactions of significant ______ and by our
 perceptions of their reaction.
6. Symbolic interactionism has been criticized for failing to take into account
_______________ macro social structures and forces.
7. Groups and societies are made up of patterns of action and ______.
8. It is through symbols that humans _________ society, meaning, and reality.
9. _______________ are not born with a sense of self but develop self-concepts
through social interaction.
10. Everything that a _________ being may note in their world, including
physical objects, actions and concepts is based on meaning.
11 Humans have capacity for ___________.
12. Since people are symbolic creatures, they can interpret and talk about their
inner ____________.
13. Meanings and symbols allow for human _____________.
14. All interaction theories are concerned with the way in which meaning is
___________.
15. ___________ must be testable.

Symbolic Interactionism

This is the view of social behavior that emphasizes linguistic or gestural communication and its
subjective understanding, especially the role of language in the formation of the child as a social
being. It is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to
people's particular utilization of dialect to make images and normal implications for deduction
and correspondence with other.

What is It?
Symbolic interaction theory focuses on the interpretation (social meaning) that is given to
behavior, and on the way such interpretation helps to construct the social world, the identities of
people, and, ultimately how they behave. All interaction theories are concerned with the way in
which meaning is constructed.
The symbolic interaction perspective, also called symbolic interactionism, is a major
framework of the sociological theory. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people
develop and build upon in the process of social interaction.
Symbol refers to meanings. For symbolic interactions, things objects, ideas, beliefs, people,
values, states of being) do not simply exist: they exist in the meanings they have. On the other
hand, meanings are established in communication; hence the importance of interaction. Our
word exists in the meanings it has for us, and our meanings come from our interactions. People,
like meanings, exist in a social context.

Symbolic Interactionism
 Analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects,
events, and behaviors. Subjective meanings are given primacy because it is believed that
people behave based on what they believe and not just on what is objectively true.

 Looks at individual and group meaning- making, focusing on human action instead of
large-scale social structures.

 Its main postulate is based that the human beings have the capacity of thought, which is
molded by the social interaction, which is learned of the meanings and symbols that allow
us to act and interpret, modifying or altering the meanings based on the interpretation of
 the situation, to interact with itself and through their actions and interactions to join
between the groups and society.

To better understand the concept of symbolic interaction, let us have a specific example. The
meaning of the "rainbow" has changed over time in our culture. Once, it was a Christian symbol-
and it still is-of hope, as God placed a rainbow in the sky after the Great Flood. However, in
today's popular culture, the rainbow symbolizes the LGBTQ community. At one time, as this
change was occurring, there was no consensus regarding the meaning of the rainbow; however,
in today's culture, the rainbow color is universally recognized as a symbol of the LGBTQ
community.

Now, let’s talk about the basic principles of symbolic interaction:

1. Humans have capacity for thought.

2. Thought is shaped by social interaction.
3. Through interaction, people learn symbols and meanings that allow them to think.
4. Meanings and symbols allow for human action.
5. People can interpret a situation and modify their action or interaction.
6. People can create own meanings.
7. Groups and societies are made up of patterns of action and interaction.

Let’s now get to know the proponents of symbolic interactionism and their views about oneself
and the society.
a. Mead’s Concept of Self
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) was born in South Hadley, Massachusetts in February of
1863.  In 1894, Mead moved from The University of Michigan to Chicago, Illinois, where he
would later become the center of the sociological department at The University of Chicago.
After 1893 taught at the University of Chicago until his death. - Believed people have the
capacity to think and decide on their own how they should act in certain situations. - Their
reactions are based on their perceptions and definitions of the situation. - People cope with the
reality of things according to their comprehension of the situation. He laid the groundwork for
symbolic interaction with his discussion about the process of interaction in the formation of
meanings for individuals. In simple form, people act based on symbolic meanings they find
within a given situation. The goals of human interactions are to create a shared meanings.
In Mead’s book on Mind, Self, and Society, he discussed the following:
1. the mind as a process, a conversation within itself. - People have the capacity to control their
responses to the environment.
2. Self involves the process where actors reflect on themselves as objects. - Develops from social
forces and social experience. The self-breaks down into two processes or phases that take place
in any human interaction:
2.1 The I is described as the unorganized response of the self to the attitudes of others - the
spontaneous disposition or impulse to act.

2.2 The me, in contrast, is a set of organized attitudes of others that the individual assumes
in response - that is, those perspectives on the self that the individual has interpreted from
others.
3. Society cannot exist without minds and self. - Humans have ability to manipulate
environment so multiple societies exist. The ‘I’ and ‘Me’ - I is source of creativity and spontaneity.
- Me is formed from the perceptions others’ actions and views, including own thoughts on
oneself.
After Mead’s death in 1931, his students at the University published his Mind, Self, and
Society teachings.  Herbert Blumer, Mead’s pupil, further developed his theory and coined it
“Symbolic Interactionism.”
b. Cooley's 'Looking Glass Self'
Along with Mead is his friend, Charles Horton Cooley. He helped originate symbolic
interaction theory. Cooley is best known for the concept of the 'looking glass self,' which he
illustrated with the following statement:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_looking_glass_self.png
I am not what I think I am and I am not what you think I am;
I am what I think you think I am.

This means that we as individuals define how we perceive ourselves by how we think others
perceive us. To put this component of the theory in perspective, consider this: It is your first day
of high school. You are at lunch, holding your food tray and nervously scanning the crowd to
find the best place to sit. As you find your seat, you internalize the glances you get from the
students you pass at the other tables, interpreting what you think they are thinking of you based
on their facial expressions, body language, and verbiage. You are, in effect, redefining who you
think you are based on your interpretation of other people's reactions to you.

c. Blumer's Symbolic Interactionism

Herbert Blumer (1900-1987) was actually a student of Mead and he expanded on Mead's
discussion of the self in relation to social behavior. Despite much of the groundwork being
established by Mead, Blumer is traditionally known for being the brain behind the theory of
symbolic interactionism. In fact, his work ‘Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method’
synthesized his contributions with those of Mead and Cooley and coined the term symbolic
interaction.
Blumer argued that people's behavior is based on the meaning those behaviors have to
them. Those meanings are based on and derived from interactions an individual has with others.
It is important to note that these meanings are subject to change based on an individual's
interpretation. This argument varies from others that preceded it because it is based on an
individual's interpretation of something, as opposed to a structural or functional perspective on
how behaviors or actions are given meaning by humans.
Blumer was one of sociology’s most prominent and esteemed practitioners. - Leading
spokesperson for the Chicago style of symbolic interactionism for an entire generation. - Believed
that humans construct their own actions and are free of internal drives. - Additionally, actions
are a consequence of reflexive and deliberate processes determined by an individual in response
to their environment. 

According to Herbert Blumer, symbolic interaction rests on three basic premises/

principles:
 1. Human beings act toward things on the basis on the meanings the things have for them.

E.g. Book – a ‘purchase’. For which you paid, which you then had to carry home with your
other purchases. These things, taken to gather, are ‘possessions’, for which you may feel
the need of more closet space. Alternatively, you may have to pay by weight to move to
another apartment. The book also has meaning as a book, as something to read,
something to study, something for which you may be ‘responsible’ on a test.

2. The meanings of such things are derived from, or grow out of, social interaction.

E.g. When a child picks up a bug from off the ground, the people around her may have
different reactions. In one family, someone slaps the child’s hand and washes it: the bug
is bad, dirty thing. In another setting, someone brings a piece of paper to hold the bug
and a magnifying glass with which to view it: the bug is interesting, something to study.
In another setting, someone ties a string around the bug and teaches the child how to
play with it: the bug is a toy. In addition, in some other setting, the child is thanked and
the bug put aside to be cooked: the bug is food.

3. These meanings are handled in and modified through an interpretative process used by
the person in dealing with the things he encounters. Meaning making and understanding
is an ongoing interpretive process, during which the initial meaning might remain the
same, evolve slightly, or change radically.

d. Erving Goffman (1922–1982) was a major Canadian-American sociologist who played a

significant role in the development of modern American sociology. He is considered by some to be
the most influential sociologist of the 20th century. He is considered a pioneer of micro-
sociology, or the close examination of the social interactions that compose everyday life.

 Presentation of self (Goffman): An identity that one presents to others in an attempt to

manage their impression of him or her. We act a certain way so others view us in this
certain way.

 Dramaturgy (Goffman): Method of analyzing social interactions in the form of a play. We

are the actors; we present ourselves in a specific way in the front stage and act as we truly
are in the back stage.

 Stigma (Goffman): Describes a mark of disgrace. Sometimes in physical form, other times
as poor personality traits (weak or dishonest).

e. Arlie Russell Hochschild is one of the most imaginative and productive feminist sociologists
of the last thirty years. 

The intellectual threads running through all of Arlie Hochschild's work are her use of
gender as a category of analysis, her focus on emotion as a sociological topic of investigation,
and her concerns about the role of women in society. Her 1973 article, "A Review of Sex Role
Research," published in the American Journal of Sociology, helped to focus the attention of
sociologists on the study of gender.
What’s More?
Activity 1.1

“Words and Pictures for me”

Often times, misunderstanding occurs when the message perceived is different from the intended
message. To prevent such, we will talk about symbolic interaction through word, reaction, and
picture.

People say we are on the same boat in this

Covid-19 pandemic.
We are not,
We are in the same ocean but not in the
same boat.
Some are on yachts; others are on ships,
strong, and safe.
However, most of us are on wooden boats,
others are clinging on to floaters, and many
are still drowning.

-Opinion from Netizen, 2020

A. What do you mean by the opinion shared by the netizens?

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
__

B. Give 5 words/ meanings that you can link with the picture below:

https://opinion.inquirer.net/129729/editorial-cartoon-may-12-2020

1. __________________________
2. __________________________

3. __________________________

4. __________________________

5. _________________________

What I Can Do?

Answer the questions below.

Describe the application of Symbolic Interactionism in your daily living through creative writing
focusing on the following: Limit your answer to 5 sentences.

a. Filipino’s Culture
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

b. Social Classes
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

c. Political Aspect
________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

Thank You!