Abstract

A review on the Petroleum potential of Anambra basin is done to identify Potential

petroleum systems in the basin.

Anambra basin is one of the basins in Nigeria habouring the largest deposit of Sub-
bituminous coal and lignite the potential of the coal and other formation as source
rock for oil seepage is yet to be understood. This study aims at identifying the
source rocks and the geochemical composition of the oil seepage over 6000 meter
thick terrigenous sediment (mainly shale/Siltstones/Lithology) has been recorded
in the Anambra Basin. These terrigenous sediment (shale, sediment have been
reported to be rich in organic matter and had fulfilled other relevant condition for
hydrocarbon source Rock potential detailed Lithologic profile were carried out on
the following geological formation. ASU River, Eze-Aku, Agwu shale, Nkporo
Shale, Enugu shale, Mamu, Imo and Ameki formation organic geochemical
analysis involving the total organic content (T.O.C) were carried out.

The ASU River, Eze-aku, Awka shale, Nkporo, Enugu, Mamu Shale, Imo and
Ameki formation have Average total organic content (T.O.C) values of 0.68, 2074,
3-26, 2.28, 3.23. 1.98, 56.05, 1.34 and 1.70 cut % respectively. This shows that
both shale and coal have adequate organic matter to generate hydrocarbon.

The Geochemical analysis of some selected samples, showed that there are high
organic richness in Eze-Agu, Agwu, Nkporo, mamu and Enugu Formation and are
regarded as the main source formation of the Anambra basin.
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Anambra basin is a cretaceous basin with a total sediment thickness sequence of

elastic sediment ranging from bituminous shale lignite through Sandstone and marl
and its Paleo-geographical strategic positioning as they provide an ideal ground for
geochemical evaluation of shale as gas prone source rock.

Various researches has revealed that Campano-maastrictian Nkporo shale exhibit

characteristics of potential hydrocarbon source system for a series of oil/gas
condensate shows within Ajali sandstone.

The study area is roughly a triangular sedimentary basin. It covers about 40,000
Sq.km. The southern boundary coincide with the Northern boundary Niger Delta
basin Anambra basin extend nor onward beyond lower Benue River, but this view
deals chiefly with the southern portion of the basin.

Anambra basin is also characterized by enormorous lithologic heterogeneity in

both lateral and vertical extension derived from a range of paleo environment
setting ranging from Campanian to Recent.

1.1 Geologic & Tectonic Setting

The Anambra basin is situated at the South-Western extremity of the benue trough.
It is bounded to the west by the Precambrian basement complex walls of Western
Nigeria, to the east by the Abakiliki Anticlinorium and to the South by the
Northern portion of the Niger Delta Petroleum Province. The tectonic evolution of
the sedimentary basin of south east Nigeria stated with the break-up and separation
of the African and South American places, in the lace Jurassic, which was initiated
by the Y-shaped, RRR Triple Junction ridge system. Basins fill were controlled by
three mega – tectonic cycles which resulted in the displacement of the depositional
axis of the main basin giving rise to three successive basin namely; The Abakiliki
basin, Anambra basin trough, the Niger Delta Basin which was formed during the
third phase (Upper eocene).

The Anambra basin consists of four limo stratigraphic unit. Sedimentation in the
Anambra basin began in the companion with a short marine Transgression
depositing the units of the Nkporo Group (Owelli formation, Nkporo Formation,
Enugu formation), which consist of carbonaceous shale, and sandstone members of
deltaic origin. This unit is overlain by the coal bearing Mamu formation deposited
in the late Companian to early maastrictian at the beginning of a regressive phase.
It consist of alternating Sandstone, Sandy shales and mudstones, with interbedded
sub-bituminous coal seams.

Overlying the Mamu formation is the Ajali formation, which comprises

predominantly interbreeds of clay laminae and the Nsukka formation of mid-to-late
maastrictian age. The Nsukka formation consists of dark shale and sandstone with
the coal seams that mark the beginning of the Transgression that led into the
formation of the Niger Delta Basin in the early paleogene. The sediment packages
were deposited during a regressive cycle within fluvial tidal, deltaic, shelfal and
marine settings.

1.1.1 Lithostratigraphic Unit

Nkporo shale: The Nkporo shale was deposited mainly in Anambra basin and to a
lesser recent in the Afikpo syncline it consist mainly of dark grey-black shale with
occasional thin beds of Sandy shale. The formation was deposited at the basal
Lithostratigraphic unit of the Anambra basin. The shale represents the brackish
march and Fossiliferous pro delta facies of the late Campanian to early
maastrichtian.

1.1.2 Mamu Formation

This formation is mastrictian in age and it succeed the Enugu shale without
evidence of a break in sedimentation.

It is referred to as the lower coal measure, and consist of an alternation of fine to

medium grained sandstone, dark-grey shale. It document a delta strand plain with
thickly vegetated tidal mud flats. It has a thickness from 1cm – 3.5cm.

1.1.3Ajali Sandstone

This overlies the mamu formation in the Anambra basin. The sandstone is very
mature and was deposited in continental sequence a strand plaine marsh
environment with occasional fluvial inclusion. It has a thickness of 40.150ft.
deposition environment of the maastrichtian sediment was interpreted to be tidal
due to several occurrences of herringbone cross-bedding and bioturbation.

1.1.4Nsukka Formation

This overlies the Ajali sandstone in Anambra basin. The formation consist of
Alternation of Sandstones, Shale, coal. The formation was deposited during the
second post Santonian Transgressive cycle.
1.1.5 Imo shale

A fine textured, grey-blue shale with thick Sandstone bands and iron stones. The
limo shale was deposited under marine condition the formation is about 1600ft
thick. It consists of organic matter and may be potential source for hydrocarbon. It
depositional environment is mainly marine to littorial to neritic environment.

1.1.6 Owelli Sandstone

The formation consists of massive hard, femuginous cross bedded sandstone. The
sandstone is fine-coarse grained, poorly sorted and consist of well-rounded
pebbles.

Owelli Sandstone has a thickness of about 213m – 600m its deposit environment
ranges from deltaic to fluviatile.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Petroleum Potential/Possible Petroleum System.

The origin of the Anambra basin has been shown to be related to rifting and basin
inversion respectively. Basins formed as rifts have high geothermal gradient and
large traps for hydrocarbon. References showed that 35% of rifted basin contain
giant of fields.

Petroleum system concept describe the genetic relationship between a pod of active
source rock and the resulting oil and gas accumulation which encompasses four
essential element of source rock, Reservoir Rock, Seal Rock and Overburdens.

2.1 Petroleum System of Anambra Basin.

The most viable petroleum system is the Southern Benue through/Anambra basin
is perhaps, the upper cretaceous system. The system is sub-divided into the Pre-
Santonian and post Santonian sub-system.

The pre-santonian sub-system consist of the Ezeaku and Awgu formation as

potential source rocks, the sandy members within the Awgu formation as potential
reservoir and the basal part of the Nkporo/Enugu formation as regional steal.

The post Santonian sub-system should consist of the shale of the Nkporo/Enugu
formation as major potential source rocks (including the coals and coaly shale of
the Mamu and Nsukka formation. The potential reservoir consist of sandstone, the
Nkporo/Enugu formation (e.g) the Companian Owelli and Otobi sandstone
members, the Sandy horizons in the Mamu formation, the Ajali sandstone, the
sandy horizon of the Nsukka formation and perhaps the sandstone of the Imo
formation.

References inferred that Mamu and Nsukka formation are probably Delta front
sand bars, Ajali sandstone on the other hand was Attributed to Fluvial deposition
characterized by large channels containing lithic fill of fining upward pebbly
sandstone. The sandstone, siltstone and heterolithic intervals of the Enugu, Mamu,
Ajali and Nsukka formation constitute potential Reservoir packages.

2.2 Source Rock presence and Potential

The source rock most the initial process that are involved in the formation of oil
and gas and contain, the precursor of the Kerogen to Organic matter which are
broken down to hydrocarbon when subjected to high temperature over a long
period of time (Magoon & Dow 1994, Magoon & Beaumont 1999). The shale of
the Nkporo group and the shale and coals of the Mamu & Nsukka formation
provide possible source rock materials for hydrocarbon generation in the Anambra
basin.

These shale are very thick and possess rich organic matter content (Agagu 1978).
Organic Geotechnical and petrologic studies indicate that coal bed constitute major
potential source rocks in the Anambra basin (Obaje et al 2004). Total organic
content and the rock-eval pyrolysis studies have placed shale of the Enugu
formation among the Petroleum source rocks of the Anambra basin. (Obeje et al
2004) In the Anambra basin, the coal beds of the Mamu formation (Companian –
Mastrichtian) are dominated by huminities with fever amount of Liptinites and
inertinites. Previous studies have concluded that in depper well the Nkpor Group
and Mamu formation are sub-mature to mature (Ekweozor and Gomly 1983) Obaje
et all 1999, Akaegbobi et al 2002.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Reservoir Presence and Potential

These are elements of petroleum system, which can accumulate hydrocarbons (oil
or gas). Reservoir rocks are characterized by good porosity and permeability to
accumulate and drain fluids. The sandstones, siltstones and the hetrolithic intervals
of the Enugu, Mamu, Ajali and Nsukka formations constitute potential reservoir
packages. The thick Ajali formation, which consists predominantly of fluviotidal
sandstones, could represent the best potential reservoirs. These sandstones have
fine-to-medium, sub-angular to rounded grains, and are moderately well-sorted
quartz arenites, with high interparticle porosity (>21%) and permeability values
measured from surface outcrops, ranging from 7 to 55 darcy (Tijani and Nton
2009; Onyekuru et al. 2015). These sandstones have also been affected by
biorturbation which could enhance or damage reservoir quality (e.g. Jackson et al.
2013;). also, thin interstratified clay bands (lamina) that are laterally extensive
could act as fluid barriers leading to reservoir compartmentalization. Digenetic
alteration processes in sand stones of the Ajali formation include moderate
chemical and chemical compaction evidenced by dominance of point and line
contacts and relative absence of mineral over growths and kaolinite clay
authigenesis, which suggest an early mesogenetic stage of diagenesis (Onyekuru et
al. 2015). Sandstones of the Mamu Formation are also widespread and are
important potential reservoirs. They are moderately to well sorted, fine-to-medium
grained, quartz arenites and feldspathic arenites (Mode et al. 2016). Diagenetic
changes are mainly moderate-to-intense mechanicals and chemical compaction
(dominant suture contact between grains and quartz overgrowth), cementation
(quartz and feld spar overgrowth), and the replacement of abundant feldspars to
clay minerals, which have overall caused a mild reduction in the reservoir quality
of the sandstones (Mode et al. 2016). A statistical analysis of the Enugu formation,
Mamu formation, and the Ajali formation in some parts of the basin, show that
porosities of possible reservoirs within these formations appear to have been
destroyed by excessive cementation (Obaje et al. 1999; Onuoha 2005). Sequence
stratigraphic correlation using surface wellbore data indicates that these reservoir
package are laterally continuous except where structurally distorted (Dim et al.
2017).

3.1 Seal Presence and Effectiveness

Potential seal rocks in the Anambra basin are mainly intra formational shale of the
Mamu formation, and quite extensive, Regional shale of the Nsukka formation.
Few studies have investigated the sealing effectiveness of these shale.

The study by Okogbue and Ugwoke (2012) based on the geotechnical indices of
potential sealing layers, suggest that the shale of the Nsukka formation have a
relatively higher plasticity and Toughness Index than those of the Mamu
formation. The shale of the Nsukka formation deform in a ductile manner which is
a key Attribute to good seal with shale of the Mamu & Enugu formation may
deform in a brittle manner with associated Joint & faults. When subjected to shear
stress.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Entrapment Mechanism of Anambra Basin

Traps are structural stratgraphic features that ensure that accumulated hydrocarbon
are held in a fixed and firm position of seal and Reservoir to avoid the escape of oil
and gas to the surface. References observed that the pre-santonian stage of the
Anambra basin has good to very good trapping structures that include fault,
anticlines, unconformities and combination Traps most likely tested to the mid-
Santonia tectonic event.

4.1 Petroleum Generation

Several sub-commercial oil and gas discovery were made at different horizon in
the Anambra basin of Nigeria in addition to us, heavy circle seepage recorded at
Ugwueme within the Owelli sandition of the Nkporo Group.

Outcrop studies indicate that these formations within the Anambra basin consist of
variable thickness of sediment packages. In addition basin-wide correlation carried
using a well data reveals that the oldest formation the Nkpor formation with the
thickness of 300-600m thick sediment package, the Mamu formation which consist
of 600-1200 thick sediment that overlained by 400-600 thick sediment unit of the
Ajali sandstone. These sediment (Sandstone and shale) Constitute the Reservoir,
source rock and seal rock packages in the basin.

Geotechnical gradient in the sandy horizon of the Anambra basin range from
9.20oc –24oc and 29oc – 70oc shale. The Anambra basin has the best potential
within the Nigerian Inland basin as it contain all the element necessary for an
Active Petroleum system. The marine shale of Nkporo Group and the Mamu
formation coals constitute food gas and Oil source rocks, the clean sandstone of
Ajali formation and Sandstones in the Mamu formations form good Reservoirs and
shales in the Nsukka formation provide a regional seal (Obaje et al 2004; Akande
et al 2007; Dim et al 2012)
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion

This study has shown the likely accumulations of Petroleum in the Anambra basin
and the evidence of Petroleum system element such as source, Traps and seals on
outcropping Litho stratigraphic unit of the Anambra basin. The shale of Nkporo
Group and the coals of Mamu and Nsukka formation could serve as a good source
Rocks, whereas the sandstone and siltstone of the Mamu, Ajali and Nsukka
formation could serve a potential Reservoir Rocks. The shale of the Nsukka
formation could serve as regional seals.

In summary, detailed outcrop studies in the Anambra basin have enabled

understanding petroleum system elements that could be utilized in hydrocarbon
exploration.
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