1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Water supply system, infrastructure for collecting, transmitting, treating, storing, and
distributing water for households, businesses, industry, and irrigation, as well as public
necessities like firefighting and street flushing. The provision of drinkable water is possibly
the most important of all municipal services. Water is used for drinking, cooking, cleaning,
removing trash, and other household purposes. Water supply systems must also meet
certain requirements. The evolution of public water delivery systems is strongly linked to
the creation of cities. Water was an important factor in the placement of the earliest
inhabited towns. The digging of shallow wells was arguably the first invention in the
development of water resources beyond their natural state in rivers, lakes, and springs.
Wells were dug deeper as the need for water grew and new tools were invented. City
inhabitants in the Indus River valley erected brick-lined wells as early as 2500 BCE, while
ancient China is known to have used wells about 500 metres (over 1,600 feet) deep. Qants,
or slightly sloping tunnels driven into hillsides to contain groundwater, are thought to have
begun around 700 BCE in ancient Persia. Water was gravity-fed from the hillsides to
nearby towns and cities through open channels. Qants were widely used in the region, and
some are still in use today. Tehrn, Iran's capital city, got all of its water from a system of
qants until 1933.

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2.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Figure 1: Map Perak Darul Ridzuan

Sources: shutterstock.com

Malaysia is made up of 14 states, one of which is Perak Darul Ridzuan (see map). Perak is
Peninsular Malaysia’s second-largest state, after Pahang, and the country’s fourth-largest.
Apart from that, Perak is a state brimming with opportunity, as well as being stunningly
gorgeous. Perak, which shares borders with numerous other states, offers a variety of
advantages in terms of economics, tourism, infrastructure, and so on. Perak, commonly
known as Perak Darul Ridzuan, is Peninsular Malaysia’s second-largest state (after
Pahang), covering 21,000 square kilometres. It is one of the Federation of Malaya’s
member states (Malaysia). Perak is a state in Malaysia that covers 6.4 percent of the
country’s total land area. Perak has hot and humid weather all year, with temperatures
ranging from 23.7 to 33.2 degrees Celsius, high humidity of more than 82.3 percent, and
3,218.00mm of rainfall every year. With 5080 mm of rain, Bukit Larut is the wettest spot
in Malaysia. Forests represent nearly half of Perak, covering 10,713 square kilometres,
with 95.6 percent Equatorial Rainforest and 4.4 percent Mangrove Forest.

Perak is also known as Bumi Bertuah, a state blessed by God with a variety of gifts and
intriguing sites to enjoy by people from all walks of life. Kuala Kangsar, Hulu Perak,
Kerian, Larut, Matang and Selama, Kinta, Kampar, Batang Padang, Perak Tengah, Hilir

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Perak, Manjung and Muallim are the 11 districts of Perak. Muallim District is Perak’s
eleventh new administrative district. Perak is also known as Bumi Bertuah, a state blessed
by God with a variety of gifts and intriguing sites to enjoy by people from all walks of life.
Kuala Kangsar, Hulu Perak, Kerian, Larut, Matang and Selama, Kinta, Kampar, Batang
Padang, Perak Tengah, Hilir Perak, Manjung and Muallim are the 11 districts of Perak.
Muallim District is Perak’s eleventh new administrative district. Perak is also surrounded
on the west side of the peninsula by states such as Kedah and Penang; Kelantan in the
northeast; Pahang in the east and southeast; Selangor in the south; and the Straits of Melaka
in the west. Perak also shares international borders with Thailand (or Yala Province) to the
north and the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the south. (Perak - Wikipedia, 2022)

Figure 2: Districts of Perak

Sources: Map of districts in Perak edited by VisitSelangor.com.

3.0 OBJECTIVE

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4.0 WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT/SYSTEM

Water supply management and system is the process of planning, developing and managing
water resources in terms of quantity and quality of water in daily water use. It includes
institutions, infrastructure, incentives and information systems that support and guide water
management. Water resources management seeks to capitalize on the benefits of water by
ensuring there is adequate water of adequate quality for drinking water and sanitation
services, food production, energy generation, inland water transportation, and water -based
recreation, as well as maintaining water -dependent health. Ecosystems and protecting the
aesthetic and spiritual values of lakes, rivers, and estuaries also need systematic and
planned management. In addition, water resources management also requires the
management of water -related risks, including floods, droughts, and pollution. The
complexity of the relationship between water and households, economies and ecosystems
require integrated management that takes into account the synergies and exchanges of
water consumption and large values.

To address water shortages during droughts and threats from climate change in the future.
A comprehensive water and resource management system, the National Water Balance
Management System (NAWABS) is being developed by the Department of Drainage and
Irrigation Malaysia. The purpose of the NAWABS system is to provide a platform to share
engineering skills in managing river systems, evaluating alternative development and
operation of management schemes. With a built-in Decision Support Management System
(DMSS), it can support decision management for river basins and interstate planning to
develop water resources in cooperative ways, share socio-economic benefits, and promote
efficient water use. By adapting DMSS and NAWABS it can support operational objectives
for specific river basins. It can better manage and balance supply and demand through
better assessment of the future with low risk and the ability to assess the risks of various
operational strategies.

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4.1 MANAGEMENT OF NAWABS AND DMSS

NAWABS and DMSS are being developed for the Perak River basin to assess the potential
of raw water supply for water use and demand as well as to supply raw water for transfer
between basins to nearby areas. Perak is one of the states that has abundant water resources
in Malaysia. The analysis shows that the Perak River has sufficient raw water in the Perak
river to supply raw water to meet the projected demand of 2,228 JLH for Perak's own use
and inter -basin transfer of 1,000 JLH to nearby areas such as Penang state until 2050 below
the probability level drought 1 in 50 years. However, it is important to select a river intake
location with a minimum of 7,700 km2 to ensure a level of reliability is achieved. In
addition, preliminary results indicate that rainfall in the state of Perak will experience
climate change from historical and future satellite data data. Therefore, further studies are
needed to enhance Perak’s NAWABS to assess existing water balance and water resource
allocation for short- and long -term scenarios, as well as system operations for real -time
decision management, water accounting and water availability.

4.2 WATER BALANCE

Water balance from the perspective of the hydrological cycle is defined as the amount of
water entering and exiting a control system over a period of time. It also covers major
hydrological inputs, outputs and deferred components according to specific spatial and
temporal scales. Development of water balance models has been established for many river
basins with various catchment sizes in the world and some examples include the Nile Basin
in Egypt (3,254,555 km2), the Tarim River in China (557,000 km2), and more. Balance
modeling that typically includes modeling tools is to provide comprehensive solutions to
water resources management issues such as providing up -to -date information on water
availability, water demand, and options for water transfer, water storage and allocation and
integration of surface and groundwater. In Malaysia, as elsewhere, water is considered the
core of sustainable development and a critical element for socio-economic development.
Water is a limited resource and can be renewable only if managed well. The
implementation of integrated water resources management through NAWABS is
particularly important for key river basins that involve the sharing between basins or the

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transfer of water resources, between states in Malaysia. One of the main river basins is the
Perak river which has a lot of water for its own use. It is the second longest river in
Peninsular Malaysia. The state of Penang is a water -thirsty state with a dense population
and an industrial township on limited land. Sungai Perak is considered a potential source
of raw water to the state adjacent to Penang. However, the risk of Perak river water
resources is decreasing due to climate change. The Perak river basin has a catchment area
of about 14,908 km2, covering about 70% of the state of Perak.

Figure 3: Location of Penang and Perak State with Perak River with proposed Interbasin
Transfer of Raw water scheme

Source: Journal of Water Resources Management (JoWRM) HTC Kuala Lumpur,

Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia, 2020

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Reasons for transfer between raw water basins from Sungai Perak to Penang:

(1) A readily available raw water resource that is presently underutilized.

(2) A raw water resource covering two bordering states: Perak and Penang.

(3) An inter-state raw water transfer project with the financial fund from Federal
Government of Malaysia

(4) Construction cost for a conventional water treatment plant to treat raw water
transferred from Sungai Perak are significantly lower than the costs of setting up a
desalination plant or other types of the same capacity.

(5) Operating cost for a conventional river water treatment system is more cost efficient
than recycling or desalinating water. Note that a large-scale desalination and reverse
osmosis (or ultra-filtration) processes will be more energy-intensive and cost-intensive.

(6) Other types of options such as water recycling and rainwater harvesting require
additional specialized infrastructure, including separate pipeline networks for channelling
the raw water and/or distributing the processed water

One of the key elements in ensuring sustainable water resources for the Perak river system
is to provide comprehensive management instruments that provide various functions
including systematic accounting for water resources, real -time online information on water
availability, assessment tools to assess operational options for water allocation. efficient
and predictive to assist in the decision management process.

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4.3 WATER DEMAND IN PERAK

Water supply services in Perak are managed by a state government institution, Lembaga
Air Perak Lembaga Air Perak (LAP). Perak's water demand (high projection category) is
estimated at 1,385 MLD by 2030, 1,683 MLD by 2030 and 2,228 MLD by 2050. In
addition, water shortages are not expected to occur if the catchment conditions are well
maintained in Perak. Figure 4.1 shows the water demand projections for the state of Perak,
data plotted from the DID study, 2011 and figures published from the LAP 2016 corporate
profile scaled for comparison purposes.

Figure 4: Water Supply and Demand in Perak State (Data plotted from NWRS, 2011 and
figure excerpted from Corporate Profile of LAP (2016).

Source: Source: Journal of Water Resources Management (JoWRM) HTC Kuala

Lumpur, Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia, 2020

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4.4 WATER AVAILABILITY

DID is the main agency in Malaysia that operates a network of hydrological stations and
maintains a hydrological database. DID hydrological stations can be categorized into two
types, National Network and Non -National Network. Currently, there are 97 rain stations
under the DID National Network operating in Perak. (JPS, 2011)

Figure 5: The hydrological model set-up using NAM model and the locations of
treatment plants in the Perak River basin

Source: The hydrological model set-up using NAM model and the locations of treatment
plants in the Perak River basin

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Figure 6: Hydrological Rainfall Stations in NAM Hydrological Model Set-up and

Hydrological Data Consistency Analysis – Double Mass Curve at Perak River Mouth

Source: The hydrological model set-up using NAM model and the locations of treatment
plants in the Perak River basin

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Figure 7: Typical Simulated Stream Flow of NAM Model

Source: The hydrological model set-up using NAM model and the locations of
treatment plants in the Perak river basin

4.5 NAWABS AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Water resources for river basins will be reduced due to land use and climate change in the
future. Land use and climate change can be reduced through the implementation of
NAWABS. Therefore, land use change can be prevented through gazetted catchment
conservation. However, the future climate will make water availability uncertain.
Therefore, the comprehensive modeling tools and decision management support system in
NAWABS will help ensure the following targets are achieved.

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4.5.1 TARGET NAWABS

(a) WATER ACCOUNTING

I. The analysis and modelling shall account for all water entry and exit/loss within the river
basin and key sub-basins and shall be updated on a daily basis

II. The accounting process shall be updated on a weekly/monthly basis and aggregated on
a yearly basis.

(b) WATER AVAILABILITY

I. The analysis and modelling shall account for water availability both in terms of volume
and river stage (m) at all key demand points and be designed to incorporate and take into
account future demand points

(c) WATER ALLOCATION

I. The analysis and modelling shall assist the water resources manager to determine how
water shall be allocated depending on demand and priorities.

5.0 WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT AGENCIES & ROLES

Water supply management, also known as supply division management, focuses on actions
that increase or improve the capacity of water resources or water systems to supply water,
such as interstate water transfer, new water treatment plants, and pipe replacement. It is the
typical strategy of hydrologists and water managers, in which the emphasis is on the supply
side and the assessment of available water resources rather than controlling demand. Until
2006, the federal and state governments in Malaysia shared responsibilities for ensuring a
constant supply of water. The federal government is in charge of infrastructure projects,
while the state government is in charge of water resources, water supply, and services,
according to the Malaysian Constitution's Ninth Federal Schedule.The state government is
in charge of producing, operating, and maintaining public water supplies, either through
State Works or the Water Supply Department, or through private concession agreements.

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However, concession agreements differ by state, and some states end up with water that
produces low yields and revenues, limiting their capacity to increase service quality.
(Khalid, 2018)

5.1 THE PERAK WATER BOARD (LAP)

Figure 8: Lembaga Air Perak

Sources: polyware.com.

The Perak Water Board Enactment of 1988 formed Lembaga Air Perak (LAP) for the
purpose of providing water supply services in the state of Perak. LAP was founded on
January 1, 1990. Water supply services in Perak were previously provided by the Perak
Public Works Department and then the Perak Water Supply Department before LAP was
established. After Selangor and Johor, the Perak Water Board is Malaysia's third largest
water operator, supplying clean water to about 2.5 million people. The General Manager,
who is appointed by the Board, is in charge of planning, implementing, and administering
the Perak Water Board's activities, as well as its financial and administrative matters. In
2008, Malaysia's water business was restructured in order to address CAPEX finance
concerns. Water operators in Malaysia will now function as a light asset entity as a result
of the restructuring. PAAB was created as a separate entity to provide CAPEX funding to
state-owned water organisations. (MyLAPApps,2022)

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5.2 THE MALAYSIAN DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE (DID)

Figure 9: Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia

Sources: jps.perak.gov.my

The Malaysian Department of Irrigation and Drainage is in charge of all air issues in the
country. Under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment's leadership, this
department has taken on new and enlarged responsibilities. River Bus and Coastal Zone
Management, Water Resources and Hydrology Management, Special Projects, Flood
Management, and Environmentally Friendly Drainage are among DID's present
responsibilities. DID also produced the Urban Stormwater Management Manual in 2001,
the National Study for Effective IWRM Implementation in Malay in 2008, and the IWRM
Best Management Practices Implementation manual in 2009. DID was also tasked with
reviewing and formulating the National Water Resources Study (2000-2050).(JPS,2022)

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5.3 SURUHANJAYA PERKHIDMATAN AIR NEGARA (SPAN)

Figure 10: Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara

Sources: seeklogo.com

The National Water Services Commission (SPAN) is the national regulatory body for the
water and sewerage industry for Peninsular Malaysia and the Federal Territory of Labuan.
It operates under the legal framework specified in the National Water Services Commission
Act 2006 (Act 654) and the Water Services Industry Act 2006 (Act 655). In a special sitting
of Parliament in mid-2005, the Malaysian Parliament approved an amendment to the Ninth
Schedule of the Federal Constitution which moved matters relating to water supply and
services from the State List to the Common List (except Sabah and Sarawak). The
amendment was gazetted on 10 February 2005, and it came into force on 21 March 2005.
With the amendment, the Federal Government will regulate the water services industry in
terms of licensing and regulation of service operators. The State Government retains its
authority over water resources, water catchment areas and river basins. In mid-2006, the
Malaysian Parliament passed two laws that changed the way Malaysia manages water
services, namely the National Water Services Commission Act, Act 654 or the SPAN Act
and the Water Services Industry Act, Act 655. Act 654 outlines the role, functions, and
terms of reference of SPAN. Act 655 provides for regulation covering economic, technical,
and social as well as protection of consumer rights. (SPAN,2022)

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6.0 WATER SUPPLY POLICY, STRATEGY AND LAW

6.1 WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE MALAYSIAN PLAN

Malaysia benefits from its wealth of natural resources derived from ecosystem services and
this has made a significant contribution to the economic sector. Natural resources are a
valuable asset of the country, therefore it is important to ensure that the management of
ecosystem services is implemented properly, especially from the aspect of conservation
and sustainable use. Sustainable management of natural resources is necessary to ensure
that future generations continue to enjoy the benefits of natural resources in order to move
towards green growth. This strategy paper presents a more resilient future direction through
the sustainable use of natural resources in line with the government’s aspirations towards
green growth.

During the Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh (RMKe-10), 2011-2015, various efforts were
implemented to provide a quality environment to improve the well-being of the people. In
ensuring that the country's natural resources are maintained, relevant policies and
legislation have been reviewed to strengthen efforts including rehabilitation and
reforestation programs, integrated water resources management as well as natural resource
governance and monitoring.

Water supply demand management refers to the public's approval of policies or

investments to obtain efficient water. This differs from water supply management, which
needs satisfying demand with additional sources such as building dams or relocating water
between states to fulfil growing demand. Following that, the demand side seeks to self-
manage consumer demand in order to postpone or avoid the need for new water supplies.
It appears to be a crucial component of sustainable development policy because it focuses
on eliminating leakages, losses, and overuse.

In 1999, the Malaysian Water Partner (MyWP) organisation established a National Water
Vision and Framework for Action to ensure safe and adequate water supply, protect river
beds, and other issues. a body of water (1999, Le & Facon). Water resources should be
shared fairly. The framework for action enables the NWRC to oversee state water
development and river management, construct a river basis in authority that incorporates

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stakeholders in decision-making, prepare drought and flood control master plans, and
establish monitoring and enforcement procedures (Ching, 2012).

STRATEGY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT

Strengthen effective and • Strengthen policies related to the BSH

sustainable water resources use, conservation, control and
BAP
management governance of water resources
JPS
• Increased water resource security
in terms of quantity and quality
Reduce the risk of water - • Strengthen policies related to the JPS
related disasters, use, conservation, control and
NAHRIM
preparedness and response governance of water resources
BHS
• Increased water resource security
in terms of quantity and quality

Strengthen expertise, • Strengthening the NAHRIM NAHRIM

information sharing and Organization
JPS
consultancy services in • Intensify water -related research
water -related Research, and innovation activities
Development, Innovation & • Intensify the activities of
Commercialization (RDIC) consulting services (consultancy)
• Strengthen water -related research
funding mechanisms
• Strengthen water -related
information sharing mechanisms
Strengthen • Strengthen International BSH
Communication, Education cooperative relations
JPS
and Public Awareness • Strengthen collaboration with
(CEPA) NAHRIM
stakeholders
SPAN

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Table 1: Strategies to Transform Water Service Industry

6.2 POLICY AND LAW

Water is crucial in all parts of life, both public and private, and at all levels, from
international waterways to domestic levels. It is important in the natural environment, our
economy, food security, production, and politics. As a result, managing how water is used,
who uses it, and how much is utilised is extremely complicated, and it is the subject of vast
legal bodies at the local, national, and international levels.

Water is a tremendously political topic because of its worth and relevance in all parts of
life. Water access is a matter of power. Poverty is a major indicator and cause of lack of
access to and control over water. Water policy is a reflection of water politics. Policies can
be written or unwritten; in many cases, the de facto policy of a government agency or local
government, as implemented in the field, differs significantly from the stated policy. Water
legislation is a policy-making tool that usually reflects current government priorities.
Because of the extensive process required in producing new legislation, legislation
frequently lags behind policy. Without obvious policy advantages, legislation is sometimes
developed or existing legislation is changed.

6.2.1 WATER SUPPLY

Basic principles such as "some for all, not all for some," access fairness, user payments,
and so on must all be addressed. Explain the duties and responsibilities of various levels of
government in terms of water supply, such as the role of the federal government, the
provincial or state government, and the local or municipal government. Local communities'
roles in water supply development, ownership, management, administration, operation, and
maintenance. Women's role in water supply in all aspects.

The connection between sanitation and water supply. To improve the good impact of water
supply, hygiene and health education are needed. Minimum supply criteria, such as daily
per capita quantity, maximum transit distance, and quality limits are all examples of
minimum supply standards. Cost recovery, water tariffs, capital finance, and mechanisms

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such as tiered tariffs are all part of water supply economics. The function of utilities and
the sector's commercialization. Issues with operations and maintenance. In terms of water
supply, NGOs, ESAs, and the private sector all play a role.

6.2.2 WATER UTILISATION, WATER QUALITY, WATER AND THE

ENVIRONMENT, THE ECONOMICS OF WATER, WATER RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND TRANS-BOUNDARY WATER POLICY

The legal right to abstraction and use in terms of globally recognised practises is one of the
concerns that must be addressed in cross-border water policy. Policies and principles linked
to fair collaboration and cooperation in general. Water consumption requirements, both
now and in the future. This is a crucial practise for "claiming" legal parts and portions of
water. Within the context of the national macroeconomic plan, this necessitates multi-
sectoral development planning and policy. This will include water demand predictions for
agriculture, drinking water, the environment and tourism, industry, power generation,
mining, forestry, and fisheries, among other things. Examine all applicable accords and
treaties that pertain to international waterways.

Environmental protection, includes issues such as water quality, foreign species

management, and catchment protection, including incentives for upstream countries to
safeguard catchments, and so on. Cross-border water economics and water value, as well
as cross-border water transactions, are discussed. Tools for information management and
decision-making. It is necessary to build policies and procedures for sharing information
with other Basin States. Monitoring and adoption of agreements by Basin States.
Institutions in the River Basin: Principles and Policies Principles, rules, and processes for
planning and executing work that may have an impact on the Basin's features. Principles
and policies concerning emergencies, natural catastrophes, aggression, and conflict.
Concerns about secrecy and sovereignty.

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7.0 ISSUES/CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Water supply disruption in Seri Iskandar. The water supply problem for the residents in the
area is not due to dry water sources but due to problems with drainage and water control
systems. Among other factors that cause water supply problems is due to the lack of rainfall
distribution in certain areas thus causing water control upstream does not flow at the proper
capacity. Water supply disruption in Kerian, contaminated raw water sources. Most areas
in the Kerian district in northern Perak experienced water supply disruptions after raw
water sources for the distribution of clean water to about 19,000 residents' accounts, were
found to be contaminated in Shamsul Kamal Amarudin - January 2020.

Figure 11: Water supply disruption in the Kerian district in northern Perak

Source: [email protected]

Water shortage problem NORMAWATI ADNAN on 10 Mac 2021 March 10, 2021, Bagan
Serai. The Perak government will start a study to overcome the lack of water supply in
paddy fields, especially during the dry season. Inadequate water for paddy field cultivation

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is no longer a foreign issue. This is due to the fact that paddy fields require a sufficient
amount of water to be productive. Extra summer in Malaysia, which is no longer a foreign
country

7.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

Improving Water Supply Coverage with Clean and Treated Water. By 2020, the
government wants to ensure that 99 percent of the population has access to safe, treated
water. Rainwater reservoirs, tube wells, and gravity water distribution systems will be
increased as alternative water supply options. To continue attempts to enhance state-related
water supply coverage, other solutions will be used. Local demands, as well as
geographical and cost t - effect factors, will be factored into the system. Water gravity
distribution systems will be employed in highland locations with limited access, while
rainwater distribution systems will be used in distant places with high rainfall distribution
rates.

To address the issue of water scarcity in rice fields, particularly during the dry season. The
state of Perak will conduct a feasibility study to create a water tunnel between the Perak
River and the Bukit Merah pond. During the dry season, it will channel water and provide
assistance to the populace. To address the issue of water scarcity in rice fields, particularly
during the dry season. The state of Perak will conduct a feasibility study to create a water
tunnel between the Perak River and the Bukit Merah pond. During the dry season, it will
channel water and provide assistance to the populace.

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/2020/01/644702/gangguan-bekalan-air-di-kerian-sumber-air-mentah-tercemar
- NORMAWATI ADNAN 10 Mac 2021-
https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/127840/EDISI/Perak-mulakan-kajian-bina-
- Khalid, R. M. (2018). REVIEW OF THE WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT . International
Journal of Business and Society, Vol. 19 S3, 2018, 472-483, 12.
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- En.wikipedia.org. 2022. Perak - Wikipedia. [online] Available at:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak> [Accessed 11 February 2022].
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