What is the significance of implementing DEF refill intervals in SCR-equipped nonroad diesel engines?

The DEF (Diesel Exhaust Fluid) refill intervals are crucial in SCR-equipped nonroad diesel engines because they ensure the continuous functioning of the Selective Catalytic Reduction system, which is vital for reducing NOx emissions to meet Tier 4 standards. The requirement for a DEF refill interval to at least match the engine's fuel capacity ensures that engine operations remain within regulatory emission limits .

How did the inclusion of a throttle or natural gas-fueled engines with spark plugs modify the definition of compression-ignition engines post-1998?

Post-1998, the definition of compression-ignition engines shifted to focus on the engine cycle rather than solely on the ignition mechanism. This modification allowed for the classification of natural gas-fueled engines equipped with spark plugs as compression-ignition engines if they operate on a diesel cycle, characterized by regulating power via fuel supply control instead of a throttle. This inclusivity in classification acknowledged modern variations in engine technology and fuel usage .

What exemptions exist for the smoke opacity standards in Tier 4 nonroad diesel engines, and why are they significant?

Engines certified to PM emission standards at or below 0.07 g/kWh are exempt from smoke emission standards. This exemption is significant because it acknowledges the reduced particulate emissions from such engines, thus potentially negating the need for additional smoke opacity testing when the PM level is already well-controlled under the emissions limits .

In what ways do PROCONVE MAR-I regulations in Brazil align with US standards for nonroad mobile machinery emissions?

The PROCONVE MAR-I regulations align with US standards by adopting similar limits for exhaust emissions and noise from new construction and farm machinery. As with the US regulations, these standards aim to mitigate environmental impact through strict emission controls, ensuring Brazilian nonroad machinery aligns with the best practices established in USA regulations .

What considerations must manufacturers take into account when using their inventory of exempted engines during transitional periods to more stringent emission standards?

Manufacturers must be aware that, though they are allowed to use their inventory of exempted engines, this is typically limited to a three-month production period, with extensions granted selectively. They must manage the quantities effectively to comply with transitional flexibility regulations and ensure they do not fall short of meeting upcoming more stringent standards once the transitional allowance expires .

In the context of the emission regulations for nonroad diesel engines, what role do averaging, banking, and trading of emissions credits play?

Averaging, banking, and trading of emissions credits allow manufacturers flexibility in meeting regulatory emissions standards. These mechanisms enable manufacturers to distribute their emissions output between different engine models and production periods, managing compliance across their product lines rather than only within each engine model or year. These provisions help balance market challenges and regulatory compliance in producing lower-emission engines .

Why have alternative NOx limits been introduced for Tier 4 nonroad engines, and how do these limits vary for engines of different power ratings?

Alternative NOx limits for Tier 4 compliant engines were introduced to provide flexibility during the phase-in period, allowing manufacturers to potentially ease into the stringent standards. For engines between 56-130 kW, the options allowed vary based on credits from Tier 2 and claim years. Engines 130-560 kW have a fixed alternative NOx limit of 2.0 g/kWh across model years 2011-2013 .

What are the primary differences between Tier 1-3 and Tier 4 emission standards for nonroad diesel engines in terms of NOx and PM reduction?

Tier 4 emission standards introduce substantial reductions in NOx levels for engines above 56 kW and PM for engines above 19 kW, compared to Tier 1-3 standards, which focused on a progressive tightening through stages without such significant specific reductions. Tier 1 began in 1996, Tier 2 from 2001, and Tier 3 from 2006, progressively over several years and horsepower ratings. Tier 4 standards phased in further stringent reductions from 2008 to 2015, with NOx limits specifically designed for environmental protection .

How does the P-8 emission standards implementation in 2022 affect the use of diesel particulate filters on heavy-duty diesel engines in on-road applications?

The P-8 standards, implemented in 2022, adopt Euro VI regulations, which include particle number emission limits that are expected to necessitate the use of diesel particulate filters on all heavy-duty diesel engines. This mandate ensures that emissions, particularly PM emissions, are filtered effectively to meet the stricter emissions criteria, thus enforcing the adaptation of advanced emission control technology .

How do Tier 4 compliant engines manage additional emissions components such as ammonia and crankcase emissions, compared to previous tiers?

Tier 4 regulations recommend keeping ammonia slip below 10 ppm, although these emissions are unregulated, whereas prior tiers did not address ammonia emissions specifically. Additionally, for Tier 4 engines with open crankcases, crankcase emissions must be measured and added to exhaust emissions for compliance, whereas this was not required in earlier tiers .

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Diesel Progress Sourcing Guide 2021

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EMISSIONS ENGINES GAS TURBINES

POWER GENERATION ENGINE SYSTEMS MOBILE HYDRAULICS

POWER TRANSMISSION FUEL INJECTION CONTROLS & INSTRUMENTATION

VOLUME 86

SALES TEAM
SALES TEAM
WELCOME TO THE
Vice President, Sales:
Alister Williams
Tel: +1 843 637 4127
POWER SOURCING
Cell: +1 312 860 6775
[Link]@[Link]
Regional Managers:
Linda Cameron
GUIDE 2021-2022
R
Tel: +44 20 31 79 29 79 oughly a year after we first heard the odd term “COVID-19,” the pandemic has
[Link]@[Link]
Gabriele Dinsel continued to wreak havoc on people, companies and the economies of virtually
Tel: +49 711 3416 74 71 everywhere. And while right now many regions are beginning to show real signs
[Link]@[Link]
Petra Kaiser of recovery, others have seen a resurgence of the virus, or worse, a mutated variant
Tel: +49 151 218 52 127 that has even some in the medical field scratching their collective heads.
[Link]@[Link]
Roberta Prandi Yet while so much has happened since the pandemic really took hold in the early part
Tel: +39 (0)0464 014 421 of 2020 – whole industries shut down, supply chain issues came to the fore and almost
[Link]@[Link]
Thomas Kavooras all of us learned the joys of remote working, with terms like MS Teams, Zoom and Google
Tel: +1 312 929 3478 Meet becoming part of our everyday lexicon – there were some things that remained. The
Cell: +1 847 609 4393
[Link]@[Link] industries related to energy, transportation, power generation, all those segments that rely
Josh Kunz on engines of one kind or another and power system products, pretty much kept going.
Tel: +1 262 754 4139
Cell: +1 414 379 2672 And while the processes may have been different than before, things were still designed,
[Link]@[Link] engineered and manufactured.
Pete Balistrieri
Tel: +1 414 940 9897 Which brings us to this, the 2021-2022 Power Sourcing Guide.
[Link]@[Link] Pandemics or no, people who design all of the things that make societies work – everything
from heavy trucks that haul our goods, construction machines that build our roads, schools
KHL OFFICES and homes, power generations systems that keep the lights on, etc. – need information
UNITED KINGDOM
(Head Office) about the components and systems that go into their machines and equipment. And since
KHL Group LLP 1935, the Power Sourcing Guide, which has existed under many names since the original
Southfields, Southview Road,
Wadhurst, East Sussex “Diesel Plan Book and Engine Catalog,” has provided it in a way like no other reference.
TN5 6TP, UK. In print or online (at [Link]), the Power Sourcing Guide delivers
Tel: +44 (0)1892 784088
Fax: +44 (0)1892 784086 more information about all manner of reciprocating engines, gas turbines, powertrain
[Link] components and many of the myriad products that go into what
USA OFFICES makes the world go. Want to find information on engine
KHL Group Americas LLC ratings? It’s in here. What are the emissions regulations
3726 East Ember Glow Way,
Phoenix, AZ 85050 USA in the EU or Canada? It’s in here. Need to know the latest
Tel: +1 480 6590578 NFPA hydraulic standards? That’s in here, too.
e-mail: americas@[Link]
KHL Group (Chicago Office) And again, it’s presented however you want it. Tired
205 W. Randolph St, of looking at a screen all the time? The Power Sourcing
Suite #1320, Chicago,
IL 60606, USA Guide remains solidly in print as what one user
Tel: +1 312 4963644 called “the original desktop search engine.” If you
e-mail: americas@[Link]
KHL Group (Waukesha Office) choose to do all of your research online, of course
20855 Watertown Road, it’s there too.
Suite 220, Waukesha,
WI 53186-1873, USA Whenever things once again become “normal,”
Tel: +1 262 7544100 the Power Sourcing Guide, like so many people and
e-mail: americas@[Link]
companies in the industries it covers, will continue to
do its job.
We hope you enjoy the Power Sourcing Guide 2021-
2022.

Mike Brezonick
Vice President

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 3

VOLUME 86

CONTENTS
6 180 Perkins: More power for gen-sets
INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ 188 Deutz: Expansion for Deutz with new
PUBLICATION STAFF SECTIONS & PRODUCTS facility
EDITORIAL
Publisher: An A-Z list of the major manufacturers 190 Kohler: Kohler engines ready for China
Mike Brezonick highlighting their company divisions and Tier 4
[Link]@[Link] product categories 197 AGCO Power: AGCO Power’s engine
Publication Manager:
Riley Simpson 24 SI Units – The International manufacturing upgrade
[Link]@[Link] Standards System: An outline of the 198 JCB: New range of engines launched
PRODUCTION universally used SI System by JCB
Production & Circulation Director: 204 Moteurs Baudouin: Baudouin
Saara Rootes
[Link]@[Link]
26 donates engines to technical college
Senior Production Executive: PRODUCT DIRECTORY & 208 MAN Energy Solutions: MAN Energy
Anita Bhakta BUYER’S GUIDE Solutions launches low-speed dual-fuel
[Link]@[Link]
A breakdown of products by category and their engine
Production Manager - KHL Americas:
Brenda Burbach suppliers 210 INNIO Jenbacher: Jenbachers help
[Link]@[Link] avoid European blackout
Production Assistant:
Charlotte Kemp
35 221 Anglo Belgian: DZC engine family
[Link]@[Link] EMISSIONS approved
Design Manager:
Jeff Gilbert
Print and Digital Designer:
38 Emissions Reference Guide 223
Mitchell Logue & Standards GAS TURBINES
Designer: Produced in cooperation with
Jade Hudson
[Link] 225 Gas Turbine Engines
CIRCULATION 89 Emissions Specifications by company and model
Subscriptions: INCLUDING: Emissions Technologies, Exhaust System 232 Combined-cycle Engines
subscriptions@[Link]
Components, Emissions Controls, Silencers, Mufflers, Specifications by company and model
Circulation & Data Manager:
Anna Philo Catalytic Converters, Acoustical Systems and Materials, 240 Ansaldo Energia: Ansaldo Energia to
[Link]@[Link] Starting Systems (Air, Electric and Hydraulic), Starting supply gas turbine for CCPP
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Aids, Alternators and Batteries 241 Solar Turbines: An environmental
James King 90 Global Diesel Emissions upgrade
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Regulations-At-A-Glance 242 Siemens: Advanced gas turbines’
Paul Baker Emissions information drawn from testing and validation
PRESIDENT & CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER government and industry sources 246 Hydrogen: Modification of gas
Trevor Pease
turbine fleets for a more sustainable
93 ENGINES: future
DIESEL, DUAL-
FUEL & GASOLINE 249
95 Gasoline Engines POWER
Specifications by company and highest GENERATION
ratings for a particular engine series 251 2021 Power Plants
99 Diesel, Natural Gas & Dual Fuel Of The World
© Copyright KHL Group 2021 Engines A round-up of power generation
ISSN-1545-9063 Specifications by company and highest projects submitted by prime-mover
Printed in the UK by: Buxton Press, UK ratings for a particular engine series original equipment manufacturers
Published June 2021 by KHL Group Americas 152 Isuzu: Plug-And-Play Power commissioned during 2021
LLC, East Ember Glow Way, Phoenix, AZ 85050, 156 Kubota: Small still big for Kubota 259 Power Generation
USA. Copyright 2021. All rights reserved. 165 Cummins: 10 million and counting INCLUDING: AC and DC Generators, Exciters, Regulators,
This book or parts thereof may not be 172 MAN: MAN Engines’ new marine Switches and Breakers, Chargers, Load Banks,
reproduced in any form without written hybrid system Automatic Transfer Switches, Power Control And
permission from the Publishers. 174 Yanmar: Yanmar’s year of change Safeguard Devices

4 2018 Diesel & Gas Turbine Sourcing Guide

4 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
265 Packagers published standards developed by KHL’s POWER PORTFOLIO
INCLUDING: Engine System Contractors and Packagers; ISO/TC 131 A KHL Group Publication JUNE 2021

Diesel Power Plants, Generator Sets; Including Cogeneration

A KHL Group publication

and Energy Recovery; Pump and Compression Equipment 311 [Link]
May-June 2021

270 MTU: A milestone and a microgrid POWER

272 Compression Equipment TRANSMISSION
INCLUDING: Reciprocating, Rotary Screw Compressors, 313 Transmissions
Centrifugal Compressors, Valves, Compression Controls & Specifications by company and model
T/CCI’S ADVANCED ARROW’S A54
TESTING CENTER UPDATE
PLUS:
ENGINE
SPECIFICATIONS-
AT-A-GLANCE Engines:
Specifications-
EMISSIONS at-a-glance

Components 313 Power Take-Offs REGULATIONS-

AT-A-GLANCE THE MAGAZINE FOR ENGINE DESIGN, POWER AND COMPONENTS ON A GLOBAL SCALE

274 Compressor Horsepower Specifications by company and model

[Link] SPRING 2021 DIVERSE ENERGY CONDITION MONITORING SHALE NEWS
MAAS DEVELOPS BIOGAS SIEMENS SECURITY SOFTWARE CABOT AND CIMAREX TO MERGE

A KHL Group Publication

Selection Chart 314 Gearboxes & Heads

A KHL Group publication

Specifications by company and model COVERING LARGE ENGINE AND GAS TURBINE MARKETS SINCE 1969 JULY 2021 | VOLUME 26 | ISSUE 6 [Link]

Caterpillar’s hands-on
training facility

275 314 Pump Drives

ENGINE SYSTEMS Specifications by company and model
Partners
314 Electric Drivetrains 2021-22
ENGINE
SPECS-
AT-A-
GLANCE

ENGINE TECH REVIEW

in training
277 Pumps Specifications by company and model TIM SCOTT
MWM
IMES develops
next generation
REGIONAL NEWS
Australia’s gas scene

Permit repealed pressure sensor

Pumps, Motors, Valves and Fluid Power Technology 315 Transfluid: Parallel hybrid POWER GENERATION MARINE PROPULSION OIL & GAS RAIL TRACTION
for Baltic Pipe

279 Cooling for rail tunnel maintenance

Turbochargers and Superchargers; Cooling System,
Heat Transfer and Heat Recovery Equipment 321
INCLUDING: Cogeneration System Components FUEL INJECTION EMISSIONS ENGINES GAS TURBINES

280 Oesse: Oesse’s new app for IC engine

POWER GENERATION ENGINE SYSTEMS MOBILE HYDRAULICS

cooling 326 Woodward: Consortium to develop

283 Pistons medium-speed engine fueled by ammonia POWER TRANSMISSION FUEL INJECTION CONTROLS & INSTRUMENTATION

INCLUDING: Pistons, Rings, Valves, Valve Seats, Bearings, 330 Parker Filtration: The endless pursuit
Gaskets and Seals, Cylinder Liners and Other Valve Train of cleanliness
Components 332 SWRI: Documenting destructive deposits
286 Rheinmetall: Rheinmetall 338 Liebherr: Liebherr’s LiView position
joins UN Global Compact transducer
287 Castings and Forgings
INCLUDING: Crankshafts, Camshafts, Turbine Blades, 339
High-Temperature Alloys, Ceramics and Coatings & CONTROLS AND
Related Piston and Turbine Engine Components INSTRUMENTATION
291 Petro Canada: How lubricants are 341 Heinzmann: Heinzmann’s new data
enabling gas engine operators to logger
upgrade their performance 347 Consultants and Market
Research
293
MOBILE 349 A KHL Group Publication JUNE 2021

HYDRAULICS MANUFACTURERS’
295 Hydraulic Motors DISTRIBUTION GUIDE
Specifications by company and model A list of the major manufacturers and their key T/CCI’S ADVANCED
TESTING CENTER
ARROW’S A54
UPDATE
PLUS:
ENGINE
SPECIFICATIONS-
AT-A-GLANCE

EMISSIONS
REGULATIONS-
AT-A-GLANCE

296 Hydraulic Pumps distributors

Specifications by company and model
297 Hydraulic Valves 366
Specifications by company and model DIRECTORY OF ADVERTISERS Additional copies of the POWER SOURCING
301 ISO Published Standards: A list of GUIDE are available at $195.00/copy postpaid.
Send order to the Publisher’s Circulation Office:
KHL Group, Southfields, Southview, Wadhurst,
[Link] East Sussex, TN5 6TP, UK. 36

2018 Diesel & Gas Turbine Sourcing Guide 5

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 5
INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS
INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’
SECTIONS & PRODUCTS
Generator Sets Engines
A Diesel Engine Generator Sets Combined-Cycle Engines
Pump Sets Gas Turbines
Diesel-Driven Pump Sets Gas Turbines And Components
Gas Turbines
Generator Sets
Combined-Cycle Generator Sets
ABC - ANGLO BELGIAN
Gas Turbine Generator Sets
CORPORATION N.V. ........218
Generators
43 WIEDAUWKAAI
AC Generators
9000 GENT
BELGIUM Power Plants
TEL: +32 9 267 00 00 Combined-Cycle Power Plants
Gas Turbine Power Plants
FAX: +32 9 267 00 67 MASCHINENFABRIK ALFING
EMAIL: info@[Link] Turnkey Operations Power Plants
KESSLER GMBH ...............288 Service Systems & Training
WEB: [Link] AUGUSTE-KESSLER-STR. 20
Engines Power Plants Service Systems & Training
73433 AALEN-WASSERALFINGEN Services
Diesel Engines GERMANY
Dual-Fuel Engines Gas Turbine Overhaul & Repair Services
TEL: +49 0 7361 501 1340
Generator Sets
FAX: +49 0 7361 501 4416
Diesel Engine Generator Sets
EMAIL: large@[Link]
Dual-Fuel Engine Generator Sets
WEB: [Link]
Marine Propulsion Systems
Crankshafts
Diesel Marine Propulsion Systems
Crankshafts
Power Plants
Diesel/Gas Engine Power Plants Engine Crankshaft
Turnkey Operations Power Plants Reconditioning Crankshafts
Pump Sets Forgings AVAT AUTOMATION
Diesel-Driven Pump Sets Engine Components Forgings GMBH ...............................344
Dual-Fuel Engine-Driven Pump Sets Shafts DERENDINGER STRASSE 40
Shafts 72072 TUEBINGEN
Test Equipment, Testing GERMANY
Engine Systems Test Equipment TEL: +49 7071 9735-0
FAX: +49 7071 9735-55
EMAIL: avat@[Link]
WEB: [Link]
Analysis Systems
Analysis Systems
Cogeneration Systems
Cogeneration Controls
Cogeneration Systems
ANSALDO ENERGIA ........238 Service Cogeneration Systems
AGCO POWER ..................194 VIA NICOLA LORENZI, 8
LINNAVUORENTIE 8-10 Controls
16152 GENOVA, LIGURIA Cogeneration Controls
FI-37240 LINNAVUORI
ITALY Engine Controls
FINLAND
TEL: +39 010 6551 Engine System Controllers
TEL: +358 3 3417111
FAX: +39 Knock Detection & Control Controls
FAX: +358 3 3417330
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] EMAIL: info@[Link] Marine Propulsion Controls
WEB: [Link]/ WEB: [Link]/ Remote Controls
Engines Alternators Engine Maintenance
Diesel Engines Generating Sets Alternators Engine Diagnostic Systems

6 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

Overhaul & Parts Services Engine WEST ETOBICOKE, ONTARIO M8V 3Y3
Maintenance C CANADA
Measuring Equipment TEL: +1 416 259 3741
Measuring Equipment FAX: +1 416 259 7167
Monitoring, Monitors EMAIL: [Link]@cummins.
Engine System Monitors com
Power Plants WEB: [Link]
CUMMINS ■ For Product Listing, See Cummins
Combined-Cycle Power Plants GENERATOR
Service Systems & Training Generator Technologies
TECHNOLOGIES .............. 260
Power Plants Service Systems & Training FOUNTAIN COURT
Service Tools & Equipment LYNCH WOOD
Service Tools & Equipment CUMMINS GENERATOR
PETERBOROUGH PE2 6FZ TECHNOLOGIES,
Services U.K.
Contract Manufacturing
CHINA ...............................260
TEL: +44 0 1733 395300 NO. 2 XIN RONG ROAD
Engineering Services EMAIL: stamford-avk@[Link] NEW DISTRICT
Test Equipment, Testing WEB: [Link] WUXI, JIANGSU 214028
Automated Engine Test Systems Alternators CHINA
Computer-Controlled Engine Testing Alternators TEL: +86 510 81108088
Generating Sets Alternators FAX: +86 510 81108098
Electrical Power Generation EMAIL: stamford-avk@[Link]
AVAT ASIA PACIFIC LTD. 344 Equipment WEB: [Link]
HANMIREU BUILDING NO.1410-B Electrical Power Generation Equipment ■ For Product Listing, See Cummins
YONGDANG CAMPUS, PUKYONG Generators Generator Technologies
UNIVERSITY AC Generators
365 SHINSEON-RO, NAM-GU Power Generation Equipment
BUSAN 48547 Power Generation Equipment CUMMINS GENERATOR
KOREA (REPUBLIC) Regulators TECHNOLOGIES,
TEL: +82 51951 9735 Voltage Regulators INDIA ................................260
EMAIL: info@[Link] CAMPUS TOWER A
WEB: [Link] SURVEY NO. 21
■ For Product Listing, See AVAT CUMMINS GENERATOR BALEWADI
Automation GmbH TECHNOLOGIES, MAHARASHTRA, PUNE 411 045
AUSTRALIA ......................260 INDIA
SOUTH PACIFIC PTY LTD TEL: +91 20 6706 7000
B 50-52 DIAGONAL ROAD FAX: +91 20 6706 7001
POORAKA SA 5095 EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
AUSTRALIA WEB: [Link]
TEL: +61 8 83684300 ■ For Product Listing, See Cummins
FAX: +618 8260 3055 Generator Technologies
BAUDOUIN ......................205 EMAIL: [Link]@cummins.
TECHNOPARC DU BREGADAN CASSIS com
13260 CASSIS WEB: [Link] CUMMINS GENERATOR
FRANCE ■ For Product Listing, See Cummins TECHNOLOGIES,
TEL: +33 4 88688500 Generator Technologies ITALY ................................260
EMAIL: hello@[Link] VIA GIOSUE, CARDUCCI 125
WEB: [Link] SESTO SAN GIOVANNI
Engines CUMMINS GENERATOR 20099 MILAN
Diesel Engines TECHNOLOGIES, ITALY
Gas Engines CANADA ...........................260 TEL: +39 2380 00714
Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines 2275 LAKESHORE BLVD. FAX: +39 2380 03664

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 7

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

EMAIL: stamford-avk@[Link] SINGAPORE 637419 EMAIL: care@[Link]

WEB: [Link] SINGAPORE WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See Cummins TEL: +65 6305 3150 Engines
Generator Technologies FAX: +65 6265 6909 Diesel Engines
EMAIL: stamford-avk@[Link] Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines
WEB: [Link] Exhaust Systems
CUMMINS GENERATOR ■ For Product Listing, See Cummins Diesel & Gas Exhaust Systems
TECHNOLOGIES, Generator Technologies Diesel Particulate Filters
JAPAN ..............................260 Selective Catalytic Reduction
15F NEW PIER TAKESHIBA SOUTH Filters and Filter Systems
TOWER CUMMINS GENERATOR Crankcase Filters
1-16-1, KAIGAN TECHNOLOGIES, Fuel Filters
MINATO-KU UAE ...................................260 Lube Filters
TOKYO 105-0022 JEBEL ALI FREE ZONE Generator Sets
JAPAN P.O. BOX 17636 Diesel Engine Generator Sets
TEL: +81 36631 6401 DUBAI Marine Propulsion Systems
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] UAE Diesel Marine Propulsion Systems
WEB: [Link] TEL: +971 48 830461 Power Generation Equipment
■ For Product Listing, See Cummins FAX: +971 48 860518 Power Transfer Systems
Generator Technologies EMAIL: stamford-avk@[Link] Switches
WEB: [Link] Mechanical Switches
■ For Product Listing, See Cummins Switchgear/Switchboards
CUMMINS GENERATOR
Generator Technologies Gen. Sets Switchgear/Switchboards
TECHNOLOGIES,
NORWAY ..........................260 Turbochargers
OSLOVEIEN 20 Exhaust Gas Turbochargers
1430 AS OSLO
CUMMINS GENERATOR
TECHNOLOGIES,
NORWAY
USA ...................................260 CUMMINS WESTPORT INC. ...
TEL: +47 64 974540
1400 73RD AVENUE N.E. .. INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
FAX: +47 64 974541
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55432 101 – 1750 WEST 75TH AVENUE
EMAIL: stamford-avk@[Link]
U.S.A. VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA V6P
WEB: [Link]
TEL: +1 763 528 7301 6G2
■ For Product Listing, See Cummins
FAX: +1 763 574 5082 CANADA
Generator Technologies
EMAIL: info@ TEL: +1 604 718-8100
[Link] EMAIL: info@[Link]
CUMMINS GENERATOR WEB: [Link] WEB: [Link]/
TECHNOLOGIES, ■ For Product Listing, See Cummins Engines
ROMANIA .........................260 Generator Technologies Diesel Engines
B-DUL DECEBAL NR. 116A Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines
CRAIOVA
DOLJ
ROMANIA
TEL: +40 351 443202 D
FAX: +40 351 443201
EMAIL: stamford-avk@[Link]
WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See Cummins
Generator Technologies CUMMINS INC.
.. INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169 DAIHATSU DIESEL MFG. CO.
500 JACKSON STREET LTD. ..........................214, 245
CUMMINS GENERATOR COLUMBUS, INDIANA 47201 1-30, OYODO NAKA 1-CHOME
TECHNOLOGIES, U.S.A. KITA-KU, OSAKA 531-0076
SINGAPORE .....................260 TEL: +1 800-CUMMINS (266-6467) JAPAN
85 TUAS SOUTH AVENUE 1 FAX: +1 812 377-3334 TEL: +81 6 6454 2393

8 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

FAX: +81 6 6454 2686 Service Systems & Training FRANCE

EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] Diesel Engines Service Systems & Training TEL: +33 1 461 387 82
WEB: [Link]/en/[Link] Service Tools & Equipment FAX: +33 1 461 387 81
Engines Service Tools & Equipment EMAIL: haevekeuser.e@[Link]
Diesel Engines WEB: [Link]
Gas Engines ■ For Product Listing, See DEUTZ AG
Gas Turbines
DEUTZ ASIA-PACIFIC (PTE)
LTD. ..................................183
Gas Turbines And Components
10 GUL CRESCENT DEUTZ SPAIN S.A.U. ........183
Gas Turbines
SINGAPORE 629523 KM 74,6 DE LA CTRA. DE BADAJOZ-
Generator Sets
SINGAPORE
Diesel Engine Generator Sets GRANADA
TEL: +65 667 27811
BADAJOZ
EMAIL: kok.p@[Link]
ZAFRA 06300
WEB: [Link]
DAIHATSU DIESEL MFG. SPAIN
■ For Product Listing, See DEUTZ AG
CO., LTD. - INTERNATIONAL TEL: +34 924 103027
BUSINESS OPERATIONS ....... EMAIL: valladares.m@[Link]
................................... 214, 245 DEUTZ AUSTRALIA PTY. WEB: [Link]
2-10, NIHONBASHI-HONCHO, 2-CHOME LTD. ..................................183 ■ For Product Listing, See DEUTZ AG
TOKYO 103-0023 UNIT 4
JAPAN 13-15 BROUGH STREET
TEL: +81 3 3279 0827 SPRINVALE, VICTORIA 3171 LLC DEUTZ VOSTOK ........183
AUSTRALIA NOVINSKY BULV.3, BLD.1
FAX: +81 3 3245 0395
TEL: +61 3 95498415 MOSCOW 121099
WEB: [Link]
EMAIL: torkar.m@[Link] RUSSIAN FEDERATION
■ For Product Listing, See Daihatsu Diesel
WEB: [Link] TEL: +7 495 9374211
Mfg. Co. Ltd.
■ For Product Listing, See DEUTZ AG EMAIL: logvinenko.j@[Link]
WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See DEUTZ AG
DEUTZ CORPORATION ....183
3883 STEVE REYNOLDS BLVD.
NORCROSS, GEORGIA 30093-3066 NLLE STE MAGIDEUTZ S.A. ...
U.S.A. 183
TEL: +1 770 564 7100 RUE SERGENT KHALICH MOHAMED 6
FAX: +1 770 564 7222 CASABLANCA 20310
EMAIL: evans.w@[Link] MOROCCO
WEB: [Link] TEL: +212 52 2300606
■ For Product Listing, See DEUTZ AG EMAIL: magid@[Link]
DEUTZ AG ........................183 WEB: [Link]
OTTOSTR. 1 ■ For Product Listing, See DEUTZ AG
51149 COLOGNE DEUTZ ENGINE CO., LTD -
GERMANY BEIJING ............................183
TEL: +49 0 221 822-0 1102 CITIC BUILDING, 19
FAX: +49 0 221 822-3525 JIAN WAI DAJIE
BEIJING 100004
EMAIL: info@[Link]
CHINA
WEB: [Link]
TEL: +86 10 65254186120
Engine Maintenance
FAX: +86 10 65120042
Overhaul & Parts Services Engine
EMAIL: miyouqian@[Link]
Maintenance
WEB: [Link]
Engines
■ For Product Listing, See DEUTZ AG DOOSAN INFRACORE CO.
Diesel Engines LTD. ENGINE BG ..............222
Exhaust Systems DOOSAN TOWER 21ST FL.
Diesel & Gas Exhaust Systems DEUTZ FRANCE S.A. ........183 18-12, EULJIRO-6 GA
Monitoring, Monitors 115 RUE DU FOSSÉ BLANC JUNG-GU, SEOUL 100-730
Engine System Monitors 92234 GENNEVILLIERS KOREA

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 9

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

TEL: +82 2 3398 8578 Component Manufacturing HATZ FRANCE ..................182

FAX: +82 2 3398 8509 Component Manufacturing 5BIS, RUE LAVOISIER
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] Engines 69684 CHASSIEU CEDEX
WEB: [Link]/en Diesel Engines FRANCE
Engines
Generator Sets TEL: +33 4 78 90 73 25
Diesel Engines
Diesel Engine Generator Sets FAX: +33 4 78 90 72 03
Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines
Power Generation Equipment Pump Sets EMAIL: commercial@[Link]
Power Generation Equipment Diesel-Driven Pump Sets WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik
Hatz GmbH & Co. KG
HATZ AUSTRALIA PTY. LTD.
E ...........................................182
7 HUME ROAD
HATZ GREAT BRITAIN LTD.
SMITHFIELD, NEW SOUTH WALES 2164
...........................................182
AUSTRALIA
4 ALAN BRAY CLOSE
TEL: +61 2 87 88 79 99
DODWELLS BRIDGE IND EST, HINCKLEY,
FAX: +61 2 97 29 42 77
LEICS. LE 10 3BP
EMAIL: engines@[Link]
EUROMOT AISBL .............346 U.K.
WEB: [Link]
RUE JOSEPH STEVENS 7 TEL: +44 1455 61 21 01
■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik
1000 BRUSSELS FAX: +44 1455 61 12 33
Hatz GmbH & Co. KG
BELGIUM EMAIL: info@[Link]
TEL: +32 2 8932142 WEB: [Link]
EMAIL: secretariat@[Link] ■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik
WEB: [Link] HATZ DIESEL (S.A.) PTY. LTD.
Hatz GmbH & Co. KG
Engines ...........................................182
Research Engines 9 JERSEY DRIVE
Research & Development LONGMEADOWS EAST, BUSINESS
Marketing Research ESTATE
HATZ ITALIA S.R.L. ..........182
Services VIA PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII NO.26
EDENVALE
Market Research Services 41100 MODENA
SOUTH AFRICA
TEL: +27 11 5 74 09 00 ITALY
FAX: +27 11 5 74 09 39 TEL: +39 059 25 41 29
H EMAIL: info@[Link] FAX: +39 059 25 41 37
WEB: [Link] EMAIL: info@[Link]
■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik WEB: [Link]
Hatz GmbH & Co. KG ■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik
Hatz GmbH & Co. KG

HATZ DIESEL OF NORTH

AMERICA, INC. .................182 HATZ NEDERLAND BV ....182
W 229 N 1645 WESTWOOD DRIVE ANTHONIE VAN DIEMENSTRAAT 38
MOTORENFABRIK HATZ WAUKESHA, WISCONSIN 53187-0258 4104 AE CULEMBORG
GMBH & CO. KG ...............182 U.S.A. NETHERLANDS
ERNST-HATZ-STR. 16 TEL: +31 345 47 00 40
TEL: +1 262 544 0254
94099 RUHSTORF A. D. ROTT
FAX: +1 262 544 6120 FAX: +31 345 47 00 44
GERMANY
TEL: +49 8531 3190 EMAIL: sales@[Link] EMAIL: info@[Link]
FAX: +49 8531 319418 WEB: [Link] WEB: [Link]
EMAIL: marketing@[Link] ■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik ■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik
WEB: [Link] Hatz GmbH & Co. KG Hatz GmbH & Co. KG

10 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

MOTORENFABRIK HATZ Gen-Set Paralleling Controls Gas Turbine-Driven Pump Sets

GMBH & CO. KG ...............182 Generator Controls Pumps
XIAMEN REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE Knock Detection & Control Controls Common Rail Fuel Oil Pump
NO. 323 JIAHE ROAD Load Controls Sensors
501B HUITENG METROPOLIS Load Transfer Controls Hall-Effect Sensor
XIAMEN Marine Propulsion Controls Oil Mist Sensors
CHINA Mechanical Controls Position Sensors
TEL: +86 592 520 45 28 Speed Controls Pressure Sensors
FAX: +86 592 520 45 98 Throttle Controls Speed Sensors
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] Turbocharger Controls Temperature Sensors
WEB: [Link] Converters Services
■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik Catalytic Converters Engineering Services
Hatz GmbH & Co. KG Converters Gas Turbine Overhaul & Repair Services
I/F Converters Servomotors
Diesel Common Rail Systems Servomotors
MOTORES HATZ ESPAÑA Diesel Common Rail Injectors Solenoids
S.R.L. ................................182 Diesel Common Rail Supply Pump AC & DC Solenoids
CALLE CHOPO, S/N Diesel Common Rail Systems Synchronizers
COMPLEJO IND. EUROARAGÓN, NAVE 5 Drives Automatic Synchronizers
POLIGONO MALPICA ALFINDÉN, 50171 Electrical Drives Test Equipment, Testing
LA PUEBLA DE ALFINDÉN ZARAGOZA Electrical Power Generation Engine Systems Test Equipment
SPAIN Equipment
Fuel Injection Test Equipment
TEL: +34 976 10 81 28 Electrical Power Generation Equipment
Valves
FAX: +34 976 10 82 76 Exhaust Systems
Fuel Valves
EMAIL: info@[Link] Diesel & Gas Exhaust Systems
Solenoid Valves
WEB: [Link] Diesel & Gas Turbine Exhaust Systems
■ For Product Listing, See Motorenfabrik Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valves
Hatz GmbH & Co. KG Filters and Filter Systems
Exhaust Filters
CPK AUTOMOTIVE GMBH &
Fuel & Lube Systems
CO. KG ....................................
Oil Mist Detectors
......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
GILDENSTR. 4C
Fuel Injection
48157 MÜNSTER
Common Rail Systems Fuel Injection
Fuel Injection Control GERMANY
Fuel Injection Nozzles TEL: +49 251 2394850
Fuel Injection Timing Sensors FAX: +49 251 2394854
HEINZMANN GMBH & CO. KG Fuel Pumps, Electronic EMAIL: info@[Link]
.........CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 High-Pressure Common Rail Pumps Fuel WEB: [Link]
AM HASELBACH 1 Governors ■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann
79677 SCHOENAU, BADEN- Electric/Electronic Governors GmbH & Co. KG
WUERTTEMBERG Hydraulic Governors
GERMANY Mechanical Governors
TEL: +49 7673 8208-0 Hydraulic Components GIRO ENGINEERING LTD. ......
FAX: +49 7673 8208-188 Controls Hydraulic ......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
EMAIL: info@[Link] Indicators TALISMAN BUSINESS CENTRE
WEB: [Link] Cylinder Pressure Indicators DUNCAN ROAD, PARK GATE
Actuators Oil Mist Indicators SOUTHAMPTON, HAMPSHIRE SO317GA
Electric Actuators Temperature Indicators U.K.
Hydraulic Actuators Monitoring, Monitors TEL: +44 1489 885288
Solenoid Actuators Monitoring FAX: +44 1489 885199
Controls Motors EMAIL: giro@[Link]
Air/Fuel Ratio Controls Electric Motors WEB: [Link]
Electronic Controls Wheel Motors ■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann
Engine Controls Pump Sets GmbH & Co. KG

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 11

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

HEINZMANN / REGULATEURS WEB: [Link] FAX: +44 1206 792 685

EUROPA AMERICA INC. ......... ■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann EMAIL: sales@[Link]
......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 GmbH & Co. KG WEB: [Link]
SUITE 1 ■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann
1305 DUFF DRIVE GmbH & Co. KG
FORT COLLINS, COLORADO 80524 HEINZMANN POWER
U.S.A. CONTROL (JIAXING) CO. LTD.
TEL: +1 970 484 1863 ......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
FAX: +1 970 484 0073 NO. 222 WEST YUN SI ROAD
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] DAYUN TOWN
WEB: [Link] JIASHAN 314113 I
■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann CHINA
GmbH & Co. KG TEL: +86 573 84661358
EMAIL: hzm-sh@[Link]
WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann
HEINZMANN AUSTRALIA
GmbH & Co. KG
PTY LTD. ..................................
......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 IMPRO INDUSTRIES USA,
10 VIRGINIA STREET INC. ...................278, 282, 290
GEEBUNG QLD 4034, QUEENSLAND 4009
HEINZMANN UK LTD. ............ 21660 EAST COPLEY DRIVE, STE 100
AUSTRALIA
......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
DIAMOND BAR, CALIFORNIA 91765
STANLEY HOUSE
TEL: +61 7 3868 3333 U.S.A.
WALLIS ROAD
FAX: +61 7 3868 4666 TEL: +1 909 396-6525
SKIPPERS LANE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
MIDDLESBROUGH TS6 6JB FAX: +1 909 396-1677
WEB: [Link]
U.K. EMAIL: sales@[Link]
■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann
TEL: +44 1 642 467 484 WEB: [Link]
GmbH & Co. KG
FAX: +44 1 642 458 488 Castings Materials
EMAIL: info@[Link] Drive Components Castings
WEB: [Link]-turbine-controls.
HEINZMANN Engine Components Castings
com
AUTOMATION AS ■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann
Turbine Components Castings
........CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 GmbH & Co. KG Component Manufacturing
KONGENSGT. 18 Component Manufacturing
8514 NARVIK Cylinders
NORWAY REGULATEURS EUROPA B.V. Cylinder Heads
TEL: +47 769 610 80 ......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Engine Cylinders
FAX: +47 769 610 99 EKKELKAMP 3
EMAIL: post@[Link] 9301 ZZ RODEN
WEB: [Link] NETHERLANDS
■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann TEL: +31 5050 19888
IMPRO (CHINA) LIMITED .......
GmbH & Co. KG FAX: +31 5050 13618 ........................... 278, 282, 290
EMAIL: sales@[Link] NO. 18, FURONG ROAD 5
WEB: [Link] XISHAN ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
HEINZMANN INDIA PRIVATE ■ For Product Listing, See Heinzmann ZONE
LTD. ........................................ GmbH & Co. KG WUXI, JIANGSU PROVINCE
......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 CHINA
REGD. OFFICE: ‘ANTARAL’ SOCIETY TEL: +86 510 85165532
BLOCK NO. 1, SANGANNA DHOTRE REGULATEURS EUROPA LTD.
FAX: +86 510 85165099
MARG, MODEL COLONY ......... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
PUNE 411016 PORT LANE EMAIL: sales@[Link]
INDIA ESSEX, COLCHESTER CO1 2NX WEB: [Link]
TEL: +91 20 25675790 U.K. ■ For Product Listing, See Impro Industries
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] TEL: +44 1206 799 556 USA, Inc.

12 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

IMPRO EUROPE SARL ............ Engine Maintenance

........................... 278, 282, 290 Overhaul & Parts Services Engine
10 BOULEVARD ROYAL Maintenance
L-2449 LUXEMBOURG Engines
LUXEMBOURG Dual-Fuel Engines
TEL: +352 26 20 06 08 Gas Engines
FAX: +352 26 26 29 11 INNIO JENBACHER GMBH & Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines
EMAIL: sales@[Link] CO OG ...............................211 Generator Sets
WEB: [Link] ACHENSEESTR. 1-3 Dual-Fuel Engine Generator Sets
■ For Product Listing, See Impro Industries A-6200 JENBACH, TYROL Natural Gas Engine Generator Sets
USA, Inc. AUSTRIA Power Generation Equipment
TEL: +43 0 5244 600 Power Generation Equipment
FAX: +43 0 5244 600-527
IMPRO GERMANY GMBH ...... EMAIL: communications@[Link]
........................... 278, 282, 290 WEB: [Link] INNIO WAUKESHA GAS
AM SCHÜRMANNSHÜTT 11 Cogeneration Systems ENGINES INC. ...................211
47441 MOERS Cogeneration Systems 11330 CLAY ROAD
GERMANY Service Cogeneration Systems WESTWAY PLAZA
TEL: +49 2841 1798 98 Drives HOUSTON, TEXAS 77041
FAX: +49 2841 1798 90 U.S.A.
Compressor Drives
EMAIL: sales@[Link] TEL: +1 713 408 6930
Engine Maintenance
WEB: [Link] EMAIL: communications@[Link]
Overhaul & Parts Services Engine
■ For Product Listing, See Impro Industries WEB: [Link]
Maintenance
USA, Inc. ■ For Product Listing, See INNIO Waukesha
Engines
Gas Engines Inc.
Gas Engines
Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines
IMPRO INDUSTRIES USA, Generator Sets
INC. ...................278, 282, 290
Natural Gas Engine Generator Sets
1055 REMINGTON BLVD, SUITE A
Service Generator Sets
BOLINGBROOK, ILLINOIS 60440
Motors
U.S.A.
Generator Sets Motors
TEL: +1 630 759-0280
FAX: +1 630 759-0353
EMAIL: sales@[Link]
WEB: [Link]
INNIO WAUKESHA GAS
■ For Product Listing, See Impro Industries ENGINES INC. ...................211
USA, Inc. 1101 W. ST. PAUL AVE ISOTTA FRASCHINI MOTORI
WAUKESHA, WISCONSIN 53188 S.P.A., A FINCANTIERI
U.S.A. COMPANY ........................209
IMPRO INTERNATIONAL TEL: +1 262 547-3311 VIALE FRANCESCO DE BLASIO
LIMITED ...........278, 282, 290 FAX: +1 262 549-2795 ZONA INDUSTRIALE
UNIT 803, SHUI ON CENTRE EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] 70100 BARI
6-8 HARBOUR ROAD, WEB: [Link]/en/products/ ITALY
WANCHAI waukesha TEL: +39 080 5345000
HONG KONG Controls FAX: +39 080 5345153
TEL: +852 2572 8628 Engine Controls EMAIL: isottafraschini@[Link]
FAX: +852 2572 8638 Gen-Set Paralleling Controls WEB: [Link]
EMAIL: sales@[Link] Generator Controls Engines
WEB: [Link] Electrical Power Generation Diesel Engines
■ For Product Listing, See Impro Industries Equipment Generator Sets
USA, Inc. Electrical Power Generation Equipment Diesel Engine Generator Sets

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 13

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

Clutches and Clutch Components

Electrical Clutches
Hydraulic Clutches
Marine Clutches
The power behind it all. Multiple Disc Clutches
ISUZU MOTORS AMERICA, Spring Loaded Clutches
LLC ............. ENGINES TAB, 154 Wet Clutches JCB POWER SYSTEMS LTD. ...
POWERTRAIN DIVISION Component Manufacturing ..................... BACK COVER, 200
46401 COMMERCE CENTER DRIVE Aluminum Components DOVE VALLEY PARK
PLYMOUTH, MICHIGAN 48170 Component Manufacturing 1000 PARK AVENUE, FOSTON DERBY
U.S.A. Couplings DE65 5BX
TEL: +1 734 582-9453 Flexible Couplings U.K.
FAX: +1 734 455-7581 Gear-Type Couplings TEL: +44 1889 590312
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] Hydraulic Couplings FAX: +44 1283 585630
WEB: [Link] Mechanical Couplings EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
Engines Shaft Couplings WEB: [Link]
Diesel Engines Dampers Engines
Driveline Dampers Diesel Engines
Drives
ISUZU MOTORS LTD. ............. Hydraulic Pump Drives
.....................ENGINES TAB, 154 Pump Drives
6-26-1 MINAMI-OI Heat Exchangers
SHINAGAWA-KU Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
TOKYO 140-8722 Liquid-Cooled Heat Exchangers
JAPAN Oil-Water Heat Exchangers
TEL: +81 3 5471 1423 Sea Water Heat Exchangers
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
JOHN DEERE POWER
Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers SYSTEMS ..........................178
WEB: [Link] Hydraulic Components
3801 WEST RIDGEWAY AVENUE
■ For Product Listing, See Isuzu Motors Motors Hydraulic
America, LLC WATERLOO, IOWA 50704-5100
Pumps Hydraulic
U.S.A.
Reservoirs Hydraulic
TEL: +1 800 533-6446
Motors
FAX: +1 319 292-5075
Explosion-Proof Motors
EMAIL: jdpower@[Link]
Hydraulic Motors
WEB: [Link]/jdpower
Power Take-offs
J Power Take-offs
Axles
Drive Axles
Pump Sets
Motor Driven Pump Sets Planetary Axles
Pumps Differentials
Hydraulic Gear-Type Pumps Differentials
Hydraulic Pumps Drives
Screw Pumps Electrical Drives
JBJ TECHNIQUES LIMITED .... Transfer Pumps Gear-Reduction Drives
................................... 300, 318 Services Hydraulic Pump Drives
28 TROWERS WAY, HOLMETHORPE Engineering Services Mixer Drives
INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Shafts Pump Drives
REDHILL, SURREY RH1 2LW Shafts Swing Drives
U.K. Starting Motors Engines
TEL: +44 1737 767493 Air/Gas Starting Motors Diesel Engines
EMAIL: info@[Link] Transmissions Marine Propulsion Systems
WEB: [Link] Mechanical Transmissions Diesel Marine Propulsion Systems

14 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

Transmissions
Automatic Transmissions
K WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER
Hydraulic/Hydrostatic Transmissions
Manual Transmissions
Mechanical Transmissions KOHLER ENGINES EMEA -
Powershift Transmissions GERMANY ........................192
KOHLER ............................192 LOMBARDINI MOTOREN GMBH
Vehicular Transmissions VIA CAVALIERE DEL LAVORO ADELMO FRITZ-KLATTE-STRASSE 6,
LOMBARDINI, 2 BÜROGEBÄUDE 2
42124 REGGIO EMILIA D-65933 FRANKFURT AM MAIN
INDUSTRIAS JOHN DEERE ITALY GERMANY
S.A. DE C.V. ......................178 TEL: +39 0522 3891 TEL: +49 69 9508160
FAX: +39 0522 389503 FAX: +49 69 5073410
BOULEVARD DIAZ ORDAZ NO. 500
EMAIL: infodiesel@[Link] EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
GARZA GARCIA, NUEVO LEON 66210
WEB: [Link] WEB: [Link]
MEXICO Engines ■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER
TEL: +52 81 8288-1212 Diesel Engines
FAX: +52 81 8288-8284 Gas Engines
EMAIL: mexweb@[Link] Gasoline Engines
KOHLER ENGINES EMEA -
WEB: [Link]
HEADQUARTERS .............192
■ For Product Listing, See John Deere LOMBARDINI SRL
Power Systems KOHLER ENGINES - VIA CAV. DEL LAVORO A. LOMBARDINI,
AMERICAS ........................192 2
KOHLER. CO. 42100 REGGIO EMILIA
444 HIGHLAND DRIVE ITALY
JOHN DEERE ASIA KOHLER, WISCONSIN 53044 TEL: +39 05223891
(SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD. ..178 U.S.A. FAX: +39 0522389357
#06-02/03 ALEXANDRA POINT TEL: +1 920 457-4441 EMAIL: infodiesel@[Link]
438 ALEXANDRA ROAD WEB: [Link] WEB: [Link]
119958 ■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER ■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER
SINGAPORE
TEL: +65 6879 8800
FAX: +65 6278 0363 KOHLER ENGINES - KOHLER ENGINES EMEA -
EMAIL: jdasiaengines@[Link] CHINA ...............................192 SPAIN ...............................192
WEB: [Link] NO.158, JIANG CHANG SAN ROAD LOMBARDINI ESPAÑA, S.L.
JING’AN DISTRICT C/PARIS, 1-9 - ZONA. IND. COVA
■ For Product Listing, See John Deere
SHANGHAI SOLERA
Power Systems
CHINA RUBÌ - BARCELONA 08191
TEL: +86 400-0120-648 SPAIN
EMAIL: power@[Link] TEL: +34 935 862111
JOHN DEERE POWER WEB: [Link]/engines FAX: +34 936 971613
SYSTEMS ..........................178 ■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
ORLÉANS-SARAN UNIT WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER
1, RUE JOHN DEERE – B.P. 11013
45401 , FLEURY-LES-AUBRAIS CEDEX KOHLER ENGINES EMEA -
FRANCE FRANCE ............................192
TEL: +33 238 82-61-19
LOMBARDINI FRANCE S.A. KOHLER ENGINES EMEA -
47 ALLÈE DE RIOTTIER UK .....................................192
FAX: +33 238 84-62-66
69400 LIMAS-VILLEFRANCHE S/S LOMBARDINI UK LTD
EMAIL: jdengine@[Link] FRANCE 1 ROCHESTER BARN, EYNSHAM ROAD,
WEB: [Link] TEL: +33 04 74626500 BOTLEY, OXFORD OX2 9NH
■ For Product Listing, See John Deere FAX: +33 04 74623945 U.K.
Power Systems EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] TEL: +44 0 1865 793299

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 15

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

FAX: +44 0 1865 793301 KS LARGE BORE PISTONS KUBOTA (U.K.) LIMITED ..158
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] INC. ...................................284 DORMER ROAD, THAME
WEB: [Link] 2945 ANGWALL DRIVE OXFORDSHIRE OX9 3UN
■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER MARINETTE, WISCONSIN 54143 U.K.
U.S.A. TEL: +44 1844 214500
TEL: +1 715 735 2000 FAX: +44 1844 216685
KOHLER POWER INDIA FAX: +1 715 732 4222 EMAIL: engines@[Link]
PRIVATE LTD ...................192 EMAIL: [Link]@rheinmetall-americas. WEB: [Link]
J-2/1 MIDC INDUSTRIAL AREA com ■ For Product Listing, See Kubota
AURANGABAD, MAHARASTRA 431210 WEB: [Link] Corporation
INDIA [Link]/marken/kolbenschmidt/
TEL: +91 240 2471452 ■ For Product Listing, See KS
FAX: +91 240 2486234 Kolbenschmidt GmbH KUBOTA AGRICULTURAL
EMAIL: infodiesel@[Link]
MACHINERY INDIA
PVT.,LTD. .........................158
WEB: [Link]
94, TVH BELICIAA TOWERS- 1,
■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER
8TH FLOOR, MRC NAGAR
CHENNAI 600028
INDIA
KOHLER POWER TEL: +91 44-6104-1500
MEXICO ............................192 FAX: +91 44-6104-1600
KOHLER TRADING MEXICO EMAIL: kbt_g.india_engine_pr@kubota.
NORTE 45 772 INDUSTRIAL VALLEJO com
AZCAPOTZALCO, CIUDAD DE MÉXICO KUBOTA CORPORATION 158 WEB: [Link]/
2-47, SHIKITSUHIGASHI 1-CHOME ■ For Product Listing, See Kubota
45 772
NANIWA-KU Corporation
MEXICO
OSAKA 556-8601
TEL: +52 1 55 3689 1300
JAPAN
EMAIL: infolatam@[Link]
TEL: +81 6-6648-3510 KUBOTA AUSTRALIA PTY
WEB: [Link]
FAX: +81 6-6648-3158 LTD. ..................................158
■ For Product Listing, See KOHLER
EMAIL: kbt_g.engine@[Link] 25-29 PERMAS WAY
WEB: [Link]/en/ TRUGANINA 3029, VICTORIA
Engines AUSTRALIA
Diesel Engines TEL: +61 1300 582 582; FREECALL: 1800
Gas Engines 334 653
Gasoline Engines EMAIL: sales@[Link]
Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines WEB: [Link]/
NG or LPG Engines ■ For Product Listing, See Kubota
Corporation
KS KOLBENSCHMIDT GMBH .
........................................... 284 KUBOTA (DEUTSCHLAND)
LARGE BORE PISTONS KUBOTA ENGINE
GMBH - ENGINE DIVISION .... (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD. ....158
KARL-SCHMIDT-STR. ........................................... 158 6F, TOWER 1, KERRY EVERBRIGHT CITY,
74172 NECKARSULM SENEFELDER STR. 3-5 NO.128 TIAN MU ROAD WEST
GERMANY 63110 RODGAU/NIEDER-RODEN JINGAN DISTRICT,
TEL: +49 7132 332714 GERMANY SHANGHAI 200070
FAX: +49 7132 33 2219 TEL: +49 6106 873 113 CHINA
EMAIL: info@[Link] FAX: +49 6106 873 196 TEL: +86 21 6236 0606
WEB: [Link] EMAIL: motoren@[Link] FAX: +86 21 6236 0637
[Link]/marken/kolbenschmidt/ WEB: [Link] WEB: [Link]/kesco/
Pistons, Components ■ For Product Listing, See Kubota ■ For Product Listing, See Kubota
Pistons Corporation Corporation

16 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

KUBOTA ENGINE AMERICA Pump Drives OOO LIEBHERR-RUSSLAND ..

CORPORATION ................158 Swing Drives ........................... 202, 299, 320
505 SCHELTER RD Track Drives UL. 1-YA BORODINSKAYA, HOUSE 5
LINCOLNSHIRE, ILLINOIS 60069 Wheel Drives MOSCOW 121059
U.S.A. Engine Maintenance RUSSIAN FEDERATION
TEL: +1 847 955 2500 Overhaul & Parts Services Engine TEL: +7 495 710 83 65
Maintenance FAX: +7 495 710 83 66
FAX: +1 847 955 2699
Engines EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
EMAIL: info@[Link]
Diesel Engines WEB: [Link]
WEB: [Link]
Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines ■ For Product Listing, See Liebherr-
■ For Product Listing, See Kubota
Fuel Injection Components AG
Corporation
Common Rail Systems Fuel Injection
Gears and Gear Systems
KUBOTA EUROPE S.A.S. ..158 Gearboxes
19-25 RUE JULES VERCRUYSSE Hydraulic Components
BP 50088 Controls Hydraulic
95101 ARGENTEUIL CEDEX Cylinders Hydraulic
FRANCE Motors Hydraulic
TEL: +33 1 34 26 34 34 Pumps Hydraulic
FAX: +33 1 34 26 34 66 Motors
WEB: [Link] Electric Motors
■ For Product Listing, See Kubota Hydraulic Motors
Corporation Service Systems & Training LISTER PETTER POWER
Diesel Engines Service Systems & Training SYSTEMS LTD ..................170
BROADMEADOW INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
TEIGNMOUTH, DEVON TQ14 9AE
LIEBHERR MACHINERY U.K.
L SERVICE (SHANGHAI) CO., TEL: +44 0 1285 702211
LTD. ..................202, 299, 320 FAX: +44 0 1626 77 86 39
BUILDING NO.1, 88 MAJI ROAD EMAIL: sales@[Link]
PILOT FREE TRADE ZONE WEB: [Link]
SHANGHAI 200131 Alternators
CHINA Generating Sets Alternators
LIEBHERR-COMPONENTS Engines
AG .....................202, 299, 320 TEL: +86 21 5046 1988
FAX: +86 21 5046 1989 Diesel Engines
KIRCHWEG 46
EMAIL: [Link]@[Link] Dual-Fuel Engines
5415 NUSSBAUMEN AG
WEB: [Link] Generator Sets
SWITZERLAND
■ For Product Listing, See Liebherr- Diesel Engine Generator Sets
TEL: +41 56 296 43 00 Dual-Fuel Engine Generator Sets
FAX: +41 56 296 43 01 Components AG
Gasoline Engine Generator Sets
EMAIL: components@[Link] No-Break Generator Sets
WEB: [Link]/components Marine Propulsion Systems
Component Manufacturing LIEBHERR USA, CO. ............... Diesel Marine Propulsion Systems
Component Manufacturing ........................... 202, 299, 320 Pump Sets
Controls 1465 WOODLAND DRIVE Diesel-Driven Pump Sets
Electronic Controls SALINE, MICHIGAN 48176
Engine Controls U.S.A.
Hydraulic Controls TEL: +1 734 429 7225
Diesel Common Rail Systems FAX: +1 734 429 22 94
Diesel Common Rail Systems EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
Drives WEB: [Link]
Electrical Drives ■ For Product Listing, See Liebherr-
Hydraulic Pump Drives Components AG

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 17

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

M Diesel/Gas Engine Power Plants

Gas Turbine Power Plants
Axles
Drive Axles
Service Systems & Training Planetary Axles
Diesel Engines Service Systems & Training Steering Axles
Gas Turbines Service Systems & Training Tandem Axles
Power Plants Service Systems & Training Trailer Axles
Services Engines
Engineering Services Diesel Engines
Gas Turbine Overhaul & Repair Services Gas Engines
MAN ENERGY SOLUTIONS
SE ......................................206
STADTBACHSTRASSE 1 MAN ENERGY SOLUTIONS
86153 AUGSBURG SCHWEIZ AG ....................206
GERMANY HARDSTRASSE 319
TEL: +49 0 821 322-0 8005 ZURICH
FAX: +49 0 821 322-3382 SWITZERLAND
EMAIL: powerplant@[Link] TEL: +41 0 44 278-2211
WEB: [Link] FAX: +41 0 44 278-2261 MECC ALTE UK LIMITED ..264
Compressors and Compressor Sets WEB: [Link]/process-industry 6 LANDS END WAY
Air Compressors ■ For Product Listing, See MAN Energy OAKHAM LE15 6RF
Centrifugal Compressors Solutions SE U.K.
Gas Compressors TEL: +44 1572 771160
Gas Turbine-Driven Compressor Sets FAX: +44 1572 771161
Screw Compressors EMAIL: info@[Link]
MAN ENERGY SOLUTIONS
Controls WEB: [Link]
SE ......................................206
Compressor Controls Alternators
STEINBRINKSTRASSE 1
Drives Alternators
46145 OBERHAUSEN
Compressor Drives
GERMANY
Pump Drives
TEL: +49 0 208 692-01
Engines MECC ALTE SPA ...............264
FAX: +49 0 208 669-021
Combined-Cycle Engines VIA ROMA 20
EMAIL: turbomachinery@[Link]
Diesel Engines 36051 36051 CREAZZO, VICENZA
WEB: [Link]/process-industry
Dual-Fuel Engines ITALY
Gas Engines ■ For Product Listing, See MAN Energy TEL: +39 0444 396111
Gas Turbines Solutions SE EMAIL: info@[Link]
Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines WEB: [Link]/
Expanders ■ For Product Listing, See Mecc Alte UK
Expanders Limited
Gas Turbines And Components
Gas Turbines
Generator Sets
Gas Turbine Generator Sets
Steam Turbines Generator Sets
Marine Propulsion Systems
Gas Turbine Marine Propulsion Systems
Monitoring, Monitors
Compressor Systems Monitors MAN TRUCK & BUS AG ....173
Packages VOGELWEIHERSTR. 33 MTU FRIEDRICHSHAFEN
Engine Compressor Packages 90441 NUREMBERG GMBH .....................................
Engine Power Systems Packages GERMANY INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269
Power Generation Equipment TEL: +49 911 420 17 45 MAYBACHPLATZ 1
Power-to-X FAX: +49 911 420 19 32 88040 FRIEDRICHSHAFEN
Power Plants EMAIL: man-engines@[Link] GERMANY
Combined-Cycle Power Plants WEB: [Link]/en/[Link] TEL: +49 7541 90 77777

18 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

FAX: +49 7541 90 77778

EMAIL: info@[Link]
N Electrical Power Generation
Equipment
WEB: [Link] Electrical Power Generation Equipment
Cogeneration Systems Generators
AC Generators
Cogeneration Systems
DC Generators
Engines
Marine Propulsion Systems
Diesel Engines Electric Marine Propulsion Systems
Gas Engines Motors
Gas Turbines Electric Motors
Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines
NFPA - NATIONAL FLUID Explosion-Proof Motors
Generator Sets
POWER ASSOC. ..........MOBILE Power Generation Equipment
HYDRAULICS TAB, 298, 310 Power Generation Equipment
Diesel Engine Generator Sets
6737 W. WASHINGTON ST., STE. 2350 Starting Motors
Gas Engine Generator Sets
MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 53214 Electric Starting Motors
Gas Turbine Generator Sets
U.S.A.
Natural Gas Engine Generator Sets
TEL: +1 414 778-3344
Marine Propulsion Systems FAX: +1 414 778-3361 KATO ENGINEERING .......262
Diesel Marine Propulsion Systems EMAIL: nfpa@[Link] 2075 HOWARD DRIVE WEST
Electric Marine Propulsion Systems WEB: [Link] NORTH MANKATO, MINNESOTA 56003
Gas Turbine Marine Propulsion Systems Research & Development U.S.A.
Packages Market Research Services TEL: +1 507 625-4011
Engine Power Systems Packages Marketing Research FAX: +1 507 625-2798
Power Generation Equipment Research & Development EMAIL: katoengineering@[Link]
Power-to-X Services WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See Nidec - Kato
Market Research Services
Engineering & Leroy-Somer

MTU AMERICA INC. ...............

INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269
39525 MACKENZIE DRIVE
NOVI, MICHIGAN 48377
U.S.A. NOVA WERKE AG .............333
TEL: +1 248 560 8888 VOGELSANGSTRASSE 24
FAX: +1 248 560 8726 CH-8307 EFFRETIKON
EMAIL: info@[Link] NIDEC - KATO ENGINEERING SWITZERLAND
WEB: [Link]
& LEROY-SOMER .............262 TEL: +41 52 354 16 16
2075 HOWARD DR. W FAX: +41 52 354 16 05
■ For Product Listing, See MTU
NORTH MANKATO, MINNESOTA 56003 EMAIL: info@[Link]
Friedrichshafen GmbH WEB: [Link]
U.S.A.
TEL: +1 507 625-4011 Compressors and Compressor Sets
FAX: +1 507 389-4146 Air-Starting Compressors
MTU ASIA PTE LTD. ............... EMAIL: katoengineering@[Link] Fire Protection Systems &
INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 WEB: [Link]
Components
1, BENOI PLACE Fire Protection Systems & Components
Alternators
SINGAPORE 629923 Fuel Injection
Alternators
SINGAPORE Common Rail Systems Fuel Injection
Battery Charging Alternators Fuel Injection Tubing
TEL: +65 6860 9669 Generating Sets Alternators Pressure Pipes Fuel Injection
FAX: +65 6860 9666 Cogeneration Systems Starting Motors
EMAIL: info@[Link] Cogeneration Systems Air/Gas Starting Motors
WEB: [Link] Controls Valves
■ For Product Listing, See MTU Gen-Set Paralleling Controls Relief & Safety Valves
Friedrichshafen GmbH Generator Controls Starting Air Valves

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 19

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

NOVA WERKE CHINA CO. Research & Development OFF-HIGHWAY RESEARCH

LTD. ..................................333 Research & Development LTD. .........................................
UNIT 6, 12/F, PROSPERITY MILLENNIA Test Equipment, Testing ........ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347
PLAZA Fuel Injection Test Equipment ROOM 2102, AIR CHINA PLAZA
663 KING’S ROAD, NORTH POINT Nozzle Injector Tester NO 36 XIAOYUN ROAD, CHAOYANG
HONG KONG Valves DISTRICT
HONG KONG Check Valves BEIJING 100027
TEL: +852 5318 3988 Fuel Valves CHINA
EMAIL: janecjcheng@[Link] Relief & Safety Valves TEL: +86 10 8447 5877
WEB: [Link] FAX: +86 10 8447 5878
■ For Product Listing, See Nova Werke AG EMAIL: china@[Link]
WEB: [Link]
■ For Product Listing, See Off-Highway
Research
O
OESSE SRL ........................281 OFF-HIGHWAY RESEARCH
VIA MAESTRI DEL LAVORO, 81/83 LTD. .........................................
33080 PORCIA, PN ........ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347
ITALY FLAT NO. 111, CHIRANJIV TOWER
TEL: +39 0434 922958 43, NEHRU PLACE
FAX: +39 0434 590046 NEW DELHI 110019
O.M.T. OFFICINE EMAIL: info@[Link] INDIA
MECCANICHE TORINO S.P.A. WEB: [Link] TEL: +91 11 4652 5671 - 73
........ FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Coolers and Cooling Systems
FAX: +91 11 4652 5674
VIA FERRERO, 67/A Cooling Systems
EMAIL: india@[Link]
10090 CASCINE VICA-RIVOLI (TO)
WEB: [Link]
ITALY
■ For Product Listing, See Off-Highway
TEL: +39 011 95 05 334
Research
FAX: +39 011 95 75 474
EMAIL: omt@[Link]
WEB: [Link]
Diesel Common Rail Systems
Diesel Common Rail Injectors
Diesel Common Rail Supply Pump
P
OFF-HIGHWAY RESEARCH
Diesel Common Rail Systems .......ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347
Fuel Injection SOUTHFIELDS, SOUTHVIEW ROAD
Circulation Valves Fuel Injection WADHURST, EAST SUSSEX TN5 6TP
Common Rail Systems Fuel Injection U.K.
Distributor Fuel Injection Pumps TEL: +44 0 1892 786270 PARKER HANNIFIN
Fuel Injection Control FAX: +44 0 1892 784086 CORPORATION I FILTRATION
Fuel Injection Nozzle Holders EMAIL: mail@[Link] GROUP ...............................37
Fuel Injection Nozzles WEB: [Link] 1640 CUMMINS DRIVE
Fuel Injection Plungers & Barrels Research & Development MODESTO, CALIFORNIA 95358
Pressure Pipes Fuel Injection Market Research Services U.S.A.
Rail Fuel Marketing Research TEL: +1 209 521-7860
Service, Fuel Injection Nozzles Product Research Services FAX: +1 209 529-3278
Suction & Delivery Valves Fuel Injection Research & Development EMAIL: racor@[Link]
Unit-Type Fuel Injectors Services WEB: [Link]/emoe
Pumps Market Research Services Additives
Fuel Oil Pumps Product Research Services Diesel Fuel Additives

20 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

Air Cleaners
S Power Generation Equipment
Power Generation Equipment
Air Cleaners Power-to-X
Blenders Power Plants
Fuel/Lube Blenders Combined-Cycle Power Plants
Brakes, Brake Components Gas Turbine Power Plants
Air Dryers For Braking Systems Turnkey Operations Power Plants
Coolers and Cooling Systems Services
Fuel Oil Coolers SIEMENS ENERGY GLOBAL Gas Turbine Overhaul & Repair Services
Exhaust Systems GMBH & CO. KG ...............243
Diesel Particulate Filters SIEMENS GAS AND POWER
Filters and Filter Systems
GMBH & CO. KG
Air Filter Elements
WERNER-VON-SIEMENS-STRASSE 1
Air Filters
80333 MÜNCHEN
Cooling Systems Filters
GERMANY
Crankcase Filters
TEL: +49 911 6505 6505
Exhaust Filters
Fuel Filters EMAIL: [Link]@[Link]
Fuel/Water Separators Filters WEB: [Link] SOLAR TURBINES
Gas Filters Boilers INCORPORATED
Gas Turbines Filter Houses Heat Recovery Boilers ......GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Lube Filter Elements Compressors and Compressor Sets PO BOX 85376
Lube Filters Air Compressors SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92186-5376
Fuel & Lube Systems Centrifugal Compressors U.S.A.
Oil Analysis Gas Compressors TEL: +1 619 544-5352
Oil Replenishment System Gas Turbine-Driven Compressor Sets FAX: +1 619 544-2633
Oil-Water Separators Reciprocating Compressors EMAIL: infocorp@[Link]
Heaters Drives WEB: [Link]
Fuel Heaters Compressor Drives Cogeneration Systems
Monitoring, Monitors Electrical Drives Cogeneration Systems
Fuel Systems Monitors Electrical Power Generation Service Cogeneration Systems
Temperature Monitors Equipment Compressors and Compressor Sets
Pumps Electrical Power Generation Equipment Centrifugal Compressors
Pumps Electrical Substations Gas Compressors
Silencers Engine Maintenance Gas Turbine-Driven Compressor Sets
Intake Air Silencers Overhaul & Parts Services Engine Controls
Maintenance Cogeneration Controls
Engines Compressor Controls
Combined-Cycle Engines Engine Controls
Gas Turbines Gen-Set Paralleling Controls
Gas Turbines And Components Generator Controls
Gas Turbines Load Controls
PERKINS ENGINES COMPANY
Generator Sets Remote Controls
LIMITED ...........................181
FRANK PERKINS WAY Combined-Cycle Generator Sets Shutdown Controls
PETERBOROUGH, CAMBS, UNITED Gas Turbine Generator Sets Speed Controls
KINGDOM PE1 5FQ Service Generator Sets Temperature Controls
U.K. Steam Turbines Generator Sets Vibration Controls
TEL: +44 0 1733 583000 Instrumentation Drives
EMAIL: webmaster@[Link] Instrumentation Compressor Drives
WEB: [Link] Monitoring, Monitors Pump Drives
Engines Monitoring Electrical Power Generation
Diesel Engines Motors Equipment
Gas Engines Electric Motors Electrical Power Generation Equipment

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 21

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

Engine Maintenance Generator Sets Diesel Common Rail Systems

Overhaul & Parts Services Engine Diesel Engine Generator Sets Exhaust Systems
Maintenance Gas Engine Generator Sets Diesel & Gas Exhaust Systems
Engines Fuel Injection
Dual-Fuel Engines Common Rail Systems Fuel Injection
Gas Turbines Fuel Injection Control
Methanol Engines Fuel Injection Nozzle Holders
Gas Turbines And Components Fuel Injection Nozzles
Gas Turbine-Driven Compressor Sets Fuel Injection Plungers & Barrels
Gas Turbines TRANSFLUID S.P.A. .........316 High-Pressure Common Rail Pumps Fuel
Generator Sets VIA GUIDO ROSSA, 4 Integrated Unit Pump & Injector
Combined-Cycle Generator Sets 21013 21013 GALLARATE (VA), VARESE Multiplunger Fuel Injection Pumps
Dual-Fuel Engine Generator Sets ITALY Service, Fuel Injection Nozzles
Gas Turbine Generator Sets TEL: +39 0331 28421 Service, Fuel Injection Pumps
Natural Gas Engine Generator Sets FAX: +39 0331 2842911 Single-Plunger Fuel Injection Pumps
Service Generator Sets EMAIL: info@[Link] Suction & Delivery Valves Fuel Injection
Heat Recovery Systems/Equipment WEB: [Link]/en/ Unit-Type Fuel Injectors
Heat Recovery Systems/Equipment Brakes, Brake Components Pumps
Packages Hydraulic Brakes Common Rail Fuel Oil Pump
Engine Compressor Packages Clutches and Clutch Components Fuel Oil Pumps
Engine Power Systems Packages Air Actuated Clutches Pumps
Power Generation Equipment Hydraulic Clutches Research & Development
Power Generation Equipment Couplings Research & Development
Power Plants Flexible Couplings Stands
Combined-Cycle Power Plants Fluid Couplings Fuel Injection Test Stands
Gas Turbine Power Plants Rubber/Elastomer Couplings Test Equipment, Testing
Turnkey Operations Power Plants Drives Fuel Injection Test Equipment
Pump Sets Variable Speed Drives Nozzle Injector Tester
Gas Turbine-Driven Pump Sets Power Take-offs Turbochargers
Service Systems & Training Power Take-offs Exhaust Gas Turbochargers
Gas Turbines Service Systems & Training Transmissions
Power Plants Service Systems & Training Hybrid Transmissions
Services Powershift Transmissions
Engineering Services Y
Failure Analysis Services
Gas Turbine Overhaul & Repair Services
W
YANMAR POWER
T TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. .......
................................... 175, 177
YANMAR FLYING-Y BUILDING
WOODWARD L’ORANGE 1-32, CHAYAMACHI
GMBH ...............................327 KITA-KU
PORSCHESTRASSE 8 OSAKA 530-0013
TIDE POWER TECHNOLOGY 70435 STUTTGART JAPAN
CO., LIMITED ....................266 GERMANY TEL: +81 6 6376-6411
FLAT A 8/F EXCELSIOR BLDG, 68-76 SHA TEL: +49 711 82609-0 EMAIL: ayaka_morikawa@[Link]
TSUI RD FAX: +49 711 82609-61 WEB: [Link]
TSUEN WAN EMAIL: sales@[Link] Engines
HONG KONG WEB: [Link] Diesel Engines
TEL: +852 6699 2677 Diesel Common Rail Systems Gas Turbines
EMAIL: wendy@[Link] Diesel Common Rail Injectors Gas Turbines And Components
WEB: [Link] Diesel Common Rail Supply Pump Gas Turbines

22 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

INDEX TO MANUFACTURERS’ SECTIONS & PRODUCTS

YANMAR AMERICA TEL: +91 124 640-9000

CORPORATION ........175, 177 WEB: [Link]/in/
101 INTERNATIONAL PARKWAY ■ For Product Listing, See YANMAR POWER
ADAIRSVILLE, GEORGIA 30103 TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
U.S.A.
TEL: +1 770 877-9894 YANMAR SOUTH AMERICA
FAX: +1 770 877-9009 INDUSTRIA DE MAQUINAS
WEB: [Link]/us/ LTDA. ........................175, 177
EMISSIONS ENGINES GAS TURBINES

■ For Product Listing, See YANMAR POWER AV. PRESIDENTE VARGAS 1400
TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. INDAIATUBA, SAO PAULO 13338-901
POWER GENERATION ENGINE SYSTEMS MOBILE HYDRAULICS
BRAZIL
YANMAR ASIA (SINGAPORE) TEL: +55 19 3801-9224
CORPORATION PTE. LTD. ..... WEB: [Link]/br/
................................... 175, 177 ■ For Product Listing, See YANMAR POWER
POWER TRANSMISSION FUEL INJECTION CONTROLS & INSTRUMENTATION

4 TUAS LANE
TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
SINGAPORE 638613
SINGAPORE
TEL: +65 6595 4200
WEB: [Link]/sg/
■ For Product Listing, See YANMAR POWER
TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
DO YOU
YANMAR ENGINE
YENGST ASSOCIATES INC.
NEED MORE
(SHANGHAI) CO., LTD. ..........
................................... 175, 177
1101-1106 GOPHER CENTER BUILDING,
...........................................348
35 OLD RIDGEFIELD ROAD
COPIES OF
NO.757 MENG ZI ROAD
HUANGPU DISTRICRT
WILTON, CONNECTICUT 06897
U.S.A. THE POWER
SHANGHAI 200023 TEL: +1 203 762-8096
CHINA
TEL: +86 21 2312-0688
EMAIL: mail@[Link]
WEB: [Link]
SOURCING
WEB: [Link]/cn/
■ For Product Listing, See YANMAR POWER
TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.
Research & Development
Market Research Services GUIDE
Marketing Research

YANMAR EUROPE B.V. ..........

Product Research Services
Research & Development
2020-2021?
................................... 175, 177 Services
BRUGPLEIN 11
Market Research Services
1332 BS ALMERE-DE VAART
Product Research Services
NETHERLANDS
TEL: +31 36 5493200
WEB: [Link]/eu/
■ For Product Listing, See YANMAR POWER
YENGST ASSOCIATES INC.
TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. ...........................................348
200 CLOCK TOWER PLACE
For more information
YANMAR INDIA PRIVATE CARMEL, CALIFORNIA 93923
U.S.A. or to order extra
LIMITED ...................175, 177
UNIT NO.1501-1504, 15TH FLOOR, TEL: +1 203 762-8096 copies go to:
EMAIL: mail@[Link]
TOWER D, [Link]/
GLOBAL BUSINESS PARK, M.G. ROAD WEB: [Link]
GURUGRAM, HARYANA 122002 ■ For Product Listing, See Yengst Associates Power-Sourcing-
INDIA Inc. Guide-2021
CONVERSION FACTORS
SI - METRIC/DECIMAL SYSTEM

ABBREVIATIONS CONVERSION FACTORS VOLUME

TO CONVERT TO S.I. MULTIPLY TO OLD MULTIPLY CONVERSION
FROM ENGLISH METRIC BY METRIC BY
abs absolute m meter FACTORS
ata atmosphere mm millimeter sq. in. mm2 645.16 cm2 6.4516
absolute m2 square meter sq. ft. m2 0.0929 m2 0.0929 1 L = 61.02 cu. in.
Btu British thermal unit m3 cubic meter lb/[Link]. kg/m3 16.0185 kg/m3 16.0185 10 cu. in. = 0,164 L
lbf N 4.4482 N 4.4482
Btu/hr British thermal unit/ m3/min cubic meter/minute
lbf/ft N/m 14.5939 N/m 14.5939 L cu. in.
hour mph mile per hour Btu kJ 1.0551 kcal 0.252
°C Celsius N Newton Btu/hr W 0.2931 kcal/hr 0.252
cfm cubic foot/minute N/m2 Pascal Btu/scf kJ/mm3 37.2590 kcal/nm3 0.1565
cm centimeter Nm3/hr normal* cubic in mm 25.400 cm 2.540
cm2 square centimeter meter/hour ft m 0.3048 m 0.3048
cm3 cubic centimeter psi pound/square inch yd m 0.914 m 0.914
[Link]. cubic foot psia pound/square inch lb kg 0.4536 kg 0.4536
hp kW 0.7457 kW 0.7457
°F Fahrenheit absolute
psi kPa 6.8948 kg/cm2 0.070
ft/sec foot/second psig pound/square inch psia kPa abs 6.8948 bars abs 0.0716
ft-lb foot-pound gage psig kPa gage 6.8948 ata 0.070
gal gallon scf standard* cubic in. Hg kPa 3.3769 cm Hg 2.540
hp horsepower foot in. H2O kPa 0.2488 cm H2O 2.540
in inch scfm standard* cubic °F °C = (°F -32) 5/9 °C = (°F -32) 5/9
in. Hg inch mercury foot/minute °F (Interval) °C (Interval) 5/9 °C (Interval) 5/9
in. H2O inch water sq square ft-lb N•m 1.3558 N•m 1.3558
mph km/hr 1.6093 km/hr 1.6093
kcal kilocalorie ft/sec m/sec 0.3048 m/sec 0.3048
kg kilogram cu. ft. m3 0.0283 m3 0.0283
kJ kilojoule * “Normal” = 0°C and gas (US) L 3.7854 L 3.7854
kPa kilopascal 1.01325 x 105 Pascals cfm 3
m /min 0.0283 3
m /min 0.0283 PISTON SPEED
kW kilowatt * “Standard” = 59°F and scfm nm3/min 0.0268 nm3/hr 1.61
L liter 14.73 psia
CONVERSION
TO CONVERT
FROM OLD METRIC
TO S.I.
METRIC
MULTIPLY
BY
FACTORS
MILLIMETERS (mm) TO INCHES (in) cm2 mm2 100. 1 m/s = 196.9 ft./min.
(1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch) kcal kJ 4.1868 100 ft./min. = 0,51 m/s
kcal/hr W 1.16279
mm in mm in mm in mm in mm in
cm mm 10. m/s ft./min.
1 0.039 21 0.827 41 1.614 61 2.402 81 3.189 kg/cm2 kPa 98.0665
2 0.079 22 0.866 42 1.654 62 2.441 82 3.228 bars kPa 100.
3 0.118 23 0.906 43 1.693 63 2.480 83 3.268 atm kPa 101.325
4 0.157 24 0.945 44 1.732 64 2.520 84 3.307 cm Hg kPa 1.3332
5 0.197 25 0.984 45 1.772 65 2.559 85 3.346 cm H2O kPa 9.8064
6 0.236 26 1.024 46 1.811 66 2.598 86 3.386 nm3/hr nm3/min 0.0176
7 0.276 27 1.063 47 1.850 67 2.638 87 3.425
8 0.315 28 1.102 48 1.890 68 2.677 88 3.465
9 0.354 29 1.142 49 1.929 69 2.717 89 3.504
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES*
0 TO 100 2.78 37 98.6 23.9 75 167.0 93 200 392 299 570 1058 510 950 1742
10 0.394 30 1.181 50 1.968 70 2.756 90 3.543
-17.8 0 32 3.33 38 100.4 24.4 76 168.8 99 210 410 304 580 1076 516 960 1760
11 0.433 31 1.220 51 2.008 71 2.795 91 3.583 -17.2 1 33.8 3.89 39 102.2 25.0 77 170.6 100 212 413 310 590 1094 521 970 1778
12 0.472 32 1.260 52 2.047 72 2.835 92 3.622 -16.7 2 35.6 4.44 40 104.0 25.6 78 172.4 104 220 428 316 600 1112 527 980 1796
13 0.512 33 1.299 53 2.087 73 2.874 93 3.661 -16.1 3 37.4 5.00 41 105.8 26.1 79 174.2 110 230 446 321 610 1130 532 990 1814
14 0.551 34 1.339 54 2.126 74 2.913 94 3.701 -15.6 4 39.2 5.56 42 107.6 26.7 80 176.0 116 240 464 327 620 1148 538 1000 1832
15 0.591 35 1.378 55 2.165 75 2.953 95 3.740 -15.0 5 41.0 6.11 43 109.4 27.2 81 177.8 121 250 482 332 630 1166
16 0.630 36 1.417 56 2.205 76 2.992 96 3.779 -14.4 6 42.8 6.67 44 111.2 27.8 82 179.6 127 260 500 338 640 1184 1O00 TO 1630
-13.9 7 44.9 7.22 45 113.0 28.3 83 181.4 132 270 518 343 650 1202 538 1000 1832
17 0.669 37 1.457 57 2.244 77 3.032 97 3.819
-13.3 8 46.4 7.78 46 114.8 28.9 84 183.2 138 280 536 349 660 1220 543 1010 1850
18 0.709 38 1.496 58 2.283 78 3.071 98 3.858 -12.8 9 48.2 8.33 47 116.6 29.4 85 185.0 143 290 554 354 670 1238 549 1020 1868
19 0.748 39 1.535 59 2.323 79 3.110 99 3.898 -12.1 10 50.0 8.89 48 118.4 30.0 86 186.8 149 300 572 360 680 1256 554 1030 1886
20 0.787 40 1.575 60 2.362 80 3.150 100 3.937 -11.7 11 51.8 9.44 49 120.0 30.6 87 188.6 154 310 590 366 690 1274 560 1040 1904
WEIGHT/
-11.1 12 53.6 10.0 50 122.0 31.1 88 190.4 160 320 608 371 700 1292 566 1050 1922 HORSEPOWER
KILOGRAMS (kg) TO POUNDS (lb)
-10.6 13 55.4 10.6 51 123.8 31.7 89 192.2 166 330 626 377 710 1310 571 1060 1940 CONVERSION
(1 kilogram = 2.20462 pounds)
-10.0 14
-9.44 15
57.2
59.0
11.1
11.7
52
53
125.6
127.4
32.2
32.8
90
91
194.0
195.8
171
177
340
350
644
662
382
388
720
730
1328
1346
577 1070 1958
582 1080 1976
FACTORS
kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb -8.89 16 60.8 12.2 54 129.2 33.3 92 197.6 182 360 680 393 740 1364 588 1090 1994 1 kg/metric hp = 2.235 lb./hp
-8.33 17 62.6 12.8 55 131.0 33.9 93 199.4 188 370 698 399 750 1382 593 1100 2012
1 2.204 21 46.297 41 90.390 61 134.482 81 178.574 1 lb/hp = .4474 kg/metric hp
-7.78 18 64.4 13.3 56 132.8 34.4 94 201.2 193 380 716 404 760 1400 599 1110 2030
2 4.409 22 48.502 42 92.594 62 136.687 82 180.779 -7.22 19 66.2 13.9 57 134.6 35.0 95 203.0 199 390 734 410 770 1418 604 1120 2048
3 6.614 23 50.706 43 94.799 63 138.891 83 182.984 -6.67 20 68.0 14.4 58 136.4 35.6 96 204.8 204 400 752 416 780 1436 610 1130 2066 kg/metric hp lb/hp
4 8.819 24 52.911 44 97.003 64 141.096 84 185.188 -6.11 21 69.8 15.0 59 138.2 36.1 97 206.6 210 410 770 421 790 1454 816 1500 2732
5 11.023 25 55.116 45 99.208 65 143.300 85 187.393 -5.56 22 71.6 15.6 60 140.0 36.7 98 208.4 216 420 788 427 800 1472 821 1510 2750
6 13.228 26 57.320 46 101.413 66 145.505 86 189.598 -5.00 23 73.4 16.1 61 141.8 37.2 99 210.2 221 430 806 432 810 1490 827 1520 2768
7 15.432 27 59.525 47 103.617 67 147.710 87 191.802 -4.44 24 75.2 16.7 62 143.6 37.8 100 212.0 227 440 824 438 820 1508 832 1530 2786
-3.89 25 77.0 17.2 63 145.4 232 450 842 443 830 1526 838 1540 2804
8 17.637 28 61.729 48 105.822 68 149.914 88 194.007
-3.33 26 78.8 17.8 64 147.2 100 TO 1000 238 460 860 449 840 1544 843 1550 2822
9 19.843 29 63.934 49 108.026 69 152.119 89 196.211 -2.78 27 80.6 18.3 65 149.0 38 100 212 243 470 878 454 850 1562 849 1560 2840
10 22.046 30 66.139 50 110.231 70 154.324 90 198.416 -2.22 28 82.4 18.9 66 150.8 43 110 230 249 480 896 460 860 1580 854 1570 2858
11 24.251 31 66.343 51 112.436 71 156.528 91 200.621 -1.67 29 84.2 19.4 67 152.6 49 120 248 254 490 914 466 870 1598 860 1580 2876
12 26.455 32 70.548 52 114.640 72 158.733 92 202.825 -1.11 30 86.0 20.0 68 154.4 54 130 266 260 500 932 471 880 1616 866 1590 2894
13 28.660 33 72.753 53 116.845 73 160.937 93 205.030 -0.56 31 87.8 20.6 69 156.2 60 140 284 266 510 950 477 890 1634 871 1600 2912
14 30.865 34 74.957 54 119.050 74 163.142 94 207.235 0 32 89.6 21.1 70 158.0 66 150 302 271 520 968 482 900 1652 877 1610 2930
0.56 33 91.4 21.7 71 159.8 71 160 320 277 530 986 488 910 1670 882 1620 2948
15 33.069 35 77.162 55 121.254 75 165.347 95 209.439
1.11 34 93.2 22.2 72 161.6 77 170 338 282 540 1004 493 920 1688 888 1630 2966
16 35.274 36 79.366 56 123.459 76 167.551 96 211.644 1.67 35 95.0 22.8 73 163.4 82 180 356 288 550 1022 499 930 1706
17 37.479 37 81.571 57 125.663 77 169.756 97 213.848 2.22 36 96.8 23.3 74 165.2 88 190 374 293 560 1040 504 940 1724
18 39.683 38 83.776 58 127.868 78 171.961 98 216.053
19 41.888 39 85.980 59 130.073 79 174.165 99 218.258 Note: The numbers in bold face type refer to the temperature either in degrees Centigrade or Fahrenheit which is desired to convert
into the other scale. If converting from Fahrenheit degrees to Centigrade degrees, the equivalent temperatures will be found in the left
20 44.093 40 88.185 60 132.277 80 176.370 100 220.462 column; while if converting from degrees Centigrade to degrees Fahrenheit, the answer will be found in the column on the right.

24 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

SI UNITS
THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS SYSTEM

The system outlined here is the International The American Society of Mechanical Engineers WEIGHTS AND LINEAR DIMENSIONS
System of Units (Systeme International in 1973 published its Performance Test Codes for For indications of “weight” the original metric kilogram
Reciprocating Internal Combustion engines. Known (kg) will continue to be used as the unit of mass, but
d’ Unites), for which the abbreviation SI is as PTC 17, this code is intended for tests of all types it is important to note that the kilogram will no longer
being used in all languages. of reciprocating internal combustion engines for apply for force, for which the SI unit is the Newton (N),
determining power output and fuel consumption. In which is a kilogram meter per second squared. The
The SI system, which is becoming universally used, is its Section 2, Description and Definition of Terms, both Newton is that force which, when applied to a body
founded on seven base units, these being: the FPS and corresponding SI units of meas-urements having a mass of one kilogram, gives it an acceleration
are given. of one meter per second squared.
Length .............................................................meter m “Weight” in itself will no longer apply, since this is
Mass ...........................................................kilogram kg SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION an ambiguous term, so the kilogram in effect should
Time...............................................................second s Fuel consumption measurements will be based on the only be used as the unit of mass. Undoubtedly, though,
Electric current .........................................ampere A currently accepted unit, the gram (g), and the Kilowatt it will continue to be common parlance to use the word
Thermodynamic temperature ............... Kelvin K Hour (kWh). Also adopted is heat units/power units so “weight” when referring to the mass of an object.
Luminous intensity ................................candela cd that energy consumption of an internal combustion The base SI unit for linear dimensions will be
Amount of substance ................................. mole mol engine referred to net power output, mechanical, the meter, with a wide range of multiples and
is based on low unsaturated heat value of the fuel sub-multiples ranging from exa (1018) to atto (10-18):
POWER whether liquid or gaseous type. Thus the SI unit of A kilometer is a meter x 103, for example, while a
The derived SI unit for power is the Watt (W), this being measurement for net specific energy consumption is millimeter is a meter x 10-3.
based on the SI unit of work, energy and quantity of expressed: g/kWh. To give an idea of how currently used units convert
heat – the Joule (J). One Watt (1 W) is equal to one to SI units, the tables below give examples.
Joule per second (1 J/s). One Watt is a very small 1 g/kWh = 0.001644 lb/hph =
unit of power, being equivalent to just 0.00134102 0.746 g/hph = 0.736 g/metric hph KILOWATTS (kW) TO HORSEPOWER (hp)
horsepower, so for engine ratings the kilowatt (kW) is 1 lb/hph = 608.3 g/kWh (1 Kw = 1.34102 hp)
used, 1 kW being equal to 1.341 hp and 1 hp being the 1 g/hph = 1.341 k/kWh kW hp kW hp kW hp kW hp kW hp
equivalent of 0.7457 kW. The British unit of horsepower 1 g/metric hph = 1.36 g/kWh 1 1.341 21 28.161 41 54.982 61 81.802 81 108.623
is equal to 1.014 metric horsepower (CV, PS, PK, etc.). 2 2.682 22 29.502 42 56.323 62 83.143 82 109.964
3 4.023 23 30.843 43 57.664 63 84.484 83 111.305
1 kW = 1.341 hp = 1.360 metric hp
HEAT RATE 4 5.364 24 32.184 44 59.005 64 85.825 84 112.646
Heat Rate is a product of Lower Heating Value (LHV) of 5 6.705 25 33.526 45 60.346 65 87.166 85 113.987
1 hp = 0.746 kW = 1.014 metric hp 6 8.046 26 34.867 46 61.687 66 88.507 86 115.328
Fuel (measured in Btu/lb or kJ/g for liquid fuel and Btu/
1 metric hp = 0.735 kW = 0.986 hp 7 9.387 27 36.208 47 63.028 67 89.848 87 116.669
ft3 or kJ/m3 for gas fuel) multiplied times (sfc) specific
8 10.728 28 37.549 48 64.369 68 91.189 88 118.010
fuel consumption (measured in lb/hph or g/kWh).
TORQUE 9 12.069 29 38.890 49 65.710 69 92.530 89 119.351
The derived SI unit for torque (or moment of force) is 10 13.410 30 40.231 50 67.051 70 93.871 90 120.692
For Liquid Fuel 11 14.751 31 41.572 51 68.392 71 95.212 91 122.033
the Newton meter (Nm), this being based on the SI unit
Heat Rate (Btu/hph) = LVH (Btu/lb) X sfc (lb/hph) 12 16.092 32 42.913 52 69.733 72 96.553 92 123.374
of force — the Newton (N) – and the SI unit of length – 13 17.433 33 44.254 53 71.074 73 97.894 93 124.715
the meter (m). One Newton (1 N) is equivalent to 0.2248 14 18.774 34 45.595 54 72.415 74 99.235 94 126.056
For Gaseous Fuel
pound-force (lbf) or 0.10197 kilogram-force (kgf), and 15 20.115 35 46.936 55 73.756 75 100.577 95 127.397
Heat Rate (Btu/hph) = LVH (Btu/ft3) X sfc (ft3/hph) 16 21.456 36 48.277 56 75.097 76 101.918 96 128.738
one meter is equal to kilogram force (kgf) and one
member is equal to 3.28084 feet (ft), so one Newton 17 22.797 37 49.618 57 76.438 77 103.259 97 130.079
To convert these units to SI units: 18 24.138 38 50.959 58 77.779 78 104.600 98 131.420
meter (1 N m) is equal to 0.737562 pound-force (lbf ft). 19 25.479 39 52.300 59 79.120 79 105.941 99 132.761
Btu/hph X 1.414 = kJ/kWh
or 0.101972 kilogram-force meter (kgf m). 20 26.820 40 53.641 60 80.461 80 107.282 100 134.102
Or
Btu/kWh X 1.055 = kJ/kWh
1 Nm = 0.738 lbf ft = 0.102 kgf m POUNDS FORCE FEET (lbf ft) TO NEWTON METERS (Nm)
1 lbf ft = 1.356 Nm = 0.138 kgf m (1 lbf ft = 1.35582 Nm)
1 kgf m = 9.807 Nm = 7.233 lbf ft LUBRICATING-OIL CONSUMPTION lbf ft Nm lbf ft Nm lbf ft Nm lbf ft Nm lbf ft Nm
Although the metric liter is not officially an SI unit, its 1 1.356 21 28.472 41 55.589 61 82.705 81 109.821
PRESSURE AND STRESS use will continue to be permitted, so measurement of 2 2.712 22 29.828 42 56.944 62 84.061 82 111.177
Although it has been decided that the SI derived unit lube-oil consumption will be quoted in liters per hour 3 4.067 23 31.184 43 58.300 63 85.417 83 112.533
(liters/h). 4 5.423 24 32.540 44 59.656 64 86.772 84 113.889
for pressure and stress should be the Pascal (Pa), this
5 6.779 25 33.896 45 61.012 65 88.128 85 115.245
is a very small unit, being the same as one Newton 6 8.135 26 35.251 46 62.368 66 89.484 86 116.601
per square meter (1 N/m2), which is only 0.000145 lbf/ 1 liter/h = 0.22 Imp gal/h 7 9.491 27 36.607 47 63.724 67 90.840 87 117.956
in2 or 0.0000102 kgf/cm2. So many European engine 1 Imp gal/h = 4.546 liters/h 8 10.847 28 37.963 48 65.079 68 92.196 88 119.312
designers favor the bar as the unit of pressure, one bar 9 12.202 29 39.319 49 66.435 69 93.552 89 120.668
being 100,000 Pascal (100 kPa), which is the equivalent TEMPERATURES 10 13.558 30 40.675 50 67.791 70 94.907 90 122.024
11 14.914 31 42.030 51 69.147 71 96.263 91 123.380
of 14,504 lbf/in2 or 1.020 kgf/cm2, so being virtually the The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K), and the
12 16.270 32 43.386 52 70.503 72 97.619 92 124.715
same as the currently accepted metric equivalent. On character is used without the degree symbol (°) 13 17.626 33 44.742 53 71.808 73 98.975 93 126.001
the other hand, for engine performance purposes, the normally employed with other scales of temperature. 14 18.981 34 46.098 54 73.214 74 100.331 94 127.447
millibar seems to be favored to indicate barometric A temperature of zero degree Kelvin is equivalent to a 15 20.337 35 47.454 55 74.570 75 101.687 95 128.803
pressure, this unit being one thousandth of a bar. Then temperature of -273.15°C on the Celsius (centigrade) 16 21.693 36 48.810 56 75.926 76 103.042 96 130.159
17 23.049 37 50.165 57 77.282 77 104.398 97 131.515
again, there is a school that favors the kiloNewton scale. The Kelvin unit is identical in interval to the
18 24.405 38 51.521 58 78.638 78 105.754 98 132.870
per square meter (kN/m2), this being the same as a Celsius unit, so direct conversions can be made 19 25.761 39 52.877 59 79.993 79 107.110 99 134.226
kilopascal, and equal to 0.145 lbf/in2 or 0.0102 kgf/cm2. by adding or subtracting 273. Use of Celsius is still 20 27.116 40 54.233 60 81.349 80 108.466 100 135.582
permitted.
1 bar = 14.5 lbf/in2 = 1.0197 kgf/cm2 These tables are reproduced from the booklet “Vehicle
1 lbf/in2 = 0.069 bar 0 K = 273°C; absolute zero K Metrics” published by Transport and Distribution Press Ltd.,
1 kgf/cm2 = 0.98 bar 1°C = 273 K 118 Ewell Road, Surbiton, Surry, KT6 6HA England.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 25

PRODUCT DIRECTORY & BUYER’S GUIDE
PRODUCT DIRECTORY
& BUYER’S GUIDE

A AXLES Turbine Components Castings

Impro Industries USA, Inc. ...... 278, 282, 290
Drive Axles
ACTUATORS John Deere Power Systems .......................178
Electric Actuators MAN Truck & Bus AG ....................................173
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Planetary Axles
CLUTCHES AND CLUTCH
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 COMPONENTS
John Deere Power Systems .......................178
Hydraulic Actuators Air Actuated Clutches
MAN Truck & Bus AG ....................................173
TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Steering Axles Electrical Clutches
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 MAN Truck & Bus AG ....................................173 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Solenoid Actuators Tandem Axles Hydraulic Clutches
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG MAN Truck & Bus AG ....................................173 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Trailer Axles TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316
MAN Truck & Bus AG ....................................173 Marine Clutches
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
ADDITIVES Multiple Disc Clutches
Diesel Fuel Additives jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Parker Hannifin Corporation, B Spring Loaded Clutches
Racor Division .....................................................37 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
BLENDERS Wet Clutches
Fuel/Lube Blenders jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Parker Hannifin Corporation,
AIR CLEANERS
Racor Division .....................................................37
Air Cleaners
Parker Hannifin Corporation,
COGENERATION SYSTEMS
Cogeneration Controls
Racor Division .....................................................37
BOILERS AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Heat Recovery Boilers Cogeneration Systems
Siemens Energy Global GmbH AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
ALTERNATORS INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211
& Co. KG..............................................................243
Alternators MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH
Cummins Generator Technologies ........260 .......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269
Mecc Alte UK Limited ...................................264 Nidec - Kato Engineering &
Nidec - Kato Engineering &
BRAKES, BRAKE Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
COMPONENTS Solar Turbines Incorporated
Air Dryers For Braking Systems ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Battery Charging Alternators
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Service Cogeneration Systems
Nidec - Kato Engineering &
Racor Division .....................................................37 AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
Hydraulic Brakes INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211
Generating Sets Alternators
TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316 Solar Turbines Incorporated
Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Cummins Generator Technologies ........260
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170
Nidec - Kato Engineering &
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
C COMPONENT
MANUFACTURING
CASTINGS MATERIALS Aluminum Components
Drive Components Castings jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
ANALYSIS SYSTEMS Impro Industries USA, Inc. ...... 278, 282, 290 Component Manufacturing
Analysis Systems Engine Components Castings Impro Industries USA, Inc. ...... 278, 282, 290
AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344 Impro Industries USA, Inc. ...... 278, 282, 290 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318

26 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Electronic Controls Mechanical Controls
Motorenfabrik Hatz GmbH & Co. KG .....182 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Remote Controls
COMPRESSORS AND Engine Controls AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
COMPRESSOR SETS AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344 Solar Turbines Incorporated
Air Compressors Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Shutdown Controls
Siemens Energy Global GmbH INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 Solar Turbines Incorporated
& Co. KG..............................................................243 Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Air-Starting Compressors Solar Turbines Incorporated Speed Controls
Nova Werke AG...............................................333 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Centrifugal Compressors Engine System Controllers ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344 Solar Turbines Incorporated
Siemens Energy Global GmbH Gen-Set Paralleling Controls ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
& Co. KG..............................................................243 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Temperature Controls
Solar Turbines Incorporated ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Solar Turbines Incorporated
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Gas Compressors
Nidec - Kato Engineering & Throttle Controls
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Siemens Energy Global GmbH
Solar Turbines Incorporated ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
& Co. KG..............................................................243
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 Turbocharger Controls
Solar Turbines Incorporated
Generator Controls Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Gas Turbine-Driven Compressor Sets
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Vibration Controls
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 Solar Turbines Incorporated
Siemens Energy Global GmbH
Nidec - Kato Engineering & ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
& Co. KG..............................................................243
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
Solar Turbines Incorporated
Solar Turbines Incorporated
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Reciprocating Compressors ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 CONVERTERS
Siemens Energy Global GmbH Hydraulic Controls Catalytic Converters
& Co. KG..............................................................243 Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Screw Compressors Knock Detection & Control Controls ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344 Converters
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
CONTROLS Load Controls I/F Converters
Air/Fuel Ratio Controls Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Solar Turbines Incorporated
Cogeneration Controls ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344 Load Transfer Controls COOLERS AND COOLING
Solar Turbines Incorporated Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG SYSTEMS
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Cooling Systems
Compressor Controls Marine Propulsion Controls Oesse Srl.............................................................281
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344 Fuel Oil Coolers
Solar Turbines Incorporated Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Parker Hannifin Corporation,
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Racor Division .....................................................37

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 27

PRODUCT DIRECTORY & BUYER’S GUIDE

COUPLINGS Diesel Common Rail Supply Pump Solar Turbines Incorporated

Flexible Couplings Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Swing Drives
TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316 O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche John Deere Power Systems .......................178
Fluid Couplings Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316 Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 Track Drives
Gear-Type Couplings Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
Diesel Common Rail Systems
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 Variable Speed Drives
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Hydraulic Couplings
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Wheel Drives
Mechanical Couplings
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Rubber/Elastomer Couplings Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316 Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Shaft Couplings ELECTRICAL POWER
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 GENERATION EQUIPMENT
Electrical Power Generation
DIFFERENTIALS
Equipment
Differentials
CRANKSHAFTS Cummins Generator Technologies ........260
John Deere Power Systems .......................178
Crankshafts Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Maschinenfabrik Alfing Kessler ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
GmbH ..................................................................288 INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211
Engine Crankshaft DRIVES Nidec - Kato Engineering &
Maschinenfabrik Alfing Kessler Compressor Drives
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
GmbH ..................................................................288 INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211
Siemens Energy Global GmbH
Reconditioning Crankshafts MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 & Co. KG..............................................................243
Maschinenfabrik Alfing Kessler Siemens Energy Global GmbH Solar Turbines Incorporated
GmbH ..................................................................288 & Co. KG..............................................................243 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Solar Turbines Incorporated Electrical Substations
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 Siemens Energy Global GmbH
CYLINDERS
Electrical Drives & Co. KG..............................................................243
Cylinder Heads
Impro Industries USA, Inc. ...... 278, 282, 290 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Engine Cylinders ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Impro Industries USA, Inc. ...... 278, 282, 290 John Deere Power Systems .......................178
Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
Siemens Energy Global GmbH E
& Co. KG..............................................................243
D Gear-Reduction Drives
ENGINE MAINTENANCE
Engine Diagnostic Systems
DAMPERS John Deere Power Systems .......................178 AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Driveline Dampers Hydraulic Pump Drives Overhaul & Parts Services Engine
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 Maintenance
John Deere Power Systems .......................178 AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 DEUTZ AG..........................................................183
DIESEL COMMON RAIL Mixer Drives INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211
SYSTEMS
John Deere Power Systems .......................178 INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211
Diesel Common Rail Injectors
Pump Drives Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 Siemens Energy Global GmbH
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche John Deere Power Systems .......................178 & Co. KG..............................................................243
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Solar Turbines Incorporated
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273

28 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

PRODUCT DIRECTORY & BUYER’S GUIDE

ENGINES MAN Truck & Bus AG ....................................173 Diesel & Gas Turbine Exhaust Systems
Combined-Cycle Engines MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Ansaldo Energia..............................................238 .......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 Perkins Engines Company Limited ........181 Diesel Particulate Filters
Siemens Energy Global GmbH Gas Turbines Cummins Inc.
& Co. KG..............................................................243 Ansaldo Energia..............................................238 ..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
Diesel Engines Parker Hannifin Corporation,
Daihatsu Diesel Mfg. Co. Ltd. .......... 214, 245
ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation Racor Division .....................................................37
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
N.V. .......................................................................218 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valves
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH
AGCO Power ....................................................194 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Baudouin ...........................................................205 Siemens Energy Global GmbH Selective Catalytic Reduction
Cummins Inc. & Co. KG..............................................................243 Cummins Inc.
..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
Solar Turbines Incorporated ..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
Cummins Westport Inc.
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
YANMAR POWER TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD
Daihatsu Diesel Mfg. Co. Ltd. .......... 214, 245
...................................................................... 175, 177 EXPANDERS
DEUTZ AG..........................................................183
Gasoline Engines Expanders
Doosan Infracore Co. Ltd. Engine BG ....222
KOHLER ..............................................................192 MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
Isotta Fraschini Motori S.p.A., a
FINCANTIERI company ................................209 Kubota Corporation......................................158
Isuzu Motors America, LLC Methanol Engines
..................................................ENGINES TAB, 154 Solar Turbines Incorporated
JCB Power Systems Ltd ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 F
...................................................BACK COVER, 200 Natural Gas (Spark-Ignited) Engines
John Deere Power Systems .......................178 Baudouin ...........................................................205 FILTERS AND FILTER
KOHLER ..............................................................192 Cummins Inc. SYSTEMS
Kubota Corporation......................................158 ..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169 Air Filter Elements
Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Cummins Westport Inc. Parker Hannifin Corporation,
Racor Division .....................................................37
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170 ..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
Air Filters
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 Doosan Infracore Co. Ltd. Engine BG ....222
Parker Hannifin Corporation,
MAN Truck & Bus AG ....................................173 INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211
Racor Division .....................................................37
Motorenfabrik Hatz GmbH & Co. KG .....182 INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 Cooling Systems Filters
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH Kubota Corporation......................................158 Parker Hannifin Corporation,
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Racor Division .....................................................37
Perkins Engines Company Limited ........181 MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 Crankcase Filters
YANMAR POWER TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH Cummins Inc.
...................................................................... 175, 177
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 ..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
Dual-Fuel Engines Parker Hannifin Corporation,
NG or LPG Engines
ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation N.V. ..218 Racor Division .....................................................37
Kubota Corporation......................................158
INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 Exhaust Filters
Research Engines
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
EUROMOT aisbl ...............................................346
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Solar Turbines Incorporated Parker Hannifin Corporation,
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 Racor Division .....................................................37
Gas Engines EXHAUST SYSTEMS
Fuel Filters
Baudouin ...........................................................205 Diesel & Gas Exhaust Systems
Cummins Inc.
Daihatsu Diesel Mfg. Co. Ltd. .......... 214, 245 Cummins Inc. ..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211 ..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169 Parker Hannifin Corporation,
INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 DEUTZ AG..........................................................183 Racor Division .....................................................37
KOHLER ..............................................................192 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Fuel/Water Separators Filters
Kubota Corporation......................................158 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Parker Hannifin Corporation,
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 Racor Division .....................................................37

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 29

PRODUCT DIRECTORY & BUYER’S GUIDE

Gas Filters Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Service, Fuel Injection Nozzles
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Nova Werke AG...............................................333 O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche
Racor Division .....................................................37 O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
Gas Turbines Filter Houses Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 Service, Fuel Injection Pumps
Racor Division .....................................................37 Distributor Fuel Injection Pumps Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Lube Filter Elements O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche Single-Plunger Fuel Injection Pumps
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Racor Division .....................................................37 Fuel Injection Control
Suction & Delivery Valves Fuel
Lube Filters Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Injection
Cummins Inc. ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche
..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169 O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Racor Division .....................................................37
Fuel Injection Nozzle Holders Unit-Type Fuel Injectors
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
& COMPONENTS
Fire Protection Systems & Fuel Injection Nozzles
Components Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Nova Werke AG...............................................333
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche G
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
GAS TURBINES AND
FORGINGS COMPONENTS
Fuel Injection Plungers & Barrels
Engine Components Forgings Gas Turbine-Driven Compressor Sets
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche
Maschinenfabrik Alfing Kessler Solar Turbines Incorporated
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
GmbH ..................................................................288 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Fuel Injection Timing Sensors Gas Turbines
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
FUEL & LUBE SYSTEMS ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Daihatsu Diesel Mfg. Co. Ltd. .......... 214, 245
Oil Analysis MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
Fuel Injection Tubing
Parker Hannifin Corporation,
Nova Werke AG...............................................333 Siemens Energy Global GmbH
Racor Division .....................................................37 Fuel Pumps, Electronic & Co. KG..............................................................243
Oil Mist Detectors Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Solar Turbines Incorporated
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 High-Pressure Common Rail Pumps YANMAR POWER TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD
Oil Replenishment System Fuel ...................................................................... 175, 177
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Racor Division .....................................................37 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Oil-Water Separators Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Parker Hannifin Corporation, GEARS AND GEAR
Integrated Unit Pump & Injector
Racor Division .....................................................37 SYSTEMS
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Gearboxes
Multiplunger Fuel Injection Pumps
Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
FUEL INJECTION Pressure Pipes Fuel Injection
Circulation Valves Fuel Injection Nova Werke AG...............................................333
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche GENERATOR SETS
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Combined-Cycle Generator Sets
Common Rail Systems Fuel Injection Rail Fuel Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche Siemens Energy Global GmbH
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 & Co. KG..............................................................243

30 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

PRODUCT DIRECTORY & BUYER’S GUIDE

Solar Turbines Incorporated Siemens Energy Global GmbH HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS/
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 & Co. KG..............................................................243 EQUIPMENT
Diesel Engine Generator Sets Solar Turbines Incorporated Heat Recovery Systems/Equipment
ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation N.V. ..218 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 Solar Turbines Incorporated
AGCO Power ....................................................194 Steam Turbines Generator Sets ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Cummins Inc. MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169 Siemens Energy Global GmbH
Daihatsu Diesel Mfg. Co. Ltd. ......... 214, 245 & Co. KG..............................................................243 HEATERS
Isotta Fraschini Motori S.p.A., a Fuel Heaters
FINCANTIERI company ................................209 Parker Hannifin Corporation,
GENERATORS Racor Division .....................................................37
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170
Motorenfabrik Hatz GmbH & Co. KG .....182 AC Generators
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 Cummins Generator Technologies ........260
Controls Hydraulic
Tide Power Technology Co., Limited ....266 Nidec - Kato Engineering &
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Dual-Fuel Engine Generator Sets Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation N.V. ..218 DC Generators
Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 Nidec - Kato Engineering & Cylinders Hydraulic
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170 Leroy-Somer.....................................................262 Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
Solar Turbines Incorporated Motors Hydraulic
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Gas Engine Generator Sets GOVERNORS Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH Electric/Electronic Governors Pumps Hydraulic
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Tide Power Technology Co., Limited ....266 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320
Gas Turbine Generator Sets Hydraulic Governors Reservoirs Hydraulic
Ansaldo Energia..............................................238 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH Mechanical Governors
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
.................................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217 I
Siemens Energy Global GmbH
& Co. KG..............................................................243 INDICATORS
Solar Turbines Incorporated Cylinder Pressure Indicators
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Gasoline Engine Generator Sets
H ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Oil Mist Indicators
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170 HEAT EXCHANGERS
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Temperature Indicators
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH Liquid-Cooled Heat Exchangers Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Solar Turbines Incorporated Oil-Water Heat Exchangers
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
No-Break Generator Sets Sea Water Heat Exchangers INSTRUMENTATION
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 Instrumentation
Service Generator Sets Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers Siemens Energy Global GmbH
INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 & Co. KG..............................................................243

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PRODUCT DIRECTORY & BUYER’S GUIDE

M MOTORS Nidec - Kato Engineering &

Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
Electric Motors
MARINE PROPULSION Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Siemens Energy Global GmbH
SYSTEMS & Co. KG..............................................................243
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Solar Turbines Incorporated
Diesel Marine Propulsion Systems Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation N.V. ..218 Nidec - Kato Engineering & Power Transfer Systems
Cummins Inc. Leroy-Somer.....................................................262 Cummins Inc.
..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169 Siemens Energy Global GmbH ..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
John Deere Power Systems .......................178 & Co. KG..............................................................243 Power-to-X
Explosion-Proof Motors MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH .......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269
Nidec - Kato Engineering &
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 Siemens Energy Global GmbH
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262
Electric Marine Propulsion Systems & Co. KG..............................................................243
Generator Sets Motors
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH
INNIO Jenbacher GmbH & Co OG ...........211
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269
Hydraulic Motors POWER PLANTS
Nidec - Kato Engineering &
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 Combined-Cycle Power Plants
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262 Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
Gas Turbine Marine Propulsion Wheel Motors AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Systems Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 Siemens Energy Global GmbH
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
& Co. KG..............................................................243
MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH
Solar Turbines Incorporated
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Diesel/Gas Engine Power Plants
P ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation N.V. ..218
MEASURING EQUIPMENT MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
PACKAGES
Measuring Equipment Gas Turbine Power Plants
Engine Compressor Packages
Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344 MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
Solar Turbines Incorporated Siemens Energy Global GmbH
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 & Co. KG..............................................................243
MONITORING, MONITORS MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 Solar Turbines Incorporated
Compressor Systems Monitors MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
.......................INSIDE FRONT COVER, 217, 269 Turnkey Operations Power Plants
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
Solar Turbines Incorporated ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation N.V. ..218
Engine System Monitors Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Siemens Energy Global GmbH
DEUTZ AG..........................................................183 & Co. KG..............................................................243
Fuel Systems Monitors Solar Turbines Incorporated
PISTONS, COMPONENTS ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Parker Hannifin Corporation,
Pistons
Racor Division .....................................................37
KS Kolbenschmidt GmbH...........................284
Monitoring POWER TAKE-OFFS
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Power Take-offs
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
POWER GENERATION
Siemens Energy Global GmbH TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316
EQUIPMENT
& Co. KG..............................................................243 Power Generation Equipment
Temperature Monitors Cummins Generator Technologies ........260 PUMP SETS
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Doosan Infracore Co. Ltd. Engine BG ....222 Diesel-Driven Pump Sets
Racor Division .....................................................37 INNIO Waukesha Gas Engines Inc...........211 ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation N.V. ..218

32 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

PRODUCT DIRECTORY & BUYER’S GUIDE

AGCO Power ....................................................194 NFPA - National Fluid Power Association Solar Turbines Incorporated
Lister Petter Power Systems Ltd ..............170 ..............MOBILE HYDRAULICS TAB, 298, 310 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Motorenfabrik Hatz GmbH & Co. KG .....182 Off-Highway Research Power Plants Service Systems &
Dual-Fuel Engine-Driven Pump Sets ................................ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347 Training
ABC - Anglo Belgian Corporation N.V. ..218 Yengst Associates Inc. ..................................348 Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
Gas Turbine-Driven Pump Sets Product Research Services AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Off-Highway Research MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 ................................ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347 Solar Turbines Incorporated
Solar Turbines Incorporated Yengst Associates Inc. ..................................348 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273 Research & Development
Motor Driven Pump Sets NFPA - National Fluid Power Association
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 ..............MOBILE HYDRAULICS TAB, 298, 310 SERVICE TOOLS &
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche Torino S.p.A..... EQUIPMENT
FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Service Tools & Equipment
PUMPS Off-Highway Research AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Common Rail Fuel Oil Pump ................................ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347 DEUTZ AG..........................................................183
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Yengst Associates Inc. ..................................348
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 SERVICES
Fuel Oil Pumps Contract Manufacturing
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
S Engineering Services
AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Hydraulic Gear-Type Pumps SENSORS Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 Hall-Effect Sensor ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Hydraulic Pumps Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
Pumps Oil Mist Sensors Solar Turbines Incorporated
Parker Hannifin Corporation, Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Racor Division .....................................................37 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Failure Analysis Services
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 Position Sensors Solar Turbines Incorporated
Screw Pumps Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Gas Turbine Overhaul & Repair
Transfer Pumps Pressure Sensors Services
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Ansaldo Energia..............................................238
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Speed Sensors
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206
R ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Siemens Energy Global GmbH
Temperature Sensors
REGULATORS Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
& Co. KG..............................................................243
Voltage Regulators Solar Turbines Incorporated
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Cummins Generator Technologies ........260 ...............................GAS TURBINE TAB, 268, 273
Market Research Services
SERVICE SYSTEMS & EUROMOT aisbl ...............................................346
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT TRAINING NFPA - National Fluid Power Association
Market Research Services Diesel Engines Service Systems & ..............MOBILE HYDRAULICS TAB, 298, 310
NFPA - National Fluid Power Association Training Off-Highway Research
..............MOBILE HYDRAULICS TAB, 298, 310 DEUTZ AG..........................................................183 ................................ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347
Off-Highway Research Liebherr-Components AG...... 202, 299, 320 Yengst Associates Inc. ..................................348
................................ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347 MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 Product Research Services
Yengst Associates Inc. ..................................348 Gas Turbines Service Systems & Off-Highway Research
Marketing Research Training ................................ENGINE SYSTEMS TAB, 347
EUROMOT aisbl ...............................................346 MAN Energy Solutions SE...........................206 Yengst Associates Inc. ..................................348

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 33

PRODUCT DIRECTORY & BUYER’S GUIDE

SERVOMOTORS SWITCHGEAR/SWITCH- Hydraulic/Hydrostatic Transmissions

Servomotors BOARDS John Deere Power Systems .......................178
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Gen. Sets Switchgear/Switchboards Manual Transmissions
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Cummins Inc. John Deere Power Systems .......................178
..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169 Mechanical Transmissions
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
SHAFTS John Deere Power Systems .......................178
Shafts SYNCHRONIZERS Powershift Transmissions
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318 Automatic Synchronizers John Deere Power Systems .......................178
Maschinenfabrik Alfing Kessler Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316
GmbH ..................................................................288 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Vehicular Transmissions
John Deere Power Systems .......................178

SILENCERS
Intake Air Silencers
Parker Hannifin Corporation,
T TURBOCHARGERS
Exhaust Gas Turbochargers
Racor Division .....................................................37 TEST EQUIPMENT, TESTING Cummins Inc.
Automated Engine Test Systems
..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169
AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
SOLENOIDS Woodward L’Orange GmbH ....................327
Computer-Controlled Engine Testing
AC & DC Solenoids AVAT Automation GmbH...........................344
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Engine Systems Test Equipment
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
V
Maschinenfabrik Alfing Kessler VALVES
STANDS GmbH ..................................................................288 Check Valves
Fuel Injection Test Stands O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche
Fuel Injection Test Equipment
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327
Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342 Fuel Valves
O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
STARTING MOTORS
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Air/Gas Starting Motors
Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche
jbj Techniques Limited ...................... 300, 318
Nova Werke AG...............................................333 Nozzle Injector Tester Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
Electric Starting Motors O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche Relief & Safety Valves
Nidec - Kato Engineering & Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323 Nova Werke AG...............................................333
Leroy-Somer.....................................................262 Woodward L’Orange GmbH .....................327 O.M.T. Officine Meccaniche
Torino S.p.A. ........FUEL INJECTION TAB, 323
TRANSMISSIONS Solenoid Valves
SWITCHES Automatic Transmissions Heinzmann GmbH & Co. KG
Mechanical Switches John Deere Power Systems .......................178 ................................... CONTROLS TAB, 335, 342
Cummins Inc. Hybrid Transmissions Starting Air Valves
..........................INSIDE BACK COVER, 167, 169 TRANSFLUID S.p.A. ........................................316 Nova Werke AG...............................................333

34 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

EMISSIONS
EMISSIONS
INCLUDING: Emissions reference guide & standards

United States Japan

On-Highway Diesel Truck And Bus Engines .............................. 39 New Engines And Vehicles ............................................................ 70
Off-Highway Engines ...................................................................... 41 In-Use Vehicles Regulations .......................................................... 70
Stationary Diesel Engines (NSPS) ................................................. 45 On-Road Vehicles And Engines .................................................... 71
Existing Stationary Engines (NESHAP) ......................................... 47 Off-Road Engines ............................................................................ 72
Locomotives ..................................................................................... 48 Fuel Economy ................................................................................... 72
Marine Diesels ................................................................................. 50 China
On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) ....................................................... 54 Heavy-Duty On-Road Engines ...................................................... 73
Non-Road Engines ........................................................................... 75
Canada
On-Road Vehicles And Engines .................................................... 56 India
Off-Road Vehicles And Engines .................................................... 59 On-Road Vehicles And Engines .................................................... 79
Non-Road Diesel Engines .............................................................. 80
Mexico Generator Sets ................................................................................. 82
On-Road Vehicles and Engines ..................................................... 61
South Korea
European Union On-Road Vehicles And Engines .................................................... 83
Heavy-Duty Truck And Bus Engines ............................................ 63 Non-Road Engines ........................................................................... 84
Non-Road Diesel Engines .............................................................. 65
Australia
Germany On-Road Vehicles And Engines .................................................... 84
Stationary Engines — TA Luft ........................................................ 67
Argentina
Russia Heavy-Duty On-Road Engines ...................................................... 86
All Vehicle Categories ..................................................................... 69
Brazil
Turkey Heavy-Duty Engines ........................................................................ 87
Non-Road Diesel Engines .............................................................. 70 Non-Road Diesel Engines .............................................................. 88

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38 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

Emissions Standards: U.S.A.

On-Highway Diesel Truck And Bus Engines
Applicability and Test Cycles emissions limits are numerically equal to the FTP limits.
The emission standards discussed here apply to new engines • Not-to-Exceed (NTE) testing: Driving of any type that could
used in heavy-duty on-road (highway) vehicles, such as trucks occur within the bounds of a pre-defined NTE control area,
and buses. These standards apply to diesel fueled engines, as including operation under steady-state or transient condi-
well as to compression-ignition (CI) engines fueled by natural tions and under varying ambient conditions.
gas and other alternative fuels.
Emission Standards
Heavy-duty vehicles are defined as vehicles of GVWR (gross The emission limits for heavy-duty engines were tightened
vehicle weight rating) of above 8,500 lbs in the federal jurisdic- in a number of steps, as shown in Table 1. The current manda-
tion and above 14,000 lbs in California (model year 1995 and tory emission standards for heavy-duty engines were phased-in
later). Diesel engines used in heavy-duty vehicles are further
over the period of 2007-2010. The table also covers the 2015
divided into service classes by GVWR, as follows.
California Optional Low NOx Standards.
• Light heavy-duty diesel engines: 8,500 < LHDDE
In addition to the limits shown, the following emission stan-
< 19,500 (14,000 < LHDDE < 19,500 in California,
dards apply:
1995+).
• Smoke Opacity—Smoke opacity limits of 20% / 15% / 50%
• Medium heavy-duty diesel engines: 19,500 ≤ MHDDE ≤
at acceleration/lug/peak modes, respectively.
33,000.
• Idle CO Standard—An idle CO emission standard of 0.5%
• Heavy heavy-duty diesel engines (including urban bus):
HHDDE > 33,000. applies to compression-ignition engines fueled by diesel
fuel since 1988, by methanol since 1990, and by natural
Under the federal light-duty Tier 2 regulation vehicles of gas and LPG since 1994.
GVWR up to 10,000 lbs used for personal ABT Program. Since 1991, the emission regulations include
transportation have been re-classified as
Table 1. US EPA & California Emission Standards for Heavy-Duty CI Engines g/bhp-hr)
“medium-duty passenger vehicles” (MDPV
PM
- primarily larger SUVs and passenger vans)
Year CO HCa HCa+NOx NOx General Urban Bus
and are subject to the light-duty vehicle leg-
1974 40 - 16 - -
islation. Therefore, the same diesel engine
1979 25 1.5 10 - -
model used for the 8,500-10,000 lbs vehicle
1985 15.5 1.3 - 10.7 -
category may be classified as either light- or
1987 15.5 1.3 - 10.7d 0.60f
heavy-duty and certified to different stan-
1988 15.5 1.3b - 10.7d 0.60
dards, depending on the application. b
1990 15.5 1.3 - 6.0 0.60
1991 15.5 1.3c - 5.0 0.25 0.25g
U.S. and California regulations do not 1993 15.5 1.3 c
- 5.0 0.25 0.10
require that complete heavy-duty diesel 1994 15.5 1.3c - 5.0 0.10 0.07
vehicles be chassis certified, instead requir- 1996 15.5 1.3c - 5.0e 0.10 0.05h
ing certification of their engines (as an 1998 15.5 1.3 - 4.0 0.10 0.05h
option, complete heavy-duty diesel vehi- 2004j 15.5 - 2.4i - 0.10 0.05h
cles under 14,000 lbs can be chassis certi- 1985 15.5 0.14k - 0.20k 0.01
fied). Consequently, the basic standards are 1985 15.5 0.14 - 0.02l 0.01
expressed in g/bhp-hr and require emis- a
- NMHC for 2004 and later standards
sions testing over the Transient FTP engine b
- For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is for total hydrocarbon equivalent (THCE)
c
dynamometer cycle (however, chassis cer- - California: NMHC = 1.2 g/bhp-hr, in addition the THC limit
d
tification may be required for complete - California: NOx = 6.0 g/bhp-hr
e
- California: Urban bus NOx = 4.0 g/bhp-hr
heavy-duty gasoline vehicles with pertinent f
- California only, no federal PM limit
emissions standards expressed in g/mile). g
- California standard 0.10 g/bhp-hr
h
- In-use PM standard 0.07 g/bhp-hr
i
Additional emissions testing require- - Alternative standard: NMHC+NOx = 2.5 g/bhp-hr and NHMC = 0.5 g/bhp-hr
j
ments, phased in from 1998 to 2007, - Under the 1998 Consent Decrees, several manufacturers supplied 2004 compliant
engines from October 2002
include: k
- NOx and NHMC standards were phased-in on a percent-of-sales basis: 50% in 2007-
• Supplemental Emissions Test (SET): A 2009 and 100% in 2010. Most manufacturers certified their 2007-2009 engines to a NOx
steady-state test to ensure that heavy- limit of about 1.2 g/bhp-hr, based on a fleet average calculation
duty engine emissions are controlled l
- Optional. Manufacturers may choose to certify engines to the California Optional Low NOx
during steady-state type driving. SET Standards of 0.10, 0.05 or 0.02 g/bhp-hr

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POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 39
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

an emission averaging, banking, and trading (ABT) program for ers used engine control software that caused engines to switch
NOx and PM emissions, similar to those that have been a part to a more fuel efficient (but higher NOx) driving mode during
of most US EPA emission control programs. steady highway cruising. The EPA considered this engine con-
trol strategy an illegal “emissions defeat device.”
Model Year 1974-2003 Provisions of the Consent Decree included civil penalties for
Historically, the first sets of emission standards were adopted engine manufacturers and requirements to allocate funds for
at the federal level beginning from 1974. Since 1987, California pollution research; upgrading existing engines to lower NOx
standards required on several occasions that PM and NOx emis- emissions; supplemental emissions tests (steady-state) with a
sion limits be introduced in California. Some of the regulatory limit equal to the FTP standard and NTE limits of 1.25 x FTP
emission challenges of that period that required the development (with the exception of Navistar); and meeting the 2004 emis-
of new emission technologies were: sions standards by October 2002, 15 months ahead of time.

• 1991 PM emission standard of 0.25 g/bhp·hr. In the aftermath of the Consent Decrees, California certifica-
• 1994 PM emission standard of 0.10 g/bhp·hr. tions for all model year 2005-2007 engines required SET testing
• Gradual tightening of the NOx limit to 4 g/bhp·hr (1998). and NTE limits of 1.25 × FTP standards. California also adopted
These challenges were generally met through in-cylinder more stringent standards for MY 2004-2006 engines for public
emission control. However, the 1994 PM limit did trigger urban bus fleets.
some usage of diesel oxidation catalysts, mostly on mechani-
cally controlled heavy-duty engines. A sulfur limit of 500 ppm Model Year 2007 and Later
in diesel fuel became effective in October 1993 to enable the The EPA rule of December 21, 2000 [EPA 2001] included
1994 PM emission standard of 0.10 g/bhp·hr. two components: (1) 2007 and later heavy-duty engine emis-
sion standards, and (2) diesel fuel regulations. The California
Optional Standards. Manufacturers could voluntarily certify ARB adopted virtually identical 2007 heavy-duty engine stan-
engines to the Clean Fuel Fleet (CFF) emission standards shown dards in October 2001. The emission standards included new,
in Table 2. It was a federal program that applied to 1998-2003 very stringent limits for PM (0.01 g/bhp·hr) and NOx (0.20 g/
model year engines, both CI and SI, over 8,500 lbs GVWR. bhp·hr). The PM emission standard took full effect in 2007.
The NOx standard was phased-in for diesel engines between
Table 2. Clean Fuel Fleet Program for Heavy-Duty SI 2007 and 2010. In the 2007-2009 period, most manufacturers
and CI Engines, g/bhp-hr opted to meet a NOx family emission limit (FEL) of around 1.2
Category* CO NMHC+NOx PM HCHO g/bhp·hr for most of their engines. Because of this compliance
LEV (Federal Fuel) 3.8 path during the NOx limit phase-in period, engines produced
LEV (California Fuel) 3.5 during 2007-2009 were technologically very different from
ILEV 14.4 2.5 0.050 those required to comply in 2010 and later when all engines
ULEV 7.2 2.5 0.05 0.025 needed to comply with the 0.2 g/bhp-hr NOx limit. While it
ZLEV 0 0 0 0 is common to refer to “2010 standards” in a way that implies
* LEV - low emissions vehicle; ILEV - inherently low emissions vehicle; they are different from “2007 standards”, legally, there was not
ULEV - ultra low emissions vehicle; ZEV - zero emissions vehicle a standard for 2010 that differed from 2007.

Model Year 2004-2006 Starting in 2007, manufacturers could choose to chassis

The 2004 standards for heavy-duty engines—as adopted by certify complete heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDV) with GVWR
the EPA in 1997 [EPA 1997]—were harmonized with California of 14,000 lb or less as an option to engine certification. Diesel
standards, with the intent that manufacturers could use a single engines thus certified were considered to be legally equivalent
engine or machine design for both markets. On-board diagnos- to a 0.20 g/bhp-hr NOx engine provided they met the 2008
tic (OBD) requirements applicable to heavy-duty diesel engines Otto-cycle HDV limits (0.2 g/mile NOx and 0.02 g/mile PM
and vehicles ≤ 14,000 lbs GVWR were phased-in from the for 8500 lb < GVWR ≤ 10000 lb and 0.4 g/mile NOx and 0.02
2005 through 2007 model years. Discharge of crankcase emis- g/mile PM for 10000 lb < GVWR ≤ 14000 lb). After 2011, all
sions was not allowed for any new 2004 or later model year manufacturers of complete HDVs with GVWR ≤ 14000 lb (pri-
engines, with the exception of turbocharged or supercharged marily heavy pick-ups and utility vans) adopted this optional
diesel fueled engines. To achieve the 2004 emissions, most chassis certification approach because of the heavy-duty vehi-
manufacturers introduced exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)—in cle GHG regulations that came into effect for MY 2014.
many cases in conjunction with diesel oxidation catalysts—on
heavy-duty diesel engines. In addition to the FTP testing, emission certification require-
ments include:
Consent Decrees. In October 1998, a court settlement was • SET test, with limits equal to the FTP standards.
reached between the EPA, Department of Justice, California • NTE limits of 1.5 × FTP standards (or 1.25 × FTP for engines
ARB and engine manufacturers (Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit with NOx FEL > 1.5 g/bhp·hr).
Diesel, Volvo, Mack Trucks/Renault and Navistar) over the issue
of high NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines during The diesel fuel regulation limited the sulfur content in on-
certain driving modes. Since the early 1990’s, the manufactur- highway diesel fuel to 15 ppm (wt.), down from the previous

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40 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

500 ppm. The ULSD fuel has been introduced as a “technology

enabler” to pave the way for sulfur-intolerant exhaust emission Emissions Standards: U.S.A.
control technologies, such as catalytic diesel particulate filters
and NOx catalysts. Off-Highway Engines
Other Provisions. The 2007 emission standards and later Background
amendments introduced a number of additional provisions: Tier 1-3 Standards. The first federal standards (Tier 1) for
• Crankcase Ventilation—Effective from 2007, the regulation new nonroad (or off-road) diesel engines were adopted in 1994
maintains the earlier crankcase emission control excep- for engines over 37 kW (50 hp), to be phased-in from 1996
tion for turbocharged heavy-duty diesel fueled engines but to 2000. The 1998 regulation introduced Tier 1 standards for
requires that if the emissions are discharged into the atmo- equipment under 37 kW (50 hp) and increasingly more strin-
sphere, they be added to the exhaust emissions during all gent Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards for all equipment with phase-in
testing. The deterioration of crankcase emissions must also schedules from 2000 to 2008. The Tier 1-3 standards are met
be accounted for in exhaust deterioration factors. through advanced engine design, with no or only limited use
• DEF Refill Interval—For SCR-equipped heavy-duty diesel of exhaust gas aftertreatment (oxidation catalysts).
engines, a minimum DEF (urea solution) refill interval is
defined as at least as far (in miles or hours) as the vehicle’s Tier 4 Standards. In 2004, the EPA signed the final rule intro-
fuel capacity [EPA 2014]. ducing Tier 4 emissions standards, which were to be phased-in
• Ammonia Emissions—While ammonia emissions are unreg- over the period of 2008-2015. The Tier 4 standards require that
ulated, the EPA recommends that ammonia slip should be emissions of PM and NOx be further reduced by about 90%.
below 10 ppm average over the applicable test cycles [EPA
2011]. Nonroad Diesel Fuel. At the Tier 1-3 stage, the sulfur con-
• Emergency Vehicles—Heavy-duty engines in fire trucks, tent in nonroad diesel fuels was not limited. The oil industry
ambulances and other types of emergency vehicles can be specification was 0.5% (wt., max), with the average in-use sul-
equipped with an AECD to override performance induce- fur level of about 0.3% = 3,000 ppm. To enable sulfur-sensitive
ments related to the emission control system. control technologies in Tier 4 engines — such as catalytic
particulate filters and NOx adsorbers — the EPA mandated
California Optional Low NOx Standards. On October 21, reductions in sulfur content in nonroad diesel fuels, as follows:
2014, California ARB adopted Optional Low NOx Standards for • 500 ppm effective June 2007 for nonroad, locomotive and
heavy-duty engines [CARB 2013]. Under the program, manu- marine (NRLM) diesel fuels;
facturers may choose to certify their engines to three optional • 15 ppm (ultra-low sulfur diesel) effective June 2010 for non-
NOx emission standards: 0.10, 0.05 or 0.02 g/bhp·hr. Other road fuel, and June 2012 for locomotive and marine fuels.
pollutants must meet the conventional emission standards.
Engine families certified to the optional NOx standards cannot California. In most cases, federal nonroad regulations also
be included in the ABT program for NOx. Instead, credits may apply in California, whose authority to set emissions standards
be generated by an alternative mechanism proposed by the for new nonroad engines is limited. The federal Clean Air Act
engine manufacturer and approved by the ARB. Amendments of 1990 (CAA) preempt California’s authority to
control emissions from new farm and construction equipment
Useful Life and Warranty Periods. Compliance with emis- under 175 hp and require California to receive authorization
sions standards has to be demonstrated over the useful life of from the federal EPA for controls over other off-road sources.
the engine, which was adopted as follows (federal & California):
• LHDDE — 8 years/110,000 miles (whichever occurs first). The U.S. nonroad emissions standards are harmonized to
• MHDDE — 8 years/185,000 miles. a certain degree with European nonroad emissions standards.
• HHDDE — 8 years/290,000 miles.
Federal useful life requirements were later increased to 10 years, Applicability
with no change to the above mileage numbers, for the urban bus The nonroad standards cover mobile nonroad diesel engines
PM standard (1994+) and for the NOx standard (1998+). of all sizes used in a wide range of construction, agri-
cultural and industrial equipment. The EPA definition of
Useful Life: 2004+. The EPA established revised useful the nonroad engine is based on the principle of mobility/
engine lives, with significantly extended requirements for the portability, and includes engines installed on (1) self-propelled
heavy heavy-duty diesel engine class, as follows: equipment, (2) on equipment that is propelled while perform-
• LHDDE—10 years/110,000 miles. ing its function, or (3) on equipment that is portable or trans-
• MHDDE—10 years/185,000 miles. portable, as indicated by the presence of wheels, skids, carry-
• HHDDE—10 years/435,000 miles/22,000 hours. ing handles, dolly, trailer, or platform. Nonroad engines are all
Warranty. The mandatory emission warranty period is 5 internal combustion engines except motor vehicle (highway)
years/100,000 miles (5 years/100,000 miles/3,000 hours in engines, stationary engines (or engines that remain at one loca-
California), but no less than the basic mechanical warranty for tion for more than 12 months), engines used solely for compe-
the engine family. Since 2004, the federal warranty period for tition, or engines used in aircraft. Effective May 14, 2003, the
the LHDDE class has been reduced to 5 years/50,000 miles. definition of nonroad engines was changed to also include all

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POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 41
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

diesel powered engines — including stationary ones — used in The regulations include several other provisions, such as
agricultural operations in California. averaging, banking and trading of emissions credits and maxi-
mum “family emissions limits” (FEL) for emissions averaging.
The nonroad diesel emissions regulations are not applicable
to all nonroad diesel engines. Exempted are engines used in Tier 4 Emissions Standards
railway locomotives and marine vessels, both of which have The Tier 4 emissions standards — to be phased-in from 2008-
their own regulations: engines used in underground mining 2015 — introduce substantial reductions of NOx (for engines
equipment, which are regulated by the Mine Safety and Health above 56 kW) and PM (above 19 kW), as well as more stringent
Administration (MSHA); and hobby engines (below 50 cm3 per HC limits. CO emissions limits remain unchanged from the Tier
cylinder). 2-3 stage.

A new definition of a compression-ignition (diesel) engine Engines up to 560 kW. Tier 4 emissions standards for
is used in the regulatory language since the 1998 rule. The engines up to 560 kW are listed in Table 3. In engines of
definition focuses on the engine cycle, rather than the ignition 56-560 kW rated power, the NOx and HC standards were
mechanism, with the presence of a throttle as an indicator to phased-in over a few year period, as indicated in the notes to
distinguish between diesel-cycle and otto-cycle operation. Table 3. The initial standards (PM compliance) are sometimes
Regulating power by controlling the fuel supply in lieu of a referred to as the ‘interim Tier 4’ (or ‘Tier 4i’), ‘transitional Tier
throttle corresponds with lean combustion and diesel-cycle 4’ or ‘Tier 4 A’, while the final standards (NOx/HC compliance)
operation. This language allows the possibility that a natural are sometimes referred to as ‘Tier 4 B’.
gas-fueled engine equipped with a sparkplug is considered a
compression-ignition engine.
As an alternative to introducing the required percentage of

Tier 1-3 Emissions Standards

Table 1. EPA Tier 1-3 Nonroad Diesel Engine Emissions Standards, g/kWh (g/bhp-hr)
The 1998 nonroad engine regu-
lations are structured as a 3-tiered Engine Power Tier Year CO HC NMHC+NOx NOx PM
progression. Each tier involves a kW < 8 Tier 1 2000 8.0 (6.0) - 10.5 (7.8) - 1.0 (0.75)
(hp < 11) Tier 2 2005 8.0 (6.0) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.8 (0.6)
phase in (by horsepower rating)
over several years. Tier 1 standards 8 ≤ kW < 19 Tier 1 2000 6.6 (4.9) - 9.5 (7.1) - 0.8 (0.6)
(11 ≤ hp < 25) Tier 2 2005 6.6 (4.9) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.8 (0.6)
were phased-in from 1996 to 2000.
The more stringent Tier 2 standards 19 ≤ kW < 37 Tier 1 1999 5.5 (4.1) - 9.5 (7.1) - 0.8 (0.6)
(25 ≤ hp < 50) Tier 2 2004 5.5 (4.1) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.6 (0.45)
take effect from 2001 to 2006, and
37 ≤ kW < 75 Tier 1 1998 - - - 9.2 (6.9) -
yet more stringent Tier 3 standards
(50 ≤ hp < 100) Tier 2 2004 5.0 (3.7) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.4 (0.3)
phase-in from 2006 to 2008 (Tier
Tier 3 2008 5.0 (3.7) - 4.7 (3.5) - -†
3 standards apply only for engines
75 ≤ kW < 130 Tier 1 1997 - - - 9.2 (6.9) -
from 37-560 kW).
(100 ≤ hp < 175) Tier 2 2003 5.0 (3.7) - 6.6 (4.9) - 0.3 (0.22)
Tier 3 2007 5.0 (3.7) - 4.0 (3.0) - -†
Tier 1-3 emissions standards are
130 ≤ kW < 225 Tier 1 1996 11.4 (8.5) 1.3 (1.0) - 9.2 (6.9) 0.54 (0.4)
listed in Table 1. Nonroad regula- (175 ≤ hp < 300) Tier 2 2003 3.5 (2.6) - 6.6 (4.9) - 0.2 (0.15)
tions are in the metric system of
Tier 3 2006 3.5 (2.6) - 4.0 (3.0) - -†
units, with all standards expressed
225 ≤ kW < 450 Tier 1 1996 11.4 (8.5) 1.3 (1.0) - 9.2 (6.9) 0.54 (0.4)
in grams of pollutant per kWh. (300 ≤ hp < 600) Tier 2 2001 3.5 (2.6) - 6.4 (4.8) - 0.2 (0.15)
Manufacturers who signed the 1998
Tier 3 2006 3.5 (2.6) - 4.0 (3.0) - -†
Consent Decrees with the EPA may
450 ≤ kW < 560 Tier 1 1996 11.4 (8.5) 1.3 (1.0) - 9.2 (6.9) 0.54 (0.4)
be required to meet the Tier 3 stan- (600 ≤ hp < 750) Tier 2 2002 3.5 (2.6) - 6.4 (4.8) - 0.2 (0.15)
dards one year ahead of schedule
Tier 3 2006 3.5 (2.6) - 4.0 (3.0) - -†
(i.e. beginning in 2005).
kW 560 Tier 1 2000 11.4 (8.5) 1.3 (1.0) - 9.2 (6.9) 0.54 (0.4)
(hp 750) Tier 2 2006 3.5 (2.6) - 6.4 (4.8) - 0.2 (0.15)
Voluntary, more stringent emis-
† Not adopted, engines must meet Tier 2 PM standard.
sions standards that manufacturers
could use to earn a designation of
Table 2. EPA Voluntary Emissions Standards for Nonroad Diesel Engines, g/kWh (g/bhp-hr)
“Blue Sky Series” engines (applicable
to Tier 1-3 certifications) are listed in Rated Power (kW) NMHC+NOx PM
Table 2. kW < 8 4.6 (3.4) 0.48 (0.36)
8 ≤ kW <19 4.5 (3.4) 0.48 (0.36)
Engines of all sizes must also meet 19 ≤ kW <37 4.5 (3.4) 0.36 (0.27)
smoke standards of 20/15/50% opac- 37 ≤ kW < 75 4.7 (3.5) 0.24 (0.18)
ity at acceleration/lug/peak modes, 75 ≤ kW <130 4.0 (3.0) 0.18 (0.13)
respectively. 130 ≤ kW < 560 4.0 (3.0) 0.12 (0.09)
kW 560 3.8 (2.8) 0.12 (0.09)

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42 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

Tier 4 compliant engines, manufac- Table 3. Tier 4 Emissions Standards — Engines up to 560 kW, g/kWh (g/bhp-hr)
turers may certify all their engines
Engine Power Year CO NMHC NMHC+NOx NOx PM
to an alternative NOx limit in each
kW < 8 2008 8.0 (6.0) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.4a (0.3)
model year during the phase-in (hp < 11)
period. These alternative NOx stan- 8 ≤ kW < 19 2008 6.6 (4.9) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.4 (0.3)
dards are: (11 ≤ hp < 25)
• Engines 56-130 kW: 19 ≤ kW < 37 2008 5.5 (4.1) - 7.5 (5.6) - 0.3 (0.22)
• Option 1: NOx = 2.3 g/kWh (25 ≤ hp < 50) 2013 5.5 (4.1) - 4.7 (3.5) - 0.03 (0.022)
= 1.7 g/bhp-hr (Tier 2 credits 37 ≤ kW < 56 2008 5.0 (3.7) - 4.7 (3.5) - 0.3b (0.22)
used to comply, MY 2012- (50 ≤ hp < 75) 2013 5.0 (3.7) - 4.7 (3.5) - 0.03 (0.022)
2013). 56 ≤ kW < 130 2012-2014c 5.0 (3.7) 0.19 - 0.40 0.02 (0.015)
• Option 2: NOx = 3.4 g/kWh (75 ≤ hp < 175) (0.14) (0.30)
= 2.5 g/bhp-hr (no Tier 2 130 ≤ kW ≤ 560 2011-2014d 3.5 (2.6) 0.19 - 0.40 0.02 (0.015)
credits claimed, MY 2012- (175 ≤ hp ≤ 750) (0.14) (0.30)
a
2014). - hand-startable, air-cooled, DI engines may be certified to Tier 2 standards through 2009 and to
an optional PM standard of 0.6 g/kWh starting in 2010
• Engines 130-560 kW: NOx = b
- 0.4 g/kWh (Tier 2) if manufacturer complies with the 0.03 g/kWh standard from 2012
2.0 g/kWh = 1.5 g/bhp-hr (MY c
- PM/CO: full compliance from 2012; NOx/HC: Option 1 (if banked Tier 2 credits used)—50%
2011-2013). engines must comply in 2012-2013; Option 2 (if no Tier 2 credits claimed)—25% engines must
comply in 2012-2014, with full compliance from 2014.12.31
d
Engines Above 560 kW. Tier - PM/CO: full compliance from 2011; NOx/HC: 50% engines must comply in 2011-2013
4 emissions standards for engines
above 560 kW are listed in Table 4. Table 4. Tier 4 Emissions Standards — Engines Above 560 kW, g/kWh (g/bhp-hr)
The 2011 standards are sometimes Year Category CO NMHC NOx PM
referred to as ‘transitional Tier 4’, 2011 Generator sets > 900 kW 3.5 (2.6) 0.40 (0.30) 0.67 (0.50) 0.10 (0.075)
while the 2015 limits represent final All engines except gensets 3.5 (2.6) 0.40 (0.30) 3.5 (2.6) 0.10 (0.075)
Tier 4 standards. > 900 kW
2015 Generator sets 3.5 (2.6) 0.19 (0.14) 0.67 (0.50) 0.03 (0.022)
Other Provisions. The Tier 4 All engines except gensets 3.5 (2.6) 0.19 (0.14) 3.5 (2.6) 0.04 (0.03)
regulation and later amendments
include a number of additional pro- Transitional Period Flexibility
visions. Nonroad emission regulations include flexibilities that allow
• Smoke Opacity—Existing Tier 2-3 smoke opacity stan- equipment manufacturers to install exempted engines (i.e., those
dards and procedures continue to apply in some engines. not required to meet applicable standards) during the transitional
Exempted from smoke emission standards are engines certi- period to a more stringent tier of standards. Similar to the on-road
fied to PM emission standards at or below 0.07 g/kWh. regulations, manufacturers of nonroad equipment are allowed
• Crankcase Ventilation—The Tier 4 regulation does not to use their engine inventory. While the exact engine quantities
require closed crankcase ventilation in nonroad engines. are not specified, it has been the EPA practice to allow the use of
However, in engines with open crankcases, crankcase emis- exempted engines for a three-month production period and—in
sions must be measured and added to exhaust emissions in some cases—beyond. Under the regulations, this provision may
assessing compliance. not be used to stockpile engines that were built before new stan-
• DEF Refill Interval—For SCR-equipped nonroad diesel dards take effect.
engines, a minimum DEF (urea solution) refill interval is
defined as at least as long (in engine-hours) as the vehicle’s The Equipment Manufacturer Flexibility, also referred to as the
fuel capacity. Transition Program for Equipment Manufacturers (TPEM), allows
• Ammonia Emissions—While ammonia emissions are unreg- equipment manufacturers to install a limited number of exempted
ulated, the EPA recommends that ammonia slip should be engines during a seven-year period after the Tier 4 effective
below 10 ppm average over the applicable test cycles. dates. During the seven-year period of the general availability of
• Emergency Operation—To facilitate the use of certain allowances, manufacturers are allowed to continue using Tier 3
nonroad engines in temporary emergency situations, the engines after the Tier 4i standards become effective. If a manu-
engines can be equipped with an AECD to override perfor- facturer chooses not to use this flexibility (does not use any Tier
mance inducements related to the emission control system. 3 engines during the specified period), he is allowed the delayed
This flexibility is intended primarily for engines used in availability of allowances. During the delayed allowances period,
construction equipment and portable equipment used for the manufacturer can use Tier 4i engines after the effective dates
temporary power generation and flood control. of the Tier 4 final standards. The general and delayed allowances
• ABT Program—Similarly to earlier standards, the Tier 4 periods cannot be combined. The maximum number of exempted
regulation includes such provisions as averaging, banking engines allowed for an equipment manufacturer within the seven-
and trading of emission credits and FEL limits for emission year period is determined by one of two options:
averaging. • Percentage-of-Production Allowance—The number of units
with exempted engines is calculated using a percentage of

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the total sales within each power category relative to the total rule. Since there is no standardized EPA method for measuring
US-directed production volume. The sum of these percent- methane in diesel engine exhaust, manufacturers can either use
ages within a power category during the seven-year period their own procedures to analyze nonmethane hydrocarbons or
may not exceed 80%. measure total hydrocarbons and subtract 2% from the mea-
• Small-Volume Allowance—Alternatively, a specific number sured hydrocarbon mass to correct for methane.
of exempted engines may be determined using one of the
following approaches: Engine Useful Life
• Up to 700 units with exempted engines within a power cat- Emissions standards listed in the tables must be met over the
egory during the seven-year period, with no more than 200 entire useful life of the engine. EPA requires the application of
units in any single year within a power category. Exempted deterioration factors (DFs) to all engines covered by the rule.
engines within a power category must be from a single The DF is a factor applied to the certification emissions test data
engine family within a given year. to represent emissions at the end of the useful life of the engine.
• For engines below 130 kW, up to 525 units within a power The engine useful life and the in-use testing liability period, as
category during the seven-year period, with no more than defined by the EPA for emissions testing purposes, are listed in
150 units in any single year within a power category. For Table 5 for different engine categories. The Tier 4 rule main-
engines t 130 kW, up to 350 units within a power category tains the same engine useful life periods.
during the seven-year period, with no more than 100 units
in any single year within a power category. Exemptions Table 5. Useful Life and Recall Testing Periods
may apply to engines from multiple engine families in a Recall Testing
given year. Power Rated Engine Useful Life
Period
Rating Speed
hours years hours years
Test Cycles and Fuels < 19 kW all 3000 5 2250 4
Nonroad engine emissions are measured on a steady-state test 19-37 kW constant speed 3000 5 2250 4
cycle that is nominally the same as the ISO 8178 C1, 8-mode engines t 3000
rpm
steady-state test cycle. Other ISO 8178 test cycles are allowed for
all others 5000 7 3750 5
selected applications, such as constant-speed engines (D2 5-mode
>37 kW all 8000 10 6000 7
cycle), variable-speed engines rated under 19 kW (G2 cycle), and
marine engines (E3 cycle).
Environmental Benefit and Cost
Transient Testing. Tier 4 standards have to be met over both 1998 Regulation: At the time of signing the 1998 rule, the
the steady-state test and the nonroad transient cycle, NRTC. EPA estimated that by 2010 NOx emissions would be reduced
The transient testing requirements begin with MY 2013 for by about a million tons per year, the equivalent of taking 35
engines below 56 kW, in 2012 for 56-130 kW, and in 2011 for million passenger cars off the road.
130-560 kW engines. Engines above 560 kW are not tested on The costs of meeting the emission standards were expected
the transient test. Also constant-speed, variable-load engines to add under 1% to the purchase price of typical new nonroad
of any power category are not subject to transient testing. The diesel equipment, although for some equipment the standards
NRTC protocol includes a cold start test. The cold start emis- may cause price increases on the order of 2-3%. The program
sions are weighted at 5% and hot start emissions are weighted was expected to cost about $600 per ton of NOx reduced.
at 95% in calculating the final result.
Tier 4 Regulation: When the full inventory of older nonroad
Tier 4 nonroad engines will also have to meet not-to-exceed engines are replaced by Tier 4 engines, annual emission reduc-
standards (NTE), which are measured without reference to any tions are estimated at 738,000 tons of NOx and 129,000 tons
specific test schedule. The NTE standards became effective in of PM. By 2030, 12,000 premature deaths would be prevented
2011 for engines above 130 kW; in 2012 for 56-130 kW; and annually due to the implementation of the proposed standards.
in 2013 for engines below 56 kW. In most engines, the NTE
limits are set at 1.25 times the regular standard for each pol- The estimated costs for added emission controls for the vast
lutant (in engines certified to NOx standards below 2.5 g/kWh majority of equipment was estimated at 1-3% as a fraction of
or PM standards below 0.07 g/kWh, the NTE multiplier is 1.5). total equipment price. For example, for a 175 hp bulldozer that
The NTE standards apply to engines at the time of certification, costs approximately $230,000 it would cost up to $6900 to add
as well as in use throughout the useful life of the engine. The the advanced emission controls and to design the bulldozer to
purpose of the added testing requirements is to prevent the accommodate the modified engine.
possibility of “defeating” the test cycle by electronic engine
controls and producing off-cycle emissions. EPA estimated that the average cost increase for 15 ppm S
Certification Fuels. Fuels with sulfur levels no greater than fuel would be 7 cents per gallon. This figure would be reduced
0.2 wt% (2,000 ppm) are used for certification testing of Tier to 4 cents by anticipated savings in maintenance costs due to
1-3 engines. From 2011, all Tier 4 engines will be tested using low sulfur diesel.
fuels of 7-15 ppm sulfur content.
A change from measuring total hydrocarbons to nonmeth-
ane hydrocarbons (NMHC) has been introduced in the 1998

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44 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
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Table 1. Emissions Requirements for Non-Emergency

Emissions Standards: U.S.A. Stationary Engines
Stationary Diesel Engines Displacement (D) Power Year
Emissions
Certification
(NSPS) ≤ 3000 hp 2007+
Nonroad Tier
D < 10 L 2/3/4
Background per cylinder 2007-2010 Nonroad Tier 1
> 3000 hp
The new source performance standards (NSPS) for recipro- 2011+ Nonroad Tier 2/4
cating internal combustion engines (RICE) establish US federal Marine Cat. 2
10 ≤ D < 30 L
All 2007+ Tier 2/3/4 (Tier
emission requirements for compression ignition (CI) stationary per cylinder
3/4 proposed)
engines. The Compression Ignition NSPS rule was adopted Marine Cat. 3
in 2006 [EPA 2006] and amended on several occasions [EPA 2010-2011
Tier 1 (proposed)
2011][EPA 2016]. NSPS emission regulations for stationary D 30 L
All Marine Cat. 3
CI engines are published in the Code of Federal Regulations per cylinder
2012+ Tier 2/3
(CFR), Title 40, Part 60, Subpart IIII. (proposed)

The emission standards apply to engines whose construc- ments.

tion, modification or reconstruction commenced after July 11, • Engines of displacement above 10 liters per cylinder must
2005—the date the proposed rule was published in the Federal meet emission standards for marine engines.
Register.
Two groups of standards have been adopted: (1) for engine
Fuel Program. The NSPS rule introduced low sulfur fuel manufacturers, and (2) for engine owners/operators. Beginning
requirements for CI stationary engines, as follows: with model year (MY) 2007, engine manufactures are required
• Engines below 30 liters per cylinder: to emission certify stationary engines, and so they are respon-
• No more than 500 ppm sulfur by October 2007. sible for compliance. During the transitional period before the
• Ultra-low sulfur diesel (15 ppm sulfur) by October 2010. MY 2007, engines can be sold that are not emission certified.
• Engines 30 liters per cylinder: 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel from In that case, the engine owner/operator is responsible for emis-
2014. sion compliance.

These fuel requirements are consistent with those for mobile Standards for Engine Manufacturers. Emission certifica-
nonroad engines and marine engines. Some of the fuel quality tion requirements for stationary non-emergency diesel engines
are summarized in Table 1. All stationary engines must be cer-
requirements are delayed in areas of Alaska.
tified to the respective standards, as applicable for the model
year and maximum engine power (and displacement per cylin-
Economic Impact. The EPA estimated that the 2006 rule
der in marine standards).
would affect 81,500 new stationary diesel engines. Emission
reductions would occur gradually from 2005 to 2015, with the
Engines in “remote areas” of Alaska are allowed to use Tier
total nationwide annual costs for the rule to be $57 million in
3 engines in lieu of Tier 4 engines. The requirements to use
2015.
Tier 4 engines with “add-on” emission controls were removed
The following are EPA estimates of the price increase for
in two steps: in 2011 for NOx [EPA 2011] and in 2019 for PM
the compliant equipment due to the added cost of emission
[EPA 2019].
controls (year 2015):
• Irrigation systems: 2.3%. Stationary CI engines can be designed to allow operators to
• Pumps and compressors: 4.3%. temporarily override performance inducements related to the
• Generator sets and welding equipment: 10.0%. emission control system—for instance, to allow engine opera-
tion without urea in the SCR system—in case of emergency that
Emission Standards presents a risk to human life [EPA 2016]. This facilitates the use
The standards apply to emissions of NOx, PM, CO, and of stationary CI engines to perform life-saving work during fires,
NMHC. They are expressed in units of g/kWh and smoke floods, hurricanes, and other emergency situations. During the
standards as a percentage. No new emission limits were devel- emergency situation, the engine must meet the Tier 1 emission
oped for stationary engines. Rather, the engines are required to standards.
meet emission standards for various types of mobile engines,
depending on the engine size and application: Emission certification requirements also apply to emergency
• Engines of displacement below 10 liters per cylinder must engines from 2007, but the certification levels are less stringent:
meet Tier 1 through Tier 4 emission standards for mobile • Emergency engines that are not fire pump engines must be
nonroad diesel engines (almost all stationary engines in certified to the standards shown in Table 1, with the excep-
the USA belong to this size category). Engines used only tion of standards (including nonroad Tier 4 and marine
for emergencies, for example stand-by generator sets, are Category 3 Tier 3) that require “add-on” controls such as
exempted from the most stringent Tier 4 emission require- diesel particulate filters or NOx reduction catalysts.

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• Emergency fire pump engines must be certified to stan- Subpart JJJJ.

dards that are generally based on nonroad Tier 1 and Tier
2, with Tier 2 becoming effective around 2008-2011, The NSPS regulations for SI engines define a number of
depending on the engine power category. emission standards, depending on the engine maximum power,
fuel, application, and other factors. Depending on the engine
The time allowed for maintenance and testing of emergency category, the onus for compliance is either on the engine
engines is 100 hours per year. manufacturer or the engine owners/operators. Engines rated at
19 kW or less and non-emergency gasoline and rich burn LPG
Standards for Engine Owners/Operators. Depending on engines rated above 19 kW require the engine manufacturer
the engine category, owners and operators are responsible for to certify the engine. For non-emergency natural gas and lean
emission compliance as follows: burn LPG engines as well as all emergency engines rated above
19 kW, engine operators are allowed two alternative compli-
• Engines < 30 liters per cylinder ance methods—by either purchasing a manufacturer certified
• Pre-2007: engine or else by demonstrating compliance through emission
• Engines < 10 liters per cylinder must meet nonroad testing in the field.
Tier 1 emission standards.
• Engines 10 liters per cylinder must meet MARPOL Many of the SI NSPS standards are based on nonroad emis-
Annex 6 NOx limits (Tier 1 marine standards) sion standards for the corresponding non-stationary (i.e.,
mobile or portable) SI engine categories. These standards are
• 2007 and later: owners/operators must buy emission expressed in g/kWh or g/bhp-hr. Some of the in-use standards
certified engines are also expressed in terms of volumetric concentrations (such
• Engines 30 liters per cylinder: as volume ppm, dry, corrected to 15% O2).
• Under the 2006 rule, owners/operators are required to
reduce NOx emissions by 90%, or alternatively they The SI NSPS standards for stationary engines are struc-
must limit NOx to 1.6 g/kWh (1.2 g/hp-hr). tured as follows:
• Owners/operators are also required to reduce PM • Engines ≤ 19 kW (25 hp)
emissions by 60%, or alternatively they must limit PM • Engines > 19 kW (25 hp)
to 0.15 g/kWh (0.11 g/hp-hr).
• Under the 2011 rule, engines must be certified to the • Non-emergency engines:
standards shown in Table 1. • Gasoline and rich burn liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
engines.
Owners/operators of pre-2007 engines < 30 liters per cyl- • Natural gas (NG) and lean burn LPG engines.
inder can demonstrate compliance by purchasing a certified • Landfill/digester gas engines.
engine. If a non-certified engine is purchased, compliance • Emergency engines.
may be demonstrated using emission test results from a test
conducted on a similar engine; data from the engine manu- Fuel Requirements. In addition to emission standards, the
facturer; data from the control device vendor; or conducting a 2008 rule introduced a requirement that owners and operators
performance test. If in-use performance test is conducted, the who use gasoline in their stationary SI engine must use gasoline
owner would be required to meet not-to-exceed (NTE) emis- that meets the requirements of 40 CFR 80.195, which include
sion standards instead of the respective certification emission a gasoline sulfur per gallon cap of 80 ppm.
standards. Pre-2007 engines must meet NTE standards of 1.25
× the applicable certification emission standard. The informa- Test Cycles. For engines that must be certified by the manu-
tion which demonstrates engine compliance and the appropri- facturer or which are voluntarily certified by the manufacturer,
ate maintenance records must be kept on site. discreet or ramped mode cycles with 2-6 modes are used.
Engines certified by the engine operator are certified within
Owners/operators of engines 30 liters per cylinder must 10% of 100% peak load or the highest achievable load.
conduct an initial performance test to demonstrate emissions
compliance (NOx is measured using EPA Method 7E, PM using Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). NSPS standards for
EPA Method 5 [40 CFR part 60 appendix A]). The NTE stan- some engine types limit VOC emissions. A number of different
dards do not apply to engines 30 liters per cylinder. Spark- test procedures are allowed to determine VOCs. Formaldehyde
Ignition (SI) Engines (NSPS) should not be included when determining VOC emissions.
Engine manufacturers are allowed to exclude methane and
The new source performance standards (NSPS) for recipro- ethane from the determinations of VOCs. Some of the methods
cating internal combustion engines (RICE) establish US federal allowed for field testing for certification by operators can be
emission requirements for a number of categories of spark operated to exclude methane and ethane.
ignition (SI) engines. The Spark Ignition NSPS rule was adopted
in 2008 [EPA 2008] and amended in 2011 [EPA 2011]. NSPS
emission regulations for stationary SI engines are published
in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 60,

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46 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
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• Engines ≤ 500 hp constructed or reconstructed before

Emissions Standards: U.S.A. June 12, 2006.
• Engines > 500 hp constructed or reconstructed before
Existing Stationary Engines December 19, 2002.
(NESHAP) “New” engines or “reconstructed” engines are those con-
structed or reconstructed, respectively, after the above dates.
Background
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a Emergency Engines. The NESHAP requirements apply to
number of rules to control emissions of toxic air pollutants from engines used for non-emergency purposes. The following
existing stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines operational requirements must be met by emergency engines:
(RICE): • There is no time limit on the use in emergency situations
Over 2011-2013, the EPA introduced several amendments (e.g., power outage, fire, flood).
and clarifications to the 2010 regulations [EPA 2011][EPA • The engine may be used for up to 100 hours per calendar
2013]. These amendments relaxed some of the emission year for maintenance checks, testing, and for emergency
requirements—such as by extending the allowable annual use demand response (i.e., blackout and brownout preven-
periods for emergency engines and withdrawing emission stan- tion).
• The engine may be used for up to 50 hours per year for
dards for SI engines in remote are-as.
certain non-emergency uses such as local reliability (the
operation counts toward the above 100-hour limit).
The rules, entitled National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Reciprocating Internal Combustion
Engines, are intended to reduce emissions of toxic air pollut- Emissions Standards
ants—such as formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde, acro-lein, The NESHAP regulations include three types of emission
standards:
methanol and other air toxics—from several categories of previ-
• Emission Limits—Limits for lean-burn engines are expressed
ously unregulated stationary engines. The EPA has determined
as volumetric, dry CO concentrations (ppm) at 15% O2.
that carbon monoxide (CO) can be often used as an appropri-
Limits for rich-burn SI engines are expressed as volumetric,
ate surrogate for formaldehyde. Since testing for CO emissions
dry concentrations of HCHO (ppm or ppb) at 15% O2. The
has many advantages over testing for emissions of hazardous
standards must be met during any operating conditions,
air pollutants (HAP), many of the emission standards have been
except during periods of start-up (of maximum 30 minutes).
finalized in terms of CO as the only regulated pollutant.
Emissions are tested at 100% load.
• Percentage CO/HCHO Reductions—Alternative compli-
The NESHAP regulations for stationary engines are published
ance options are available in certain engine categories,
in Title 40, Part 63, Subpart ZZZZ (63.6580) of the Code of expressed as percentage CO or HCHO/THC emission
Federal Regulations (CFR). Regulatory docu-ments as well as reductions. These reductions can be achieved by retrofitting
fact sheets and related information can be also found in the US engines with emission controls.
EPA stationary engine pages. • Equipment Standards—Engines must be retrofitted with

Applicability Table 1. NESHAP Emissions Requirements for Stationary Diesel (CI) Engines
The applicability of the emissions Engine Category Emissions Standard Alternative CO Reduction
standards depends on the classi- Area Sources
fication of the source of air toxics n- mergenc 3 hp 49 ppmvd CO 70%
emissions. “Major sources” of air Non-Emergency > 500 hp 23 ppmvd CO 70%
toxics are defined as those that emit Major Sources
10 short tons per year of a single n- mergenc 1 hp 3 230 ppmvd CO -
air toxic or 25 short tons per year n- mergenc 3 hp 49 ppmvd CO 70%
Non-Emergency > 500 hp 23 ppmvd CO 70%
of a mixture of air toxics. “Area
sources” are those sources that are
not “major sources”. Table 2. NESHAP Emissions Requirements for Stationary Gas (SI) Engines
Emissions Alternative CO/
The NESHAP rules are applicable Engine Category
Standard HCHO Reduction
to “existing” diesel and SI engines, Area Sources
as determined by their date of con- 4SLB, Non-Emergency > 500 hp 47 ppmvd CO 93% CO
struction or reconstruction: 4SRB, Non-Emergency > 500 hp 2.7 ppmvd HCHO 76% HCHO
• “Area sources” of air toxics Major Sources
emissions: Engines constructed L , n- mergenc 1 hp 225 ppmvd CO -
or reconstructed before June 4 L , n- mergenc 1 hp 47 ppmvd CO -
12, 2006. 4 , n- mergenc 1 hp 10.3 ppmvd HCHO -
• “Major sources” of air toxics Land ill igester as, n- mergenc 1 hp 177 ppmvd CO -
emissions: 4SRB, Non-Emergency > 500 hp 350 ppmvd HCHO 76% HCHO

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Table 3. NESHAP Emissions Requirements for new CI and SI Engines at Major Sources 88 25098-25352, May 6, 2008]. Tier 3
Alternative CO/ standards, to be met by engine design
Engine Category Emissions Standard methods, become effective from
HCHO Reduction
CI Engines 2011/12. Tier 4 standards, which
Non-Emergency > 500 hp 580 ppb CH2O 70% CO are expected to require exhaust gas
SI Engines aftertreatment technologies, become
2SLB, Non-Emergency > 500 hp 12 ppm CH2O 58% CO effective from 2015. The 2008 regu-
4SLB, Non-Emergency > 250 hp 14 ppm CH2O 93% CO lation also includes more stringent
4SRB, Non-Emergency > 500 hp 350 ppb CH2O 76% CH2O emissions standards for remanufac-
Note: New limited use engines >500 hp at major sources do not meet any emission standards tured Tier 0-2 locomotives.
under the NESHAP
Test Cycles. Locomotive emis-
emission controls: oxidation catalysts on lean-burn engines sions are measured over two steady-
and NSCR catalysts on rich-burn engines. state test cycles which represent two different types of service
including (1) line-haul and (2) switch locomotives. The duty
Engine Standards. The standards for existing stationary diesel cycles include different weighting factors for each of the 8 throt-
engines are listed in Table 1. Standards for spark ignition, gas- tle notch modes, which are used to operate locomotive engines
fired stationary engines are summarized in Table 2. NESHAP at different power levels, as well as for idle and dynamic brake
standards for new engines are also applicable to certain catego- modes. The switch operation involves much time in idle and low
ries of new CI and SI engines located at major sources, shown power notches, whereas the line-haul operation is characterized
in Table 3. by a much higher percentage of time in the high power notches,
especially notch 8.
Locomotive certification and compliance programs include
Emissions Standards: U.S.A. several provisions, including production line testing (PLT) pro-
gram, in-use compliance emissions testing, as well as averaging,
Locomotives banking and trading (ABT) of emissions.

Background Fuels. To enable catalytic aftertreatment methods at the Tier

U.S. emissions standards for railway locomotives apply 4 stage, the EPA regulated (as part of the nonroad Tier 4 rule)
to newly manufactured, as well as remanufactured railroad the availability of low sulfur diesel fuel for locomotive engines.
locomotives and locomotive engines. The standards have been Sulfur limit of 500 ppm is effective as of June 2007, sulfur limit
adopted by the EPA in two regulatory actions: of 15 ppm from June 2012.
• Tier 0-2 standards: The first emissions regulation for rail- Emissions regulations for locomotives and locomotive
road locomotives was adopted on December 17, 1997 engines can be found in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations,
[63 FR 18997-19084, April 16, 1998]. The rulemaking, which
40 CFR Parts 85, 89 and 92.
became effective from 2000, applies to locomotives origi-
nally manufactured from 1973, any time they are manu- Tier 0-2 Standards
factured or remanufactured. Tier 0-2 standards are met Three separate sets of emissions standards have been adopt-
though engine design methods, without the use of exhaust ed, termed Tier 0, Tier 1, and Tier 2. The applicability of the
gas aftertreatment. standards depends on the date a locomotive is first manufac-
• Tier 3-4 standards: A regulation signed on March 14, 2008 tured, as follows:
introduced more stringent emissions requirements [73 FR • Tier 0 — The first set of standards applies (effective 2000)
to locomotives and locomotive engines originally manu-
factured from 1973 through 2001, any time they are manu-
Table 1. Tier 0-2 Locomotive Emissions Standards, g/bhp-hr
factured or remanufactured.
Duty Cycle HC* CO NOx PM • Tier 1 — These standards apply to locomotives and
Tier 0 (1973-2001) locomotive engines originally manufactured from 2002
Line-haul 1.0 5.0 9.5 0.60 through 2004. These locomotives and locomotive engines
Switch 2.1 8.0 14.0 0.72 are required to meet the Tier 1 standards at the time of the
Tier 1 (2002-2004) manufacture and each subsequent remanufacture.
Line-haul 0.55 2.2 7.4 0.45 • Tier 2 — This set of standards applies to locomotives
Switch 1.2 2.5 11.0 0.54 and locomotive engines originally manufactured in 2005
Tier 2 (2005 and later)
Line-haul 0.3 1.5 5.5 0.20
Table 2. Locomotive Smoke Standards, % opacity (normalized)
Switch 0.6 2.4 8.1 0.24
Non-Regulated Locomotives (1997 estimates) Steady-state 30-sec peak 3-sec peak
Line-haul 0.5 1.5 13.5 0.34 Tier 0 30 40 50
Switch 1.1 2.4 19.8 0.41 Tier 1 25 40 50
* HC standard is in the form of THC for diesel engines Tier 2 and later 20 40 50

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and later. Tier 2 locomotives and locomotive engines are urea-SCR for NOx emissions control.
required to meet the applicable standards at the time of
original manufacture and each subsequent remanufacture. The locomotive regulations apply for locomotives origi-
nally built in or after 1973 that operate extensively within the
Exempted from the emissions standards are electric locomo- United States. Exceptions include (1) historic steam-powered
tives, historic steam-powered locomotives, and locomotives locomotives, (2) electric locomotives, and (3) some existing
originally manufactured before 1973. locomotives owned by small businesses. Furthermore, engines
The Tier 0-2 emissions standards, as well as typical emis- used in locomotive-type vehicles with less than 750 kW total
sions rates from non-regulated locomotives, are listed in power (used primarily for railway maintenance), engines used
Table 1. A dual cycle approach has been adopted in the only for hotel power (for passenger railcar equipment), and
regulation, i.e., all locomotives are required to comply with engines that are used in self-propelled passenger-carrying rail-
both the line-haul and switch duty cycle standards, regardless cars, are excluded from the regulations. The engines used in
of intended usage. Locomotive engines must also meet smoke these smaller locomotive-type vehicles are generally subject
opacity standards, Table 2. to the nonroad engine requirements.

Tier 3-4 Standards The emissions standards are summarized in Table 3 and
The 2008 regulation strengthens the Tier 0-2 standards for Table 4. The Tier 0-2 standards apply to existing locomotives
existing locomotives, and introduces new Tier 3 and Tier 4 of the indicated manufacture years (MY) at the time they are
emissions standards: remanufactured, beginning from the effective date. The Tier
• Tier 0-2 standards — More stringent emissions standards 3-4 standards apply to locomotives of the indicated manufac-
for existing locomotives when they are remanufactured. ture years at the time they are newly built or remanufactured.
• Tier 3 standards — Near-term engine-out emissions stan- Tier 3-4 locomotives must also meet smoke opacity stan-
dards for newly-built and remanufactured locomotives. dards as specified in Table 2.
Manufacturers may certify Tier 0-2 locomotives to an alter-
Tier 3 standards are to be met using engine technology.
nate CO emissions standard of 10.0 g/bhp-hr if they also certify
• Tier 4 standards — Longer-term standards for newly built
those locomotives to alternate PM standards less than or equal
and remanufactured locomotives. Tier 4 standards are
to one-half of the otherwise applicable PM standard.
expected to require the use of exhaust gas aftertreatment
technologies, such as particulate filters for PM control, and
Locomotives may discharge crankcase emissions to the
ambient atmosphere if the emissions are added to the exhaust
Table 3. Line-Haul Locomotive Emissions Standards, g/bhp-hr
emissions (either physically or mathematically) during all emis-
Tier MY Date HC CO NOx PM sions testing.
Tier 0a 1973-1992c 2010d 1.00 5.0 8.0 0.22
Tier 1a 1993c-2004 2010d 0.55 2.2 7.4 0.22 Useful Life. The emissions standards apply to new and/or
Tier 2 a
2005-2011 2010d 0.30 1.5 5.5 0.10e remanufactured locomotives for their useful life. The useful
Tier 3b 2012-2014 2012 0.30 1.5 5.5 0.10 life, generally specified as MW-hrs and years, ends when either
Tier 4 2015 or later 2015 0.14f 1.5 1.3f 0.03 of the values (MW-hrs or years) is exceeded or the locomotive
a
- Tier 0-2 line-haul locomotives must also meet switch standards of is remanufactured.
the same tier.
b
- Tier 3 line-haul locomotives must also meet Tier 2 switch standards. The minimum useful life in terms of MW-hrs is equal to
c
- 1993-2001 locomotive that were not equipped with an intake air the product of the rated horsepower multiplied by 7.50. The
coolant system are subject to Tier 0 rather than Tier 1 standards.
d
minimum useful life in terms of years is 10 years. For locomo-
- As early as 2008 if approved engine upgrade kits become available.
e
- 0.20 g/bhp-hr until January 1, 2013 (with some exceptions). tives originally manufactured before January 1, 2000 and not
f
- Manufacturers may elect to meet a combined NOx+HC standard of equipped with MW-hr meters, the minimum useful life is equal
1.4 g/bhp-hr. to 750,000 miles or 10 years, whichever is reached first. The
minimum emissions warranty period is one-third of the useful
life (with some exceptions).
Table 4. Switch Locomotive Emissions Standards, g/bhp-hr
Tier MY Date HC CO NOx PM
Tier 0 1973-2001 2010b 2.10 8.0 11.8 0.26
Tier 1a 2002-2004 2010b 1.20 2.5 11.0 0.26
Tier 2a 2005-2010 2010b 0.60 2.4 8.1 0.13c
Tier 3 2011-2014 2011 0.60 2.4 5.0 0.10
Tier 4 2015 or later 2015 0.14d 2.4 1.3d 0.03
a
- Tier 1-2 switch locomotives must also meet line-haul standards of
the same tier.
b
- As early as 2008 if approved engine upgrade kits become available.
c
- 0.24 g/bhp-hr until January 1, 2013 (with some exceptions).
d
- Manufacturers may elect to meet a combined NOx+HC standard of
1.3 g/bhp-hr.

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1999]. The adopted Tier 2 standards for Category 1 and 2

Emissions Standards: U.S.A. engines are based on the land-based standard for nonroad
engines, while the largest Category 3 engines are expected
Marine Diesels — but not required by the rule — to comply with IMO
MARPOL Annex 6 limits.
• 2002 Recreational Engine Rule — Diesel engines used in recre-
Background ational vessels are covered in the “Emissions Standards for New
Engine Categories. For the purpose of emissions regula- Nonroad Engines — Large Industrial Spark-ignition Engines,
tions, marine engines are divided into three categories based Recreational Marine Diesel Engines, and Recreational Vehicles”
on displacement (swept volume) per cylinder, as shown in regulation, signed on September 13, 2002 [40 CFR Part 89 et al.]
Table 1. Each of the categories represents a different engine [67 FR 68241-68447, November 8, 2002].
technology. Categories 1 and 2 are further divided into sub- • 2003 Category 3 Engine Rule — The decision to leave
categories, depending on displacement and net power output. the largest Category 3 engines unregulated triggered a
law suit against the EPA by environ-
Table 1. Marine Engine Categories mental organizations. A court set-
Displacement per Cylinder (D)
tlement was reached that required
Category Basic Engine Technology the EPA to develop NOx emissions
Tier 1-2 Tier 3-4
1 D < 5 dm † 3
D < 7 dm 3
Land-based nonroad diesel
limits for Category 3 engines. The
2 5 dm ≤ D < 30 dm
3 3
7 dm ≤ D < 30 dm
3 3
Locomotive engine final rule “Control of Emissions
3 D 30 dm3 Unique marine engine design From New Marine Compression-
† And power 37 kW Ignition Engines at or Above 30
Liters Per Cylinder” [40 CFR Part 9
and 94][68 FR 9745-9789, February 28,
Category 3 marine diesel engines typically range in size from 2003] — signed by the EPA in January 2003 — establishes
2,500 to 70,000 kW (3,000 to 100,000 hp). These are very large Tier 1 emissions standards for marine engines virtually
marine diesel engines used for propulsion power on ocean- equivalent to the IMO MARPOL Annex 6 limits.
going vessels such as container ships, oil tankers, bulk carriers, • 2008 Category 1/2 Engine Rule — A regulation signed on
and cruise ships. Emissions control technologies which can be March 14, 2008 introduced Tier 3 and Tier 4 emissions stan-
used on these engines are limited. An important limitation is dards for marine diesel engines [73 FR 88 25098-25352, May 6,
the residual fuel on which they are operated. This fuel is the 2008]. The Tier 4 emissions standards are modeled after the
by-product of distilling crude oil to produce lighter petroleum 2007/2010 highway engine program and the Tier 4 nonroad
products. It possesses high viscosity and density, which affects rule, with an emphasis on the use of emissions aftertreatment
ignition quality, and it typically has high ash, sulfur and nitrogen technology. To enable catalytic aftertreatment methods, the
content in comparison to marine distillate fuels. Furthermore, EPA established a sulfur cap in marine fuels (as part of the
residual fuel parameters are highly variable because its content is nonroad Tier 4 rule). Sulfur limit of 500 ppm becomes effec-
not regulated. The EPA estimated that residual fuel can increase tive in June 2007, sulfur limit of 15 ppm in June 2012 (the
sulfur limits are not applicable to residual fuels).
engine NOx emissions from 20-50% and PM from 750% to
• 2009 Category 3 Engine Rule — On December 18, 2009,
1250% (sulfate particulates) when compared to distillate fuel.
the EPA signed a new emissions rule for Category 3
Category 1 and Category 2 marine diesel engines typically
engines (published April 30, 2010), which introduced Tier
range in size from about 500 to 8,000 kW (700 to 11,000 hp).
2 and Tier 3 standards in harmonization with the 2008
These engines are used to provide propulsion power on many Amendments to IMO MARPOL Annex 6.
kinds of vessels including tugboats, pushboats, supply vessels,
fishing vessels, and other commercial vessels in and around
Applicability
ports. They are also used as stand-alone generators for auxiliary 1999 Marine Engine Rule. The scope of application of the
electrical power on many types of vessels. marine engine rule covers all new marine diesel engines at
or above 37 kW (50 hp) (engines below 37 kW must comply
Regulatory Acts. Emissions from marine diesel engines with the nonroad standards). Regulated engines include both
(compression ignition engines) have been regulated through a propulsion and auxiliary marine diesel engines. A propulsion
number of rules — the first one issued in 1999 — applicable engine is one that moves a vessel through the water or assists in
to different engine categories. Certain overlap also exists with guiding the direction of the vessel (for example, bow thrusters).
the regulations for mobile, land-based nonroad engines, which Auxiliary engines are all other marine engines.
may be applicable to some types of engines used on marine
vessels. The following are the major regulatory acts which Classification of drilling rigs depends on their propulsion
establish emissions standards for marine engines: capability. Drilling ships are considered marine vessels, so
• 1999 Marine Engine Rule — On November 23, 1999, their engines are subject to the marine rule. Semi-submersible
the EPA signed the final rule “Control of Emissions of Air drilling rigs which are moored to the ocean bottom, but have
Pollution from New CI Marine Engines at or above 37 kW” some propulsion capability, are also considered marine ves-
[40 CFR Parts 89, 92][64 FR 64 73300-73373, December 29, sels. In contrast, permanently anchored drilling platforms are

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not considered marine vessels, so none of the engines associ- Table 2. Tier 2* Marine Emissions Standards
ated with one of these facilities are marine engine. Cat. Displacement (D) CO NOx+THC PM Date
dm3 per cylinder g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
Consistently with the land-based nonroad regulation, a portable 1 Power 37 kW 5.0 7.5 0.40 2005
auxiliary engine that is used onboard a marine vessel is not con- D < 0.9
sidered to be a marine engine. Instead, a portable auxiliary engine 0.9 ≤ D < 1.2 5.0 7.2 0.30 2004
is considered to be a land-based auxiliary engine and is subject 1.2 ≤ D < 2.5 5.0 7.2 0.20 2004
to the land-based nonroad requirements. To distinguish a marine 2.5 ≤ D < 5.0 5.0 7.2 0.20 2007a
auxiliary engine installed on a marine vessel from a land-based 2 5.0 ≤ D < 15 5.0 7.8 0.27 2007a
portable auxiliary engine used on a marine vessel, EPA specified 15 ≤ D < 20 5.0 8.7 0.50 2007a
in that rulemaking that an auxiliary engine is installed on a marine Power < 3300 kW
vessel if its fuel, cooling, or exhaust system are an integral part of 15 ≤ D < 20 5.0 9.8 0.50 2007a
the vessel or require special mounting hardware. All other auxilia- Power 3300 kW
ry engines are considered to be portable and therefore land-based. 20 ≤ D < 25 5.0 9.8 0.50 2007a
25 ≤ D < 30 5.0 11.0 0.50 2007a
The following engine categories are exempted from the 1999 * - Tier 1 standards are equivalent to the MARPOL Annex 6 Tier 1
marine regulation: NOx limits
a
- Tier 1 certification requirement starts in 2004
• Engines used in recreational vessels (standards for recre-
ational diesel engines were established by the 2002 rule).
Table 3. “Blue Sky Series” Voluntary Emissions Standards
• Emissions certified new land-based engines modified for
Displacement (D) NOx+THC PM
marine applications (provided certain conditions are met).
dm3 per cylinder g/kWh g/kWh
• Competition (racing) engines.
Power 37 kW & D < 0.9 4.0 0.24
• Engines used in military vessels (National Security
0.9 ≤ D < 1.2 4.0 0.18
Exemption).
1.2 ≤ D < 2.5 4.0 0.12
• Other exemptions (testing, display, export, ...) may also
2.5 ≤ D < 5.0 5.0 0.12
apply to marine engines. 5.0 ≤ D < 15 5.0 0.16
The 1999 rule also included so called Foreign-Trade Exemption 15 ≤ D < 20 & Power < 3300 kW 5.2 0.30
which was available (for engines Category 1 and 2 used on ocean 15 ≤ D < 20 & Power 3300 kW 5.9 0.30
vessels with Category 3 propulsion) for U.S. vessels that spend 20 ≤ D < 25 5.9 0.30
less than 25% of total operating time within 320 kilometers of 25 ≤ D < 30 6.6 0.30
U.S. territory. The Foreign-Trade Exemption was eliminated for
all engine categories by the 2003 (Category 3) regulation. Table 4. Recreational Marine Diesel Engines Standards
Displacement (D) CO NOx+HC PM Date
Under the 1999 rule, the same emissions standards apply to dm3 per cylinder g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
engines fueled by diesel fuel and by other fuels. 0.5 ≤ D < 0.9 5.0 7.5 0.40 2007
0.9 ≤ D < 1.2 5.0 7.2 0.30 2006
2002 Recreational Vessel Rule. This rule applies to new 1.2 ≤ D < 2.5 5.0 7.2 0.20 2006
recreational marine diesel engines over 37 kW (50 hp) that are D 2.5 5.0 7.2 0.20 2009
used in yachts, cruisers, and other types of pleasure craft. The
2002 rule does not apply to outboard and personal watercraft applications (including those below 37 kW that were
spark ignited engines, which are regulated separately. previously covered by nonroad engine standards). Tier
4 standards, based on aftertreatment, apply to engines
The same emissions standards apply to recreational engines above 600 kW (800 hp) on commercial vessels.
fueled by diesel fuel and by alternative fuels. 2. Remanufactured engines: The standards apply to com-
mercial marine diesel engines above 600 kW when these
Category 3 Engines, 2003 & 2009 Rules. These standards engines are remanufactured.
apply to new marine engines and to new vessels that include
marine engines. The rules apply only to vessels flagged or The 2008 rule includes exemptions for the following engine
registered in the U.S.A. However, equivalent emissions stan- categories:
dards are applicable to foreign ships in U.S. waters under the • Test engines, manufacturer-owned engines, display engines.
IMO Annex 6 regulation. • Marine diesel engines that are produced by marinizing a
certified highway, nonroad, or locomotive engine (“dresser
Category 1/2 Engines, 2008 Rule. The regulations introduce exemption”).
two tiers of standards — Tier 3 and Tier 4 — which apply to • Competition engines.
both newly manufactured and remanufactured marine diesel • Export engines.
engines, as follows: • Certain military engines.
• Engines installed on a vessel manufactured by a person for
1. Newly built engines: Tier 3 standards apply to engines his/her own use (intended to allow hobbyists and fisher-
used in commercial, recreational, and auxiliary power men to install a used/rebuilt engine or a reconditioned

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vintage engine — not to order a new uncontrolled engine

from an engine manufacturer). IMO Emissions Control Areas (ECA). The IMO has des-
ignated waters along the U.S. and Canadian shorelines as
Not all exemptions are automatic. Engine or vessel manu- the North American ECA for the emissions of NOx and SOx
facturers, or vessel owners, may need
to apply for a specific exemption to Table 5. Tier 3 Standards for Marine Diesel Category 1
the EPA. Commercial Standard Power Density (≤ 35 kW/dm3) Engines
Emissions Standards — Power (P) Displacement (D) NOx+HC† PM Date
Category 3 kW dm3 per cylinder g/kWh g/kWh
Tier 1 Standards. In the 2003 rule, P < 19 D < 0.9 7.5 0.40 2009
EPA adopted Tier 1 NOx emissions 19 ≤ P < 75 D < 0.9a 7.5 0.30 2009
standards for Category 3 engines, 4.7b 0.30b 2014
which are equivalent to the interna- 75 ≤ P < 3700 D < 0.9 5.4 0.14 2012
tional IMO MARPOL Annex 6 limits. 0.9 ≤ D < 1.2 5.4 0.12 2013
These limits range from 17 to 9.8 g/ 1.2 ≤ D < 2.5 5.6 0.11c 2014
kWh depending on the engine speed, 2.5 ≤ D < 3.5 5.6 0.11c 2013
with higher limits for slower engines. 3.5 ≤ D < 7 5.8 0.11c 2012
† Tier 3 NOx+HC standards do not apply to 2000-3700 kW engines.
a
- < 75 kW engines 0.9 dm3/cylinder are subject to the corresponding 75-3700 kW standards.
The EPA Tier 1 limits are in effect b
- Option: 0.20 g/kWh PM & 5.8 g/kWh NOx+HC in 2014.
for new engines built in 2004 and c
- This standard level drops to 0.10 g/kWh in 2018 for < 600 kW engines.
later. These limits are to be achieved
by engine-based controls, without the Table 6. Tier 3 Standards for Marine Diesel Category 1
need for exhaust gas aftertreatment. Commercial High Power Density (> 35 kW/dm3) Engines And All Diesel Recreational Engines
Emissions other than NOx are not Power (P) Displacement (D) NOx+HC PM Date
regulated. kW dm3 per cylinder g/kWh g/kWh
P < 19 D < 0.9 7.5 0.40 2009
Tier 2-3 Standards. In the 2009 19 ≤ P < 75 D < 0.9a 7.5 0.30 2009
rule, EPA has adopted Tier 2 and Tier 4.7b 0.30b 2014
3 emissions standards for newly built 75 ≤ P < 3700 D < 0.9 5.8 0.15 2012
Category 3 engines. 0.9 ≤ D < 1.2 5.8 0.14 2013
• Tier 2 standards apply beginning 1.2 ≤ D < 2.5 5.8 0.12 2014
in 2011. They require the use of 2.5 ≤ D < 3.5 5.8 0.12 2013
engine-based controls, such as 3.5 ≤ D < 7 5.8 0.11 2012
engine timing, engine cooling, a
- < 75 kW engines 0.9 dm3/cylinder are subject to the corresponding 75-3700 kW standards.
and advanced electronic con- b
- Option: 0.20 g/kWh PM & 5.8 g/kWh NOx+HC in 2014.
trols. The Tier 2 standards result
in a 15 to 25% NOx reduction Table 7. Tier 3 Standards for Marine Diesel Category 2 Engines‡
below the Tier 1 levels. Power (P) Displacement (D) NOx+HC† PM Date
• Tier 3 standards apply beginning in kW dm3 per cylinder g/kWh g/kWh
2016. They can be met with the use P < 3700 7 ≤ D < 15 6.2 0.14 2013
of high efficiency emissions con- 15 ≤ D < 20 7.0 0.27a 2014
trol technology such as selective 20 ≤ D < 25 9.8 0.27 2014
catalytic reduction (SCR) to achieve 25 ≤ D < 30 11.0 0.27 2014
NOx reductions 80% below the ‡ Option: Tier 3 PM/NOx+HC at 0.14/7.8 g/kWh in 2012, and Tier 4 in 2015.
† Tier 3 NOx+HC standards do not apply to 2000-3700 kW engines.
Tier 1 levels. a
- 0.34 g/kWh for engines below 3300 kW.

The EPA Tier 2-3 NOx limits are

Table 8. Tier 4 Standards for Marine Diesel Category 1/2 Engines
equivalent to the respective IMO Tier
2-3 standards. Depending on the Power (P) NOx HC PM Date
engine speed, Tier 2 limits range from kW g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
14.4 to 7.7 g/kWh, while Tier 3 limits P 3700 1.8 0.19 0.12a 2014c
range from 3.4 to 1.96 g/kWh. In 1.8 0.19 0.06 2016b,c
addition to the NOx limits, EPA adopt- 2000 ≤ P < 3700 1.8 0.19 0.04 2014c,d
ed a HC emissions standard of 2.0 g/ 1400 ≤ P < 2000 1.8 0.19 0.04 2016c
kWh and a CO standard of 5.0 g/kWh 600 ≤ P < 1400 1.8 0.19 0.04 2017d
a
from new Category 3 engines. No - 0.25 g/kWh for engines with 15-30 dm3/cylinder displacement.
b
emissions standard was adopted for - Optional compliance start dates can be used within these model years.
c
PM, but manufacturers are required - Option for Cat. 2: Tier 3 PM/NOx+HC at 0.14/7.8 g/kWh in 2012, and Tier 4 in 2015.
d
- The Tier 3 PM standards continue to apply for these engines in model years 2014 and 2015 only.
to measure and report PM emissions.

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(enforceable from August 2012) and waters surrounding Puerto

Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands as the U.S. Caribbean ECA for In addition to the above NOx+HC and PM standards, the
NOx & SOx (enforceable from 2014). following CO emissions standards apply for all Category 1/2
The ECAs ensure that foreign flagged vessels comply with engines starting with the applicable Tier 3 model year:
IMO Tier 3 NOx limits while in U.S. waters (the IMO Tier 3 1. 8.0 g/kWh for engines < 8 kW.
standards are only applicable within ECAs). The ECA also trig- 2. 6.6 g/kWh for engines t 8 kW and < 19 kW.
gers low sulfur fuel requirements — by IMO and U.S. EPA — 3. 5.5 g/kWh for engines t 19 kW and < 37 kW.
for vessels in U.S. waters. 4. 5.0 g/kWh for engines t 37 kW.

Emissions Standards — Category 1 and 2 Emissions Testing

Tier 1-2 Standards. Emissions standards for engines Category Category 1/2 Engines. Emissions from Category 1 engines
1 and 2 are based on the land-based standard for nonroad and are tested using the nonroad (Tier 1-3) test procedures (40 CFR
locomotive engines. The emissions standards, referred to as 89), while Category 2 engines are tested using the locomotive
Tier 2 Standards by the EPA, and their implementation dates test procedures (40 CFR 92), with certain exceptions includ-
are listed in table 2. The Tier 1 NOx standard, equivalent to ing different test cycles, certification fuels and NTE testing.
MARPOL Annex 6, was voluntary under the 1999 rule, but was Category 1/2 engines are tested on various ISO 8178 test cycles
made mandatory by the 2003 (Category 3) rule for Category as summarized in Table 9.
2 and Category 1 engines of above 2.5 liter displacement per
cylinder, effective 2004.
Table 9. Test Cycles for Certifying Category 1/2
Marine Diesel Engines
The regulated emissions include NOx+THC, PM, and CO.
Application Test Cycle
There are no smoke requirements for marine diesel engines.
General Marine Duty Cycle ISO 8178 E3
The regulators believed that the new PM standards will have a
Constant-Speed Propulsion Engines ISO 8178 E2
sufficient effect on limiting smoke emissions.
Variable-Speed Propulsion Engines Used on ISO 8178 C1
Nonpropeller Law Vessels and Variable-Speed
In the earlier proposal, the EPA also listed a more stringent Auxiliary Engines
Tier 3 standard to be introduced between 2008 and 2010. Constant-Speed Auxiliary Engines ISO 8178 D2
The Tier 3 standard was not adopted in the final 1999 rule. Recreational Marine ISO 8178 E5

Blue Sky Series Program. The 1999 regulation sets a In addition to the test cycle measurement, which is an average
voluntary “Blue Sky Series” program which permits manu- from several test modes, the regulations set “not-to-exceed” (NTE)
facturers to certify their engines to more stringent emissions emissions limits, which provide assurance that emissions at any
standards. The qualifying emissions limits are listed in Table engine operating conditions within an NTE zone are reasonably
3. The Blue Sky program begins upon the publication of the close to the average level of control. NTE zones are defined as
rule and extends through the year 2010. areas on the engine speed-power map. The emissions caps within
the NTE zones represent a multiplier (Tier 1/2: between 1.2 and
Recreational Vessels (2002 Rule). Recreational vessels 1.5; Tier 3/4: 1.2-1.9) times the weighted test result used for
standards are phased-in beginning in 2006, depending on the certification for all of the regulated pollutants (NOx+THC, CO,
size of the engine as listed in Table 4. These standards are simi- and PM).
lar to the Tier 2 standards for Category 1 commercial vessels. The test fuel for marine diesel engine testing has a sulfur
Recreational engines are also subject to NTE limits. There are specification range of 0.03 to 0.80 %wt, which covers the
no smoke requirements for recreational marine diesel engines. range of sulfur levels observed for most in-use fuels.
Similarly to commercial vessels, a voluntary “Blue Sky Series”
limits exist for recreational vessels, which are based on a 45% Category 3 Engines. Category 3 engines are tested
emissions reduction beyond the mandatory standards. using methods similar to those stipulated by IMO MARPOL
Annex 6 (E2 and E3 cycles of the ISO 8178 test). The major
Tier 3-4 Standards. The standards and implementation differences between the EPA and MARPOL compliance
schedules are shown in Table 5 through Table 8. The engine- requirements are: (1) EPA liability for in-use compliance
based Tier 3 standards are phasing in over 2009-2014. The rests with the engine manufacturer (it is the vessel operator
aftertreatment-based Tier 4 standards for commercial marine in MARPOL), (2) EPA requires a durability demonstration
engines at or above 600 kW are phasing in over 2014-2017. (under MARPOL, compliance must be demonstrated only
For engines of power levels not included in the Tier 3 and when the engine is installed in the vessel), (3) there are dif-
Tier 4 tables, the previous tier of standards — Tier 2 or Tier 3, ferences in certain test conditions and parameters in EPA
respectively — continues to apply. and MARPOL testing (air and water temperatures, engine
setting, etc.).
A differentiation is made between high power den- Category 3 engines have no NTE emissions limits or test
sity engines typically used in planing vessels and standard requirements.
power density engines, with a cut point between them at 35 Category 3 engines can be tested using distillate fuels, even
kW/dm3 (47 hp/dm3). though vessels with Category 3 marine engines use primar-

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Table 10. Useful Life and Emissions Warranty Periods

MIL and Fault Code Requirements
The Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL) is located on the
Useful Life Warranty Period
Category instrument panel. Except for a functionality check where it illu-
hours years hours years
minates for 15-20 seconds when in the key-on position before
Category 3 10,000 3 10,000 3
engine cranking, it is normally illuminated only when the OBD
Category 2 20,000 10 10,000 5
system has detected and confirmed a malfunction that could
Category 1 10,000 10 5,000 5
increase emissions.
Recreational 1,000 10 500 3
A number of things must happen before the MIL illuminates.
ily residual fuels (this allowance is consistent with MARPOL When the OBD determines that a malfunction has occurred, it
Annex 6). generates and stores a “pending fault code” and a “freeze frame”
of engine data. At this point, the MIL does not illuminate. If the
Other Provisions malfunction is detected again before the next driving cycle in
Useful life and warranty periods for marine engines are listed which the suspected system or component is monitored, the
in Table 10. The periods are specified in operating hours and MIL illuminates continuously and a “MIL-on” or “confirmed”
in years, whichever occurs first. The relatively short useful life fault code is generated and stored as well as a “freeze frame” of
period for Category 3 engines is based on the time that engines engine data. If the malfunction is not detected by the end of the
operate before being rebuilt for the first time. driving cycle, the “pending fault code” is erased.
The periods in the table are the minimum periods specified
by the regulations. In certain cases, longer useful life/warranty Except for misfires and fuel system faults, if the malfunc-
periods may be required (e.g., in most cases the emissions war- tion is not detected in the next 3 driving cycles, the MIL can
ranty must not be shorter than the warranty for the engine or be extinguished but the trouble code is still stored for at least
its components). 40 engine warm-up cycles. The MIL can also be extinguished
The regulations contain several other provisions, such as emis- and fault codes erased with a scan tool that technicians use to
sions Averaging, Banking, and Trading (ABT) program, deteriora- diagnose malfunctions. Alternate MIL illumination strategies
tion factor requirements, production line testing, in-use testing, are also possible but subject to approval.
and requirements for rebuilding of emissions certified engines.
Monitoring
The systems and parameters that require monitoring are out-
lined in Table 1. While some components can be monitored
continuously, this is not always possible. Therefore, manufac-
Emissions Standards: U.S.A. turers must define conditions under which important emissions
On-Board Diagnostics control components and subsystems can be monitored for
proper function. The monitoring conditions should meet the
following requirements:
Introduction
On-board diagnostic (OBD) systems provide self-diagnostic • Ensure robust detection of malfunctions by avoiding false
functionality incorporated into the engine control system, in passes and false indications of malfunctions.
order to alert the vehicle driver/operator about potential prob- • Ensure monitoring will occur under conditions that may
reasonably be expected to be encountered in normal
lems that can affect the emissions performance of the vehicle.
vehicle operation and use.
OBD requirements were first introduced for light-duty vehicles
• Ensure monitoring will occur during the FTP cycle.
in California in 1991. Today, OBD requirements apply to light-
duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines, both in California and
In order to quantify the frequency of monitoring, an in-use
under the federal EPA requirements.
monitor performance ratio is defined as:
In-use monitoring performance ratio = Number of monitor-
The most detailed requirements for OBD systems are pro-
ing events/Number of driving events.
vided by the California regulations. Because systems developed
for use in California can generally be used for compliance with Each component and subsystem requiring monitoring requires
EPA requirements with only minor differences, it is expected its own ratio. For example, for 2013 and later heavy-duty engines,
that OBD systems for vehicles and engines sold outside of the minimum acceptable value of this ratio is 0.100 (i.e. monitor-
California will be similar. ing should occur at least during 1 vehicle trip in 10).

California light-duty and heavy-duty regulations define a num- Comprehensive Component Monitoring requires the moni-
ber of general requirements for the malfunction indicator light toring of any electronic engine component/system not spe-
(MIL), trouble codes, monitoring, thresholds and standardized cifically covered by the regulation that provides input to or
communications common to all OBD systems. These require- receives commands from on-board computers and that can
ments — outlined in the following sections — also apply to affect emissions during any reasonable in-use driving condi-
systems intended to comply with U.S. federal requirements. tion or is used as part of the diagnostic strategy for any other

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Table 1. Monitoring Requirements of California OBD Systems

monitored system or component.
System/Component Parameter Requiring Monitoring
Fuel system Fuel system pressure control Monitoring is also required for all other emis-
Injection quantity sions control systems that are not specifically
Injection timing identified. Examples include: hydrocarbon
Feedback control traps, HCCI control systems or swirl control
Misfire Detect continuous misfire valves.
Determine % of misfiring cycles per 1000
engine cycles (2013 and later engines)
Malfunction Criteria
EGR Low flow
Malfunction criteria for the various mal-
High flow
functions listed in Table 1 vary depending
Slow response
on the system or component and individual
EGR cooler operation
parameter being monitored. In some cases,
EGR catalyst performance
Feedback control
such as feedback control systems, sensor
Boost pressure Underboost
rationality checks and checks for circuit
Overboost
faults, a go/no-go criteria is used. In other
Slow response
cases such as the fuel system, EGR, turbo-
Charge air under cooling charger physical parameters and aftertreat-
Feedback control ment system performance, the OBD system
NMHC catalyst Conversion efficiency must be able to determine when deterioration
Provide DPF heating or other changes cause emissions to exceed a
Provide SCR feedgas (e.g., NO2) specified threshold.
Provide post DPF NMHC clean-up
Provide ammonia clean-up In order to determine malfunction criteria
Catalyst aging for many of these faults, manufacturers must
SCR NOx catalyst Conversion efficiency correlate component and system performance
SCR reductant: with exhaust emissions to determine when
• delivery performance, deterioration will cause emissions to exceed a
• tank level, certain threshold. This may require extensive
• quality, and testing and calibration for each engine model.
• injection feedback control
In determining the malfunction criteria
Catalyst aging
for diesel engine monitors that are required
NOx adsorber NOx adsorber capability
to indicate a malfunction before emissions
Desorption function fuel delivery
exceed an emissions threshold (e.g., 2.0
Feedback control
times any of the applicable standards), the
DPF Filtering performance
emissions test cycle and standard that would
Frequent regeneration
result in higher emissions with the same level
NMHC conversion
malfunction is to be used. Some adjustment is
Incomplete regeneration
possible for those components experiencing
Missing substrate
infrequent regeneration.
Active regeneration fuel delivery
Feedback control
Exhaust gas sensors For air-fuel ratio and NOx sensors:
Manufacturers have the option of simpli-
• performance, fying monitoring requirements if failure or
• circuit faults, deterioration of a parameter will not cause
• feedback, and emissions to exceed the threshold limits.
• monitoring capability For parameters that are controlled, such as
Other exhaust gas sensors temperature, pressure and flow, a malfunc-
Sensor heater function tion in such a case would only need to be
Sensor heater circuit faults indicated when the commanded setting can-
VVT Target error not be achieved. For aftertreatment devices,
Slow response a malfunction would be indicated when the
Cooling system Thermostat aftertreatment device has no conversion/filter-
ECT sensor circuit faults ing capability.
ECT sensor circuit out-of-range
ECT sensor circuit rationality faults To account for the fact that current tech-
CCV System integrity
nology may not be adequate to detect all
Comprehensive component monitoring
malfunctions at the required threshold, some
Cold-start emissions-reduction strategy
flexibility has been built into the regulations.
Other emissions control system monitoring
A manufacturer may request a higher emis-

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sions threshold for any monitor if the most reliable monitoring plete” or “not complete” for each of the monitored
method developed requires a higher threshold. Additionally, components and systems.
the PM filter malfunction criteria may be revised to exclude • Data stream: A number of specific signals are made
detection of specific failure modes (e.g., partially melted sub- available through the standardized data link connec-
strates or small cracks) if the most reliable monitoring method tor. Some of these include: torque and speed related
developed is unable to detect such failures. data, temperatures, pressures, fuel system control
parameters, fault codes and associated details, air
A number of other exceptions are available including the flow, EGR system data, turbocharger data and after-
possibility to disable OBD monitoring at ambient engine start treatment data.
temperatures below 20°F or at elevations above 8000 feet • Freeze frame: The values of many of the important
above sea level. parameters available in the Data Stream are stored
when a fault is detected.
Standardization Requirements • Fault codes.
OBD systems have a standardization requirement that makes • Test results: Results of the most recent monitoring
diagnostics possible with a universal scan tool that is available of the components and systems and the test limits
to anyone — not just manufacturer’s repair facilities. The stan- established for monitoring the respective compo-
dardization requirements include: nents and systems are stored and made available
• A standard data link connector. through the data link.
• A standard protocol for communications with a scan tool. • Software calibration identification: Software Cal-
• In-use performance ratio tracking and engine run time ibration Verification Number.
tracking requirements. • Vehicle Identification Number (VIN).
• Engine manufacturers must provide the aftermarket service • Erasing emissions-related diagnostic information:
and repair industry emissions-related service information. The emissions-related diagnostic information can
• Standardized functions to allow information to be accessed be erased if commanded by a scan tool (generic or
by a universal scan tool. These functions include: enhanced) or if the power to the on-board computer
• Readiness status: The OBD system indicates “com- is disconnected.

Emissions Standards: Canada

On-Road Vehicles And Engines
Background the Motor Vehicle Safety Act which is administered by Transport
Authority to regulate emissions from internal combustion Canada. On March 13, 2000, legislative authority for control-
engines in Canada currently rests with Environment Canada ling on-road vehicle emissions was transferred to Environment
and Transport Canada. The Canadian Environmental Protection Canada under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999
Act 1999 (CEPA 1999) gave legislative authority to Environment (CEPA 1999). Under CEPA 1999, the On-Road Vehicle and
Canada to regulate emissions from engines other than those used Engine Emissions Regulations where promulgated on January 1,
in aircraft, railway locomotives and commercial marine vessels. 2003, and came into effect on January 1, 2004. These regula-
Authority to regulate emissions from aircraft, railway locomotives tions replaced the previous regulations adopted under the Motor
and commercial marine vessels rests with Transport Canada. Vehicle Safety Act. The new regulations adopted under CEPA
1999 continued the past approach of aligning with the federal
Increasingly, the general approach to setting vehicle emis- emissions standards of the U.S. EPA.
sions standards in Canada is to harmonize them with U.S. EPA
MOU. In the interim period between the phase-out of the
federal standards as much as possible. In 1988, on-road vehicle
emissions regulations under the Motor Vehicle Safety Act and
emissions standards were first aligned with the U.S. federal
the effective date of the On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emissions
standards. In February 2001, the Minister of the Environment
Regulations, Environment Canada signed a Memorandum of
in the Federal Agenda on Cleaner Vehicles, Engines and Fuels
Understanding (MOU) with the Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers
set out a number of policy measures that would continue the Association, the Association of International Automobile
harmonization of on-road emissions standards as well as to Manufacturers of Canada, and the member companies of those
expand this harmonization by developing emissions standards associations in June 2001. The MOU formalized an industry
for off-road engines and standards for fuels that are aligned commitment to market the same low emissions light-duty vehi-
with those of the federal U.S. EPA requirements. cles and light-duty trucks in Canada as in the U.S. for model
years 2001-2003.
On-Road Engines and Vehicles
Canadian federal regulations establishing exhaust emissions On-Road Emissions Regulations. The Regulations align vehi-
limits for on-road vehicles were first promulgated in 1971 under cle and engine certification requirements with those of the U.S.

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56 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
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federal EPA requirements beginning January 1, 2004 and includ- bin within which to certify each vehicle is limited by the obliga-
ing the U.S. Tier 2 program for new light-duty vehicles, light-duty tion to comply with fleet average NOx emissions standards.
trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles, and Phase 1 and
Phase 2 programs for new heavy-duty vehicles and engines. Based on vehicle sales from each “bin”, a company calculates
a sales-weighted “fleet average NOx value” for each model year.
The Regulations set out technical standards for vehicles and The emissions bins, fleet average NOx emissions standards, tim-
engines for exhaust, evaporative and crankcase emissions, ing of phase-ins and methods of calculating fleet average NOx
on-board diagnostic systems and other specifications related values are consistent with the U.S. Tier 2 emissions program. As
to emissions control systems. The intention of the Regulations in the U.S. program, the Canadian standards have separate fleet
is to ensure that vehicles and engines meeting more stringent average requirements for LDV/LLDTs and HLDT/MDPVs until
exhaust emissions standards will begin entering the Canadian the end of the 2008 model year. However, there are no sepa-
market in the 2004 model year and will be phased-in over rate distinctions between Tier 2 vehicles and interim non-Tier 2
the 2004 to 2010 model year period. The phase-in schedules vehicles as in the U.S. program. All Canadian Tier 2 LDV/LLDTs
vary by standard and by vehicle class and can be summarized must meet one fleet average requirement and all HLDT/MDPVs
as follows: another, as outlined in Table 2.
• Tier 2 standards for light-duty vehicles and light light-duty While this results in an upper fleet average LDV/LLDT NOx
trucks (2004-2007). limit that is equal to that obtained for the U.S. Tier 2 program,
• Tier 2 standards for heavy light-duty trucks and medium- there is a small difference for 2004-2006 HLDT/MDPVs fleet
duty passenger vehicles (2004-2009). average NOx limit for Canada. For the U.S. 2004-2006 model
• Phase 1 (2005) and Phase 2 (2008-2009) standards for year HLDT/MDPVs, a significant proportion of sales do not have
complete heavy-duty vehicles. to meet Tier 2 or interim non-Tier 2 fleet average NOx require-
• Phase 1 (2004-2006) and Phase 2 (2007-2010) standards ments. The only stipulation is that they meet bin 10 requirements
for heavy-duty engines. if they are HLDTs or bin 11 requirements if they are MDPVs. The
During any phase-in period, every model of vehicle or Canadian regulations require that all HLDT/MDPVs meet a fleet
engine that is certified by the U.S. EPA, and that is sold concur- average NOx requirement during this period.
rently in Canada and the United States, is required to meet the
same emissions standards in Canada as in the United States. As in the U.S. Tier 2 program, by 2009 when the standards
Canadian vehicles will therefore have progressively improved are fully phased in, a company’s combined fleet of light-duty
emissions performance without specifying interim phase-in vehicles, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles
percentages in the Regulations. The final phased-in standards will be subject to a single fleet average NOx emissions standard
apply to all vehicles and engines sold in Canada, in the model of 0.07 g/mile, corresponding to the NOx standard in bin 5.
year that they apply, to 100% of a class of vehicles or engines A company can, in any model year, generate NOx emissions
in the United States. credits by achieving a fleet average NOx value that is lower
than the standard. These credits can be used in a subsequent
Vehicle Weight Classes. The regulations define the weight model year to offset a NOx emissions deficit (the fleet average
classes for vehicles and engines as outlined in Table 1. NOx value exceeds the standard). A deficit must be offset no
later than the third model year following the year in which it
Light-Duty Vehicles is incurred. NOx emissions credits may also be transferred to
The exhaust emissions standards for Light-Duty Vehicles, Light- another company.
Duty Trucks and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles align with
the U.S. Tier 2 emissions standards. Manufacturers certify every In order to allow some flexibility in the regulations to
vehicle to one of eleven “bins”, each of which contains standards account for market differences between Canada and the
for NOx, non-methane organic gases (NMOG), CO, formaldehyde U.S., the Canadian regulations allow a company to exclude
and PM (see table in U.S. section). The manufacturers’ choices of from the fleet average compliance requirement U.S. certified
Table 1. Vehicle Categories Table 2. Canadian Fleet average NOx
Class GVWR, kg (lb) requirements, g/mile
Motorcycle ≤793 (1,749)
Model Year LDV/LLDTs HLDT/MDPV
Light-Duty Vehicle ≤3,856 (8,500)
Light-Duty Truck ≤3,856 (8,500) 2004 0.25 0.53
Light Light-Duty Truck ≤2,722 (6,000)
2005 0.19 0.43
Heavy Light-Duty Truck >2,722 to 3,856 (6,000 to 8,500)
Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle 3,856 to <4,536 (8,500 to 10,000) 2006 0.13 0.33
Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicle (Otto Cycle Only) 3,856 to 6,350 (8,500 to 14,000)
2007 0.07 0.20
Heavy-Duty Vehicle/Heavy-Duty Engine >3,856 (8,500)
Light Heavy-Duty Engine <8,847 (19,500) 2008 0.07 0.14
Medium Heavy-Duty Engine 8,847 to 14,971 (19,500 to 33,000)
Heavy Heavy-Duty Engine >14,971 (33,000) 2009 & later 0.07

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vehicles that are sold concurrently in Canada and the U.S.A. engines sold during this period are expected to be small.
For vehicle models certified to emissions bins having a NOx There are no emissions averaging, banking and trading
standard higher than the fleet average, this is not allowed if the options for heavy-duty engines in Canada.
total number of vehicles of the particular model sold in Canada
exceeds the number sold in the U.S.A. If a company chooses Otto Engines. The standards for heavy-duty Otto cycle
this option, they must include all eligible vehicles in that group, engines are outlined in Table 3. Phase 2 standards are the same
they cannot generate emissions credits or transfer credits to as those for heavy-duty diesel engines and apply in 2008. As
another company in that model year and they forfeit any emis- with the heavy-duty diesel engine standards, the NOx standards
sions credits obtained in previous model years. In all cases, in the U.S.A. are phased in and apply to 100% of engines in
fleet average emissions must be reported at the end of the year. 2010. Similar comments apply here as those noted above for
heavy-duty diesel engines during this phase-in period.
Heavy-Duty Engines
Diesel Engines. Phase 1 standards for heavy-duty diesel
Table 4. Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicle
truck and bus engines apply starting with the 2004 model year. Exhaust Emissions Standards, g/mi
As with the U.S. EPA, there are two options for NOx+NMHC
GVWR kg (lb) NOx NMHC HCHO CO PM
limits and tighter standards for urban busses (see U.S. table).
Phase 2 standards apply starting with the 2007 model year. Phase 1 3,856 - 4,536 0.9 0.28 - 7.3 -
(2005) (8,500 - 10,000)
In the U.S.A., the Phase 2 NMHC, CO and PM standards 4,536 - 6,350 1 0.33 - 8.1 -
apply in 2007 and the NOx standard is phased in from 2007- (10,000 - 14,000)
2010. In the case of a standard that is set out in the U.S. Code Phase 2 3,856 - 4,536 0.2 0.195 0.032 7.3 0.02
of Federal Regulations (CFR) to be phased in over a period of (2008 - (8,500 - 10,000)
time, the standard comes into effect in Canada in the model 2009)
4,536 - 6,350 0.4 0.23 0.04 8.1 0.02
year for which the CFR specifies that the standard applies (10,000 - 14,000)
to 100% of that class, and continues to apply until another
standard comes into effect that applies to 100% of that class.
This creates a difference in Canadian and U.S. standards dur- Heavy-Duty Vehicles
ing this phase in period. However, because every engine that Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles. A complete heavy-duty vehi-
is covered by an EPA certificate and that is sold concurrently cle is one with a gross vehicle weight rating of 6,350 kg (14,000
in Canada and the U.S. must conform to the EPA certification lb) or less and that is powered by an Otto-cycle engine and with
and in-use standards, the differences in emissions profiles of the load carrying device or container attached after it leaves the
control of the manufacturer. As with the U.S. EPA requirements,
Table 3. Heavy-Duty Otto Engine Emissions Standards, g/bhp-hr Phase 1 standards apply starting in the 2005 model year. Because
the Phase 2 standards are phased in during 2008 in the U.S.A. and
GVWR kg NOx NMHC NOx + CO PM
apply to 100% of U.S. vehicles only in 2009, similar comments to
(lb) NMHC
those made previously for heavy-duty diesel engines apply. The
Pre-2005 ≤ 6,350 4.0 1.1 - 14.4 - standards for these vehicles are outlined in Table 4:
(14,000)
> 6,350 4.0 1.9 - 37.1 - Heavy-Duty Vehicles. On-road heavy-duty vehicles other
(14,000) than complete heavy-duty vehicles must meet the heavy-duty
Phase 1 ≤ 6,350 - - 1.0 14.4 - engine requirements for the particular engine installed in that
(2005) (14,000) vehicle. Alternatively, heavy-duty diesel vehicles of 6,350 kg
> 6,350 - - 1.0 37.1 - (14,000 lb) GVWR or less can conform to the standards for
(14,000) complete heavy-duty vehicles.
There are no emissions averaging, banking and trading
Phase 2 3,856 0.2 0.14 - 14.4 0.01
(2008 - 2010) (8,500) options for heavy-duty vehicles or complete heavy-duty vehi-
cles in Canada.

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off-road regulations focus on the ignition mechanism while the

Emissions Standards: Canada on-road regulations focus on the load control mechanism in
distinguishing the engine type.
Off-Road Vehicles And
Engines The regulations specifically exempt engines:
• Designed exclusively for competition.
• Regulated by the On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emissions
Emissions regulations have been adopted for the following Regulations.
categories of off-road engines: • Designed to be used exclusively in underground mines.
• Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engines, such as those • With a per-cylinder displacement of less than 50 cm3.
used in construction and agricultural machinery. • For military machines used in combat or combat support.
• Off-Road Small Spark-Ignition Engines. • Being exported and not sold or used in Canada.
• Marine Engines. • Designed to be used in a vessel and for which the fuel,
cooling and exhaust systems are integral parts of the vessel.
The authority for regulating railway locomotive emissions
lies with Transport Canada under the Railway Safety Act. While not specifically exempted by the regulation,
Environment Canada monitored locomotive emissions through Environment Canada does not have legislative authority to
information provided under a MOU signed by Environment regulate emissions from railway locomotive engines.
Canada, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
and the Railway Association of Canada in 1995. The MOU set a The Canadian Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine
cap on annual NOx emissions from railway locomotives operat- Emissions Regulations do not include an optional averaging,
ing in Canada of 115,000 tonnes per annum. Since this agree- banking and trading program as do the U.S. EPA regulations.
ment expired in 2005, locomotive emissions remain unregulated.
Tier 2/3 Standards. The Canadian Off-Road Compression-
Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engines Ignition Engine Emissions Regulations align the engine certifica-
Prior to the Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999 tion values with those of the U.S. EPA Tier 2 and Tier 3 values,
(CEPA 1999), there was no federal authority for regulating Table 1. The implementations dates, however, were later. In the
emissions from off-road engines such as those typically found U.S., compliance with Tier 2 requirements was mandatory as
in construction, mining, farming and forestry machines. Under early as model year 2001 and with Tier 3 starting with model
the December 2000 Ozone Annex to the 1991 Canada- year 2006. Compliance in Canada with U.S. EPA Tier 2 require-
United States Air Quality Agreement, Canada committed to ments was not mandatory until the 2006 model year.
establishing emissions regulations under CEPA 1999 for new
off-road engines that aligned with the U.S. federal EPA require-
ments. In the period before the regulations were promulgated, Table 1. Canadian Tier 2/3 Off-Road Compression-Ignition
Environment Canada signed MOUs with 13 engine manufac- Engine Emissions Standards, g/kWh
turers in 2000. Under the terms of these MOUs, manufacturers
Power (P), kW Tier Year NMHC + NOx CO PM
agreed to supply off-road diesel engines designed to meet U.S.
EPA Tier 1 standards. P<8 Tier 2 2006 7.5 8.0 0.80
8 ≤ P < 19 Tier 2 2006 7.5 6.6 0.80
The Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emissions 19 ≤ P < 37 Tier 2 2006 7.5 5.5 0.60
Regulations were promulgated on February 23, 2005. These
regulations introduced emissions standards for model year 2006 Tier 2 2006 7.5 5.0 0.40
37 ≤ P < 75
and later diesel engines used in off-road applications such as Tier 3 2008 4.7 5.0 0.40
those typically found in construction, mining, farming and for- Tier 2 2006 6.6 5.0 0.30
estry machines. These regulations encompassed the U.S. EPA 75 ≤ P < 130
Tier 3 2007 4.0 5.0 0.30
Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards. In November 2011, the regulations
were amended to align with the U.S. EPA Tier 4 standards. 130 ≤ P < 225 Tier 3 2006 4.0 3.5 0.20
225 ≤ P < 450 Tier 3 2006 4.0 3.5 0.20
The Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emissions
450 ≤ P < 560 Tier 3 2006 4.0 3.5 0.20
Regulations apply to “reciprocating, internal combustion
engines, other than those that operate under characteristics P > 560 Tier 2 2006 6.4 3.5 0.20
significantly similar to the theoretical Otto combustion cycle
and that use a spark plug or other sparking device”. This Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment
definition is not exactly the same as the definition of a diesel Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-
engine used in the On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emissions Ignition Engine Emissions Regulations which align Canadian
Regulations where a diesel engine is defined as one “that has emissions standards with the U.S. EPA Tier 4 standards for non-
operating characteristics significantly similar to those of the road engines. The Tier 4 standards come into force on January
theoretical Diesel combustion cycle. The non-use of a throttle 16, 2012 and apply to engines of the 2012 and later model
during normal operation is indicative of a diesel engine”. The years manufactured on and after January 16, 2012.

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Table 2. Small Spark-Ignition Engine Emissions Standards, g/kWh

Alternative less stringent emissions
standards, consistent with those avail-
Class Engine Type Displacement (D), cm3 Date HC + NOxb NMHC + NOx CO able under the CFR, are available:
1-A D < 66 2005 50 - 610 • For HC+NOx levels for engines
1-B 66 ≤ D < 100 2005 40 37 610 in machines used exclusively in
wintertime, such as ice augers
20051 16.1a - 519a and snow-blowers; These engines
Non-handheld
1 100 ≤ D < 225 20052 16.1 14.8 610 are subject to the applicable CO
2007 16.1 14.8 610 standard.
• For replacement engines which
2 D 225 2005 12.1 11.3 610
are engines manufactured exclu-
3 D < 20 2005 50 - 805 sively to replace an existing
4 20 ≤ D < 50 2005 50 - 805 engine in a machine for which no
current model year engine with
Handheld 2005 119 - 603
physical or performance charac-
5 D 50 2006 96 - 603 teristics necessary for the opera-
2007 72 - 603 tion of the machine exists.
• For class 3, 4 and 5 when less
a - Standards apply only when the engine is new
b - Some engine classes include a combined NMHC+NOx standard that applies only when the than 2000 engines of a particular
engine is fueled by natural gas model are sold in total in Canada
1 - For models already in production at coming into force of the Regulations to accommodate Canada-only
2 - For models initially produced after coming into force of the Regulations niche products.

Mining Engines. Emissions from engines used exclusively in On February 4, 2011, Environment Canada adopted Marine
underground mining equipment fall under provincial jurisdic- Spark-Ignition Engine, Vessel and Off-Road Recreational
tion. While emissions from these engines are not directly regu- Vehicle Emissions Regulations. These emissions regulations
lated, provincial regulations exist for ventilation rates in mines apply to outboard engines, personal watercraft, snowmobiles,
off-highway motorcycles and all-terrain vehicles. Most of the
were these engines are used. Canadian Standards Association
regulatory provisions came into force from April 5, 2011.
(CSA) standards have been established that describe the tech-
The standards align with corresponding U.S. EPA rules for
nical requirements and procedures necessary for the design,
marine spark-ignition engines and off-road recreational engines
performance, and testing of new or unused non-rail-bound,
diesel-powered, self-propelled machines in underground Figure 1. Smoke Density Chart
mines (MMSL02-043). Testing carried out according to these
CSA standards establish the minimum ventilation rate required
for any engine to keep air quality at an acceptable level. Some
provinces base their ventilation requirements on the results of
testing according to the CSA standards.

Off-Road Small Spark-Ignition Engines

The Off-Road Small Spark-Ignition Engine Emissions
Regulations were promulgated on November 19, 2003. The
Regulations apply to off-road engines of model year 2005 and
later that use sparkplugs and develop no more than 19 kW (25
hp) of power. The emissions standards are divided into seven
classes based on engine displacement and usage in either a
handheld or non-handheld application as shown in Table 2.

Engines must meet the emissions standards throughout their

useful life (with the exception of pre-2005 Class 1 engines,
as indicated in the table). At the time of engine certification,
a manufacturer can select one of three specified useful life
periods, which range from 50 to 1000 hours depending on
the engine class. For example, for a class 1 engine, the useful
life can be 125, 250 or 500 hours. The selection of useful life
duration must be supported by technical information. Longer
useful lives, which entail a higher manufacturing cost, are typi-
cally found in commercial equipment while home consumer
products are often designed for shorter useful lives.

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and vehicles. An earlier MOU with the Canadian Marine marine propulsion engines larger than 37 kW. Current emis-
Manufacturers Association covered only marine spark ignition sions standards from ships are under the authority of Transport
engines and under its terms, engine manufacturers voluntarily Canada. The Air Pollution Regulations of the Canada Shipping
committed to supply engines designed to meet United States Act regulates the density of black smoke from ships in Canadian
federal emissions standards into Canada starting with the 2001 waters and within 1 mile of land. Smoke density rating is deter-
model year. mined by the Department of Transport Smoke Chart set out
in the schedule of the regulations and reproduced below. For
Environment Canada plans to propose regulations to address vessels with diesel engines a smoke density less than No. 1
emissions from large spark-ignition engines used in industrial is normally required with the exception that a smoke density
applications such as forklifts and ice re-surfacing machines in of No. 2 for an aggregate of not more than 4 minutes in any
the future. 30-minute period is allowed (Figure 1).

Marine Engines Pollution Prevention Regulations under the Canada Shipping

Authority to regulate emissions from marine propulsion Act are under development to align with IMO MARPOL 73/78
engines smaller than 37 kW falls to Environment Canada. The Annex 6. This agreement sets limits for NOx emissions from
Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emissions Regulations marine engines with power outputs more than 130 kW that
cover compression ignition marine engines less than 37 kW. have either been installed on a ship constructed on or after
Regulations are planned for marine spark-ignition engines. January 1, 2000 or have had major conversions on or after
Transport Canada has authority to regulate emissions from January 1, 2000.

Emissions Standards: Mexico

On-Road Vehicles And Engines

Background reference mass (weight of vehicle with full tank of fuel + 100
Mexican emissions requirements for new vehicles and engines kg) are also used:
are adopted by the Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos • CL Class 1: reference mass ≤ 1305 kg.
Naturales (SEMARNAT). Emissions compliance is generally • CL Class 2: reference mass > 1305 kg but ≤ 1760 kg.
required with either the U.S. or European emissions standards. • CL Class 3: reference mass > 1760 kg.

First emissions standards for both light- and heavy-duty vehicles Model Year 1993-2003
were established on June 6, 1988 and became effective in model Emissions standards for light-duty vehicles are summarized
year 1993 [NOM-044-ECOL-1993]. The light-duty standards were in Table 1. The standards were based on the U.S. regulations
later strengthened to be equivalent to the U.S. Tier 1, effective
2001 [NOM-042-ECOL-1999]. A mix of U.S. Tier 1/2 and Euro 3/4 Table 1. Emissions Standards for Cars and Light-Duty Trucks,
g/km
standards is required since 2004 [NOM-042-SEMARNAT-2003].
NOx
Year CO NMHC* PM†
New emissions requirements for heavy-duty truck and bus Gasoline Diesel
engines were adopted on October 12, 2006, which require Passenger Cars
compliance with U.S. 2004 or Euro 4 equivalent standards 1993 2.11 0.25 0.62 0.62 0.07
effective July 2008 [NOM-044-SEMARNAT-2006]. 2001 2.11 0.156 0.25 0.62 0.07
Light Trucks CL1
Light-Duty Vehicle Classification
Light-duty vehicles are defined as vehicles of GVW ≤ 3857 1994 8.75 0.63 1.44 1.44 0.07
kg. Passenger cars (PC) are defined as vehicles with up to 10 2001 2.11 0.156 0.25 0.62 0.07
seats, including the driver. Light trucks are classified in four Light Trucks CL2
groups — corresponding to the U.S. Light-Duty Truck 1 to 4 — 1994 8.75 0.63 1.44 1.44 0.07
based on the GVW and the test weight (weight of the vehicle 2001 2.74 0.20 0.44 0.62 0.07
with full fuel tank) as follows: Light Trucks CL3
1994 8.75 0.63 1.44 1.44 0.07
• CL1: GVW ≤ 2722 kg, test weight ≤ 1701 kg.
2001 2.74 0.20 0.44 0.62 0.07
• CL2: GVW ≤ 2722 kg, test weight 1701 - 2608 kg.
• CL3: GVW 2722 - 3857 kg, test weight ≤ 2608 kg. Light Trucks CL4
• CL4: GVW 2722 - 3857 kg, test weight 2608 - 3857 kg. 1994 8.75 0.63 1.44 1.44 0.10
2001 3.11 0.24 0.68 0.62 0.10
Weight ratings based on the European grouping for pas- * total hydrocarbons (THC) prior to model-year 2001
senger cars and light commercial vehicles using a vehicle’s † diesel vehicles only

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and test methods (FTP-75). The 1993

Table 2. Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions Limit Option Based on U.S. EPA Standards, g/km
requirements were based on the U.S.
1981 emissions standards. The 2001 CO NMHC NOx PM
requirements represent the U.S. Tier 1 Standard Class
Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel
standards without OBD 2 provisions.
The standards apply both to gasoline PC
2.11 0.156 0.25 0.62 0.050
and diesel vehicles, with the exception CL1
of NOx standards, as specified, and the A CL2 n/a
PM standard that applies only to diesels. 2.74 0.200 0.44 0.62 0.062
Natural gas and LPG vehicles have the CL3
same standards as gasoline vehicles. CL4 3.11 0.240 0.68 0.95 0.075
Gasoline, natural gas, and LPG vehi- PC
cles of all classes and all model years 0.050
CL1 2.11 0.099
must also meet an evaporative (SHED) 0.249
limit of 2 g/test. B CL2 0.062 n/a
0.075
CL3
Model Year 2004 and Later 2.74 0.121
CL4
The model year 2004 and later standards
are based on U.S. Tier 1 and Tier 2 stan- PC 2.11
0.068 0.050
dards and Euro 3 and Euro 4 limits. New CL1 0.047
0.062
vehicles must meet the standards set out CL2
C n/a
in either Table 2 (based on U.S. Tier 1/2
limits) or Table 3 (based on Euro 3/4 lim- CL3 0.124
0.087
its). Vehicles meeting these standards are CL4 0.075
also required to be equipped with OBD.

Notes to Table 2 and Table 3: Table 3. Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions Limit Option Based on European Standards, g/km
1. Emissions durability requirements: CO NMHC NOx PM
Standard Class
Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel
• 80,000 km / 50,000 miles for U.S.
EPA option (Table 2), or PC
CL 1.25 0.64 0.125 0.56 0.100 0.50 0.050
• 100,000 km for European option Class 1
(Table 3) B CL n/a
2.26 0.80 0.162 0.72 0.125 0.65 0.070
Class 2
2. Gasoline vehicle standards also apply
CL
to natural gas and LPG vehicles. Class 3
2.83 0.95 0.200 0.86 0.137 0.78 0.100

3. Gasoline, natural gas, and LPG vehi- PC

cles of all classes and all model CL 1.00 0.50 0.10 0.30 0.08 0.25 0.050
years must also meet an evaporative Class 1
(SHED) limit of 2 g/test. C CL n/a
1.81 0.63 0.13 0.39 0.10 0.33 0.040
Class 2
An important factor in the phase-in CL
of these vehicles is the introduction of 2.27 0.74 0.16 0.46 0.11 0.39 0.060
Class 3
gasoline with 30 ppm average and 80
ppm maximum sulfur, and diesel fuel
with 15 ppm sulfur. The calendar year Table 4. Phase-In Schedule of Light-Duty Vehicles Meeting B Standards
that these fuels become available nation- Standard 2007 2008 2009 2010
ally is referred to as “Year 1” (Año 1).
A 75% 50% 30% 0%
It is expected to be 2009, according to
Mexican fuel quality regulations [NOM- B 25% 50% 70% 100%
086-SEMARNAT-SENER-SCFI-2005]. Vehicles
meeting the “A” standard in Table 2 are
Table 5. Phase-In Schedule of Light-Duty Vehicles Meeting C Standards
those produced between 2004 to 2009.
Vehicles meeting “B” standard in Table Standard Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
2 and Table 3 are those produced from A+B 75% 50% 30% 0%
2007 to “Year 3”— 2 calendar years after
C 25% 50% 70% 100%
“Year 1”. Vehicles meeting “C” standard

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62 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
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in in Table 2 and Table 3 are those produced starting in “Year Table 6. Emissions Requirements for Diesel Truck and Bus
1”. The phase-in schedules for vehicles meeting B and C stan- Engines
dards are laid out in Table 4 and Table 5, respectively. Requirements
Date
While the standards in Table 2 and Table 3 are based on US EPA European
U.S. EPA limits and European limits, they are not necessarily 1993 US 1991
structured the same way. For example, the NOx and PM limits 1994 US 1994
defined by the “A” standard in Table 2 are a combination of 1998 US 1998
50,000 mile and full useful life U.S. EPA Tier 1 limits. For the 2003.02 US 1998 Euro 3
“B” and “C” standards, the PM limits do not change, (i.e., they 2008.07† US 2004 Euro 4
stay at the Tier 1 limits) while the NOx standards decrease to † Through 2011.06; later requirements are not specified.
limits based on 50,000 mile U.S. EPA Tier 2 values. The NOx
limit for the “B” standard is U.S. Tier 2 Bin 10 and for the “C” effective in model year 1993. These standards were based
standard is Bin 7 (for lighter vehicles) and Bin 9 (for heavier on U.S. 1991 and later requirements, including the U.S.
vehicles). With the exception of “B” standard for gasoline, LPG EPA test methods (FTP transient test).
and natural gas, the standards in Table 3 are equivalent to Euro
3 and 4 limits. Note the different durability requirements for the Since February 2003, engines in Mexico can also meet
standards in Table 2 (80,000 km) and Table 3 (100,000 km). European standards, as an alternative to the U.S. EPA require-
ments. The U.S. EPA or European reference standard require-
Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses ments are summarized in Table 6.
Emissions standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines — No emissions standards were adopted for gasoline fueled
applicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,857 kg — became first trucks and buses.

Emissions Standards: European Union

Heavy-Duty Truck And Bus Engines

Regulatory Framework Table 1. EU Emissions Standards for HD Diesel Engines,

European emissions regulations for new heavy-duty diesel g/kWh (smoke in m-1)
engines are commonly referred to as Euro 1 ... 6. Sometimes Arabic
numerals are also used (Euro 1 ... 6). We will use Roman numerals Tier Date Test CO HC NOx PM Smoke
when referencing standards for heavy-duty engines, and reserve 1992, < 85 kW 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.612
Arabic numerals for light-duty vehicle standards. Euro 1
1992, > 85 kW ECE 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
1996.10 R-49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.25
The emissions standards apply to all motor vehicles with a Euro 2
“technically permissible maximum laden mass” over 3,500 1998.10 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
kg, equipped with compression ignition engines or positive 1999.10, EEVs ESC &
ignition natural gas (NG) or LPG engines. 1.5 0.25 2.0 0.02 0.15
only ELR
The regulations were originally introduced by the Directive Euro 3
0.10
88/77/EEC, followed by a number of amendments. In 2005, the 2000.10 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.8
0.13a
regulations were re-cast and consolidated by the Directive 05/55/ ESC &
Euro 4 2005.10 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5
EC. Beginning with the Euro 6 stage, the legislation became simpli- ELR
fied, as “directives”— which need to be transposed into all of the Euro 5 2008.10 1.5 0.46 2.0 0.02 0.5
national legislations — were replaced by “regulations” which are Euro 6 2013.01 1.5 0.13 0.4 0.01
directly applicable. The following are some of the most important a
rulemaking steps in the heavy-duty engine regulations: - for engines of less than 0.75 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a
rated power speed of more than 3000 min-1
• Euro 1 standards were introduced in 1992, followed by the
introduction of Euro 2 regulations in 1996. These standards
applied to both truck engines and urban buses, the urban which would be reducing the efficiency of emissions con-
bus standards, however, were voluntary. trol systems when vehicles operate under normal driving
• In 1999, the EU adopted Directive 1999/96/EC, which conditions to levels below those determined during the
introduced Euro 3 standards (2000), as well as Euro 4/5 emissions testing procedure.
standards (2005/2008). This rule also set voluntary, stricter • Directive 2005/55/EC adopted by the EU Parliament in 2005
emissions limits for extra low emissions vehicles, known introduced durability and OBD requirements, as well as
as “enhanced environmentally friendly vehicles” or EEVs. re-stated the emissions limits for Euro 4 and Euro 5 which
• In 2001, the European Commission adopted Directive were originally published in 1999/96/EC. In a “split-level”
2001/27/EC which prohibits the use of emissions “defeat regulatory approach, the technical requirements pertaining
devices” and “irrational” emissions control strategies, to durability and OBD — including provisions for emis-

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sions systems that use consumable reagents — have been Emissions standards for diesel engines that are tested on the
described by the Commission in Directive 2005/78/EC. ETC test cycle, as well as for heavy-duty gas engines, are sum-
• Euro 6 emissions standards were introduced by Regulation marized in Table 2.
595/2009 published on July 18, 2009 (with a Corrigenda
of July 31, 2009). The new emissions limits, comparable Euro 6 Regulation. Additional provisions of the Euro 6 regu-
in stringency to the U.S. 2010 standards, become effective lation include:
from 2013 (new type approvals) and 2014 (all registrations). • An ammonia (NH3) concentration limit of 10 ppm applies
In the “split-level” approach, a number of technical details to diesel (ESC + ETC) and gas (ETC) engines.
will be specified in the implementing regulation (‘comitol- • A particle number limit, in addition to the mass limit, is to
ogy’) which should be adopted by the end of 2010. be introduced in the implementing regulation. The number
limit would prevent the possibility that the Euro 6 PM mass
Emissions Standards limit is met using technologies (such as “open filters”) that
Table 2 contains a summary of the emissions standards and would enable a high number of ultra fine particles to pass.
their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type • The world-harmonized test cycles — WHSC and WHTC —
approvals; the dates for all type approvals are in most cases one will be used for Euro 6 testing. WHSC/WHTC based limit
year later (EU type approvals are valid longer than one year). values will be introduced by the implementing regulation
Since the Euro 3 stage (2000), the earlier steady-state engine based on correlation factors with the current ESC/ETC tests.
test ECE R-49 has been replaced by two cycles: the European • A maximum limit for the NO2 component of NOx emissions
Stationary Cycle (ESC) and the European Transient Cycle (ETC). may be defined in the implementing regulation.
Smoke opacity is measured on the European Load Response
(ELR) test. The following testing requirements apply: Emissions Durability. Effective October 2005 for new type
1. Compression ignition (diesel) engines: approvals and October 2006 for all type approvals, manufac-
• Euro 3: turers should demonstrate that engines comply with the emis-
1. Conventional diesel engines: ESC/ELR test. sions limit values for useful life periods which depend on the
2. Diesel engines with “advanced aftertreatment” vehicle category, as shown in Table 3.
(NOx aftertreatment or DPFs) and EEVs: ESC/ELR Effective October 2005 for new type approvals and October
+ ETC. 2006 for all type approvals, type approvals also require con-
• Euro 4 and later: ESC/ELR + ETC. firmation of the correct operation of the emissions control
2. Positive ignition gas (natural gas, LPG) engines, Euro 3 and devices during the normal life of the vehicle under normal
later: ETC cycle. conditions of use (“conformity of in-service vehicles properly
maintained and used”).
Table 2. Emissions Standards for Diesel and Gas Engines, ETC Test, g/kWh
Tier Date Test CO NMHC CH4a NOx PMb Early Introduction of Clean Engines. EU Member
Euro 3 1999.10, ETC 3.0 0.40 0.65 2.0 0.02 States are allowed to use tax incentives in order to
EEVs only speed up the marketing of vehicles meeting new stan-
dards ahead of the regulatory deadlines. Such incen-
2000.10 ETC 5.45 0.78 1.6 5.0 0.16
0.21c tives have to comply with the following conditions:
• They apply to all new vehicles offered for sale
Euro 4 2005.10 4.0 0.55 1.1 3.5 0.03
on the market of a Member State which comply
Euro 5 2008.10 4.0 0.55 1.1 2.0 0.03 in advance with the mandatory limit values set
Euro 6 2013.01 4.0 0.16d 0.5 0.4 0.01 out by the Directive.
a
• They cease when the new limit values come
- for gas engines only (Euro 3-5: NG only; Euro 6: NG + LPG)
b
- not applicable for gas fueled engines at the Euro 3-4 stages
into effect.
c
- for engines with swept volume per cylinder < 0.75 dm3 and rated power speed > • For each type of vehicle they do not exceed
3000 min-1 the additional cost of the technical solutions
d
- THC for diesel engines introduced to ensure compliance with the limit
values.
Table 3. Emissions Durability Periods
Period* Euro 6 type approvals, if requested, must be
Vehicle Category†
Euro 4-5 Euro 6 granted from August 7, 2009, and incentives can be
N1 and M2 100 000 km / 5 years 160 000 km / 5 years given from the same date. Euro 6 incentives can also
N2 200 000 km / 6 years 300 000 km / 6 years be given for scrapping existing vehicles or retrofit-
N3 ≤ 16 ton ting them with emissions controls in order to meet
M3 Class 1, Class 2, Class A,
and Class B ≤ 7.5 ton Euro 6 limits.
Early introduction of cleaner engines can be also
N3 > 16 ton M3 Class 3, 500 000 km / 7 years 700 000 km / 7 years stimulated by such financial instruments as pref-
and Class B > 7.5 ton
erential road toll rates. In Germany, road toll dis-
† Mass designations (in metric tons) are “maximum technically permissible mass” counts were introduced in 2005 which stimulated
* km or year period, whichever is the sooner
early launch of Euro 5 trucks.

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64 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
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EU nonroad emissions standards usually specify two sets of

Emissions Standards: European Union implementation dates:
• Type approval dates, after which all newly type approved
Non-Road Diesel Engines models must meet the standard, and
• Market placement (or first registration) dates, after which all
new engines placed on the market must meet the standard.
Background
The European emissions standards for new nonroad diesel The dates listed in the following tables are the market place-
engines have been structured as gradually more stringent tiers ment dates. In most cases, new type approval dates are one
known as Stage 1-4 standards. Additionally, emissions stan- year before the respective market placement dates.
dards have been adopted for small, gasoline fueled nonroad
engines. The main regulatory steps were: Regulatory authorities in the EU, U.S.A., and Japan have
• Stage 1/2. The first European legislation to regulate emis- been under pressure from engine and equipment manufactur-
sions from nonroad (off-road) mobile equipment was ers to harmonize worldwide emissions standards, in order to
promulgated on December 16, 1997 [Directive 97/68/ streamline engine development and emissions type approval/
EC]. The regulations for nonroad diesels were introduced certification for different markets. Stage 1/2 limits were in part
in two stages: Stage 1 implemented in 1999 and Stage 2 harmonized with U.S. regulations. Stage 3/4 limits are harmo-
implemented from 2001 to 2004, depending on the engine nized with the U.S. Tier 3/4 standards.
power output.
The equipment covered by the standard included industrial Stage 1/2 Standards
drilling rigs, compressors, construction wheel loaders, bull- Stage 1 and Stage 2 emissions shall not exceed the amount
dozers, nonroad trucks, highway excavators, forklift trucks, shown in Table 1. The Stage 1 emissions are engine-out
road maintenance equipment, snow plows, ground sup- limits and shall be achieved before any exhaust aftertreat-
port equipment in airports, aerial lifts and mobile cranes. ment device.
Agricultural and forestry tractors had the same emissions
standards but different implementation dates [Directive A sell-off period of up to two years is allowed for engines
2000/25/EC]. Engines used in ships, railway locomotives, produced prior to the respective market placement date.
aircraft, and generating sets were not covered by the Stage Since the sell-off period — between zero and two years — is
1/2 standards.
• On December 9, 2002, the European Parliament adopted Table 1. EU Stage 1/2 Emissions Standards for
Directive 2002/88/EC, amending the nonroad Directive Nonroad Diesel Engines
97/68/EC by adding emissions standards for small, gasoline
Cat. Net Power Date* CO HC NOx PM
fueled utility engines below 19 kW. The Directive also
extended the applicability of Stage 2 standards on constant kW g/kWh
speed engines. The utility engine emissions standards are Stage 1
to a large degree aligned with the U.S. emissions standards A 13 1999.01 1.3 9.2 4
for small utility engines.
B 13 1999.01 1.3 9.2 0.70
• Stage 3/4. Stage 3/4 emissions standards for nonroad engines
were adopted by the European Parliament on April 21, 2004 C 3 1 4 1.3 9.2
[Directive 2004/26/EC], and for agricultural and forestry Stage 2
tractors on February 21, 2005 [Directive 2005/13/EC]. E 13 2002.01 3 1.0 0.2
F 13 2003.01 1.0 0.3
Two additional Directives were adopted in 2010: Directive
2010/26/EU provides further technical details on the test- G 3 4 1 1.3 7.0 4
ing and approvals of Stage 3b and Stage 4 engines, and D 1 3 2001.01 1 8.0 0.8
Directive 2010/22/EU amends the earlier legislation appli-
* Stage 2 also applies to constant speed engines effective 2007.01
cable to agricultural and forestry tractors.

Stage 3 standards — which are further divided into Stages 3a Table 2. Stage 3a Standards for Nonroad Engines
and 3b — are phased-in from 2006 to 2013, Stage 4 enter Cat. Net Power Date† CO NOx+HC PM
into force in 2014. The Stage 3/4 standards, in addition to
kW g/kWh
the engine categories regulated at Stage 1/2, also cover rail-
road locomotive engines and marine engines used for inland H 13 1 3 4 0.2
waterway vessels. Stage 3/4 legislation applies only to new I 13 2007.01 4 0.3
vehicles and equipment; replacement engines to be used in J 3 2008.01 4 4
machinery already in use (except for railcar, locomotive and
K 1 3 2007.01
inland waterway vessel propulsion engines) should comply
with the limit values that the engine to be replaced had to † dates for constant speed engines are: 2011.01 for categories H, I
meet when originally placed on the market. and K; 2012.01 for category J.

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determined by each Member State, the exact timeframe of the

Table 3. Stage 3b Standards for Nonroad Engines
regulations may be different in different countries.
Cat. Net Power Date CO HC NOx PM
Emissions are measured on the ISO 8178 C1 8-mode cycle kW g/kWh
and expressed in g/kWh. Stage 1/2 engines are tested using fuel
L 13 2011.01 3 0.19 2.0
of 0.1-0.2% (wt.) sulfur content.
M 13 2012.01 0.19 3.3
Stage 3/4 Standards N 2012.01 0.19 3.3
Stage 3 standards — which are further divided into two 3 2013.01 4
sub-stages: Stage 3a and Stage 3b — and Stage 4 standards
for nonroad diesel engines are listed in Table 2, Table 3, and x+HC

Table 4, respectively. These limit values apply to all nonroad

diesel engines of indicated power range for use in applica- Table 4. Stage 4 Standards for Nonroad Engines
tions other than propulsion of locomotives, railcars and
inland waterway vessels. Cat. Net Power Date CO HC NOx PM
kW g/kWh
The implementation dates in the following tables (Table Q 13 2014.01 3 0.19 0.4
2 through Table 7) refer to the market placement dates.
R 13 2014.10 0.19 0.4
For all engine categories, a sell-off period of two years is
allowed for engines produced prior to the respective market
placement date. The dates for new type approvals are, with Table 5. Stage 3a Standards for Inland Waterway Vessels
some exceptions, one year ahead of the respective market Cat. Displacement (D) Date CO NOx+HC PM
placement date.
dm3 per cylinder g/kWh
Stage 3/4 standards also include a limit for ammonia emis- V1:1 , 3 1 0.40
sions, which must not exceed a mean of 25 ppm over the V1:2 1 0.30
test cycle.
V1:3 1 0.20

Stage 3b standards introduce PM limit of 0.025 g/kWh, rep- V1:4 2009.01 0.20
resenting about 90% emissions reduction relative to Stage 2. V2:1 1
To meet this limit value, it is anticipated that engines will have V2:2 1 ,
to be equipped with particulate filters. Stage 4 also introduces 33
a very stringent NOx limit of 0.4 g/kWh, which is expected to
require NOx aftertreatment. V2:3 1 ,
33
To represent emissions during real conditions, a new tran-
V2:4
sient test procedure — the Non-Road Transient Cycle (NRTC)
— was developed in cooperation with the U.S. EPA. The NRTC : 3 11.0
is run twice — with a cold and a hot start. The final emissions
results are weighted averages of 10% for the cold start and 90%
Table 6. Stage 3a Standards for Rail Traction Engines
for the hot start run. The new test will be used in parallel with
the prior steady-state schedule, ISO 8178 C1, referred to as the Cat. Net Power Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Nonroad Steady Cycle (NRSC). kW g/kWh
• The NRSC (steady-state) shall be used for stages 1, 2 and RC A 13 1 3 - 4.0 - 0.2
3a, as well as for constant speed engines at all stages. The
RL A 13 1 3 - 4.0 - 0.2
NRTC (transient) can be used for Stage 3a testing by the
choice of the manufacturer. RH A 2009.01 3 - 0.2
• Both NRSC and NRTC cycles shall be used for Stage 3b and = 4g h and x = 4g h r engines
4 testing (gaseous and particulate pollutants). and liters c linder

Inland Water Vessels

Table 7. Stage 3b Standards for Rail Traction Engines
Unlike the Stage 1/2 legislation, the Stage 3a standards
also cover engines used in inland waterway vessels, Table 5. Cat. Net Power Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Engines are divided into categories based on the displacement
kW g/kWh
(swept volume) per cylinder and net power output. The engine
categories and the standards are harmonized with the U.S. RC B 13 2012.01 3 0.19 - 2.0
standards for marine engines. There are no Stage 3b or Stage 4 RB 13 2012.01 3 - 4.0 -
standards for waterway vessels.

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66 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
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Rail Traction Engines Table 8. Stage 5 Emissions Standards for Nonroad Engines
Stage 3a and 3b standards have been adopted for engines
Net Power CO HC NOx PM PN
above 130 kW used for the propulsion of railroad locomotives Ca. Ign. Date
(categories R, RL, RH) and railcars (RC), Table 6 and Table 7. kW g/kWh 1/kWh
NRE-
CI P<8 2019 8.00 7.50a,c 0.40b -
Stage 5 Standards v/c-1
Stage 5 emissions limits for engines in nonroad mobile NRE-
CI 1 2019 6.60 7.50a,c 0.4 -
machinery (category NRE) are shown in Table 8. These stan- v/c-2
dards are applicable to diesel (CI) engines from 0 to 56 kW NRE-
and to all types of engines above 56 kW. Engines above 560 CI 1 3 2019 5.00 4.70a,c 0.015 1×1012
v/c-3
kW used in generator sets (category NRG) must meet standards NRE-
shown in Table 9. CI 3 2019 5.00 4.70a,c 0.015 1×1012
v/c-4
Stage 5 regulations introduce a new limit for particle num-
NRE-
ber emissions. The PN limit is designed to ensure that a highly All 13 2020 5.00 0.19c 0.4 0.015 1×1012
v/c-5
efficient particle control technology — such as wall-flow
particulate filters — be used on all affected engine categories. NRE- 13
All 2019 3.50 0.19c 0.4 0.015 1×1012
v/c-6
The Stage 5 regulation would also tighten the mass-based PM
limit for several engine categories, from 0.025 g/kWh to 0.015 NRE-
All P > 560 2019 3.50 0.19d 3.5 0.045 -
g/kWh. v/c-7
a
HC+NOx
HC Limits for Gas Engines. For engine categories where an b
0.60 for hand-startable, air-cooled direct injection engines
A factor is defined, the HC limit for fully and partially gaseous c
A = 1.10 for gas engines
fueled engines indicated in the table is replaced by the one
d
calculated from the formula: A = 6.00 for gas engines

HC = 0.19 + (1.5 × A × GER) Table 9. Stage 5 Emissions Standards for Generator

Set Engines Above 560 kW
where GER is the average gas energy ratio over the appropri- Net
CO HC NOx PM PN
ate cycle. Where both a steady-state and transient test cycle Cat. Ign. Power Date
applies, the GER shall be determined from the hot-start tran- kW g/kWh 1/kWh
sient test cycle. If the calculated limit for HC exceeds the value NRG- P>
of 0.19 + A, the limit for HC should be set to 0.19 + A. All 2019 3.50 0.19a 0.67 0.035 -
v/c-1 560
In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, The European a
A = 6.00 for gas engines
Parliament agreed to delay some Stage V transition deadlines
by one year.

Emissions Standards: Germany

Stationary Engines — TA Luft

Background sions of pollutants from stationary internal combustion engines.

Emissions from stationary engines in Germany are controlled The TA Luft requirements have been widely applied to station-
by the TA Luft regulation introduced in 1986 and later by the ary gas and diesel engines not only in Germany, but also in
44th BImSchV introduced in 2019. several other European markets.

The Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft, in short The most recent revision of the TA Luft regulation, known as
referred to as TA Luft, is a regulation covering air quality TA Luft 2002, was adopted on July 24, 2002. Compared to the
requirements—including emissions, ambient exposures and previous requirements, TA Luft 2002 introduced more stringent
their control methods—applicable to a number of pollutants emission limits for particulate matter, sulfur oxides, and nitro-
from a range of stationary sources. The TA Luft regulation, gen oxides from internal combustion engines.
based on the “Federal Air Pollution Control Act” (“Bundes-
Immissionsschutzgesetz”), was introduced and enforced by the On June 20, 2019, updated emissions standards previ-
German Environment Ministry BMU (Bundesministerium für ously covered by TA Luft 2002 entered into force with the
Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit). publication of 44. Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-
Immissionsschutzgesetzes (Verordnung über mittelgroße
Among other sources, the TA Luft regulation covers emis- Feuerungs-, Gasturbinen- und Verbrennungsmotoranlagen)—

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44th BImSchV. While this incorporated EU Directive 2015/2193 BImSchV limits apply to new installations according to the
(Medium Combustion Plant Directive, MCPD) into German above dates and to exiting installations starting January 2025
law, 44th BImSchV included more stringent emission limits as unless otherwise noted.
well as limits on pollutants such as CO, NH3 and formalde-
hyde not included in the EU MCPD. Due to delays in finaliza- The following apply to engines subject to the 44th BImSchV
tion of the legislation, some of the 44th BImSchV requirements and used exclusively for emergency operation or operated no
apply retroactively. The 44th BImSchV requirements apply to more than 300 h/year (peak shaving operation) [4700]:
new plants while TA Luft 2002 requirements continue to apply • For new liquid fueled engines, a DPF is mandatory with
to existing sources until the end of 2024. particulate emissions limited to 5 mg/m3 unless particulate
emissions are less than 50 mg/m3.
Engine Emission Standards • For existing liquid fueled engines, a DPF is not required but
TA Luft 2002 and 44th BImSchV emission limits are given particulate emissions must be less than 80 mg/m3.
in the following tables [4701][4700]. Different limits exist for • CO emissions are not controlled but state of the art mea-
compression ignition (CI) and for spark ignited (SI) engines. sures must be used to limit emissions.
Gas fueled CI engines (dual fuel with diesel pilot ignition) often • Only for engines used exclusively only for emergency
enjoy more relaxed limits, especially if fueled by biogas (such operation (not engines used < 300 h/y), the formaldehyde
as sewage or landfill gas). It should be noted that the concentra- limit is 60 mg/m3.
tion values in the tables are at 5% O2 while those for the EU’s • NOx emissions are not controlled for engines using liquid
MCPD are at 15% O2. fuels, biogas, natural gas and LPG but state of the art mea-
sures must be used to limit emissions.
Under the 44th BImSCHv, existing installations are those • NOx emissions from biogas engines operated < 300 h/y
that: (1) were put into service before December 20, 2018 or (not those used exclusively for emergency operation), are
(2) were approved under the Federal Emission Control Act limited to 0.50 g/m3.
(Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz) and put into service by • SOx and total carbon emissions are not limited.
December 20, 2018. Installations to which the above defini-
tion does not apply are regarded as new installations. The 44th Consistent with the EU’s MCPD, the 44th BImSchV has an

Table 1 TA Luft 2002 and 44th BImSchV emission limits for new and existing gaseous fueled engines
TAL = TA Luft 2002; BIm = 44th BImSchV; Values expressed as concentration at 5% O2
Power COe NOxe SOxa,e HCHO TDa TCe NH3d
Gaseous Engine Type
3 3 3 3 3 3
MWth g/Nm g/Nm mg/Nm mg/Nm mg/Nm mg/Nm mg/Nm3
Fuel
TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BImf TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BIm
New &
Lean New:
0.5 existing:
burn 0.25
Natural 1.3 from 2025
0.3 0.25 0.1 from 2029 9 9 60 30
gas New &
Existing:
Other - - 0.25 0.1 from 2029 existing, λ=1:
0.3 from 2025
Lean New &
0.5
Mine gas burn 0.65 0.5 0.5 31 31 60 9 existing: 30
Other 0.25 New: 1.3 from 2025
30b
Pilot <3 2 1 New: 40 20 from 2020
injection Existing: New:
≥3 0.65 0.5 0.50g 40 1.3 from 2023
Biogas - - 0.5 0.1 from 2023 310 89 30b,c 30
<3 1 0.5 60 Existing:
Spark Existing:
0.3 from 2029
ignition ≥3 0.65 0.5 0.1 from 2029 60

Pilot <3 2 1 60
injection ≥3 0.65 0.5 60 New &
Sewage
- - 0.5 0.5 310 89 existing: 30
gas <3 1 0.5 60
Spark 1.3 from 2025
ignition ≥3 0.65 0.25 60
Lean New: New:
0.5 60
burn 31 60b
Landfill
- - 0.65 0.65 310 Existing: 40 from 2025 9 30
gas
Other 0.25 31; 310 for 60 Existing:
P<1 MWth 40
a
- these limit values are specified in the 44th BImSchV with 3% reference oxygen and are converted to 5% in this table
b
- applies to spark-ignition or lean-burn engines; a limit value of 5 mg/m3 applies to other engines
c
- if formaldehyde emissions of up to 40 mg/m3 were measured during the last emission measurement before 05.12.2016, the limit values must be
complied with from 05.02.2019
d
e
- for engines using selective catalytic or selective non-catalytic reduction
- limits do not apply to emergencyProduced
engines orin cooperation
engines with:
used for peak [Link]
shaving for less than 300 h/y
f
- for emergency only engines, a limit of 60 mg/m3 applies
g
-68limitPOWER
appliesSOURCING
to biogas engines
GUIDEoperating
2021-2022< 300 h/y
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

emission monitoring requirement. In most cases, this requires The TA Luft 2002 limits for diesel engines are rather strict.
measurements once a year or once every 3 years depend- The NOx limit of 0.5 g/Nm3 typically requires the use of SCR
ing on the fuel used and the particular emission component. catalysts on large diesel engines.
However, NOx and NH3 emissions must be continuously
monitored. Monitoring of NH3 is not required if an ammonia Sulfur Regulations
slip catalyst (ASC) is used. According to TA Luft 2002, a liquid fired stationary engine is
to burn a light fuel oil according to DIN 51603 Part 1 (March
All of the above engine emission limits are expressed as dry 1998) containing max. 0.2% (wt.) sulfur and with a lower heat-
gas concentrations at STP conditions, that have been corrected ing value > 42.6 MJ/kg, or to reach an equivalent SO2 limit by
to a 5% oxygen content using the following formula: installing a flue gas desulfurization unit. The equivalent SO2
EB = EM × (21 - OB)/(21 - OM) limit resulting from the above fuel requirement is about 110
where: mg/Nm3 @ 15% O2 = approx. 300 mg/Nm3 @ 5% O2. The
EB - mass concentration of pollutant corrected for the refer-
ence O2 concentration, TA Luft 2002 sulfur limits no longer apply to either new or
EM - measured mass concentration of pollutant, existing installations.
OB - reference O2 concentration, vol. %, Only the following liquid petroleum fuels may be used in
OM - measured O2 concentration, vol. %. stationary diesel engines: heating oils according to DIN 51603
Part 1 (petroleum fuels) or Part
Table 2 TA Luft 2002 and 44th BImSchV emission limits for new and existing liquid fueled engines
th
TAL = TA Luft 2002; BIm = 44 BImSchV; Values expressed as concentration at 5% O2 6 (petroleum fuels/renewable fuel
b b d
blends), March 2017 edition, with
Power CO NOx HCHO TD NH3
a maximum sulfur content of 0.1%
Liquid Fuel MWth g/Nm3 g/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mass or diesel fuels according to
TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BIm TAL BIm EN 590 with a maximum sulfur
content of 10 mg/kg. Requirements
Diesel, light fuel oil, <3 - 1
0.3 0.3 0.1 60 20/60c 20/80a 20/50a - 30 for gaseous fuels are also covered
ethanol, methanol, etc. ≥3 - 0.5 by the regulations [4701][4702].
a
- higher value applies to engines used for emergency operation only or peak shaving operation for less than 300 h/y
b
- limits do not apply to emergency engines or engines used for peak shaving for less than 300 h/y
c
- higher value applies to engines used for emergency operation only
d
- for engines using selective catalytic or selective non-catalytic reduction

Emissions Standards: Russia

All Vehicles Categories
Light-Duty Vehicles Table 2. Emissions Requirements for Heavy-Duty Engines
Russia adopts European emissions standards, which apply
to both manufactured and imported vehicles. Implementation Date Requirement
dates are listed in Table 1. 1999.01 Euro 1 / Ecological Class 1 (ECE R49.02)
2006.01 Euro 2 / Ecological Class 2 (ECE R49.02 Stage 2)
2008.01 Euro 3 / Ecological Class 3 (ECE R49.04-A)
Heavy-Duty Engines
2010.01 Euro 4 / Ecological Class 4 (ECE R49.04-B1)
Heavy-duty highway engines are required to meet European
2014.01 Euro 5 / Ecological Class 5 (ECE R49.04-B2 C)
emissions standards. The implementation schedule is outlined
in Table 2.
Table 3. Emissions Requirements for Mobile Nonroad Engines

Nonroad Engines Standard EU Equivalent

Russia adopts European emissions standards for mobile non- GOST R41 96-99 Stage 1 (Dir 77/537/EC and Dir 97/68/EC,
ECE R24 test)
road engines. Current requirements are shown in Table 3.
Automobile and Aviation Fuel, Diesel and Ship Fuel, Fuel for
Fuel Quality Reactive Engines and Heating Oil” (with amendments delaying
According to the “Technical rules on the Requirements for the requirements), low sulfur diesel fuels are phased-in based
on the following schedule:
Table 1. Emissions Requirements for Light-Duty Vehicles • Euro 2 fuel is required from December 31, 2012.
Date Requirement • Euro 3 fuel (equivalent to EN 590:1999 with max 350 ppm
1999.01 Euro 1 (ECE R83.02) sulfur) is required from December 31, 2014.
2006.04 Euro 2 (ECE R83.03) • Euro 4 fuel (equivalent to EN 590:2004 with max 50 ppm
2008.01 Euro 3 (ECE R83.05 Stage 3) sulfur) is required from December 31, 2015.
2010.01 Euro 4 (ECE R83.05 Stage 4) • The state may order lower standard fuel for defense purposes.
2014.01 Euro 5 Fuels from the state reserve can be sold for five more years.

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Emissions Standards: Turkey

Non-Road Diesel Engines
Emissions standards for non-
Table 1. Turkish Emissions Standards for Nonroad Diesel Engines
road engines are adopted by
the Turkish Ministry of Industry Stage Power (P), kW Date
and Trade. The standards are Mobile Nonroad Engines
Stage 1 (Phase 1) 37 ≤ P ≤ 560 2003.04
fully harmonized with the EU
Stage 2 (Phase 2) 18 ≤ P ≤ 560 2007
regulations, but implementa-
Stage 3a (Phase 3a) 19 ≤ P ≤ 560 2010
tion dates are different, as out-
Stage 3b (Phase 3b) 130 ≤ P ≤ 560 2011
lined in the following table. All
56 ≤ P < 130 2012
the implementation dates are 37 ≤ P < 56 2013
market placement dates. Stage 4 (Phase 4) 130 ≤ P ≤ 560 2014
56 ≤ P < 130 2014.10
Inland Waterway Vessels
Stage 3a (Phase 3a) 37 ≤ P 2010
Rail Engines
Stage 3a (Phase 3a) 130 ≤ P 2010
Stage 3b (Phase 3b) 130 ≤ P 2012

Emissions Standards: Japan

New Engines And Vehicles
Regulatory Authorities Off-Road Engines
Japanese emissions standards for engines and vehicles and First emissions regulations for new off-road engines and vehi-
fuel efficiency targets are jointly developed by a number of cles, known as MOT/MOC standards, were adopted by the former
government agencies, including: Ministry of Transport (MOT) and Ministry of Construction (MOC).
• Ministry of the Environment (MOE). After the reorganization of Japanese government in 2001,
• Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT). off-road engine emissions fell under the jurisdiction of MOE
• Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). and MLIT, the same ministries that are responsible for regulat-
In developing engine emissions standards and policies, the ing emissions from highway engines. First MOE/MLIT standards
Ministry of the Environment relies on recommendations of its for off-road engines were promulgated in 2005.
advisory body known as the Central Environment Council (CEC).
Engine and vehicle emissions standards are developed under
the authority of the “Air Pollution Control Law”, while fuel
Marine Engines
efficiency targets are adopted under the “Law Concerning the In 2003, the MLIT proposed emissions regulations for new
Rational Use of Energy” (Energy Conservation Law). and existing ocean-going ships. The regulations, aligned with
the 1997 MARPOL 73/78 Annex 6 limits (by International
On-Road Engines and Vehicles Maritime Organization), require cutting NOx emissions by
Japan introduced fist new engine emissions standards for on- about 10% from previous non-regulated levels.
road vehicles in the late 1980’s. The Japanese standards, how-
ever, remained relaxed through the 1990’s. In 2003 the MOE Emissions Standards: Japan
finalized very stringent 2005 emissions standards for both light
and heavy vehicles. At the time they came to power, the 2005 In-Use Vehicle Regulations
heavy-duty emissions standards (NOx = 2 g/kWh, PM = 0.027
g/kWh) were the most stringent diesel emissions regulation in
the world. Effective 2009, these limits are further tightened Automotive NOx and PM Law
(NOx = 0.7 g/kWh, PM = 0.01 g/kWh) to a level in-between In 1992, to cope with NOx pollution from existing vehicle
the U.S. 2010 and Euro 5 requirements. fleets the MOE adopted the Motor Vehicle NOx Law, which
Most categories of onroad vehicles, including passenger cars aimed at the elimination of the oldest, most polluting
and heavy-duty trucks and buses, are also subject to mandatory vehicles from in-use fleets in certain geographical areas. In
fuel efficiency targets. The Japanese fuel efficiency require- 2001, the regulation has been amended to also include PM
ments for heavy trucks and buses were the world’s first fuel emissions requirements, and renamed as Automotive NOx
economy regulation for heavy vehicles. and PM Law.

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Tokyo Retrofit Program

The Tokyo government and several neighboring prefectures Emissions standards for new diesel fueled commercial
adopted diesel emissions regulations, which require retrofitting vehicles are summarized in Table 1 for light vehicles (chas-
of older in-use diesel vehicles with PM control devices (cata- sis dynamometer test) and in Table 2 for heavy vehicles
lytic converters or particulate filters), or else replacing them (engine dynamometer test).
with newer, cleaner models. The Tokyo retrofit requirements Light-duty trucks and buses are tested on the 10-15
became effective in October 2003. mode cycle, which will be fully replaced by the JC08 mode
test by 2011. The test procedure for heavy-duty engines
Emissions Standards: Japan is the JE05 mode cycle (hot start version). Before 2005,
heavy-duty engines were tested over the 13-mode cycle
On-Road Vehicles And Engines and the 6-mode cycle. Vehicles and engines are tested
using 50 ppm S fuel for the 2005 standards.

Table 1. Diesel Emissions Standards for Light Commercial Vehicles GVW ≤ 3500 kg (≤ 2500 kg before 2005)

Vehicle Date Test Unit CO HC NOx PM

Weight*
mean (max) mean (max) mean (max) mean (max)
≤ 1700 kg 1988 10-15 mode g/km 2.1 (2.7) 0.40 (0.62) 0.90 (1.26)
1993 2.1 (2.7) 0.40 (0.62) 0.60 (0.84) 0.20 (0.34)
1997 2.1 (2.7) 0.40 (0.62) 0.40 (0.55) 0.08 (0.14)
2002 0.63 0.12 0.28 0.052
2005b JC08c 0.63 0.024d 0.14 0.013
2009 0.63 0.024d 0.08 0.005
> 1700 kg 1988 6 mode ppm 790 (980) 510 (670) DI: 380 (500)
IDI: 260 (350)
1993 10-15 mode g/km 2.1 (2.7) 0.40 (0.62) 1.30 (1.82) 0.25 (0.43)
a
1997 2.1 (2.7) 0.40 (0.62) 0.70 (0.97) 0.09 (0.18)
2003 0.63 0.12 0.49 0.06
b c d
2005 JC08 0.63 0.024 0.25 0.015
2009e 0.63 0.024d 0.15 0.007
* - gross vehicle weight (GVW)
a
- 1997: manual transmission vehicles; 1998: automatic transmission vehicles
b
- full implementation by the end of 2005
c
- full phase-in by 2011
d
- non-methane hydrocarbons
e
- 2009.10 for new domestic models; 2010.09 for existing models & imports

Table 2. Diesel Emissions Standards for Heavy Commercial VehiclesGVW > 3500 kg (> 2500 kg before 2005)
Date Test Unit CO HC NOx PM
mean (max) mean (max) mean (max) mean (max)
1988/89 6 mode ppm 790 (980) 510 (670) DI: 400 (520)
IDI: 260 (350)
1994 13 mode g/kWh 7.40 (9.20) 2.90 (3.80) DI: 6.00 (7.80) 0.70 (0.96)
IDI: 5.00 (6.80)
1997a 7.40 (9.20) 2.90 (3.80) 4.50 (5.80) 0.25 (0.49)
2003b 2.22 0.87 3.38 0.18
c d
2005 JE05 2.22 0.17 2.0 0.027
2009 2.22 0.17d 0.7 0.01
a
- 1997: GVW ≤ 3500 kg; 1998: 3500 < GVW ≤ 12000 kg; 1999: GVW > 12000 kg
b
- 2003: GVW ≤ 12000 kg; 2004: GVW > 12000 kg
c
- full implementation by the end of 2005
d
- non-methane hydrocarbons

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former MOT standards. On March 28, 2006, the same stan-

Emissions Standards: Japan dards were promulgated for Nonroad Vehicles, superseding
former MOC standards.
Off-Road Engines
The standards are summarized in Table 1 for compression
ignition engines, and in Table 2 for spark ignited engines.
Regulatory Background Emissions are measured according to JIS B 8001-1 (Japanese
After the reorganization of Japanese government in 2001,
version of ISO 8178) 8-mode test for diesel, 7-mode test for SI.
off-road engine emissions standards became the responsibility
Smoke is measured according to JCMAS T-004.
of MOE and MLIT. The former MOT/MOC emissions regula-
tions were replaced by three groups of emissions standards, These standards, although similar in stringency to the U.S.
applicable to the following categories of equipment: Tier 3 (2006-2008) and the EU Stage 3a (2005-2007), are not
harmonized with U.S. and EU regulations. The standards do
1. Special Motor Vehicles — self-propelled nonroad vehicles not require the use of exhaust aftertreatment devices, such as
and machinery that are registered for operation on public diesel particulate filters. The MOE’s Central Environmental
roads (fitted with license plates). Council indicated it will consider adopting “aftertreatment-
2. Nonroad Motor Vehicles — self-propelled and non- forcing” standards with implementation dates around 2010.
registered nonroad vehicles and machinery.
3. Portable And Transportable Equipment: Recognition
Portable/Transportable Equipment (Recognition System)
System — recognition of low emissions engines for desig-
Under the recognition system regulations that became effective
nation of low emissions construction machinery. on March 17, 2006, manufacturers may apply for their engines
to be recognized as a low emissions engine for use in designated
Special/Nonroad Motor Vehicles low emissions construction machinery. The recognition system
These standards apply to nonroad vehicles rated between applies to portable and transportable (i.e., non-self-propelled)
19-560 kW with (Special Motor Vehicles) or without (Nonroad equipment, which is not emissions regulated under the Special/
Motor Vehicles) licence plates. The emissions limits for the two Nonroad Motor Vehicle regulations.
vehicle categories are the same, but they are introduced by
separate regulatory acts. On June 28, 2005, the MOE promul- The emissions standards are listed in Table 3. Emissions are
gated a new set of standards for Special Vehicles, superseding measured over the JIS B 8001-1 (ISO 8178) 8-mode test. For gen-
erator application, the rated speed is for 60 Hz and the intermedi-
ate speed is for 50 Hz.
Table 1. Emissions Standards for Diesel
Special/Nonroad Vehicles, g/kWh
Table 3. Emissions Limits — Recognition System, g/kWh
Power (P) CO HC NOx PM Smoke Date
Power (P) CO HC NOx PM Smoke
New All
Models Models† kW g/kWh %
kW g/kWh %
8 ≤ P < 19 5.0 7.5* 0.4 40
19 ≤ P < 37 5.0 1.0 6.0 0.4 40 2007.10 2008.09
19 ≤ P < 37 5.0 1.0 6.0 0.4 40
37 ≤ P < 56 5.0 0.7 4.0 0.3 35 2008.10 2009.09
37 ≤ P < 56 5.0 0.7 4.0 0.3 35
56 ≤ P < 75 5.0 0.7 4.0 0.25 30 2008.10 2010.09
56 ≤ P < 75 5.0 0.7 4.0 0.25 30
75 ≤ P < 130 5.0 0.4 3.6 0.2 25 2007.10 2008.09
75 ≤ P < 130 5.0 0.4 3.6 0.2 25
130 ≤ P < 560 3.5 0.4 3.6 0.17 25 2006.10 2008.09
130 ≤ P < 560 3.5 0.4 3.6 0.17 25
† Applies to continuously produced nonroad vehicles (but not special
vehicles) and imported special/nonroad vehicles. * NOx + HC

Table 2. Emissions Standards for Spark Ignited Emissions Standards: Japan

Special/Nonroad Vehicles, g/kWh

Power (P) 7-mode Idle Date

Fuel Economy
CO HC NOx CO HC New All
Models Models† Heavy-Duty Vehicles: 2015 Targets
kW g/kWh % ppm The fuel economy standards for heavy vehicles — effective
19 ≤ P < 560 20.0 0.60 0.60 1 500 2007.10 2008.09 from 2015 — apply to diesel fueled, type-approved commercial
vehicles with GVW > 3.5 t, including trucks and buses designed
† Applies to continuously produced nonroad vehicles (but not special to carry 11 or more passengers. The standards are also appli-
vehicles) and imported special/nonroad vehicles.
cable to non-type-approved diesel vehicles that are equipped

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72 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

with CO or other emissions control devices. Fuel economy from The standards for heavy vehicles are summarized in the fol-
heavy vehicles fueled by gasoline, LPG or other alternative fuels lowing tables.
is not regulated. Testing. A computer simulation procedure has been developed
that allows to calculate fuel efficiency (in km/L) of heavy-duty
When the targets are fully met, the fleet average fuel econo- trucks and buses based on engine dynamometer testing. The
my is estimated at: engine testing is performed over the urban JE05 test and over
• For trucks: 7.09 km/L (369.6 g CO2/km), a 12.2% increase an interurban transient test (speed: 80 km/h, load factor: 50%).
over 2002 performance of 6.32 km/L (414.6 g CO2/km). A number of vehicle factors, such as vehicle mass, payload, tire
• For buses: 6.30 km/L (416.0 g CO2/km), a 12.1% increase size, gear ratios and efficiency, and others are accounted for in
over 2002 performance of 5.62 km/L (466.3 g CO2/km). the calculation.

Table 1. 2015 Fuel Efficiency Targets for Table 3. 2015 Fuel Efficiency Targets for Heavy-Duty Trucks
Heavy-Duty Transit Buses (Excluding Tractors)
Category GVW, t FE Target, km/L Category GVW, t Max Load FE Target, km/L
(L), t
1 6 < GVW ≤ 8 6.97
1 L ≤ 1.5 10.83
2 8 < GVW ≤ 10 6.30 2 1.5 < L ≤ 2 10.35
3.5 < GVW ≤ 7.5
3 10 < GVW ≤ 12 5.77 3 2<L≤3 9.51
4 12 < GVW ≤ 14 5.14 4 3<L 8.12
5 7.5 < GVW ≤ 8 7.24
5 14 < GVW 4.23
6 8 < GVW ≤ 10 6.52
7 10 < GVW ≤ 12 6.00
Table 2. 2015 Fuel Efficiency Targets for Heavy-Duty 8 12 < GVW ≤ 14 5.69
General (Non-Transit) Buses 9 14 < GVW ≤ 16 4.97
Category GVW, t FE Target, km/L 10 16 < GVW ≤ 20 4.15
1 3.5 < GVW ≤ 6 9.04 11 20 < GVW 4.04
2 6 < GVW ≤ 8 6.52
3 8 < GVW ≤ 10 6.37
4 10 < GVW ≤ 12 5.70 Table 4. 2015 Fuel Efficiency Targets for Heavy-Duty Tractors
5 12 < GVW ≤ 14 5.21 Category GVW, t FE Target, km/L
6 14 < GVW ≤ 16 4.06 1 GVW ≤ 20 3.09
7 16 < GVW 3.57 2 GVW > 20 2.01

Emissions Standards: China

Heavy-Duty On-Road Engines

Implementation Schedule Supplemental China 4-5 Requirements

With a few exceptions, emission standards for new on-road Supplemental requirements were adopted to prevent excess
heavy-duty vehicles (HGV) and engines are based on the NOx emissions during low-speed, urban driving conditions
European standards. Implementation dates for the emission from some HDVs type approved to China 4 and China 5 stan-
standards are listed in Table 1. China 6a and China 6b standards. These requirements included:
dards include the same emission limits, but China 6b includes • World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) limits —
some more stringent in-use (PEMS) testing and monitoring applicable in Beijing and nationally, and
requirements. • PEMS testing requirements — first applicable in Beijing,
then nationally.
China 3-7 Emission Standards The Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau
(EPB) released two local standards in February 2013 and the
Emission Limits
Ministry of Environmental Protection adopted a national stan-
The legislation for China 3-5 stages — which were based
dard in January 2014. These standards are supplemental to
on Euro 3-5, respectively — was adopted in 2005 [2881]. The
China 4 and 5 standards and apply to China 4 and 5 vehicles
emission limits are shown in Table 2. with GVW > 3,500 kg, registered in Beijing and nationally,
respectively.
At the China 1/2 stage (not shown in the table), the test was
ECE R-49 or the Chinese 9-mode.

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Table 1. Emission standards implementation dates

Guangzhou Nationwide Initially

Stage Beijing Shanghai
Type Approval All Vehicles Scheduled

China 1 2000.09 2001.09

China 2 2003.09 2004.01
China 3 PI 2010.07 2010.08 2009.07 2009.07 2010.07 2007.07
CI 2006.01 2007.01 2007.07 2007.01 2008.01 2007.01
China 4 PI 2011.01 2012.07 2013.07 2010.01
CI 2011.01 2009.11 2010.08 2010.01 2015.01 2010.01
a,c a a d,e
China 5 2013.02 2014.01 2016.01 2016.04 2012.01
2015.06b 2017.01e
2017.07b
China 6a Gas 2019.07
All 2021.07f
China 6b Gas 2021.07
All 2023.07
a
Public buses and municipal service vehicles
b
All vehicles
c
Starting 2016.01, DPFs are also required on new public HDDVs (buses and municipal service vehicles)
d
Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong and Guangzhou
e
Public transportation buses, sanitary and postal vehicles
f
2020.07 for urban HDVs

WHTC Limits. One of the Beijing

Table 2. China 3-5 emission standards for heavy-duty engines standards [2895] implemented March 1,
CO HC NMHC NOx PM NH3 Smoke 2013 and the national standard [2897]
Stage Test Cycle [3400] implemented January 1, 2015,
g/kWh ppm 1/m
a
required China 4 and 5 engines to be
China 3 ESC + ELR 2.1 0.66 - 5.0 0.10 0.8
tested over the WHTC in addition to
ETC 5.45 - 0.78 5.0 0.16a - the ETC (in Europe, testing over the
China 4 ESC + ELR 1.5 0.46 - 3.5 0.02 0.5 WHTC was not required until the Euro 6
stage). The Beijing standards applied to
ETC 4.0 - 0.55 3.5 0.03 -
diesel and gas fueled engines while the
b
China 5 ESC + ELR 1.5 0.46 - 2.0 0.02 10 0.5 national standards applied to only diesel
ETC 4.0 - 0.55 2.0 0.03 10b - fueled engines. Both cold-start and hot-
a
0.13/0.21 (ESC/ETC) for engines < 0.75 L per cylinder and rated speed > 3000 rpm start tests were required, with results
b
Cycle average; 25 ppm maximum weighted 14% and 86%, respectively.
Table 3 and Table 4 provide the WHTC
cycle limits for the China 4 and 5 stages.
Most of the limit values are equal to the
Table 3. Beijing WHTC emission limits for diesel and gas China IV and V engines, g/kWh
Euro 4/5 ETC values except those for
Stage Date CO NMHC CH4a NOx PMb NOx emissions.
China 4 2013.03 4.0 0.55 1.1 3.7 0.03
China 5 2013.07 c
4.0 0.55 1.1 2.8 0.03 PEMS Testing. The second Beijing
a
standard [2896], implemented July 1,
Only gas engines
b 2013, established in-use, complete
Not applicable to gas engines
c
Buses and sanitary vehicles; other vehicles upon availability of suitable fuel vehicle Portable Emission Measurement
System (PEMS) testing requirements for
manufacturers to prove that real-world
emissions do not overly exceed the type
Table 4. National WHTC emission limits for diesel China IV and V engines, g/kWh approval limit values. From October
Stage Date CO NMHC NOx PM 1, 2017, PEMS testing requirements
China 4 2015.01 4.0 0.55 3.7 0.03 became effective nationally, applicable
to new type approvals of China V heavy-
China 5 in line with China 5 4.0 0.55 2.8 0.03 duty diesel- and gas-powered models.

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China 6 Emission Standards Table 5. China 6 emission standards for heavy-duty engines
The first proposal for Euro 6-based
Stage Test Cycle CO HC NMHC CH4 NOx PM PN NH3
emission standards was published in
-1
2015 by the City of Beijing. These mg/kWh kWh ppm
Beijing 6 emission standards were China 6 CI WHSC 1500 130 - - 400 10 8.0×10 11
10
never finalized and have been
WHTC 4000 160 - - 460 10 6.0×1011 10
replaced with the national China 6
program. The final China 6 emis- WNTE 2000 220 - - 600 16 - -
sion standards were published in China 6 PI WHTC 4000 - 160 500 460 10 6.0×1011 10
2018, with a phase-in schedule from
WNTE 2000 220 - - 600 16 - -
2019.07 through 2023.07 (Table 1).
The emission limits are shown in
Table 5.

Table 6. Emission durability requirements

Category Useful Life Aftertreatment Testing
China 1-5 China 6 GB 20890-2007 HJ 438-2008
M1 (GVW > 3.5 t) 100,000 km/5 yrs 200,000 km/5 yrs 50,000 km 100,000 km
M2
M3 (GVW ≤ 7.5 t) 200,000 km/6 yrs 300,000 km/6 yrs 60,000 km 125,000 km
N2 and N3 (GVW ≤ 16 t)
M3 (GVW > 7.5 t) 500,000 km/7 yrs 700,000 km/7 yrs 80,000 km 167,000 km
N3 (GVW > 16 t)

The China 6 regulation includes a multi-component compli- based on the Euro 6 OBD program. An OBD system must be
ance program involving agency- and manufacturer-run emis- installed on all China 6 engines and vehicles to identify, record
sion tests during pre-production, production, and in-use stages. and communicate types of malfunctions. The OBD threshold
It also includes full vehicle PEMS testing requirements based on limits are listed in Table 7. If emissions exceed an OBD thresh-
the European PEMS regulations. old over a certain amount of time, a permanent code must be
The China 6 standards include two phases, China 6a and stored in the computer. An operator inducement system is also
China 6b. China 6a is largely equivalent to the Euro 6 stan- required that, when activated, reduces the vehicle torque and/
dard. China 6b introduces more stringent testing requirements or limits the maximum speed.
(including a PN limit of 1.2×1012 kWh-1 for full-vehicle PEMS
tests) and a remote emission monitoring system. Remote OBD. China 6b standards require HDVs to be
equipped with an on-board remote emissions monitoring sys-
Emission Durability tem. Real-time engine data from the ECU, NOx sensor, DPF
Emission durability requirements, including the engine use- and other emission-related data are required to be reported
ful life and the minimum aftertreatment testing periods, are remotely to the monitoring center of the regulatory agency.
shown in Table 6. The aftertreatment periods according to
HJ 438-2008 are mandatory for type approval and produc- Table 7. OBD threshold limits, mg/kWh
tion conformity, while GB 20890-2007 provides a guideline Engine type NOx PM CO
to conduct aftertreatment durability testing during product
Compression ignition 1200 25 -
development.
Gas-fueled positive ignition 1200 - 7500
The GB 20890-2007 standard recommends that aftertreat-
ment testing be conducted on-vehicle, over the China Heavy-
Duty Durability Cycle — Vehicle (C-HDD-V). Alternatively, an
engine-based durability test can be conducted over the China Emissions Standards: China
Heavy-Duty Durability Cycle — Engine (C-HDD-E).
Non-Road Engines
Emission Warranty. China 6 regulations introduced the first
mandatory emission warranty program for HDVs. The China 6 Regulatory Background
minimum emission warranty periods are 80,000 km/5 years for The implementation of China’s emission standards for diesel
vehicle categories M1, M2 and N1; and 160,000 km/5 years and small spark ignition (SI) mobile nonroad engines is sum-
for categories M3, N2, and N3. marized in Table 1. Some of the important regulatory steps
include:
OBD Requirements
China 6 regulations include OBD requirements that are Diesel Stage 2/3 standards: The first emission standards

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for mobile nonroad diesel engines (GB 20891-2007) were A Stage 4 implementation date of 2020.01 was proposed and
adopted in 2007 [2880]. The requirements were based on the later changed to 2020.12.
European Stage 1/2 nonroad emission standards. However, the
Chinese regulation also covered small diesel engines, which Smoke emissions: In September 2018, a test procedure
were not subject to the European standards. Emission limits for and limits for measuring smoke emissions from non-road
the smallest engines were consistent with US Tier 1/2 nonroad equipment and vehicles, GB 36886-2018, was published. The
standards. procedure became effective in December 2018.

Table 1. Implementation of National Non-Road Engine Emission Standards

Small SI Stage 1/2 standards:
Year 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21+ In December 2010, emissions stan-
Diesel 1 1/2 2 2/3 3 4 dards for mobile nonroad spark igni-
tion engines < 19 kW were pub-
Small SI; HH 1 2
lished (GB26133-2010), with lim-
Small SI; nHH 1 2 its based on EU and US standards.
Stage 1 requirements became effec-
Table 2. Stage 1/2 Standards for Non-Road Diesel engines, g/kWh tive 2010.03. Stage 2 implementa-
Diesel Stage 3/4 standards: In May 2014, the MEP pub- tion was different for non-handheld/
Max Power (P), kW CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM
lished GB 20891-2014 specifying China Stage 3 emission stan- handheld engines with require-
Stage1†
dards and proposed limits for Stage 4 [3053] that are based on ments for new engine types starting
the130
EU≤Stage
P ≤ 5603a and EU Stage
5.0 3b requirements,
1.3 respectively.
9.2 - 0.54 2013.01/2015.01 respectively and
Limits for the smallest and largest engines are based on US Tier all new engines 2014.01/2016.01
75 ≤ P < 130 5.0 1.3 9.2 - 0.7
2 requirements. The Stage 3 standards became effective from respectively.
37 ≤ Pfor
2014.10 < 75 6.5from 2015.10
new types and 1.3 for all engines.
9.2 The - 0.85
18 ≤ P limits
proposed < 37 for Stage8.4
4 included in 2.1GB20891-2014
10.8 were - 1.0 Diesel Engines
further supplemented
8 ≤ P < 18
with a proposal issued in February 2018
8.4 - - 12.9 - Stage 1/2 Emission Standards
with a wall flow DPF requirement. Engine makers were also
0 < P < 8 12.3 - - 18.4 - The standards, Table 2, were based
encouraged to meet standards based on EU Stage 5 standards.
on European regulations. The compli-
Stage 2
ance dates were:
130 ≤ P ≤ 560 3.5 1.0 6.0 - 0.2
75 ≤ P < 130 5.0 1.0 6.0 - 0.3 • Stage 1 standards: 2007.10
• Stage 2 standards: 2009.10
37 ≤ P < 75 5.0 1.3 7.0 - 0.4
18 ≤ P < 37 5.5 1.5 8.0 - 0.8 Emissions were measured over a
8 ≤ P < 18 6.6 - - 9.5 0.8 steady-state test cycle equivalent to
0<P<8 8.0 - - 10.5 1.0 the ISO 8178 C1, 8-mode test. Other
ISO 8178 test cycles could be used
† Stage 1 limits shall be achieved before any exhaust aftertreatment device.
for selected applications.

Table 3. Stage 3 and Proposed Stage 4 Limits Stage 3/4 Emission Standards
Stage Power CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM GB20891-2014 included the Stage
3 limits as well as Stage 4 limits,
kW g/kWh
Table 3. The Stage 3 limits are based
Stage 3 P>560 3.5 6.4 0.20 on EU Stage 3a standards and the
130≤P≤560 3.5 4.0 0.20 proposed Stage 4 limits on EU Stage
3b standards but with the addition of
75≤P<130 5.0 4.0 0.30
engines with net power >560 kW and
37≤P<75 5.0 4.7 0.40 < 37 kW. Limits for engines above
P<37 5.5 7.5 0.60 560 kW and under 37 kW are based
on US Tier 2 requirements. Stage 3
Proposed P>560 3.5 0.40 3.5, 0.67* 0.10
Stage 4 engines and constant speed Stage 4
engines are measured over the ISO
130≤P≤560 3.5 0.19 2.0 0.025
8178. Variable speed Stage 4 engines
75≤P<130 5.0 0.19 3.3 0.025 were to be tested over the NRTC.
56≤P<75 5.0 0.19 3.3 0.025 Durability requirements are shown
in Table 4 .
37≤P<56 5.0 4.7 0.025
P<37 5.5 7.5 0.60
* Applicable to mobile generator sets with Pmax > 900 kW diesel engines

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Table 4. Stage 3/4 Durability Requirements

Stage 4 Emission Standards—2018/19
Power, kW Rated speed, rpm Effective life, h Minimum durabil-
Revisions ity test duration, h
The Stage 4 requirements proposed in
GB 20891-2014, Table 3, were further P 37 All 8000 2000
clarified and supplemented with additional 19≤P<37 Variable speed 5000 1250
requirements through a proposal issued Constant speed <
2018.02. This proposal supplemented the 3000
Stage 4 requirements in Table 3 with a DPF-
Constant speed 3000 750
forcing standard — a maximum PN limit 3000
of 5×1012 #/kWh. Engine manufacturers
were also encouraged to instead meet limits P<19 All
based on EU Stage 5 limits, Table 5.

Initially, an implementation date of Table 5. Voluntary Emission Limits Proposed in 2018

2020.01 was proposed; all nonroad engines Power CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM PN
produced on or after this date would be kW g/kWh #/kWh
required to meet the updated Stage 4
requirements. A revision to the proposal P>560 3.5 0.19 3.5, 0.67* 0.045
published 2019.02 changed the implemen- 130≤P≤560 3.5 0.19 0.40 0.015 1×1012
tation date to 2020.12, pointed to a supple- 56≤P<130 5.0 0.19 0.40 0.015 1×1012
mental document “Technical Requirements
37≤P<56 5.0 4.7 0.015 1×1012
for Non-road Diesel Mobile Machinery
Pollutant Emission Control” (HJ 1014) for 19≤P<37 5.0 4.7 0.015 1×1012
additional compliance guidance and stated P<19 5.5 7.5 0.40
that proposed China Stage 5 limits will also
* Applicable to mobile generator sets with Pmax > 900 kW diesel engines
be included in the final regulation.

Additional details for Stage 4 include: Table 6. Exhaust Smoke Limits

• Constant speed diesel engines would Category Rated net power, Light absorption Ringelmann
be tested over the NRSC and variable Pmax coefficienta Blackness
speed engines over the NRTC;
kW 1/m
• Wider applicable ambient boundary
conditions; Class 1 Pmax < 19 3.00 1
• PN limit to apply to 37-560 kW engines 19 ≤ Pmax < 37 2.00
(engines to be equipped with a wall-
37 ≤ Pmax ≤ 560 1.61
flow DPF);
• There should be no visible smoke dur- Class 2 Pmax < 19 2.00 1
ing DPF regeneration; 19 ≤ Pmax < 37 1.00 1 (no visible smoke)
• Average ammonia emissions are not to Pmax 37 0.80
exceed 25 ppm;
• If the engine is equipped with a vana- Class 3 Pmax < 37 0.80 1 (no visible smoke)
dium containing SCR catalyst, data Pmax 37 0.50
demonstrating that vanadium emissions a
for engines operating above 1700 m, the limit can be increased by 0.25 1/m
will not occur during the useful life is Class 1 limits apply to machinery with Stage 1 and 2 diesel engines (GB 20891-2007)
required and SCR inlet temperatures and Class 2 limits to machinery with Stage 3 and subsequent diesel engines (GB 20891-
above 550°C are not allowed; 2014). Class 3 limits can be used to limit emissions in low emission zones defined by
• PEMS to be used as the primary in-use the government.
compliance tool;
• An OBD requirement for NOx and PM controls, covering method for on-site measurements of non-road diesel mobile
EGR, DOC, DPF, SCR; machinery and vehicles as well as new and imported equip-
• Global positioning system will be required for all NRMMs ment. Smoke measurements can be carried out with an opacity
equipped with engines of 37-560 kW. meter according to GB 3847 or using the Ringelmann method
as described in an appendix to GB 36886-2018. The corre-
In-Use Smoke Emissions sponding limits are summarized in Table 6.
In the September 2018, Limits and measurement methods
for exhaust smoke from non-road mobile machinery equipped On-site smoke measurements are carried out during the
with diesel engine, GB 36886-2018, was published. This normal usage cycle of the equipment. If this is not possible,
standard specifies the exhaust smoke limit and measurement the free acceleration method (GB 3847) can be used. Opacity

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meter measurements are carried out with a sampling frequency Table 8. Small SI Engine Stage 1 Emission Limits, g/kWh
no less than 1 Hz and the maximum reading is taken as the Engine
test result. Ringelmann readings can be taken by video or other CO HC NOx HC+NOx
classification
similar method with the maximum Ringelmann rating taken as
SH1 805 295 5.36
the test result.
SH2 805 241 5.36
Small SI Engines: Stage 1/2 Emission Standards SH3 603 161 5.36
Stage 1 and 2 emissions requirements for small nonroad
FSH1 519 50
spark ignition engines are found in GB26133-2010. This stan-
dard applies to spark ignition engines with a net power of no FSH2 519 40
more than 19 kW for use in nonroad mobile machinery such FSH3 519 16.1
as: lawn mowers, chain saws, generators, water pumps and FSH4 519 13.4
brush cutters. Engines with a net power greater than 19 kW but
a working volume of no more than 1 L may be certified as well.
It does not apply to engines for the following purposes: for Table 9. Small SI Engine Stage 2 Emission Limits, g/kWh
driving boats; for underground mining or underground mining Engine
equipment; for emergency rescue equipment; for recreational CO NOx HC+NOx
classification
vehicles such as sleds, motocross and all-terrain vehicles;
SH1 805 10 50
engines built for export.
SH2 805 10 50
The application dates are as follows: SH3 603 10 72
FSH1 610 10 50
• Stage 1: New types/all new non-handheld and hand-held
engines 2011.03/2012.03, respectively. FSH2 610 10 40
• Stage 2: FSH3 610 10 16.1
• New types/all new non-handheld engines FSH4 610 10 13.4
2013.01/2014.01
• New types/all new hand-held engines
2015.01/2016.01, respectively. Table 10. Durability Requirements For Small SI Engines, Hrs
Engine Durability class
Testing is in accordance with ISO 8178 (GB/T 8190.4). classification
1 2 3
Emission requirements are based on EU Directive 97/68/EC
and its amendments found in 2002/88/EC as well as US EPA SH1 50 125 300
Phase 1 and 2 regulations (40 CFR Part 90). SH2 50 125 300
SH3 50 125 300
Engines are classified according to displacement volume as
shown in Table 7. FSH1 50 125 300
FSH2 125 250 500
Stage 1 limits are shown in Table 8 and Stage 2 limits in
FSH3 125 250 500
Table 9. The durability requirements are shown in Table 10.
Two-stroke engines for snowblowers, whether or not they are FSH4 250 500 1000
hand-held, only need to meet the SH1, SH2 or SH3 of the cor-
responding working volume. For natural gas-fueled engines,
NMHC may be used instead of HC. Locomotives
Table 7. Small SI Engine Classification Emission standards for locomotives and other rail traction
engines are published by the State Railway Administration.
Engine classifica- Displacement TB/T 2783-2017 specifies the limits for emissions from diesel
tion Volume, cm3
engines for railway traction. The standard applies to diesel
Handheld SH1 V<20 engines for railway traction, new traction equipment for
SH2 20≤V<50 railways or diesel engines reinstalled with existing traction
equipment. It does not apply to special-purpose locomotive
SH3 V 50
diesel engines (such as for refinery or mining locomotives) and
Non-handheld FSH1 V<66 diesel engines with output power less than 100 kW. Emission
FSH2 66≤V<100 standards have been based on UIC and EU NRMM standards.
Table 11 lists the emission standards that apply. EPA Tier 2
FSH3 100≤V<225
locomotives are also claimed to be acceptable and develop-
FSH4 V 225 ment of locomotives capable of meeting EPA Tier 3 and 4 and
EU NRMM Stage 3B is being encouraged [4395].

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Emissions Standards: India

On-Road Vehicles And Engines

Table 1. Indian Emissions Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) Background

The first Indian emissions regulations were
Standard Reference Date Region idle emissions limits which became effective
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide in 1989. These idle emissions regulations
Bharat Stage 2 Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai were soon replaced by mass emissions limits
2003.04 NCR*, 11 Cities† for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992)
2005.04 Nationwide vehicles, which were gradually tightened
Bharat Stage 3 Euro 3 2005.04 NCR*, 11 Cities† during the 1990’s. Since the year 2000, India
2010.04 Nationwide started adopting European emissions and fuel
Bharat Stage 4 Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 11 Cities† regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and
* National Capital Region (Delhi) for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emis-
† Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, sions regulations still apply to two- and three-
Surat, Kanpur and Agra wheeled vehicles.

On October 6, 2003, the National Auto

Table 2. Emissions Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles, g/km Fuel Policy has been announced, which
Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM envisages a phased program for introducing
Diesel Euro 2 — 4 emissions and fuel regulations
1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - - - by 2010. The implementation schedule of
1996 - 5.0-9.0 - 2.0-4.0 - - EU emissions standards in India is summa-
2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 - 0.14-0.25 rized in Table 1.
2005† Euro 2 1.0-1.5 - 0.7-1.2 - 0.08-0.17
2010† Euro 3 0.64 - 0.56 0.50 0.05 The above standards apply to all new
0.80 0.72 0.65 0.07 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the
0.95 0.86 0.78 0.10
respective regions. In addition, the National
2010‡ Euro 4 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025
Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emis-
0.63 0.39 0.33 0.04
0.74 0.46 0.39 0.06 sions requirements for interstate buses with
Gasoline routes originating or terminating in Delhi or
1991 - 14.3-27.1 2.0-2.9 - - - the other 10 cities.
1996 - 8.68-12.4 - 3.00-4.36 - -
1998* - 4.34-6.20 - 1.50-2.18 - - Light-Duty Vehicles
2000 Euro 1 2.72-6.90 - 0.97-1.70 - - Emissions standards for light-duty vehicles
2005† Euro 2 2.2-5.0 - 0.5-0.7 - - (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table
2010† Euro 3 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 - 2. Ranges of emissions limits refer to different
4.17 0.25 0.18 categories and classes of vehicles; compare
5.22 0.29 0.21 the EU light-duty vehicle emissions standards
2010‡ Euro 4 1.0 0.1 - 0.08 - page for details on the Euro 1 and later stan-
1.81 0.13 0.10
dards. The lowest limit in each range applies
2.27 0.16 0.11
to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6
* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1 seats). When three limits are listed, they refer
‡ only in selected regions, see Table 1 to vehicles category M & N1 Class 1, N1
Class 2, and N1 Class 3, respectively.

Table 3. Alternative Emissions Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Engines, g/kWh The test cycle has been the NEDC for
Year Reference CO HC NOx PM low-powered vehicles (max. speed limited
to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were
1992 - 14.0 3.5 18.0 -
measured over an Indian test cycle.
1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -
2000 Euro 1 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36* Gasoline vehicles must also meet an
2005† Euro 2 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effec-
tive 2000).
* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1
Through the BS 2 (Euro 2) stage, engines

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for use in light-duty vehicles could be alter- Table 4. Emissions Standards for Diesel Truck and Bus Engines, g/kWh
natively emissions tested using an engine Year Reference Test CO HC NOx PM
dynamometer. The respective emissions
1992 - ECE R49 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - -
standards are listed in Table 3.
1996 - ECE R49 11.20 2.40 14.4 -
OBD Requirements. OBD 1 is required 2000 Euro 1 ECE R49 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36*
from April 1, 2010 (except LPG or CNG- 2005† Euro 2 ECE R49 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
fuelled vehicles and those >3500 kg GVW). 2010† Euro 3 ESC 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10
OBD 2 is required from 1 April 2013 for all ETC 5.45 0.78 5.0 0.16
categories.
2010‡ Euro 4 ESC 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02
ETC 4.0 0.55 3.5 0.03
Truck and Bus Engines
Emissions standards for new heavy-duty * 0.612 for engines below 85 kW
† earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1
engines — applicable to vehicles of GVW ‡ only in selected regions, see Table 1
> 3,500 kg — are listed in Table 4.

Emissions Standards: India

Non-Road Diesel Engines

Regulatory Background
Bharat (CEV) Stage 2 - 3 emission standards for diesel con- emission requirements for agricultural tractors became harmo-
struction machinery were adopted on 21 September 2006. The nized with those for construction machinery for most engine
standards were structured into two tiers: categories.
• BS (CEV) 2 - These standards are based on the EU Stage 1
requirements, but also cover smaller engines that were not On 5 March 2018, India adopted Bharat Stage (CEV/Trem)
regulated under the EU Stage 1. 4 - 5 emission standards for diesel nonroad engines used in
• BS (CEV) 3 - These standards are based on US Tier 2/3 construction and agricultural equipment. The BS (CEV/Trem)
requirements. 4 emission standards are aligned with EU Stage 4 standards,
while the BS (CEV/Trem) 5 standards are aligned with EU Stage
First standards for agricultural tractors, Bharat (Trem) Stage 5.
1, became effective in 1999. From the Bharat (Trem) Stage 3a,

Table 1. Bharat (CEV) Stage 2 - 3 Emission Standards for Diesel Construction Machinery
Engine Power Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
kW g/kWh
Bharat (CEV) Stage 2
P<8 2008.10 8.0 1.3 - 9.2 1.00
8 ≤ P < 19 2008.10 6.6 1.3 - 9.2 0.85
19 ≤ P < 37 2007.10 6.5 1.3 - 9.2 0.85
37 ≤ P < 75 2007.10 6.5 1.3 - 9.2 0.85
75 ≤ P < 130 2007.10 5.0 1.3 - 9.2 0.70
130 ≤ P < 560 2007.10 5.0 1.3 - 9.2 0.54
Bharat (CEV) Stage 3
P<8 2011.04 8.0 - 7.5 - 0.80
8 ≤ P < 19 2011.04 6.6 - 7.5 - 0.80
19 ≤ P < 37 2011.04 5.5 - 7.5 - 0.60
37 ≤ P < 75 2011.04 5.0 - 4.7 - 0.40
75 ≤ P < 130 2011.04 5.0 - 4.0 - 0.30
130 ≤ P < 560 2011.04 3.5 - 4.0 - 0.20

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Bharat Stage (CEV/Trem) 1 - 3

Table 2. Bharat (CEV) Stage 3 Useful Life Periods
Construction Machinery
Useful Life Period The standards are summarized in the following table. The
Power Rating
hours limit values apply for both type approval (TA) and confor-
mity of production (COP) testing. Testing is performed on an
< 19 kW 3000 engine dynamometer over the ISO 8178 C1 (8-mode) and D2
constant speed 3000 (5-mode) test cycles.
19-37 kW
variable speed 5000
The Bharat Stage 3 standards must be met over the useful life
> 37 kW 8000 periods shown in Table 2. Alternatively, manufacturers may

Table 3. Bharat (Trem) Stage 1 – 3a Emission Standards for Diesel Agricultural Tractors

Engine Power Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM

kW g/kWh
Bharat (Trem) Stage 1
All 1999.10 14.0 3.5 - 18.0 -
Bharat (Trem) Stage 2
All 2003.06 9.0 - 15.0 - 1.00
Bharat (Trem) Stage 3
All 2005.10 5.5 - 9.5 - 0.80
Bharat (Trem) Stage 3a
P<8 2010.04 5.5 - 8.5 - 0.80
8 ≤ P < 19 2010.04 5.5 - 8.5 - 0.80
19 ≤ P < 37 2010.04 5.5 - 7.5 - 0.60
37 ≤ P < 75 2011.04 5.0 - 4.7 - 0.40
75 ≤ P < 130 2011.04 5.0 - 4.0 - 0.30
130 ≤ P < 560 2011.04 3.5 - 4.0 - 0.20

use fixed emission deterioration factors of 1.1

Table for CO,
4. Bharat 1.05 for Stage 4 - 5 Emission Standards
(CEV/Trem)
HC, 1.05 for NOx, and
Engine Power 1.1 for PM. Date CO HC NOx PM PN Test Cycle
kW g/kWh 1/kWh
Agricultural Tractors1
Emission standards for diesel agricultural tractorsBharat (CEV/Trem) Stage 4
are sum-
marized in ≤ P < 3.
37Table 56 Emissions are tested over the ISO5.08178 C1
2020.10 4.7* 0.025 - NRSC and NRTC
(8-mode)56
cycle.
≤ P < 130 5.0 0.19 0.4 0.025 -
130 ≤ (Trem)
For Bharat P < 560Stage 3a, the useful life periods3.5
and dete- 0.19 0.4 0.025 -
rioration factors are the same as for Bharat (CEV) Stage 2, Table
Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage 5
2. P<8 2024.04 8.0 7.5* 0.4 - NRSC
8 ≤ P < 19 6.6 7.5* 0.4 -
Bharat Stage (CEV/Trem) 4 - 5
Bharat 19 ≤ P(CEV/Trem)
Stage < 37 5.0nonroad
4 – 5 emission standards for 4.7* 0.015 1×1012 NRSC and NRTC
diesel engines
37 ≤ Pused
< 56in construction and agricultural equipment
5.0 4.7* 0.015 1×1012
are summarized in Table 4. The BS 4/5 nonroad regulations
56 ≤ P < 130 5.0 0.19 0.4 0.015 1×1012
include no BS 4 emission standards for diesel engines with
≤
rated power below 37 kW (a category that includes some 90% 0.19
130 P < 560 3.5 0.4 0.015 1×1012
of ag tractors
P in560
India) or for engines above 560 kW, 3.5but the BS 0.19 3.5 0.045 - NRSC
5 standards cover all power ratings. The regulation includes a
* NOx + HC

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six-month grace period when registrations of equipment com- Table 5. Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage 4 - 5 Useful Life Periods
plying with the previous set of emission standards is allowed.
From April 2026, an in-service conformity check is required for Useful Life Period
Power Rating
all BS 5 approved engines manufactured. hours
constant speed 3000
Engines equipped with SCR must meet an ammonia emission ≤ 37 kW
variable speed 5000
limit of 25 ppm for engines ≤ 56 kW and 10 ppm for engines
above 56 kW. The limits are defined as a mean value over the > 37 kW 8000
NRTC and NRSC cycles.

The standards must be met over the useful life periods shown
Table 6. Proposed locomotive emission standards, g/bhp-hr
in Table 5. Alternatively, manufacturers may use fixed emission
deterioration factors of 1.3 for CO, 1.3 for HC, 1.15 for NOx, Locomotive Type CO HC NOx PM
and 1.05 for PM (NRSC and NRTC). Alco type 3.0 1.00 17.0 0.45
EMD (HHP locomotives) 1.4 1.00 9.0 0.35

Locomotives
In March 2017, India’s Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) submitted proposed emission standards for diesel loco- There are two sets of limits: for ALCO type locomotives and
motives to the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). for high horsepower EMD locomotives. The standards would
be applicable through the useful life of the locomotive. The
The proposed limits, outlined in a CPCB Interim Report, report proposes to define a compliance protocol — including
are based on emission measurements conducted by CPCB on certification, production line testing, and in-use testing —
Indian railways. based on the practice followed by US railroads.

Emissions Standards: India

Generator Sets

Emissions from new diesel engines used in generator sets cies include: (1) Automotive Research Association of India,
have been regulated by the Ministry of Environment and (2) Vehicle Research and Development Establishment, and (3)
Forests, Government of India [GSR 371(E), 17.05.2002]. The International Centre for Automotive Technology [GSR 280(E),
11.04.2008]. The emissions standards are listed below.
regulations impose type approval certification, production con-
formity testing and labeling requirements. Certification agen- Engines are tested over the 5-mode ISO 8178 D2 test cycle.
Smoke opacity is measured at full load.
Table 1. Emissions Standards for Diesel Engines Concentrations are corrected to dry exhaust conditions with
≤ 800 kW for Generator Sets 15% residual O2.
CO HC NOx PM Smoke
Engine
Date Table 2. Emissions Limits for Diesel Engines
Power (P) g/kWh 1/m > 800 kW for Generator Sets

2004.01 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.6 0.7

P ≤ 19 kW CO NMHC NOx PM
2005.07 3.5 1.3 9.2 0.3 0.7 Date
mg/
mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 ppm(v)
2004.01 5.0 1.3 9.2 0.5 0.7 Nm3
19 kW < P
≤ 50 kW Until 2003.06 150 150 1100 75
2004.07 3.5 1.3 9.2 0.3 0.7

50 kW < P 2003.07 - 2005.06 150 100 970 75

2004.01 3.5 1.3 9.2 0.3 0.7
≤ 176 kW
176 kW <
2004.11 3.5 1.3 9.2 0.3 0.7 2005.07 150 100 710 75
P ≤ 800 kW

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Emissions Standards: South Korea

On-Road Vehicles And Engines

Light-Duty Vehicles Table 1. Emissions Standards for Diesel Passenger Cars

South Korean diesel emis-
sions standards for passenger Date CO HC NMHC NOx PM Smoke
cars (<8 seats, GVW<2,500 kg) - g/km %
are listed in Table 1. Emissions
1993.1.1 2.11 0.25 - 0.62 0.12
standards for light-duty diesel
trucks (GVW<3,000 kg) are list- 1996.1.1 2.11 0.25 - 0.62 0.08
ed in Table 2.
1998.1.1 1.50 0.25 - 0.62 0.08
Emissions are tested over
the U.S. FTP-75 cycle and 2000.1.1 1.20 0.25 - 0.62 0.05 20%
expressed in g/km. 2001.1.1 0.5 - 0.01 0.02 0.01 20%
The South Korean govern-
ment has proposed that Euro 4 2002.7.1 0.5 - 0.01 0.02 0.01 15%
emissions standards will apply
to light-duty diesel vehicles Table 2. Emissions Standards for Light-Duty Diesel Trucks
effective January 2006 (and
Date CO HC NOx PM
California ULEV standards for
gasoline vehicles). - g/km
1993-1997
Heavy-Duty Vehicles 1993.1.1 980† 670† 350† IDI -
South Korean emissions 750† DI
standards for heavy-duty die- 1996.1.1 6.21 0.50 1.43 0.31
sel trucks (GVW>3,000 kg)
are listed in Table 3. Some 1998 and later, LW<1,700 kg
of the truck engine categories 1998.1.1 2.11 0.25 1.40 0.14
have additional smoke opac- 2000.1.1 2.11 0.25 1.02 0.11
ity requirements which are not
2004.1.1 1.27 0.21 0.64 0.06
listed in the table.
1998 and later, LW>1,700 kg
Since 1996, emissions are 1998.1.1 2.11 0.50 1.40 0.25
tested over the Japanese diesel
2000.1.1 2.11 0.50 1.06 0.14
13-mode cycle and expressed
in g/kWh. The 2003 emissions 2004.1.1 1.52 0.33 0.71 0.08
limits are aligned with Euro 3 LW (loaded weight) = curb weight + 130 kg
requirements. † JP 6-mode test, limits expressed in ppm

Table 3. Emissions Standards for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

Date CO HC NOx PM
- g/kWh
1993.1.1 980† 670† 350† IDI -
750† DI
1996.1.1 4.90 1.20 11.0 0.90

1998.1.1 4.90 1.20 6.0 (9.0)* 0.25 (0.50)*

2000.1.1 4.90 1.20 6.0 0.25 (0.10)*

2002.1.1 4.90 1.20 6.0 0.15 (0.10)*

2003.1.1 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10

* applies to buses
† JP 6-mode test, limits expressed in ppm

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Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

Table 1. Proposed Emissions Standards for Nonroad Engines

Emissions Standards: South Korea
Non-Road Engines Power CO HC NOx+HC NOx PM

kW g/kWh

South Korea has proposed emissions standards for mobile Tier 1: 2004.1.1
nonroad diesel engines used in construction and industrial
18 - 37 5.5 - 9.5 - 0.8
equipment. The standards would apply to engines between
18 - 560 kW rated power, in such applications as excavators 37 - 75 5.5 1.3 - 9.2 0.6
(>1 t), bulldozers, loaders (>2 t), cranes, graders, rollers, and
forklift trucks. 75 - 130 5.0 1.3 - 9.2 0.6

130 - 225 5.0 1.3 - 9.2 0.54

The standards would be implemented in two Tier schedules,
as shown in Table 1. The South Korean Tier 2 standards are 225 - 560 5.0 1.3 - 9.2 0.54
equivalent to the U.S. Tier 2. Emissions are measured over the
Tier 2: 2005.1.1
ISO 8178 C1 test and expressed in g/kWh. There are no smoke
opacity requirements. 18 - 37 5.5 - 7.5 - 0.6

Diesel fuel specifications are: density 815 - 855 kg/m3, sulfur 37 - 75 5.0 - 7.5 - 0.4
< 430 ppm. 75 - 130 5.0 - 6.6 - 0.3

Engines (engine families) are to be certified by the South 130 - 225 3.5 - 6.6 - 0.2
Korean Ministry of Environment or the National Institute of
225 - 560 3.5 - 6.4 - 0.2
Environmental Research.

Emissions Standards: Australia

On-Road Vehicles And Engines

Background “Performance of Diesel Engines for Road Vehicles” BS

Australian emissions standards are based on European regu- AU 141a:1971 or ECE R 24/00, 24/01, 24/02 or 24/03
lations for light-duty and heavy-duty (heavy goods) vehicles, “Diesel and Pollutants” or, in the case of an engine
with acceptance of selected U.S. and Japanese standards. alone, ECE R 24/03.
The long term policy is to fully harmonize Australian regula- • The first emissions standards (apart from smoke standards)
tions with UN ECE standards. The development of emissions for heavy diesel fueled vehicles became effective in 1995
standards for highway vehicles and engines is coordinated by for all new models and in 1996 for all existing models.
the National Transport Commission (NTC) and the regulations These emissions standards were introduced via ADR70/00
— Australian Design Rules (ADR) — are administered by the (adopting ECE R49, U.S. & Japanese HDV standards). The
Department of Infrastructure and Transport. requirements of the 1995/96 standards were:
• Required: Euro 1 for both light-duty and heavy-duty
The emissions standards apply to new vehicles includ- vehicles. Euro 2 and 3 were also accepted though not
ing petrol (gasoline) and diesel cars, light omnibuses, heavy included in the regulation.
omnibuses, light goods vehicles, medium goods vehicles and • Acceptable alternatives: U.S. EPA ’91 or ’94 (EPA ’98
heavy goods vehicles, as well as to forward control passenger was also accepted though not included in the regula-
vehicles and larger motor tricycles. They also cover off-road tion); 1993 Japanese exhaust emissions standards for
passenger vehicles (but not off-road engines, such as those “light duty and medium duty vehicles” and 1994
used in construction or agricultural machinery). Japanese exhaust emissions standards for “passenger
cars and heavy duty vehicles.”
The evolution of vehicle emissions standards in Australia • A second round of more stringent emissions standards
occurred through a number of regulatory actions. Some of the applied from 2002/2003 model year (for new/existing
important steps can be summarized as follows: models). The standards — initially equivalent to Euro
• Emissions standards for petrol engined light vehicles com- 2/3 — have been gradually tightened to adopt Euro 4 for
menced in the early 1970s. light-duty cars and trucks (diesel and petrol), and Euro 5 for
• A smoke emissions requirement (ADR30/00) was intro- heavy-duty diesel engines.
duced in 1976 for vehicles with 4 or more wheels • A third round of emissions regulations, adopted in 2011,
powered by a diesel engine. The alternative smoke mandates Euro 5/6 emissions standards for light-duty vehi-
standards were U.S. EPA ’74 or later or British standards cles with an implementation schedule from 2013 to 2018.

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84 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

Emissions Standards: 2002/03 and Later (the requirements and dates for heavy LPG and NG vehicles are
The emissions standards were introduced via a series of the same as for diesel).
new ADRs, which apply to vehicles depending on their gross
vehicle mass (GVM): The two year date combinations shown in the table refer to the
• For light-duty vehicles at or below 3.5 t GVM: dates applicable to new model vehicles and all model vehicles,
• Euro 2/4 stage: ADR79/00, ADR79/01, and ADR79/02 respectively. For example, in the case of 02/03, this means that
(replacing ADR37/01). from January 1, 2002 any new model first produced with a date
• Euro 5/6 stage: ADR79/03, ADR79/04, and ADR79/05. of manufacture after January 1, 2002 must comply with the
• For heavy-duty vehicles above 3.5 t GVM: ADR80/00, ADR, and from January 1, 2003 all new vehicles (regardless of
ADR80/01, ADR80/02, and ADR80/03 (replacing the first production date for that particular model) must comply.
ADR70/00).
Notes to Table 1
The above ADRs apply to new vehicles fueled with petrol, 1. The introduction of Euro 2 standards for light-duty petrol
diesel, as well as with LPG or natural gas. The requirements and light-duty diesel vehicles is via ADR79/00, which adopts
and the implementation schedules are summarized in Table 1 the technical requirements of ECE R83/04.

Table 1. Vehicle Emissions Standards: 2002/03 and Later

ADR Categories 02/03 03/04 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/10a 10/11 10/11 13/16b 17/18c
ECE
ADR
Descr GVM† Cat‡ Cat Diesel Petrol Petrol Diesel Diesel Petrol Petrol Diesel All All

Passenger Vehicles

ADR
≤ 3.5t MA, Euro 2 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 5d Euro 6
79/..
MB, M1
MC ADR
> 3.5t Euro 3 US96 US98 Euro 4 Euro 4
80/..

Buses

ADR
≤ 3.5t Euro 2 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 5d Euro 6
79/..
Light MD M2 Euro 4 Euro 5
ADR Euro 4 or
3.5 ≤ 5t Euro 3 US96 US98 or US04, or US07,
80/.. US08
JE05 JE05
Euro 4 Euro 5
ADR Euro 3 or Euro 4 or
Heavy > 5t ME M3 US96 US98 or US04, or US07,
80/.. US98e US08
JE05 JE05

Goods Vehicles (Trucks)

ADR
Light ≤ 3.5t NA N1 Euro 2 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 4 Euro 5d Euro 6
79/..
Euro 4 Euro 5
3.5 ≤ ADR Euro 3 or Euro 4 or
Medium NB N2 US96 US98 or US04, or US07,
12t 80/.. US98e US08
JE05 JE05
Euro 4 Euro 5
ADR Euro 3 or Euro 4 or
Heavy > 12t NC N3 US96 US98 or US04, or US07,
80/.. US98e US08
JE05 JE05
† Gross vehicle mass
‡ Vehicle categories: MA - passenger cars; MB - forward control vehicles, MC - passenger off-road vehicles
a
- 1 July 2008/1 July 2010 for new/existing models
b
- 1 November 2013/1 November 2016 for new/existing models
c
- 1 July 2017/1 July 2018 for new/existing models
d
- ‘Core’ Euro 5 applicable to new models from 1 November 2013, full Euro 5 applicable from 1 November 2016 (see notes below)
e
- US EPA model year 2000 or later certificate or equivalent testing required (to ensure that no emissions “defeat devices” are used)

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Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

2. The introduction of Euro 3 standards for light-duty petrol ADR79/04 applies the full requirements of ECE R83/06 from
vehicles, and Euro 4 standards for light-duty diesel vehicles, November 1, 2016.
is via ADR79/01, which adopts the technical requirements of
ECE Regulation 83/05. R83/05 embodies the Euro 3 and Euro 4 Other Provisions
requirements for light-duty petrol and diesel vehicles, however Smoke Limits. A smoke emissions ADR30/01 also applies
the ADR only mandates the Euro 3 (pre 2005) provisions of to all categories of diesel vehicles. The smoke standard, which
R83/05 for petrol vehicles, but allows petrol vehicles optional applies from 2002/3, adopts UN ECE R24/03 and allows the
compliance with Euro 4 standards. U.S. 94 smoke standards as an alternative. This new ADR
replaces ADR30/00.
3. The introduction of Euro 4 standards for light-duty petrol
vehicles is via ADR79/02, which adopts the technical require- OBD. ADR79/03-05 introduces European OBD require-
ments of ECE R83/05. ments for light-duty vehicles. At the ‘core’ Euro 5 stage
(ADR79/03) a relaxed OBD threshold limit for PM mass of 80
4. The introduction of Euro 3 and Euro 4 standards for mg/km is accepted for M and N category vehicles of reference
medium- and heavy-duty diesel vehicles is via ADR80/00 and mass above 1760 kg.
ADR80/01, respectively, which adopt the technical require-
ments of European Directive 99/96/EC amending Directive ADR80/02 requires heavy-duty vehicles to have OBD sys-
88/77/EEC. ADR80/01 has been replaced by ADR80/02 effec- tems meeting the Euro 4 (or Japanese) requirements to warn
tive 2007/8. against “functional failures” (such as an empty urea tank in
engines with SCR). ADR80/03 requires vehicles to have OBD
5. The introduction of Euro 4 and Euro 5 standards for systems meeting the Euro 5 requirements to directly monitor
medium- and heavy-duty diesel vehicles is via ADR80/02 and emissions levels against set OBD thresholds.
ADR80/03, respectively, which adopt the technical require-
ments of Directive 2005/55/EC as amended by 2005/78/EC Diesel Fuel. The new emissions requirements were syn-
and 2006/51/EC. chronized with new diesel fuel specifications of reduced sulfur
content, as follows:
6. The ‘core’ Euro 5 (ADR79/03) adopts the technical • 500 ppm sulfur effective December 31, 2002.
requirements of ECE R83/06, except that it does not require • 50 ppm sulfur effective January 1, 2006.
the new, PMP-based testing methods for PM mass (allow- • 10 ppm sulfur effective January 1, 2009.
ing the old test method with the 0.005 g/km PM limit to
be used as an alternative) and has no PN limit. Some other Acknowledgement: Information for this article contributed
requirements are also relaxed, including the OBD threshold. in part by Jon Real, Department of Infrastructure and Transport.

Emissions Standards: Argentina

Heavy-Duty On-Road Engines

Table 1. Emissions Standards for Diesel Trucks and Buses

Model Year 1994-2005 Year Reference Standard CO HC NOx PM Comments
Emission standards for new,
model year 1994-2005 die- g/kWh
sel fueled trucks and buses in 1994 Euro 0 11.2 2.45 14.4 - Urban buses
Argentina are summarized in Table 1995 Euro 1* 4.9 1.23 9.0 - Urban buses
1 [Decree 779/95]. a
1996 Euro 1* 4.9 1.23 9.0 0.4 LCV & Trucks
The standards were based on
European heavy-duty engine emis- 1998 Euro 2 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.4a Urban buses
sion regulations. The standards 2000 Euro 2 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 a
LCV & Trucks
were also applicable to engines * production conformity limit
used in light commercial vehicles a
- multiply by a factor of 1.7 for engines below 85 kW
(LCV), as indicated.

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86 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022
Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

Table 2. Emissions Standards for Diesel Trucks and Buses: MY 2006 and later
Reference Standard Year Comments
New models All models
Euro III 2006 2007 Resolution 731/2005 [2766]
a
Euro VI 2009 2011 Resolution 731/2005 [2766]
Euro V 2016 2018 Resolution 35/2009 [2770], 1434/2011 [2769], 1800/2011 [2768], 1448/2012 [2767], 1464/2014
[3201]
, Directive 2005/55/EC [1569]
a
- Euro III ceifications are allowed for engines in hevy vehicles (>3500 kg) until 31 December 2015.

Since 2006, Argentina has been adopting EU heavy-duty

emission standards by reference. The implementation schedule
is summarized in Table 2.

Emissions Standards: Brazil

Heavy-Duty Engines

Regulatory Background VI, was adopted in 2018 with implementation from 2022.
Brazilian emission regulations for heavy-duty engines have
been adopted as a series of increasingly more stringent tiers, 1993-2005: P1 Through P4
designated PROCONVE P-1, P-2, P-3, etc. The emission stan- Emission standards for new MY 1993-2005 diesel fueled
dards are applicable to motor vehicles for the transportation of trucks and buses are summarized in Table 1. The same stan-
passengers and/or goods, with maximum gross vehicle weight dards also applied to light-duty truck engines. All truck and bus
higher than 3,856 kg or the vehicle curb weight higher than engines, including those used in light trucks, were certified on
2,720 kg. an engine dynamometer (test cycle ECE R-49).
The smoke control or, indirectly, particulate matter control In addition to the P1 to P4 srtandards, new engines have to meet
began in 1987 with the adoption of opacity limit (k > 2.5) the following free acceleration smoke limits (effective March 94):
throughout the maximum torque curve of diesel engines. Noise 0.83/m (30 HSU) for naturally aspirated engines.
control began in 1994. Emission standards were adopted in a 1.19/m (40 HSU) for turbocharged engines.
series of steps:
2006-2021: P-5 through P-7
PROCONVE P-1 voluntary standards were implemented in Emission standards applicable to heavy-duty diesel and gas
1990, followed by P-2 mandatory standards in 1993, P-3 stan- engines since 2006 are summarized in Table 2. Diesel engines
dards in 1994 and P-4 standards in 1998. These standards were are tested over both the ESC and ETC tests, while gas engines
also applicable to engines used in light trucks. are tested over the ETC test only.
PROCONVE P-5, based on Euro
III and including transient testing,
was phased-in over 2004-2006. Table 1. Emissions Standards for Diesel-fueled Trucks and Buses
PROCONVE P-6, based on Euro Tier Year CO HC NOx PM Reference
IV, was scheduled to become effec- Standard
City Bus All g/kWh
tive from 2009. However, because
low sulfur diesel fuel was not avail- P-1 1990† 11.2 2.45 14.4 - Urban buses
able, the P-5 stage remained in P-2 1993 4.9 1.23 9.0 - Urban buses
effect until the end of 2011. a
P-3 1994 1996 4.9 1.23 9.0 0.4 LCV & Trucks
PROCONVE P-7, Resolution
a
Conama 403/2008, was adopted P-4 1998 2000 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.4 Urban buses
in 2008 with implementation from † - voluntary standards
2012. The standards are based on a
- production conformity limit
b
Euro V. - multiply by a factor of 1.7 for engines below 85 kW
c
PROCONVE P-8, based on Euro - 0.25 g/kWh for engines up to 0.7 liter, rated speed above 3000 rpm

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Emissions Reference Guide & Standards

Table 2. Emissions Standards for Heavy-duty Diesel and Gas Engines

(Durability: 160,000 km/5 years)
Tier Year Test CO THC NMHC NOx PM† Smoke
g/kWh m-1
1,2,3 5
P-5 2006 ESC/ELR 2.1 0.66 - 5.0 0.10 or 0.13 0.8
ETC4 5.45 - 0.78 5.0 0.16 or 0.215 -
6
P-6 2009 ESC/ELR 1.5 0.46 - 3.5 0.02 0.5
ETC 4.0 - 0.55 3.5 0.03 -
P-7 2012 ESC/ELR 1.5 0.46 - 2.0 0.02 0.5
ETC 4.0 - 0.55 2.0 0.03 -
† - applicable to diesel engines only
1
- 2004 for urban buses or 60% of annual production of urban buses (100% by 01/01/2005); in that case, manufacturers must produce at least
60% observing PROCONVE P-5 for the non-urban bus HD annual production
2
- 2005 for micro-buses
3
- 2005 40% of production/year of HD (except urban bus and micro-bus) per manufacturer
4
- diesel vehicles without catalysts or particulate filters can be tested over ESC cycle only
5
- for engines of less than 0.75 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 rpm
6
- PROCONVE P-6 standards were never enforced (because low sulphur fuel was not available), P-5 standards remained in effect through the
end of 2011

Table 3. PROCONVE P-8 emissions standards for heavy-duty engines

2022 and Later: P-8 CO THCa NMHCb CH4b NOx NH3 PM PN
Standards Test
mg/kWh ppm mg/kWh kWh-1
The P-8 standards apply to
WHSCa 1500 130 - - 400 10 10 8.0x1011
all new on-road passenger and
freight vehicles with compres- WHTCa 4000 160 - - 460 10 10 6.0x1011
sion-ignition or spark-ignition WHTC b
4000 - 160 500 460 10 10 -
engines and weighing at least
OCE (WNTE) 2000 220 - - 600 - 16 -
3,856 kg. The standards go
into effect on 1 January 2022 ISC (PEMS) 6000 240 240 750 690 - - -
for new type approvals, and a
Applicable to compression-ignition (diesel) engines only
b
on 1 January 2023 for all new Applicable to spark-ignition (gasoline and natural gas) engines only
c
sales and registrations [4257] Applicable to engines with SCR aftertreatment and to natural gas engines
[4258].
well as particle number (PN) emission limits for diesel engines.
The P-8 standards are based on Euro VI regulations—they The latter are expected to force the use of diesel particulate filters
introduce the Euro VI test cycles and testing requirements, off- on all heavy-duty diesel engines. P-8 emission limits are summa-
cycle emission (OCE) and in-service conformity (ISC) testing, as rized in Table 3.

Table 1. MAR-I Emissions Standards for Nonroad Engines

Emissions Standards: Brazil
Rated Power Date CO NOx+HC PM
Non-Road Diesel Engines kW Construction Farming g/kWh
130 ≤ P ≤ 560 2015.01 2017.01 3.5 4.0 0.2
In July 2011, CONAMA adopted Resolution 433/2011 75 ≤ P < 130 2015.01 2017.01 5.0 4.0 0.3
[Conama 2011] limiting exhaust emissions and noise from new 37 ≤ P < 75 2015.01 2019.01 5.0 4.7 0.4
construction and farm machinery. Referred to as PROCONVE
19 ≤ P < 37 2017.01 2019.01 5.5 7.5 0.6
MAR-I, it is the first legislation to regulate emissions from
nonroad mobile machinery in Brazil. It sets limits equivalent
to USA Tier 3 and EU Stage III A for nonroad diesel engine type of machinery (construction or farm), as shown in Table 1.
emissions. Noise emission limits apply from 2015 for certain types of con-
MAR-I emission limits are phased in from 2015 to 2019. struction machinery with engines rated below 500 kW.
The implementation dates depend on the power category and Emissions are measured in accordance with ISO 8178-1.

* proposed or under consideration

For more information on

speciﬁc emissions levels
and the various standards, U.S.
visit the [Link] at Tier 4
[Link]. EPA 2010
For the most current global Greenhouse gas
emissions information, standards 2014-2017
visit [Link]. Phase 2, 2021-2027
Emissions information drawn
from government and industry CANADA
sources. Diesel Progress is not USA Tier 4
responsible for the accuracy of EPA 2010
the data as presented.
VENEZUELA
Euro 1

COLOMBIA
Euro 4
BRAZIL
Proconve Mar-1
(equivalent to EU Stage
PERU 3a) effective 2015-2019
Euro 3 Proconve P7
(equivalent to Euro 5)

BOLIVIA
Euro 1

URUGUAY
Euro 3

CHILE
Euro 2
Euro 4 in Santiago
Metro Region ARGENTINA
Euro 5

Off-Highway On-Highway
Standards Standards

90 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

TURKEY RUSSIA JAPAN
EU Stage 3a (19 to 37 kW); EU EU Stage 3* Tier 4a (equivalent to
Stage 3b (37 to 56 kW, effective EPA Tier 4i/EU Stage 3b)
Euro 4
2018); EU Stage 4 (56 to 130 Tier 4b (equivalent to
kW, effective 2019) EU Stage 4 Euro 5 effective 2016* EPA Tier 4 final/EU Stage 4
(130 to 560 kW, effective 2019) from 2015-2016)
Euro 6 Post New Long Term (PNLT,
similar to EPA 2010)

SOUTH KOREA
Korean Tier 4
(equivalent to EPA
Tier 4 final)
Euro 6*
CHINA
China III
China National
Standard 5
(equivalent to Euro 5)
HONG KONG
Euro 5
TAIWAN
Euro 5

VIETNAM
Euro 2
ISRAEL Euro 4 2017*
Current EU/US EPA
standard (based on origin)
Euro 6

INDIA
BS (CEV/Trem) III
(based on US Tier 2/3)
Bharat 5
(equivalent to Euro 5)
SAUDI ARABIA PHILIPPINES
US Tier 1 Euro 2
Euro 2

THAILAND MALAYSIA
Euro 4 Euro 1

SINGAPORE
EU Stage 2
Euro 6

AUSTRALIA
INDONESIA Tier 4 final 2018*
SOUTH AFRICA Euro 2 EPA 2007
Euro 3 Euro 4 (in largest cities) EPA 2010 in 2018*

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 91

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DIESEL, DUAL-FUEL & GASOLINE
ENGINES:
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2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS GASOLINE ENGINES

Crankshaft Orientation
Speed at Rated Power

Emissions Level (EPA,

Maxium Torque (Nm)

Number of Cylinders
Speed at Maximum

LC: Liquid-Cooled
& Configuration
Page Reference

Torque (r/min)

CARB, EU, etc.)

AC: Air-Cooled
Displacement
Engine Model

H: Horizontal
H: Horizontal
Rated Power

Stroke (mm)
Manufacturer

Output (kW)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)

V: Vertical
L: In-Line

Cooling
(r/min)

(L/cyl)
AMERICAN HONDA MOTOR * 0.72-16.9 3600-7000 1-48.3 2500-5500 35-88 26-72 0.25-0.39 L, V H, V AC
CO, INC.
BRIGGS & STRATTON * 4-26.5 3600 68-89 56-87 0.21-.0.49 1L, 2V H, V AC EPA, CARB,
EU
KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES * 21.6 7000 60.0 5000 78 78 0.4 1L H AC
LTD. 21,6 7000 60.0 5000 78 78 0.4 2V V LC
KOHLER 192 COMMAND PRO EFI ECV850 20.1 3600 63 2400 86 71 0.82 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV860 21.6 3600 64.1 2400 86 71 0.82 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV870 23.1 3600 66.6 2800 86 71 0.82 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV880 24.6 3600 68.1 3200 86 71 0.82 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 26.1 3600 75.9 3000 90 78.5 1 2V H AC WORLD
ECH940 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 28.3 3600 78.6 3400 90 78.5 1 2V H AC WORLD
ECH980 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV940 26.1 3600 71.8 3200 90 79 1 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 28.3 3600 77.2 3400 90 79 1 2V V AC WORLD
ECH980 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 14.2 3600 46.4 2200 80 69 0.69 2V H AC WORLD
ECH630 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 15.7 3600 46.8 2600 80 69 0.69 2V H AC WORLD
ECH650 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 17.2 3600 51.7 2200 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
ECH730 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 18.6 3600 52.6 2400 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
ECH740 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 19.8 3600 54.2 2600 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
ECH749 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV630 14.2 3600 46.4 2200 80 69 0.69 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV650 15.7 3600 46.8 2600 80 69 0.69 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV730 17.2 3600 51.7 2200 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV740 18.6 3600 52.6 2400 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI ECV749 19.8 3600 54.2 2600 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 10.5 3600 30.8 2800 89 69 0.43 1L H AC WORLD
ECH440 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 10.5 3600 30.8 2800 89 69 0.43 1L H AC WORLD
ECH440LE COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH940 24.2 3600 71.8 2600 90 78.5 1 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH980 26 3600 73.6 2400 90 78.5 1 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH1000 27.5 3600 77.8 3200 90 78.5 1 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH620 14.2 3600 47.5 2400 80 67 0.67 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH640 15.3 3600 48.4 2400 80 67 0.67 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH682 16.8 3600 52.7 3000 80 69 0.69 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH732 17.5 3600 54.8 2600 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH742 18.6 3600 55.9 2600 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH752 20.1 3600 57.2 3000 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH620 14.2 3600 47.5 2400 80 67 0.67 2V H AC WORLD
continued COMPLIANT
* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 95

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS GASOLINE ENGINES

Crankshaft Orientation
Speed at Rated Power

Emissions Level (EPA,

Maxium Torque (Nm)

Number of Cylinders
Speed at Maximum

LC: Liquid-Cooled
& Configuration
Page Reference

Torque (r/min)

CARB, EU, etc.)

AC: Air-Cooled
Displacement
Engine Model

H: Horizontal
H: Horizontal
Rated Power

Stroke (mm)
Manufacturer

Output (kW)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)

V: Vertical
L: In-Line

Cooling
(r/min)

(L/cyl)
KOHLER 192 COMMAND PRO CH640 15.3 3600 48.4 2400 80 67 0.67 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH680 16.8 3600 49.9 2800 80 67 0.67 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH730 17.5 3600 52.1 2800 83 67 0.73 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH740 18.6 3600 53.1 3000 83 67 0.73 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH750 20.1 3600 55.9 3200 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV620 14.2 3600 46.1 2400 80 67 0.67 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV640 15.3 3600 47 2400 80 67 0.67 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV682 16.8 3600 52.9 2800 80 69 0.69 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV732 17.5 3600 54.6 2800 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV742 18.6 3600 55.3 3000 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV752 20.1 3600 55.9 3000 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV680 16.8 3600 48.5 2400 80 67 0.67 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV730 17.5 3600 50 2800 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV740 18.6 3600 53.1 2800 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CV750 20.1 3600 54.6 3000 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 20.1 3600 61.2 2400 86 71 0.82 2V V AC WORLD
PROPANE PCV850 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 21.6 3600 64.7 2400 86 71 0.82 2V V AC WORLD
PROPANE PCV860 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 16.4 3600 49.8 2200 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
PROPANE PCV680 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 17.9 3600 50.6 2400 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
PROPANE PCV740 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 17.1 3600 51.5 2200 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
PROPANE PCH680 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI 18.6 3600 52.8 2800 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
PROPANE PCH740 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO LP 16 3600 46.1 2600 83 67 0.73 2V H AC WORLD
CH730LP COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO LP 16.4 3600 46 3000 83 67 0.73 2V H AC WORLD
CH740LP COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO NG 14.5 3600 41.8 3000 83 67 0.73 2V H AC WORLD
CH740NG COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI FLEX 18.6 3600 54.1 2400 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
FUEL FCV740 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI FLEX 19.8 3600 55.5 3000 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
FUEL FCV749 COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO EFI FLEX 19.8 3600 54.2 2600 83 69 0.75 2V H AC WORLD
FUEL FCH749 COMPLIANT
AEGIS ELH750 20.1 3600 58.2 2400 83 69 0.75 2V H LC WORLD
COMPLIANT
AEGIS ELH775 22.4 3600 60.5 3400 83 69 0.75 2V H LC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH245 3.3 3600 9.8 2800 68 49 0.18 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH255 4 3600 11.2 2800 68 49 0.18 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH260 4.5 3600 14.1 3000 70 54 0.21 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH270 5.2 3600 14.2 3000 70 54 0.21 1L H AC WORLD
continued COMPLIANT

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

96 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS GASOLINE ENGINES

Crankshaft Orientation
Speed at Rated Power

Emissions Level (EPA,

Maxium Torque (Nm)

Number of Cylinders
Speed at Maximum

LC: Liquid-Cooled
& Configuration
Page Reference

Torque (r/min)

CARB, EU, etc.)

AC: Air-Cooled
Displacement
Engine Model

H: Horizontal
H: Horizontal
Rated Power

Stroke (mm)
Manufacturer

Output (kW)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)

V: Vertical
L: In-Line

Cooling
(r/min)

(L/cyl)
KOHLER 192 COMMAND PRO CH395 7.1 3600 18.8 2800 78 58 0.28 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO CH440 10.5 3600 30.8 2800 89 69 0.43 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO TRI-FUEL 5.2 4000 14.2 3000 70 54 0.21 1L H AC WORLD
CH270TF COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO TRI-FUEL 7.1 4000 18.8 2800 78 58 0.28 1L H AC WORLD
CH395TF COMPLIANT
COMMAND PRO TRI-FUEL 10.5 3600 30.8 2800 89 69 0.43 1L H AC WORLD
CH440TF COMPLIANT
CONFIDANT EFI EZT715 14.9 3600 49.9 2400 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
CONFIDANT EFI EZT725 16.4 3600 52.6 2600 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
CONFIDANT EFI EZT740 18.6 3600 55.5 2600 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
CONFIDANT EFI EZT750 20.1 3600 57.5 2800 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
CONFIDANT ZT710 14.2 3600 54.2 2200 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
CONFIDANT ZT720 15.7 3600 55.2 2200 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
CONFIDANT ZT730 17.2 3600 57.1 2400 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
CONFIDANT ZT740 18.6 3600 57.5 2400 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
SH SERIES SH255 4.2 3600 13.6 3000 68 54 0.2 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
SH SERIES SH265 4.8 3600 13.8 3000 68 54 0.2 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
HD SERIES HD675 9.2 2800 65 45 0.15 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
HD SERIES HD775 10.5 2800 70 45 0.17 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7500 SERIES EFI EKT740 18.6 3600 52.1 2600 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7500 SERIES EFI EKT745 19.4 3600 53.5 2600 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7500 SERIES EFI EKT750 20.1 3600 55.2 2600 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7000 SERIES KT715 14.9 3600 54.6 2200 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7000 SERIES KT725 16.2 3600 54.8 2200 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7000 SERIES KT730 17.2 3600 54.9 2200 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7000 SERIES KT735 17.9 3600 54.9 2400 83 67 0.73 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7000 SERIES KT740 18.6 3600 56 2600 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
7000 SERIES KT745 19.4 3600 57.5 2600 83 69 0.75 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
6600 SERIES KT600 12.7 3600 46.8 2200 83 61 0.66 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
6600 SERIES KT610 14.2 3600 46.8 2200 83 61 0.66 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
6600 SERIES KT620 15.7 3600 48.7 2200 83 61 0.66 2V V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
5400 SERIES KS530 12.7 3600 40.7 2600 94 78 0.54 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
5400 SERIES KS540 13.4 3600 40.9 2600 94 78 0.54 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
5400 SERIES KS590 14.2 3600 41.4 2600 94 78 0.54 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
5400 SERIES KS595 14.5 3600 42 2600 94 78 0.54 1L V AC WORLD
continued COMPLIANT

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 97

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS GASOLINE ENGINES

Crankshaft Orientation
Speed at Rated Power

Emissions Level (EPA,

Maxium Torque (Nm)

Number of Cylinders
Speed at Maximum

LC: Liquid-Cooled
& Configuration
Page Reference

Torque (r/min)

CARB, EU, etc.)

AC: Air-Cooled
Displacement
Engine Model

H: Horizontal
H: Horizontal
Rated Power

Stroke (mm)
Manufacturer

Output (kW)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)

V: Vertical
L: In-Line

Cooling
(r/min)

(L/cyl)
KOHLER 192 RH SERIES RH255 4.2 3600 14.2 3000 68 54 0.2 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
RH SERIES RH265 4.8 3600 14.5 3000 68 54 0.2 1L H AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
XT SERIES XT650 8.8 2800 65 45 0.15 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
XT SERIES XT675 9.2 2800 65 45 0.15 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
XT SERIES XT775 10.5 2800 70 45 0.17 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
XT SERIES XTX650 8.8 2800 65 45 0.15 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
XT SERIES XTX675 9.2 2800 65 45 0.15 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
XT SERIES XTX775 10.5 2800 70 45 0.17 1L V AC WORLD
COMPLIANT
KUBOTA 158 WG752-G-E3 18.5 3600 68 68 0.74 3L V LC EPA PHASE 3,
CARB PHASE
3, EU STAGE 5
WG752-GL-E3 18.5 3600 68 68 0.74 3L V LC EPA PHASE 3,
CARB PHASE
3, EU STAGE 5
WG972-G-E3 24.2 3600 74.5 73.6 0.962 3L V LC EPA PHASE 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG972-GL-E3 24.2 3600 74.5 73.6 0.962 3L V LC EPA PHASE 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG972-G-E4 24.2 3600 74.5 73.6 0.962 3L V LC EPA PHASE 3,
CARB PHASE
4, EU STAGE 5
WG972-GL-E4 23.2 3600 74.5 73.6 0.962 3L V LC EPA PHASE 3,
CARB PHASE
4, EU STAGE 5
WG1605-G-E3 42.5 3600 79 78.4 1.537 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG1605-GL-E3 42.5 3600 79 78.4 1.537 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG1605-GLN-E3 42.5 3600 79 78.4 1.537 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG1903-G 35 2700 88 102.4 1.868 3L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG1903-GL 35 2700 88 102.4 1.868 3L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG2503-G-E3 45.5 2700 88 102.4 2.491 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG2503-GL-E3 45.5 2700 88 102.4 2.491 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG3800-G-E3 65 2600 100 120 3.769 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3
WG3800-G-E3 55.4 2600 100 120 3.769 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
WG3800-GL-E3 65 2600 100 120 3.769 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3
WG3800-GL-E3 55.4 2600 100 120 3.769 4L V LC EPA TIER 2,
CARB TIER 3,
EU STAGE 5
MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA * 17.5-168 4000-5500 48-380 1500-3500 76-93 82.5- 625-1997 1L-4L LC BS4, BS6,
92.25 EURO 5,
EURO 5D
YAMAHA MOTOR CORP. * 3.5-7.6 3600 10.5-23.9 2400 66-85 50-63 0.17-3.57 1L H AC EPA PHASE 3

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

98 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
AGCO POWER 194 D 44 LFTN-A2 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2100 76 106 OH EPA TIER 2
D 49 LFTN-A2 108 134 1.2 4L 25 35 2100 100 140 OH EPA TIER 2
D 66 LFTN-A2 108 120 1.1 6L 20 28 2100 118 165 OH EPA TIER 2
D 74 LFTN-A2 108 134 1.2 6L 26 35 1950 158 210 OH EPA TIER 2
D 74 LFTN-A2 108 134 1.2 6L 29 35 2100 171 209 OH EPA TIER 2
D 84 LFTN-A2 111 145 1.4 6L 37 49 2100 220 292 OH EPA TIER 2
D 98 LFTN-A2 111 145 1.4 7L 38 48 1900 265 339 OH EPA TIER 2
D 33 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 3L 19 30 2100 62 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 33 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 3L 19 30 2100 69 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 33 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 3L 19 30 2100 77 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 33 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 3L 19 30 2100 91 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 33 MBTN-D4 108 120 1.1 3L 19 26 2100 58 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 33 MBTN-D4 108 120 1.1 3L 19 26 2100 68 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 33 MBTN-D4 108 120 1.1 3L 19 26 2100 75 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 MBTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 86 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 MBTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 93 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 MBTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 97 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 MBTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 101 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 MBTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 107 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 76 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 81 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 87 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 106 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 44 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 115 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 49 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 100 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 49 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 108 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 49 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 118 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 49 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 127 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 49 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 140 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 49 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 148 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 66 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 118 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 66 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 134 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 66 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 150 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 66 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 157 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 66 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 170 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 66 LFTN-D4 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 179 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 158 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 169 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 183 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 196 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 214 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 150 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 171 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 173 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 188 OH EPA TIER 4F
continued D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 200 OH EPA TIER 4F

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 99

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
AGCO POWER 194 D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 220 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 74 LFTN-D4 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 226 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 84 LFTN-D4 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 220 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 84 LFTN-D4 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 232 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 84 LFTN-D4 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 247 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 84 LFTN-D4 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 268 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 84 LFTN-D4 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 278 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 84 LFTN-D4 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 292 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 98 LFTN-D4 111 145 1.4 7L 38 48 1900 265 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 98 LFTN-D4 111 145 1.4 7L 38 48 1900 339 OH EPA TIER 4F
D 33 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 3L 19 30 2100 62 OH EU STAGE 5
D 33 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 3L 19 30 2100 69 OH EU STAGE 5
D 33 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 3L 19 30 2100 77 OH EU STAGE 5
D 33 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 3L 19 30 2100 91 OH EU STAGE 5
D 33 MBTN-D5 108 120 1.1 3L 19 26 2100 58 OH EU STAGE 5
D 33 MBTN-D5 108 120 1.1 3L 19 26 2100 68 OH EU STAGE 5
D 33 MBTN-D5 108 120 1.1 3L 19 26 2100 75 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 MBTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 86 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 MBTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 93 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 MBTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 97 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 MBTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 101 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 MBTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 27 2200 107 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 76 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 81 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 87 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 106 OH EU STAGE 5
D 44 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 4L 19 29 2100 115 OH EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 100 OH EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 108 OH EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 118 OH EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 127 OH EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 140 OH EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 25 37 2100 148 OH EU STAGE 5
D 66 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 118 OH EU STAGE 5
D 66 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 134 OH EU STAGE 5
D 66 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 150 OH EU STAGE 5
D 66 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 157 OH EU STAGE 5
D 66 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 170 OH EU STAGE 5
D 66 LFTN-D5 108 120 1.1 6L 20 30 2100 179 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 158 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 169 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 183 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 196 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 1950 214 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 150 OH EU STAGE 5
continued D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 171 OH EU STAGE 5

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

100 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
AGCO POWER 194 D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 173 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 188 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 200 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 220 OH EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 25 37 2100 226 OH EU STAGE 5
D 84 LFTN-D5 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 220 OH EU STAGE 5
D 84 LFTN-D5 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 232 OH EU STAGE 5
D 84 LFTN-D5 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 247 OH EU STAGE 5
D 84 LFTN-D5 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 268 OH EU STAGE 5
D 84 LFTN-D5 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 278 OH EU STAGE 5
D 84 LFTN-D5 111 145 1.4 6L 37 50 2100 292 OH EU STAGE 5
D 98 LFTN-D5 111 145 1.4 7L 38 48 1900 265 OH EU STAGE 5
D 98 LFTN-D5 111 145 1.4 7L 38 48 1900 339 OH EU STAGE 5
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 33 DTG 108 120 1.1 3L 20 1500 61 PG - TIER 2
D 33 DTP 108 120 1.1 3L 22 1800 67 PG FUEL OPTIMIZED
- TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 49 DTG 108 134 1.2 4L 23 1500 90 PG - TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 49 DTP 108 134 1.2 4L 28 1800 112 PG - TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 49 DTAG 108 134 1.2 4L 29 1500 116 PG - TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 49 DTAP 108 134 1.2 4L 32 1800 128 PG - TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 74 DTG 108 134 1.2 6L 25 1500 150 PG - TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 74 DTP 108 134 1.2 6L 26 1800 156 PG - TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 74 DTAG 108 134 1.2 6L 33 1500 200 PG - TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 74 DTAP 108 134 1.2 6L 35 1800 212 PG - TIER 2
FUEL OPTIMIZED
D 84 WIG 111 145 1.4 6L 40 1500 242 PG - TIER 2
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 19 1500 95 PG EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 23 1500 112 PG EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 21 1500 105 PG EU STAGE 5
D 49 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 4L 25 1500 123 PG EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 18 1500 136 PG EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 22 1500 162 PG EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 24 1500 179 PG EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 20 1500 149 PG EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 24 1500 178 PG EU STAGE 5
D 74 LFTN-D5 108 134 1.2 6L 27 1500 197 PG EU STAGE 5
D 44 CTIM 108 120 1.1 4L 25 2200 100 M IMO TIER 2
D 49 CTIM 108 134 1.2 4L 33 2200 133 M IMO TIER 2
D 66 CTIM 108 120 1.1 6L 32 2200 192 M IMO TIER 2
D 74 CTIM 108 134 1.2 6L 39 2200 235 M IMO TIER 2
D 84 CTIM 111 145 1.4 6L 50 2100 302 M IMO TIER 2
D 49 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 4L 27 2100 130 M IMO TIER 3
continued D 49 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 4L 29 2100 141 M IMO TIER 3

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 101

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
AGCO POWER 194 STAGE 5 INLAND
D 49 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 4L 27 2100 130 M WATERWAY
STAGE 5 INLAND
D 49 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 4L 29 2100 141 M WATERWAY
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 21 2100 155 M IMO TIER 3
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 24 2100 163 M IMO TIER 3
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 26 2100 175 M IMO TIER 3
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 28 2100 200 M IMO TIER 3
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 30 2100 221 M IMO TIER 3
STAGE 5 INLAND
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 21 2100 155 M WATERWAY
STAGE 5 INLAND
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 24 2100 163 M WATERWAY
STAGE 5 INLAND
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 26 2100 175 M WATERWAY
STAGE 5 INLAND
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 28 2100 200 M WATERWAY
STAGE 5 INLAND
D 74 LFTN-BM 108 134 1.2 6L 30 2100 221 M WATERWAY
ABC - ANGLO BELGIAN 218 EU STAGE 5, IMO TIER
CORP. D 6DZC 256 310 15.96 6L 250 1000 18.8 1500 ST-IND, M, PG 2, IMO TIER 3, EPA
TIER 3
EU STAGE 5, IMO TIER
D 8DZC 256 310 15.96 8L 250 1000 18.8 2000 ST-IND, M, PG 2, IMO TIER 3, EPA
TIER 3
EU STAGE 5, IMO TIER
D 12DZC 256 310 15.96 12V 250 1000 18.8 3000 ST-IND, M, PG 2, IMO TIER 3, EPA
TIER 3
EU STAGE 5, IMO TIER
D 16DZC 256 310 15.96 16V 250 1000 18.8 4000 ST-IND, M, PG 2, IMO TIER 3, EPA
TIER 3
IMO TIER 2, IMO TIER
D 6DL36 365 420 43.9 6L 650 750 24 3955 ST-IND, M, PG 3, EPA TIER 3
IMO TIER 2, IMO TIER
D 8DL36 365 420 43.9 8L 650 750 24 5274 ST-IND, M, PG 3, EPA TIER 3
IMO TIER 2, IMO TIER
D 12DV36 365 420 43.9 12V 650 750 24 7910 ST-IND, M, PG 3, EPA TIER 3
IMO TIER 2, IMO TIER
D 16DV36 365 420 43.9 16V 650 750 24 10547 ST-IND, M, PG 3, EPA TIER 3
EU STAGE 5, IMO TIER
DF 6DZD 256 310 15.96 6L 170 1000 12.5 1000 ST-IND, M, PG 2, IMO TIER 3
EU STAGE 5, IMO TIER
DF 8DZD 256 310 15.96 8L 170 1000 12.5 1335 ST-IND, M, PG 2, IMO TIER 3
EU STAGE 5, IMO TIER
DF 12DZD 256 310 15.96 12V 170 1000 12.5 2000 ST-IND, M, PG 2, IMO TIER 3
EU STAGE 5, IMO TIER
DF 16DZD 256 310 15.96 16V 170 1000 12.5 2670 ST-IND, M, PG 2, IMO TIER 3
ARROW ENGINE CO. * 98- 116- 1L, 1H, 2H, 3L, 1.5-5.0 4.5-49 900- 600- 3.7- 1.0-
SI 191 228 0.9-6.5 5.0-97 PG, ST-IND
4L, 6L 1000 2200 9.2 65.2
BAUDOUIN 205 D 4M06G20/5 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 20 PG
D 4M06G25/5 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 25 PG
D 4M06G35/5 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 33 PG
D 4M06G44/5 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 41 PG
D 4M06G50/5 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 48 PG
D 4M06G55/5 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 53 PG
D 4M06G20/6 89 92 2.3 4L 1800 25 PG
continued D 4M06G25/6 89 92 2.3 4L 1800 30 PG

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

102 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
BAUDOUIN 205 D 4M06G33/6 89 92 2.3 4L 1800 41 PG
D 4M06G41/6 89 92 2.3 4L 1800 47 PG
D 4M06G50/6 89 92 2.3 4L 1800 58 PG
D 4M06G55/6 89 92 2.3 4L 1800 63 PG
D 4M10G70/5 105 118 4.1 4L 1500 66 PG
D 4M10G88/5 105 118 4.1 4L 1500 80 PG
D 4M10G110/5 105 118 4.1 4L 1500 100 PG
D 4M10G83/6 105 118 4.1 4L 1800 95 PG
D 4M10G100/6 105 118 4.1 4L 1800 115 PG
D 4M11G70/5 105 130 4.5 4L 1500 66 PG
D 4M11G90/5 105 130 4.5 4L 1500 81 PG
D 4M11G120/5 105 130 4.5 4L 1500 108 PG
D 4M11G83/6 105 130 4.5 4L 1800 93 PG
D 4M11G106/6 105 130 4.5 4L 1800 118 PG
D 6M11G150/5 105 130 6.75 6L 1500 140 PG
D 6M11G165/5 105 130 6.75 6L 1500 152 PG
D 6M11G110/6 105 130 6.75 6L 1800 132 PG
D 6M11G135/6 105 130 6.75 6L 1800 158 PG
D 6M11G160/6 105 130 6.75 6L 1800 180 PG
D 6M11G176/6 105 130 6.75 6L 1800 200 PG
D 6M16G220/5 126 130 9.73 6L 1500 204 PG
D 6M16G250/5 126 130 9.73 6L 1500 238 PG
D 6M16G275/5 126 130 9.73 6L 1500 264 PG
D 6M16G300/5 126 130 9.73 6L 1500 280 PG
D 6M16G350/5 126 130 9.73 6L 1500 320 PG
D 6M16G350/5CR 126 130 9.73 6L 1500 320 PG
D 6M16G200/6 126 130 9.73 6L 1800 238 PG
D 6M16G220/6 126 130 9.73 6L 1800 264 PG
D 6M16G250/6 126 130 9.73 6L 1800 288 PG
D 6M16G308/6 126 130 9.73 6L 1800 360 PG
D 6M21G400/5 127 165 12.54 6L 1500 385 PG
D 6M21G440/5 127 165 12.54 6L 1500 405 PG
D 6M21G500/5 127 165 12.54 6L 1500 450 PG
D 6M21G330/6 127 165 12.54 6L 1800 385 PG
D 6M21G390/6 127 165 12.54 6L 1800 448 PG
D 6M21G400/6 127 165 12.54 6L 1800 460 PG
D 6M26G500/5 150 150 15.9 6L 1500 447 PG
D 6M26G550/5 150 150 15.9 6L 1500 490 PG
D 6M26G450/6 150 150 15.9 6L 1800 506 PG
D 6M26G500/6 150 150 15.9 6L 1800 556 PG
D 8M21G660/5 127 165 16.72 8V 1500 580 PG
D 8M21G520/6 127 165 16.72 8V 1800 580 PG
D 6M33G660/5 150 185 19.6 6L 1500 587 PG
D 6M33G715/5 150 185 19.6 6L 1500 633 PG
continued D 6M33G750/5 150 185 19.6 6L 1500 670 PG

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 103

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
BAUDOUIN 205 D 6M33G825/5 150 185 19.6 6L 1500 725 PG
D 6M33G575/6 150 185 19.6 6L 1800 633 PG
D 6M33G600/6 150 185 19.6 6L 1800 670 PG
D 6M33G633/6 150 185 19.6 6L 1800 710 PG
D 6M33G660/6 150 185 19.6 6L 1800 740 PG
D 12M26G825/5 150 150 31.8 12V 1500 748 PG
D 12M26G900/5 150 150 31.8 12V 1500 793 PG
D 12M26G1000/5 150 150 31.8 12V 1500 902 PG
D 12M26G1100/5 150 150 31.8 12V 1500 973 PG
D 12M26G660/6 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 748 PG
D 12M26G704/6 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 792 PG
D 12M26G800/6 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 902 PG
D 12M26G900/6 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 1012 PG
D 12M26G1000/6 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 1115 PG
D 12M33G1250/5 150 185 39.2 12V 1500 1108 PG
D 12M33G1400/5 150 185 39.2 12V 1500 1210 PG
D 12M33G1500/5 150 185 39.2 12V 1500 1320 PG
D 12M33G1650/5 150 185 39.2 12V 1500 1450 PG
D 12M33G1000/6 150 185 39.2 12V 1800 1108 PG
D 12M33G1100/6 150 185 39.2 12V 1800 1265 PG
D 12M33G1200/6 150 185 39.2 12V 1800 1320 PG
D 12M33G1300/6 150 185 39.2 12V 1800 1420 PG
D 16M33G1700/5 150 185 52.3 16V 1500 1530 PG
D 16M33G1900/5 150 185 52.3 16V 1500 1680 PG
D 16M33G2000/5 150 185 52.3 16V 1500 1800 PG
D 16M33G1400/6 150 185 52.3 16V 1800 1580 PG
D 16M33G1500/6 150 185 52.3 16V 1800 1680 PG
D 16M33G1650/6 150 185 52.3 16V 1800 1785 PG
D 16M33G1750/6 150 185 52.3 16V 1800 1920 PG
D 12M55G2300/5 180 215 65.65 12V 1500 2020 PG
D 12M55G2550/5 180 215 65.65 12V 1500 2210 PG
D 12M55G2750/5 180 215 65.65 12V 1500 2450 PG
D 12M55G2000/6 180 215 65.65 12V 1800 2230 PG
D 12M55G2250/6 180 215 65.65 12V 1800 2420 PG
D 12M55G2500/6 180 215 65.65 12V 1800 2725 PG
SI 4M11G4N0/5 105 130 4.5 4L 1500 77 PG
SI 4M11G4N0/6 105 130 4.5 4L 1800 77 PG
SI 6M11G4N0/5 105 130 6.75 6L 1500 120 PG
SI 6M11G4N0/6 105 130 6.75 6L 1800 132 PG
SI 6M16G4N0/5 126 130 9.73 6L 1500 200 PG
SI 6M16G4N0/6 126 130 9.73 6L 1800 238 PG
SI 6M21G4N0/5 127 156 12.54 6L 1500 288 PG
SI 6M21G4N0/6 127 156 12.54 6L 1800 317 PG
SI 6M33G6N0/5 150 185 19.6 6L 1500 450 PG
continued SI 6M33G6N0/6 150 185 19.6 6L 1800 480 PG

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

104 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
BAUDOUIN 205 SI 12M33G10N0/5 150 185 39.2 12V 1500 900 PG
SI 12M33G14N0/6 150 185 39.2 12V 1800 960 PG
SI 16M33G6N0/5 150 185 52.3 16V 1500 1280 PG
SI 16M33G6N0/6 150 185 52.3 16V 1800 1280 PG
D 4M06V2D0 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 1800 20 30 ST-IND
D 4M06V4D0 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 1800 25 41 ST-IND
D 4M06V6D0 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 1800 29 47 ST-IND
D 4M06V8D0 89 92 2.3 4L 1500 1800 34 58 ST-IND
D 4M11V2D0 105 130 4.5 4L 1500 2200 43 60 ST-IND
D 4M11V4D0 105 130 4.5 4L 1500 2200 73 100 ST-IND
D 4M11V6D0 105 130 4.5 4L 1500 2200 75 118 ST-IND
D 6M11V2D0 105 130 6.75 6L 1500 2200 106 150 ST-IND
D 6M11V4D0 105 130 6.75 6L 1500 2200 118 180 ST-IND
D 6M16V2D0 126 130 9.73 6L 1500 2200 180 255 ST-IND
D 6M21V2D0 127 165 12.54 6L 1500 2200 276 370 ST-IND
D 4W105M 105 130 4.5 4L 2100 95 M
D 6W105M 105 130 6.75 6L 2100 136 M IMO 2
D 6W105M 105 130 6.75 6L 2425 168 M IMO 2
D 6M16 126 130 9.7 6L 2100 240 M IMO 2
D 6M16 126 130 9.7 6L 2100 264 M IMO 2
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6W126M 126 150 11.6 6L 1800 294 M CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6W126M 126 150 11.6 6L 2100 331 M CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6M19.3 126 155 11.6 6L 1800 331 M CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6M19.3 126 155 11.6 6L 2100 368 M CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6M19.3 126 155 11.6 6L 2100 404 M CE97/68 3A
D 6M19.3 126 155 11.6 6L 2200 425 M IMO 2, CCNR 2
D 6F21 127 165 12.5 6L 2300 599 M IMO 2, EPA Tier 3
D 6F21 127 165 12.5 6L 2300 662 M IMO 2, EPA Tier 3
D 6F21 127 165 12.5 6L 2300 735 M IMO 2, EPA Tier 3
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6M26.2 150 150 15.9 6L 1800 331 M CE97/68 3a
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6M26.2 150 150 15.9 6L 1800 368 M CE97/68 3a
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6M26.2 150 150 15.9 6L 1900 404 M CE97/68 3a
D 6M26.2 150 150 15.9 6L 1950 441 M IMO 2
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 12M26.2 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 662 M CE97/68 3a
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 12M26.2 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 736 M CE97/68 3a
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 12M26.2 150 150 31.8 12V 1900 809 M CE97/68 3a
D 12M26.2 150 150 31.8 12V 1950 883 M IMO 2
D 6M33.2 150 185 19.6 6L 1800 478 M IMO 2
continued D 6M33.2 150 185 19.6 6L 1800 515 M IMO 2

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 105

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
BAUDOUIN 205 D 6M33.2 150 185 19.6 6L 1800 552 M IMO 2
D 12M33.2 150 185 39.2 12V 1800 956 M IMO 2
D 12M33.2 150 185 39.2 12V 1800 1029 M IMO 2
D 12M33.2 150 185 39.2 12V 1800 1104 M IMO 2
IMO 2, IMO 3, EPA Tier
D 6M26.3 150 150 15.9 6L 1800 441 M 3, EPA Tier 4, CCNR 2,
CE97/68 3a
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 6M26.3 150 150 15.9 6L 1800 485 M CE97/68 3a
IMO 2, IMO 3, EPA Tier
D 6M26.3 150 150 15.9 6L 2000 515 M 3, EPA Tier 4, CCNR 2,
CE97/68 3a
IMO 2, IMO 3, EPA
D 6M26.3 150 150 15.9 6L 2100 552 M TIER 3, EPA TIER 4,
CCNR 2, CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, IMO 3, EPA
D 6M26.3 150 150 15.9 6L 2100 599 M TIER 3, EPA TIER 4
IMO 2, IMO 3, EPA
D 12M26.3 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 882 M TIER 3, EPA TIER 4,
CCNR 2, CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, CCNR 2,
D 12M26.3 150 150 31.8 12V 1800 972 M CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, IMO 3, EPA
D 12M26.3 150 150 31.8 12V 2100 1032 M TIER 3, EPA TIER 4,
CCNR 2, CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, IMO 3, EPA
D 12M26.3 150 150 31.8 12V 2200 1104 M TIER 3, EPA TIER 4,
CCNR 2, CE97/68 3A
IMO 2, IMO 3, EPA 3,
D 12M26.3 150 150 31.8 12V 2300 1215 M EPA TIER 4
CATERPILLAR INC. * D C0.5 67 72 0.5 2L 5.1 3600 7.5 10.2 OH UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
OR BELOW
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C0.5 67 72 0.5 2L 4.4 3000 5 8.8 OH TIER 4F
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C0.7 67 72 0.7 3L 5.1 3600 7.4 15.3 OH OR BELOW
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C0.7 67 72 0.7 3L 4.43 3600 7.9 13.3 OH TIER 4F
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C1.1 77 81 1.1 3L 6.3 2800 7.9 18.9 OH TIER 4F
UN ECE R96 Stage 3a
D C1.5 84 90 1.5 3L 10 3000 8.8 30 OH or below
D C1.5 84 90 1.5 3L 6.13 2100 7.2 18.4 OH EPA Tier 4f

D C1.7 84 100 1.7 3L 6.3 2800 7 18.9 OH EU Stage 5, EPA

Tier 4f
D C1.7 84 100 1.7 3L 10 2800 9.2 30 OH EPA Tier 4f
EU Stage 5, EPA
D C1.7 84 100 1.7 3L 12 2800 12.3 36 OH Tier 4f
UN ECE R96 Stage 3a
D C2.2 84 100 2.2 4L 11.5 3000 10.8 46 OH or below
UN ECE R96 Stage 3a
D C2.2 84 100 2.2 4L 12.25 2800 11.9 49 OH or below
D C2.2 84 100 2.2 4L 9 2800 9.4 36 OH EPA TIER 4F
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C2.2 84 100 2.2 4L 11.25 2800 12.7 45 OH TIER 4F
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C2.2 84 100 2.2 4L 13.75 2800 14.3 55 OH TIER 4F
EU STAGE 5, TIER 4F
D C2.8 90 110 2.8 4L 13.75 2200 2400 17.1 55 OH
continued OR EU STAGE 3A

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

106 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
CATERPILLAR INC. * D C3.6 98 120 3.6 4L 13.75 2200 2400 14.8 55 OH EU STAGE 5, TIER 4F
OR EU STAGE 3A

D C3.6 98 120 3.6 4L 22.5 2000 2400 17.5 90 OH EU STAGE 5, TIER 4F

OR EU STAGE 3A

D C3.6 98 120 3.6 4L 25 2000 2200 19.2 100 OH EU STAGE 5, EPA

TIER 4F
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D 3054 105 127 4.4 4L 14 2200 7.6 56 OH OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D 3054 105 127 4.4 4L 20.75 2200 11.9 83 OH OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C4.4 105 127 4.4 4L 26.5 2200 15.9 106 OH OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C4.4 105 127 4.4 4L 35 2200 23.6 140 OH OR BELOW
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C4.4 105 127 4.4 4L 27.5 2000 2200 16 110 OH TIER 4F
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C4.4 105 127 4.4 4L 37.5 2200 23.6 150 OH TIER 4F

D C7.1 105 135 7 6L 18.67 1950 12.1 112 OH UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C7.1 105 135 7 6L 34.17 2200 18.8 205 OH OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C7.1 105 135 7 6L 37.5 1800 2200 23 225 OH OR BELOW
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C7.1 105 135 7 6L 25.17 1800 2200 15.6 151 OH TIER 4F
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C7.1 105 135 7 6L 39.83 2200 22.8 239 OH TIER 4F

D C9.3B 115 149 9.3 6L 56.67 1800 2000 28.2 340 OH EU STAGE 5, EPA
TIER 4F
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C9.3B 115 149 9.3 6L 51.67 2000 24.5 310 OH OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C13 130 157 12.5 6L 64.67 1800 2100 22.3 388 OH OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C13 130 157 12.5 6L 64.67 1800 2100 23.9 388 OH OR BELOW

D C13 130 157 12.5 6L 64.17 1800 1800 22.3 385 OH UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C13 130 157 12.5 6L 66.67 1800 2000 23.9 400 OH OR BELOW
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C13B 130 157 12.5 6L 66.67 1800 2100 24.7 400 OH TIER 4F
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C13B 130 157 12.5 6L 71.67 1800 2100 26.5 430 OH TIER 4F
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D C15 137 171 15.2 6L 72.17 1800 2100 21.9 433 OH TIER 4F
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D C15 137 171 15.2 6L 74 1800 2100 22.8 444 OH OR BELOW

D C18 145 183 18.1 6L 99.5 1800 2100 25.4 597 OH UN ECE R96 Stage 3a
or below
EU Stage 5, EPA
D C18 145 183 18.1 6L 99.5 1800 2000 25.9 597 OH Tier 4f
UN ECE R96 Stage 3a
D C27 137 152 27 12V 71.5 1800 2100 24 858 OH or below

D C27 137 152 27 12V 65.25 1800 21.8 783 OH EU Stage 5, EPA
Tier 4f
UN ECE R96 Stage 3a
D C32 145 162 3.1 12V 83.92 1800 2100 24 1007 OH or below
EU Stage 5, EPA
D C32 145 162 32 12V 69.92 1800 21.6 839 OH
continued Tier 4f

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 107

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
CATERPILLAR INC. * D C32 145 162 32 12V 74.58 1800 23 895 OH EPA Tier 4f
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D 3508 170 190 34.5 8V 93.25 1800 16 746 OH OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D 3512C 170 215 58.6 12V 93.33 1800 15 1120 OH OR BELOW
UN ECE R96 STAGE 3A
D 3516C 170 215 78 16V 130.5 1750 17 1566 OH OR BELOW
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D 3516E 170 215 78 16V 130.5 1650 18 1566 OH TIER 4F
Inside Back Cover, 167, 169

CUMMINS INC. D F2.8 94 100 0.7 4L 24 32.5 2900 3500 96 130 ON EURO 4
D F3.8 102 115 1 4L 28.7 31.2 2600 2600 115 125 ON EURO 4
D B4.5 107 124 1.1 4L 28 39.2 2300 2300 112 157 ON EURO 4
D B6.7 107 124 1.1 6L 27.3 39.8 2300 2300 164 239 ON EURO 4
D L9 114 145 1.5 6L 42.3 49.6 2100 2100 254 298 ON EURO 4
SI L9N 114 145 1.5 6L 34.8 39.8 2200 2200 209 239 ON EURO 4
D X12 132 144 2 6L 44.2 60 1900 1900 265 360 ON EURO 4
D X15 137 169 2.5 6L 49.6 75.2 1800 2000 298 451 ON EURO 4
D B6.7 107 124 1.1 6L 24.2 44.6 2600 2600 145 269 ON EPA 2021, CARB 2021
D L9 114 145 1.5 6L 32.3 56 2100 2200 194 336 ON EPA 2021, CARB 2021
D X12 132 144 2 6L 43.5 62.2 1900 2100 261 373 ON EPA 2021, CARB 2021
D X15 137 169 2.5 6L 49.6 75.2 1700 2100 306 451 ON EPA 2021, CARB 2021
SI B6.7N 102 124 1.1 6L 24.8 29.8 1600 1600 149 179 ON EPA 2021, CARB 2021
SI L9N 114 145 1.5 6L 31 39.8 2200 2200 186 239 ON EPA 2021, CARB 2021
SI ISX12N 130 150 2 6L 39.8 49.6 1700 1800 239 298 ON EPA 2021, CARB 2021
D QSF2.8 94 100 0.7 4L 9.25 13.75 2200 2500 37 55 OH EPA TIER 4F
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D F3.8™ 102 115 0.95 4L 13.75 43.25 2200 2500 55 129 OH STAGE 5
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D B4.5™ 107 124 1.1 4L 22.5 37.25 2000 2500 90 149 OH STAGE 5

D B6.7™ 107 124 1.2 6L 21.5 81.5 2000 2500 116 243 OH EPA Tier 4f, EU
Stage 5
EPA Tier 4f, EU
D L9 114 145 1.5 6L 34.8 53.5 1800 2100 209 321 OH Stage 5
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D X12 132 144 2 6L 41.7 63.7 1800 2100 250 383 OH STAGE 5
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D X15 137 169 2.5 6L 56 83.8 1800 2100 336 503 OH STAGE 5
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D QSK19 159 159 3.2 6L 94.5 94.5 1800 2000 567 567 OH STAGE 5
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D QSK23 170 170 3.8 6L 94.5 130.5 1800 2100 567 783 OH STAGE 5
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D QST30 140 165 2.5 12V 59 74.6 1800 2100 708 895 OH STAGE 5
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D QSK38 159 159 3.2 12V 67.5 99.4 1800 1900 810 1193 OH STAGE 5
EPA TIER 4F, EU
D QSK50 159 159 3.1 16V 69.9 116.5 1800 1900 1119 1864 OH STAGE 5
D QSK78 170 190 4.3 18V 145 145 1900 1900 2610 2610 OH EPA TIER 4F
DAIHATSU DIESEL MFG. 214, D M5 145 160 2.6 6L 24.5 51.7 1200 1800 6.6 13.9 147 310
CO. LTD. 245
D DL-16AE 165 210 4.5 6L 43.3 88.3 900 1200 9.8 19.9 260 530 IMO Tier 2
D DE-18 185 280 7.5 6L 66.7 141.7 720 1000 11.8 25.4 400 860 IMO TIER 2
continued D DE-20 205 300 9.5 6L 135.2 181.7 720 900 18.2 24.5 811 1090 IMO TIER 2

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

108 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
DAIHATSU DIESEL MFG. 214, D DE-23 230 320 13.3 6L 133.3 250.0 720 900 13.2 25.1 800 1516 IMO TIER 2
CO. LTD. 245 D DEL-23 230 350 14.5 8L 160.0 275.0 750 900 14.7 25.2 1280 2200 IMO TIER 2
D DE-28 285 390 24.9 6L 320.2 350.0 720 750 21.5 23.9 1921 2140 IMO TIER 2
D DE-33 330 440 37.6 6L 450.0 600.0 720 750 20.0 26.6 2700 3600 IMO TIER 2
D DE-33 330 440 37.6 8L 450.0 600.0 720 750 20.0 26.6 3600 4800 IMO Tier 2
D DC-32E 320 400 32.0 6L 383.3 500.0 720 750 19.9 25.9 2300 3000 IMO TIER 2
D DC-32E 320 400 32.0 8L 343.8 500.0 720 750 16.0 23.3 2750 4000 IMO TIER 2
D DC-32E 320 400 32.0 16V 343.8 482.5 720 16.6 23.3 5500 7720 IMO TIER 2
D DK-20E 200 300 9.4 6L 96.7 176.7 720 900 13.5 24.6 580 1060 IMO TIER 2
D DK-26E 260 380 20.2 6L 200.0 267.0 720 750 14.3 22.0 1200 1850 IMO Tier 2
D DK-28E 280 390 24.0 6L 243.3 350.0 720 750 16.9 24.6 1460 2130 IMO Tier 2
D DK-28E 280 390 24.0 8L 239.4 350.0 720 750 16.6 24.3 1915 2800 IMO Tier 2
D DK-36E 360 480 48.9 6L 491.7 583.3 600 20.1 23.9 2950 3500 IMO Tier 2
D DK-36E 360 480 48.9 8L 550.0 562.5 600 21.8 23.0 4400 4650 IMO Tier 2
D DK-36E 360 460 46.0 12V 485.8 550.0 600 20.6 23.5 5830 6660 IMO Tier 2
DF DE20DF 205 300 9.9 6L 148.3 900 20.0 890 IMO Tier 2
DF DE23DF 230 320 13.3 6L 200.0 900 20.1 1200 IMO Tier 2
DF DE28DF 280 390 24.0 6L 288.3 720 750 20.0 1730 IMO TIER 2
DF DE35DF 350 440 42.3 6L 510.0 720 20.1 3060 IMO TIER 2
DF DE35DF 350 440 42.3 8L 510.0 720 20.1 4080 IMO TIER 2
DEUTZ AG 183 D D 1.2 L3 78.0 82.0 1.2 3L 2800 17.9 ST-IND EU STAGE 5, EPA
TIER 4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D G 2.2 L3 92 110 2.2 3L 2600 42.0 ST-IND, OH 2, CARB LSI
D D 2.2 L3 92 110 2.2 3L 2300 18.4 ST-IND, OH EPA TIER 4
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D D 2.2 L3 92 110 2.2 3L 2600 18.4 ST-IND, OH TIER 4, EU STAGE
3A (EDG)
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D TD 2.2 L3 92 110 2.2 3L 2600 44.5 ST-IND, OH, PG TIER 4, EU STAGE
3A (EDG)
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D TCD 2.2 L3 92 110 2.2 3L 2600 55.4 ST-IND, OH TIER 4, EU STAGE
3A (EDG)
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D G 2.9 L4 92 110 2.9 4L 2600 54.0 ST-IND, OH TIER 2
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D D 2.9 L4 92 110 2.9 4L 2600 36.4 ST-IND, OH 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TD 2.9 L4 92 110 2.9 4L 2600 55.4 ST-IND, OH, PG 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 2.9 L4 92 110 2.9 4L 2600 55.4 ST-IND, OH, PG 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 2.9 L4 HT 92 110 2.9 4L 2600 55.4 ST-IND, OH, PG 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 2.9 L4 HP 92 110 2.9 4L 2200 82.0 ST-IND, OH 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 2.9 L4 HP (A) 92 110 2.9 4L 2200 82.0 OH 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TD 3.6 L4 98 120 3.6 4L 2600 55.4 ST-IND, OH 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 3.6 L4 98 120 3.6 4L 2300 100.0 ST-IND, OH, PG 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 3.6 L4 (A) 98 120 3.6 4L 2200 105.0 ST-IND, OH
continued 4, CN4

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022 109

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
DEUTZ AG 183 D TCD 3.6 L4 HT 98 120 3.6 4L 2300 55.4 ST-IND, OH EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
4, CN4

D TCD 3.6 L4 HP 98 120 3.6 4L 2300 105.0 ST-IND, OH EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
4, CN4

D TCD 4.1 L4 101 126 4 4L 2300 115.0 ST-IND EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 4.1 L4 (A) 101 126 4 4L 2100 120.0 ST-IND 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 5.2 L4 110 136 5.2 4L 2200 170.0 ST-IND 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 6.1 L6 101 126 6.1 6L 2300 180.0 ST-IND 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 6.1 L6 (A) 101 126 6.1 6L 2100 174.0 ST-IND 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TTCD 6.1 L6 (A) 101 126 6.1 6L 2100 211.0 ST-IND 4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 7.8 L6 110 136 7.8 6L 2200 260.0 ST-IND 4, CN4

D TTCD 7.8 L6 (A) 110 136 7.8 6L 2100 291.0 ST-IND EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 9.0 L4 135 157 9 4L 2100 304.0 ST-IND 4, CN4, EU STAGE 3A
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 12.0 L6 130 150 12 6L 2100 404.0 ST-IND 4, CN4, EU STAGE 3A
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 13.5 L6 135 157 13.5 6L 2100 454.0 ST-IND 4, CN4, EU STAGE 3A
EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
D TCD 12.0 V6 132 145 11.9 6V 2100 390.0 ST-IND 4, CN4

D TCD 16.0 V8 132 145 15.9 8V 2100 520.0 ST-IND EU STAGE 5, EPA TIER
4, CN4
EU STAGE 5, EPA
D TCD 18.0 L6 148 174 18 6L 1900 623.0 ST-IND TIER 4
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D D 2011 L2 O 94 112 1.6 2L 2800 23.1 ST-IND TIER 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D D 2011 L2 I 94 112 1.6 2L 2800 22.5 ST-IND Tier 3

D D 2011 L3 O 94 112 2.3 3L 2800 36.4 ST-IND EU Stage 3a, EPA

Tier 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D D 2011 L3 I 94 112 2.3 3L 2800 36.3 ST-IND Tier 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D D 2011 L4 W 96 125 3.6 4L 2600 50.0 ST-IND Tier 3
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D D 2011 L4 I 96 125 3.6 4L 2600 47.5 ST-IND TIER 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D TD 2011 L4 I 96 125 3.6 4L 2600 57.6 ST-IND Tier 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D TD 2011 L4 W 96 125 3.6 4L 2600 68.0 ST-IND Tier 3

D TCD 2011 L4 W 96 125 3.6 4L 2600 79.4 ST-IND EU STAGE 3A, EPA
TIER 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D D 914 L4 102 132 4.3 4L 2300 58.0 ST-IND Tier 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D D 914 L6 102 132 6.5 6L 2300 86.5 ST-IND Tier 3

D TCD 914 L6 ECAGR 102 132 6.5 6L 2300 129.9 ST-IND EU Stage 3a, EPA
Tier 3
continued EPA Tier 4, EU Stage
D D 2.9 L4 92 110 2.9 4L 2600 36.4 ST-IND, OH 3a (EDG), CN3

* This engine builder is not represented in this 2021-2022 edition of the Power Sourcing Guide with a section description of its products.

110 POWER SOURCING GUIDE 2021-2022

2021-2022 BASIC SPECIFICATIONS DIESEL, NATURAL GAS & DUAL FUEL ENGINES
Cylinders Application

D: Diesel or Heavy Fuel

Maximum Brake

Stationary Ind, R -Rail

Engine Series/Model

Cylinder Range

Mean Effective

Output Range

(EPA Tier 3, Euro 4,

Range (r/min)

Pressure (bar)

M - Marine, ST - IND

EU Stage 3a, etc.)

Rated Speed
SI: Spark Ignited

OH - Off-Highway
ON - On-Highway
Page Reference

Emissions Level
Output per

PG - Power Gen
Displacement

H: Horizontal
Manufacturer

DF: Dual Fuel

(kW/cyl)
Stroke (mm)

V: Vee-Type
O: Opposed
Bore (mm)
Fuel Type

L: In-Line

(kW)
(L/cyl)
min max min max min max min max
DEUTZ AG 183 D TD 2.9 L4 92 110 2.9 4L 2600 55.4 ST-IND, OH EPA Tier 4, EU Stage
3a (EDG), CN3

D TCD 2.9 L4 92 110 2.9 4L 2600 55.4 ST-IND, OH EPA TIER 4, EU STAGE
3A (EDG), CN3

D TD 3.6 L4 98 120 3.6 4L 2600 55.4 ST-IND, OH EPA TIER 4, EU STAGE

3A (EDG), CN3
EPA TIER 4, EU STAGE
D TCD 3.6 L4 98 120 3.6 4L 2300 100.0 ST-IND, OH 3A (EDG), CN3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D TCD 4.1 L4 101 126 4 4L 2300 115.0 ST-IND Tier 3
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D TCD 6.1 L6 101 126 6.1 6L 2300 160.0 ST-IND TIER 3
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D TCD 7.8 L6 110 136 7.8 6L 2300 250.0 ST-IND TIER 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D TD 2012 L4 2V 101 126 4 4L 2300 66.0 ST-IND Tier 3
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D TCD 2012 L4 2V 101 126 4 4L 2400 88.0 ST-IND TIER 3

D TCD 2012 L4 2V 101 126 4 4L 2400 103.0 ST-IND EU STAGE 3A, EPA
TIER 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D TCD 2012 L6 2V 101 126 6.1 6L 2400 155.0 ST-IND Tier 3
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D TCD 2013 L4 2V 108 130 4.8 4L 2300 129.0 ST-IND TIER 3
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D TCD 2013 L6 2V 108 130 7.2 6L 2300 200.2 ST-IND TIER 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D TCD 2013 L6 4V 108 130 7.2 6L 2200 238.0 ST-IND Tier 3

D TCD 2015 V6 132 145 11.9 6V 2100 360.0 ST-IND EU STAGE 3A, EPA
TIER 3
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D TCD 2015 V8 132 145 15.9 8V 2100 500.0 ST-IND TIER 3
EU Stage 3a, EPA
D TCD 12.0 V6 132 145 11.9 6V 2100 360.0 ST-IND Tier 3
EU STAGE 3A, EPA
D TCD 16.0 V8 132 145 15.9 8V 2100 500.0 ST-IND TIER 3

D F 4 L 912 102 132 4.3 4L 2500 54.0 ST-IND EU STAGE 2, EPA

TIER 2
D F 6 L 912 102 132 6.5 6L 2500 82.0 ST-IND EU Stage 2, EPA Tier 2
EU STAGE 2, EPA
D F 4 L 914 102 132 4.3 4L 2500 64.0 ST-IND TIER 2

D BF 4 L 914 102 132 4.3 4L 2500 85.7 ST-IND EU STAGE 2, EPA

TIER 2
D F 6 L 914 102 132 6.5 6L 2500 96.0 ST-IND EU Stage 2, EPA Tier 2
EU STAGE 2, EPA
D BF 6 L 914 102 132 6.5 6L 2500 140.9 ST-IND TIER 2
EU STAGE 2, EPA
D BF 6 L 914 C 102 132 6.5 6L 2500 148.5 ST-IND