PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1

VIDEO DISCUSSION/PPT/ADDITIONAL INFO M1.1

300 B.C – 180 A.D

HISTORY OF MEDICAL Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) & Galen described
TECHNOLOGY the “four humors” in man: BLOOD, PHLEGM,
YELLOW BILE and BLACK BILE

WHAT IS IT ALL ABOUT?

Definition: testing, examining, and analysing patient’s

sample (sputum, stool, saliva, vaginal discharge, body
fluids and etc.)

Annotation: 70% of medical decisions are based on

the laboratory results generated by Medical
Technologist. The remaining 30% are from other test
like x-ray imaging etc., patient’s history, and interview

Annotation: Medical Technologist aren’t allowed to

diagnose.
 Urine was regarded as composite of these
humors
Ruth Heinemann

-the application of natural, physical and biological  Advocated tasting of urine, listening to the
sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures lungs and observing outward appearances in
which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. the diagnosis of diseases, he concluded the
Anne Fagelson appearance of bubbles, blood and pus in
the urine indicates renal diseases and
-the branch of medicine concerned with the chronic illness.
performance of laboratory determinations and
analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of the
disease and maintenance of health. Annotation: Bubbles in urine indicate chronic
illnesses.
Walters
 Yellow Bubbles indicate the presence of
-the health profession concerned with performing bilirubin.
laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information
necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of Jaundice- the discoloration of the
disease as well as in the maintenance of good health. body appearing yellow is a sign of Hepatitis.

 White Bubbles indicate the presence of

RA 5527 (The Philippine Medical Technology Act protein most abundant is albumin in urine.
of 1969)
-an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which
deals with the examination of tissues, secretion and Galen described diabetes as “diarrhea or urine”
excretion of human body and body fluids by various
chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic and other Annotation: 3p’s of diabetes indication:
medical laboratory procedures or techniques which
will aid the physician in the diagnosis strictly and  Polydipsia - increase thirst
treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in  Polyphagia - excessive appetite
general.  Polyuria - excessive urination

Annotation: All laboratory sections use microscope Annotation: Urinalysis is the oldest laboratory
except Clinical Chemistry (body fluid analysis such as examination.
enzymes, protein, lipids etc.)

Annotation: Scope of Microbiology includes Medieval Period - waster casting “uroscopy”

Bacteriology, Mycology, and Virology

WHERE DID IT START?

YHANNIE DASIGAN
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1
VIDEO DISCUSSION/PPT/ADDITIONAL INFO M1.1

900 A.D. -first book for characteristics of urine was -developed by William Einthoven to measure
written electrical changes during the beating of the heart

11th century -medical professionals were not allowed 1910 KENNY METHOD
to conduct physical examination of patient’s body.
- served as a pioneering work for modern
18th century -mechanical techniques and cadaver physical therapy devised by Elizabeth
dissection were used to provide a more objective and
accurate diagnosis -use for the treatment of polio (affecting the joints)

19th century -physicians began using machines for 1927 DRINKER RESPIRATOR
diagnosis or therapeutics
- invented by Philip Drinker to help patients
 John Hutchinson’s with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover normal
Spirometer respiration with the assistance of artificial respirator
– measuring the capacity of the lungs
1939 HEART-LUNG MACHINE
 Jules Herisson’s
Sphygmomanometer -first visual technology invented by Hermann
– measuring blood pressure von Helmholz

TECHNOLOGYCAL DISCOVERIES
Technology took over face to face interaction
between patients and physicians who relied more 1940 CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION AND
on technology as basis for diagnostic ANGIOGRAPHY
assessments.
-operated by Fosmann in 1929 developed by
1816 STETHOSCOPE Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoi between 1930 and 1940
Cournand discover safe method for human in 1941
-first diagnostic medical breakthrough inserting cannula in an arm vein and into the heart
invented by Rene Läennec with
-used to acquire information about the lungs
and heartbeats
an injection of radiographic dye for X-ray visualization

1840 MICROSCOPE WHERE DID IT START? 1.1

-developed by Antonie Van Leewenhoek 460 BC – 370 BC Hippocrates

 “Father of Medicine”
1850 OPHTHALMOSCOPE  Hippocratic Oath-the code of ethics for practicing
physicians.
-first visual technology invented by Hermann  Described four "humors" or body fluids in man
von Helmholz (blood, phlegm, yellow bile & black bile)

1550 BC Vivian Herrick, MT

1855 LARYGOSCOPE
 traces the beginning of medical technology 
-devised by Manuel Garcia using two mirrors intestinal parasite such as Taenia and Ascaris were
to observe throat and larynx mentioned in early writings

Annotation:
1859 X-ray Taena saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taena
solium (pork tapeworm) are infections by
-invented by Wilhelm Roentgen by accident improperly cooked meet.
that radiation could penetrate solid objects of low
density allowed physicians to view the inside of the Ascaris llumbricoides are giant intertinal
body without surgery used to diagnose pneumonia, roundworm from food to mouth transmission.
pleurisy and tuberculosis since world war II Eg. Streetfoods

1903 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)

YHANNIE DASIGAN
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1
VIDEO DISCUSSION/PPT/ADDITIONAL INFO M1.1

 Ebers Papyrus- first book for treatment of diseases 1578-1657 William Harvey
-contains description of the three stages of
hookworm infection  discovered blood circulation, the era of blood
transfusion started.
Annotation: Only 2 hookworms that infect
Annotation: William Harvey discovered the 3
humans acquired through skin
veins for puncture sites namely Cephalic, Basilic, and
penetration:
Median Cubital.
Ancylostoma duodenale (old world
hookworm)

Necator americanus (new world hookworm 1631-1691 Richard Lower

 first physician to perform direct transfusion of blood.

1096-1438 Ruth Williams, MT
 showed it was possible for blood to be transfused
 believes that MT began from the Medieval Period as from animal to animal.
supported by the fact that urinalysis (”the oldest
laboratory procedure”) was a fad (trend) 1643-1704 Jean-Baptiste Denys

Early Hindu doctors  notable for having performed the first fully
’  scientific observation”- urine of certain individuals documented human blood transfusion.
attracted ants, and that such urine has a sweetish
 Animal to human
taste
600 BC- Hindu physician recorded the sweet 1829 James Blundell
taste of diabetic urine
1674, that the urine in diabetes had a taste  Performed the first successful transfusion of blood
similar to honey. to a patient for treatment of a haemorrhage.
Quacks  Human to human
 reaped fortunes from diagnosing diseases by the
appearance for the urine
1590 Zacharias Jannsen

 developed the first crude model of a compound

14th century Anne Fagelson model microscope
refers to date MT from 14th century,
prominent Italian physician, Mondino de’ Liuzzi at
the University of Bologna employed one Allesandra 1632-1723 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Giliani to perform certain tasks now under the domain
of the medical technology profession. Unfortunately,  invented and improved the compound mircroscope
this young lady died from a laboratory acquired
 first to describe red blood cells to see protozoa, and
infection
to classify bacteria according to shape.
Annotation: Allesandra Gillani is the first person
to die from laboratory infection (rip). Annotation: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Father of
Microbiology)
1492 Pope Incent VIII
Described red blood cell (oxygen
 first unlucky recipient of blood transfusion carriers)
 blood of three boys was infused into the dying
pontiff (through the mouth, as the First to classify bacteria according
to shape (cocci and basili)

concept of circulation and methods for intravenous

access did not exist at that time) at the suggestion of
a physician. 1628-1694 Marcello Malpighi

 the “Greatest of the Early Microscopists”

Annotation: Pope Innocent VIII is the first
person to die from blood transfusion.  works in embryology and anatomy definitely marks
him as the “Founder of Pathology”.
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD
MEDICAL LABORATORY 1.1

YHANNIE DASIGAN
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1
VIDEO DISCUSSION/PPT/ADDITIONAL INFO M1.1

1879

1798 Edward Jenner  First vaccine for cholera.

 cross-immunity of smallpox and cowpox

1880 Louis Pasteur

• First attenuated vaccine

1881

1800 Dr. William Occam • develops an anthrax vaccine

 searched and found the answer to the diagnosis of 1882

his patients by several means and part of this process
of collection evidence was investigation in the  develops a rabies vaccine
laboratory, and a large part of the complete picture
consisted of laboratory findings.
1890 Emil von Behring

19th century  discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop

tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
 production of Aniline dyes it became possible to
1895 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
stain bacteria and to study them better under the
microscope  discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging

1900 Karl Landsteiner

1815 Baron Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt
 Noted for having first distinguished the ABO blood
 through his leadership, medicine brought in itself a group system.
complete revolution by the development of the Annotation: First to discover blood typing
physical findings before and after death in
establishing an anatomical pathology and later in
adding bacteriology to the elucidation of the causes of
disease and the laboratory examinations 1921 Frederick Banting and Charles Best

817- 1886 Jules Duboscq  discover insulin – important for the treatment of
diabetes
 1854 - developed the first visual colorimeter based
on Beer’s Law. Annotation: Hyperglucose is the increase
glucose in the blood
 1902 – introduced in the clinical laboratory.
Pancrease - Beta cells of the islets
of the langerhans - Insulin (hormone)
1821-1902 Rudolf Virchow

 One of the youngest of the medical specialist 1927

 Founded the Archives of Pathology in Berlin  First vaccine for tuberculosis

 First vaccine for tetanus

1847 1827–1912 Joseph Lister

 Pioneer of antiseptic surgery 1928 Alexander Fleming

 Father of Modern Surgery  discovered properties in mold that fight bacteria.

 His discovery of penicillin (Penicillin notaum)

antibiotic was one of the greatest innovations in the
1847-1925 Hermann Fehling history of medicine
 Performed the first quantitative test for urine sugar.

YHANNIE DASIGAN
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1
VIDEO DISCUSSION/PPT/ADDITIONAL INFO M1.1

1954 Joseph Murray 1896 Dr. William Osler

 performs the first human kidney transplant (on  first clinical laboratory was opened at the John
identical twins Hopkins Hospital

HISTORY IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE

1884 Dr. Silas Douglas US

 started the first laboratory instruction  routine examinations were carried out, special
attention being given to the search for malarial
 University of Michigan - the first laboratory parasite in the blood.”
(chemical laboratory)
 A clinical laboratory was also opened at the
University of Pennsylvania in 1896 (William Pepper
Laboratory)
 it became the largest and the best equipped
chemical laboratory open to students in the United
States.
1908 Dr. James C. Todd
1854 1858
 wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” The book
 Medical College of St. Bartholomew. was retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory
Methods” in 6th edition by Dr. Todd and Dr. Arthur
 all part-time practicing clinicians were reinforced as
Sanford and then “Clinical Diagnosis and
teachers by whole time professional units applying the Management by Laboratory Methods”, presently
new laboratory methods to medical practice and published under the editorship of Davidson and Henry
medical teaching at the University College at when the authors died
Cambridge.
 This book became the standard reference for
laboratories
1878 Dr. William H. Welch
Annotation: His book became the Bible for
 established another laboratory at the Bellevue Medical Technology
Hospital Medical College.

 he gave the first laboratory course in pathology 1900

ever offered in an American Medical School.
 In census, 100 technicians, all male were
 became the first professor of Pathology at John employed in the United States. This increased
Hopkins University.

to 3,500 in 1920. In 1922, 3035 hospitals had clinical

1885 1887 Dr. Simon Flexner laboratories
 the 1st pathologist of the John Hopkins Hospital
Department of Pathology
1911

 an Insurance Act was approved and a complete

1887 Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson revolution in the development of the laboratory
science as the basis of disease was formally accepted
 obtained significant results in his works in medicine
by applying laboratory methods to his practice of 1915
medicine.
 stated legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law
requiring all hospitals and Institutions to have an
adequate laboratory and to employ a full-time
laboratory technician
 concluded that the use of laboratory methods in 1900
Clinical Medicine elucidates pathological problems.

YHANNIE DASIGAN
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1
VIDEO DISCUSSION/PPT/ADDITIONAL INFO M1.1

 In census, 100 technicians, all male were employed  Automated equipment appeared and quality control
in the United States. This increased to 3,500 in 1920. programs became common
In 1922, 3035 hospitals had clinical laboratories

1911
place laboratory medicine certainly moved into an era
 an Insurance Act was approved and a complete of sophistication.
revolution in the development of the laboratory
science as the basis of disease was formally accepted

1915 1940

 stated legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law  the United States required a two-year collegiate
requiring all hospitals and Institutions to have an education and a twelve-month actual training in the
adequate laboratory and to employ a full-time laboratory for the preparation of this practice.
laboratory technician
 A standard curriculum was formalized in 1950 in
1914-1918 preparation for a Bachelor of Science Degree

 World War I was an important factor in the growth 1967

of the clinical laboratory and produced a great
 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1967 was
demand for technicians.
enacted.

1921
1975
 Denver Society of the Clinical Pathologist was
 Medical Technologists were required to have a
organized
bachelor’s degree or the equivalent

1977
1922
 The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
 One of the first schools for training workers Standards (NCCLS) is a group of clinicians &
established at the University of Minnesota laboratory scientists that have grouped together to
discuss ways of improving patient services
 A course bulletin was entitled “Courses in Medical
Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians”
was issued
1999
 University of Minnesota was the first to offer a
 the term “Clinical Laboratory Science” is adopted
degree level program believed to be in 1923

1923

 American Society of Clinical Pathologists (ASCP)

was organized. 1

1936
HISTORY IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
 American Board of Pathology was established. PHILIPPINES

1939

 American Medical Technologists (AMT) was formed At the end of World War II, medical technology
practice was introduced to the Philippines by the 26th
1939-1945 Medical Laboratory of the 6 th US Army. The US
Army established the first clinical laboratory in the
 World War II marked effect on laboratory medicine. Philippines at Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila
where the Manila Public Health Laboratory is
 The use of blood increased and the “closed system”
presently located.
of blood collection was widely adopted.

 Instrumentation was advanced

June, 1943

YHANNIE DASIGAN
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1
VIDEO DISCUSSION/PPT/ADDITIONAL INFO M1.1

 The US Army left clinical laboratory and endorsed it 1954 Philippine Union College
to the National Department of Health. But the
Department rendered the laboratory nonfunctional for  offered the first four-year B.S. degree in Medical
some time. February, Technology with Manila Sanitarium (Manila Adventist
Medical Center)

1944
1956 Mr. Jesse Umali
 The laboratory offered training programs to high
school graduates  Philippine Union College (now the Adventist
University of the Philippines) graduated its first
Medical technology graduate in the person of Mr.
Jesse Umali.
October 1, 1945 Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda
 OB-Gyne practitioner and was an owner of Omega
 formally organized the Manila Public Health Laboratories
Laboratory

 Dr. de Roda was assisted by Dr. Mariano lcasiano

who was then the Manila City Health Officer. 1957 Dr. Antonio Gabriel & Dr. Gustavo Reyes
University of Sto. Tomas

 offered Medical Technology as an elective subject to

4th & 5th year B.S. Pharmacy students.

 Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer it as a

course

1947, Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana

June 17, 1957
 the training of high school graduated to work as
medical technicians was revised under Dr. Pio de  a temporary permit was issued by the Department of
Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana. No definite period Education for first to third year students
of training was set and no certificates were given to
trainees.

June 1960
1953 Mrs. Willa Hilgert Hedrick  the permit for the internship program was issued
 Mrs. Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick was the founder of
the Medical Technology Education/course in the
Philippines. June 14, 1961.

 She was an American Seventh Day Adventist  full recognition of the 4 – year B.S. Medical
missionary to the Philippines and marred to Dr. Technology course was given
Hedrick, the first Medical internist of the Manila
Sanitarium and Hospital (now Manila Adventist
Medical Center).

1954 Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana 1960 Centro Escolar University

 a six-month laboratory training with certificate upon  Followed in 1960 through the pioneering efforts of
completion was given to trainees Mrs. Purification Sunico-Suaco who was granted by
the University President Carmen de Luna, to work on
.  Dr. Sta. Ana prepared the syllabus of the training
the feasibility of the offering the medical technology
program.
course in the university.  Their first graduates were in
 Later Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two doctors in the 1962.
training program at the Public Health Laboratory.
1961 Far Eastern University

YHANNIE DASIGAN
PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1
VIDEO DISCUSSION/PPT/ADDITIONAL INFO M1.1

 started offering B.S. in Medical technology under -demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by
the College of Medicine. airborne organisms

 Initiated by Dr. Horacio A. Ylagan and Dr. Serafin J. 1877- ROBERT KOCH
Juliano.
-presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax) and
 The idea was brought to the Advisory Council of the tubercle bacilli
University, hence, by the authority granted by the late
1886- Elie Metchnikoff
Dr. Lauro H. Panganiban, dean of the Institute of
Medicine and Dr. Jesus Nolasco, Secretary of the
Institute.

-descried phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting

 FEU School of Medical Technology was finally infections
opened in 1962 under the joint auspices of the
Institute of Medicine (now known as Nicanor Reyes 1886- Ernst von Bergmann
Medical Foundation) and Institute of Arts and
Sciences. -introduced steam sterilization in surgery

 It produced its first graduates in 1963. 1902- Karl Landsteiner

 Formal MT education in the Philippines -distinguished blood groups through ABO systems

University of the Philippines Manila Offers 1906- AUGUST VON WASSERMANN

the similar course but the degree conferred
-immunologic test for syphilis
is B.S. Public Health
1906- HOWARD RICKETTS

-discovered microorganisms whose range lies

between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae

INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD

1660- ANTONIE VAN LEEWENHOEK MEDICAL LABORATORY 1.1

-The father of microbiology 1929- HANS FISCHER

-known for his work on the improvement of the -worked on the structure of hemoglobin
microscope
1954- JONAS STALK
1796- EDWARD JENNER
-poliomyelitis vaccine
-Vaccination for smallpox; immunology
1973- JAMES WESTGARD
1880- MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER BICHAT
-introduced westgard rules or quality control
identified organs by their types of tissue; histology
1980- BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG
1835- AGOSTINO BASSI
-introduced Hepatitis B vaccine
-produced disease in worms injection of organic
material, beginning of bacteriology 1985- KARY MULLIS

1857- LOUIS PASTEUR -developed PCR

-immunity for rabies 1992- ANDRE VAN STEIRTEGHEM

1866- GREGOR MENDEL -introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection

-law of inherited in studies on plants 1998- JAMES THOMSON

-derived the first human Stem Cell line

1870- JOSEPH LISTER

YHANNIE DASIGAN