2/18/22, 12:54 PM cellular energetics ap vids Flashcards | Quizlet

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Science Biology Cell Biology

cellular energetics ap vids

Terms in this set (58)

sunlight main energy input for living systems

life requires a ______________ and highly ordered system, 2nd law of thermodynamics
does not violate the

every energy transfer increases the disorder of the universe

living cells are not at a constant flow of materials in and out of cell
equilibrium, there is

cells manage energy resources energy coupling

by

biological process that captures energy from sun

photosynthesis
and produces sugars

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light dependent reactions capture light energy by

using light absorbing molecules called pigments,
pigments help transform light energy into chemical
energy, chemical energy is temporarily stored in the
light dependent reactions of chemical bonds of carrier molecules, called
photosynthesis in eukaryotes NADPH, light dependent reactions help facilitate
involve a series of pathways ATP synthesis, ATP and NADPH transfer stored
chemical energy to power the production of
organic molecules in Calvin cycle, oxygen
produced as result of water hydrolysis

capture energy from sunlight and convert it to high

chlorophylls
energy electrons

what happens to chlorophyll electrons will be energized, the energy from the
electrons when light electrons will be used to establish a proton gradient
absorption occurs and what is and reduce NADP+ to NADPH
the importance

photosystems I and II embedded in internal membranes of chloroplasts

A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid

photosystems
membrane of the chloroplast

why is hydrolysis of water the hydrogen molecules from the spitting of water
necessary as it relates to PSII are released into the thylakoid space and used to
and light dependent reactions create an electrochemical/proton gradient

when electrons are transferred they pass through the electron transport chain
between molecules in a
reaction
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How are PSII and PSI PSII and PSI pass high energy electrons to the ETC
functionally related to the
electron transport chain (ETC)?

electrochemical/proton a difference in concentration of protons (hydrogen

gradient ions) across a membrane

formation of proton gradient is synthesis of ATP

linked to

photosynthesis uses a form of generate ATP from ADP

passive transport to...

enzyme that creates ATP when protons pass

ATP synthase
through the enzyme

energy captured in light production of carbs in Calvin cycle

powers the

calvin cycle uses ATP, NADPH, CO2 and produces carbohydrates

make organic products plants need using products

ultimate goal of Calvin cycle
from light reactions of photosynthesis

Processes that allow organisms to use energy

cellular respiration and stored in biological macromolecules, characteristic
fermentation of all life forms, release chemical energy from
organic molecules

oxygen is not used during fermentation, cellular respiration

cellular energetics
_______ but is used during _________ap vids

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fermentation and anaerobic NOT the same processes

respiration are...

involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed

cellular respiration in
reactions that harvest free energy from biological
eukaryotes
macromolecules

involves release of chemical energy through the

cellular respiration break down of glucose and creates ATP,, involves
multiple metabolic pathways

energy storing molecules, used by all cells to do

ATP
biological work

glycolysis-occurs in cytoplasm

cellular respiration metabolic pyruvate oxidation-occurs in mitochondria

pathways krebs cycle- occurs in mitochondria

electron transport- occurs in mitochondria

transfers energy from electrons in series of coupled

reactions, occur in membranes of chloroplasts and
mitochondria and in cell membranes of prokaryotes,
facilitates a series of coupled reactions used during
cellular respiration, allow for a more controlled and
electron transport chain efficient transfer of energy, use electron energy to
establish electrochemical/proton gradients across
membranes, electrons are delivered by electron
carriers called NADH and FADH2 to the ETC, ATP
synthase uses the electrochemical/proton gradient
to synthesize ATP

electron transport chain chloroplasts, mitochondria, and prokaryotic plasma

reactions occur in membranes

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in eukaryotic cells, electron inner mitochondrial membrane and internal

transport chains are located in membrane of chloroplasts

in prokaryotic cells, electron plasma membrane

transport chains are located in

membrane proteins make up ETC

the

facilitate a series of coupled reactions using the

ETC proteins
energy from electrons

high energy electrons are electron carriers NADH and FADH2

donated by

active transport of protons ETC reactions

(hydrogen ions) occurs during

active transport of protons electrochemical gradient across the membrnae

establishes an

electrochemical gradients are biological membrane impermeability to charged

maintained as a result of molecules/ions

the flow of protons moving along the gradient by

What drives ATP synthesis?
chemiosmosis through ATP synthase

process of making ATP using the stored energy of a

oxidative phosphorylation
proton gradient

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NADH and FADH2 lose high energy electrons to

oxidation
the ETC

ATP synthase adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP

phosphorylation
resulting in an ATP molecules

in cell respiration what decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from

generates heat electron transport

decoupling oxidative the proton gradient not being used by APT synthase
phosphorylation from electron to produce ATP
transport refers to

when decoupling occurs, is released as heat

energy stored in the gradient

the heat from decoupling can regulate body temp

be used by endothermic
organisms to

biochemical pathway that releases energy stored in

glycolysis glucose, results in production of pyruvate, NADH,
and ATP

transported from cytosol to mitochondrion, actively

transported through mitochondrial membranes into
pyruvate
matrix, oxidized and a product of pyruvate
oxidation enters the Krebs cycle

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carbon dioxide is released from organic

intermediates, high energy electrons are transferred

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) to NADH and FADH2, ADP is phosphorylated
forming ATP

Electrons extracted in the ETC

glycolysis (NADH) and Krebs
cycle (NADH and FADH2)
reactions are transferred to...

electrons are transferred membrane proteins of ETC

between

ETC establishes an the inner mitochondrial membrane

electrochemical gradient of
protons (hydrogen ions) across

fermentation allows glycolysis the absence of oxygen

to proceed in

ethanol and lactic acid byproducts of fermentation

releases energy when chemical bonds are broken,

ATP is converted to ADP when the bond between
the conversion of ATP to ADP the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken, energy
released from ATP hydrolysis can be used to power
many metabolic processes

which cell membranes contain animal cells but not plants

cholesterol
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stabilizes membrane structure at high temps,

cholesterol in membranes maintains fluidity at low temps, this is critical for
homeostasis

unlike plant cells animal cells dont have cell walls to

cholesterol can decrease
help counter lysis, increasing cholesterol can
water penetration
restrict diffusion of water through bilayer

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