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BELEVITSKAYA-
KHALIZEVA

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[Link]

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IN
G.F. LEBEDEVA

[Link]
SYNTAX
THE SIMPLE
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[Link]

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ONUIP
V. S. BELEVITSKAYA-KHALIZEVA, G. V. DONCHENKO,
S. A. ZHIZHINA, G. F. LEBEDEVA, L. S. MURAVYOVA,
D. I. FURSENKO, N. N. SHIYKO

EXERCISES
IN

RUSSIAN SYNTAX
WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE

Moscow
 . .
. . ,-,
, ,
..
, .. .
. .

. .
..
FOREWORD. ASSIGNMENTS, AND NOTES
TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN
BY V. KOROTKY

;
EDITED BY R. DIXON
DESIGNED BY A. MEDVEDEV
« -,.., »,

.
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.
-
,
.. ,. -

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-

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: « »,.
,
,
.
». -
, -
-
..
,
B.C.
.
:
-
».
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:
XIX ,-
-
--

. .

. .
. .
..
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:

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—
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 FORE WOR D

This is the first part of a two-volume EXERCISES IN RUSSIAN

SYNTAX designed for adult foreign students of Russian studying
with or without a teacher.
This book is not meant for beginners. In it special attention has
been given to those problems of Russian syntax which generally prove
to be particularly difficult to foreign students of Russian. Thus, the
book comprises a large number of exercises on agreement and govern-
ment and on the uses of tense, aspect, and mood forms of the verb.
The book also contains a number of lexical exercises. This fact
is accounted for by the need to show how the lexical meaning of words

may determine a particular syntactical construction. The commonest

set expressions and colloquialisms in contemporary Russian are also
dealt with in the exercises.
The Notes following many of the exercises deal with those points
of Russian syntax which usually present greater difficulty to foreign
students of Russian.
The contents of this book have been arranged in the order generally
accepted for books on Russian syntax. There are, however, a few depar-
tures from that order. Thus, the theme Detached Parts of the Sentence
has been divided into two parts: Detached Parts of the Sentence which
do not Form a Construction follow the relevant sections on the second-
ary parts of the sentence. Detached Constructions (constructions
with the adjective, the participle, or the verbal adverb) have been
included in Volume 2 of this book. Such departures from the usual
order are justified by teaching practice: the knowledge of the different
types of complex sentences provides a better basis for studying the
detached participle and verbal adverb constructions.
The chapter Co-ordinate Parts of the Sentence dealing with
the use of conjunctions has been given at the end of Volume I to
facilitate the study of the syntax of the complex sentence.
 The exercises in each section have been arranged in ascending
order of difficulty. The Notes are placed at the end of the exercises
they refer to.

The extracts and sentences used in this book have been taken
from 19th-century Russian classics, from Soviet fiction, scientific pub-
lications and journals.
The different sections of the book were written:
Co-ordinate Parts of the Sentence joined by Adversative Conjunctions
by V. S. Belevitskaya-Khatizeva;
Vocatives (Direct Address), Co-ordinate Parts of the Sentence
joined by Copulative Conjunctions, Co-ordinate Parts of the Sentence
joined by Disjunctive Conjunctions, Generalizing Words and Co-ordinate
Parts of the Sentence by G. V. Donchenko;
The Secondary Parts of the Sentence; Affirmative, Interrogative and
Exclamatory Sentences by S. A. Zhizhlna;
Parenthetic Words by G. F. Lebedeva;
Unextended Detached Attributes, Detached Appositives, Detached
Objects, Detached Adverbial Modifiers, Specifying Parts of the Sentence
by L. S. Muravyova;
Kinds of Sentences according to their Composition by D. I. Fursenko;
The Principal Parts of the Sentence by N. N. Shiyko.
.

The authors will be grateful for any suggestions or criticism as

to contents or method. These should be forwarded to the Foreign Lan-
guages Publishing House, 21 Zubovsky Blvd., Moscow, U.S.S.R»

Authors

u* .;
 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

,, . . . THE SUBJECT
• The

-
Subject

.
expressed by a Noun

1.

. -
the subject in each sentence and state

. .
. .. -
Read the following text. Find
what part of speech it is.

.
. ,
... -
2.
Read the following sentences,

... . .
which frequently occur in colloquial speech. Find the subject in each
sentence.

(.)

?
1. 2.
.

,
(.) 3. (. .) 4.
5. 6. 7.

• NOTE
- The subject may be a noun
which has lost its lexical meaning
and become a demonstrative
word with a meaning close

9
 .
: - ..
, , to that of
sentences:
pronoun. Thus, the

., are identical in meaning,

.;. ., -
3.
by a Pronoun
• The Subject expressed

following sentences; in each sentence find the subject which

noun. State what kind of pronoun it is.

(.)
. .-
Read the
is a pro-

?
1. 2.
3.

.
. (.)
.
7. -
(.)
6.
5.

.. 4.

8.

-, .
. (.) 10.
9.
(.)
• NOTE
Personal pronouns used as sub -
jects frequently occur in combina-
B
-
,,- tion with the definitive
which, in this
proneun
case,

-
or
has defining and emphatic force,

, .:
.
e.g.:

. .
W
. -
- Such

tence.
they are the
In
combinations
ably an indivisible part of the sen -
the above
subjects.
are invari-

examples
 , .. .
.
4.
out the following sentences; underline the subjects.

2.
.. 1.

. (. .)
(.)
3.

.
. .,
(. .)
(.) 6.

-
5.
(.) 4.

(.) 7.
(.-.)

., ...
5.

, ..
Read the following sentences. State what parts of speech the
subjects are.

I. 1.

. ..
. . . - 2.

., . ,.
3.

. .- 4.
5.
6.

,
7.

.
, ,,, ;, .
. 1.
, 8.
9.
.
-

. . -
,,
(.) 2. -
,, , .- —
-
(.)—
, —
!,,
3.

,.—
—

(. .)
-
 • NOTE

- When used as the subject the

, - pronoun may sum

.--
up the

-
preceding or the following state -

,,
. -, ,6.

,
.:
.
,
, , ),
ment,

{,
e.g.:

, )— -
...().
out the following sentences, supplying for the subject
either the pronoun when it must sum up the preceding statement,
or the pronoun {,
in all other cases. Make the verbs

.().
in brackets agree with the subject.

1. ...

-, , -
2.
3.
-
.
...

...

..., . 4.

5.

,, .
()
, .
. ...

(). () -
. . ()
.
6.

7.
...

8. .
.. -
7.

...
...

. Read the fol-

..
lowing sentences. Note the use of the phrases and as

,
, .
the subject.

1 . Ha
2.

, --
-
3.

. .
. - 4.

12
,.,
6.
5. ,
.
.
..
,
,
.

,
--
•

ject
used
things
NOTE
The phrases
may
of
to
both be used as the sub-

or
sentence.
refer
actions
and

to heterogeneous
spoken of
is

in

.
,
.:
Ha

. ,
the preceding

, -
sentence, e.g.:

,
-
, . - neous things
..
is used
are
the preceding sentence, e.g.:
when homoge-
spoken of in

.
.:
.
8.
.
in Exercise 7;
their use.
, .
,.
underline the phrases
7,

and ;
-
out the sentences
account for

-.
9.

.
,
« ».
,
out the following sentences,
choosing the verbs from those in brackets and making them agree with
the subjects. Account for the use of the phrases

1.
and

-
13
 (, ) -,
.
,, ).
)
(,
.
.
)
, (
-.
(,
.
.
-
2.

. 3.

4.
-
-
-
,
, . , (, -
5.

..
) .
. ,(,
),) .
-
, 6.
-

. ,
(,
.,10.

., -
- 7.

the blanks with the phrase

, 1.
. §mo or
,
.
out the following sentences, filling in
-

, ,. ... 2.

... - ...

,. -
- -
3.

. -,
, ...

4.

. -
...

. , -
5.

. -
...,

. 6.
...

11.

Read the following

sentences. Note the
different pronouns used as the subject in the affirmative and the nega-
-
tive sentences.

14
I. 1.

.
.
 ..
..
2.

3.
..
. ..
4.

5.

. .
. ,, ,
6.

.
,,
II. 1. (.) 2.

..
(.) 3.

5.
,.
(.) 4.

(.)
(. .) 6.
(.)

- - • NOTE
the subject of an affirmative
sentence is the definitive pro-
noun or , the subject in the
,

.,- - . corresponding
is

or
negative
generally the pronoun
sentence

-, -- , noun
When

in the plural,
the subject
the predicate
is

verb is
whereas when the
the pro-

,-
-
,
,
.
-
,--
, - ,
subject

is

verb
the
or
is

takes
subject
e.g.:
the pronoun

in the singular.

is
the predicate verb

the
the
The past tense
masculine,
pronoun -
if

, .: ,
15
 ,- ,,
, ., and the neuter, if the subject is

. .
12.
.:
the pronoun

,
or

Change the following

affirmative sentences in which the subject is the pronoun

.
or
e.g.:

into negative ones. Pay attention to the agreement of the predicate

. . -
with the subject.

. . . ..
1. 2.

(.
3. 4.

, ). , -
13.
5.
7.
6.
8.

Read the following

-

-- . -.
[Link] what phrases the subjects (printed in italics) are and
on which word the gender of the adjective that is part of the subject

-
depends.

(.)
.
1.
2.
(.) 3.

,
.
.
-, : -
,
(.)
(. .)
. 5.
(. .)
(.)

6.
4.

,
-
, . , ,
,, -
•
NOTE

-, -,
-, -, -, -, -,
The pronouns

used as the subject

are frequently qualified by an

. - adjective with
sense-unit,
which they form

16
 -,,;-
-- ,- , - - With the pronouns
and

-
the adjective

-. the neuter, and with the

, . .
is in

-, —
pronouns
in the
and
masculine,

. -. -
14.
Read the following sentences. Find

.
their subjects. State what parts of speech they are.

.
1. (.) 2.

,
3.

,
- .
,
-- ,- -..--
- (.) 4.
(.)

.
5.

. (.) 6. (.)
7.

- -. (.)

,
(. .) 8.

, -
.) -
9.

, ., (. 10.

, .. , -
(.)

The Subject expressed by an Adjective or Participle

.
15.
out the follow-

, .-
ing sentences. State what part of the sentence the adjectives printed

,
. .
in italics are.

.
1.

(.) 3.
(.) 2.

.
(. .) 4.

5.

(.)
.
2-1919
(. .)
(.)
6.
7.
(. .)

17
 .,
, >- -
,,, , -(
-- jectives

vized.
•

In
NOTE
Modern Russian, some ad -
have acquired a purely
nominal meaning and thus turned
into nouns, or become substanti-

Such adjectives have acquired

definite gender, e.g.:

, , -( ( .:

-,
-,-
• masculine gender)
• feminine gender)
• neuter gender)

Substantivized

-
adjectives are
frequently by adjec-qualified
tives, whose gender and number
depends on the gender and number

. ,
the substantivized

.
of adjective,

, . , .-
.:
e.g.:

-
16.

.
out the following sentences. Under-

.
.. -
line the subjects.

1.

(.)
State what part of speech each subject is.

. ,.-
,
2.
(.) 3. (.)
4. 5.
(.). 6.

(.)
.
7.
8.
. , -
. 9. 1

, , -- be
• NOTE
Like adjectives, participles
substantivized and used
subject. Substantivized partici»
as
.-
. -
pies likewise
gender. Most of
line,
have a
tiiem are mascu-
definite

.
,
. , , ,
17.

, ,
.
From
,
the verbs given below form present participles

,..
active and compose sentences using these participles as subjects.

(, , an Infinitive
• The Subject expressed by

-
-

.
18.

— .)
of speech the subject
out the following sentences. State what parts
and the predicate are. (The subject is underlined
once, the predicate twice.)

— -
.
1.

2.
— !
,, —
(.)
(. .)
3.

-, .. (.)
—
—
5.

(.
,
.)
.
(. .)

6.
4.
—
,
7.

. 8.
. (.)

,
.
;- -
-
-
• NOTE
The subject may be an infini-
five. With such a subject the
predicate is generally a compound
nominal one; it may be
a substantivized adjective in the
comparative or the
a noun,

superlative

2* 19
 .
, -
-
; degree, or an adverb; it may also

, .
be an infinitive.

.
a

. .. (.)
1
19.

-
.

—
Read the following sentences. Find
the subject and the predicate. State what parts of speech they are.

.
2. 3.

. —
.
. .
-
4.
5.
—

,
6.

,
; ,
-
is
NOTE
infinitive
generally
predicate and
placed
is
used as
before
uttered with
subject
the
a

.
pause after the subject has

,. ,
it; if

,
any modifiers, the pause is made
TO
. after the lastword of the group,

-
.- -

.
20.
—

.
out the following sentences. Underline infinitives
used as subject once and as predicate twice. Separate the subject and
its modifiers from the predicate and its modifiers by a vertical line.

,
Read the sentences aloud, making a pause between the subject group
and the predicate group.
1. —

..
(. .)
...
.
. -
2.
(.) 3. —
(.) 4. (. .) 5.
— (.) 6.
—
(.)
20
 ,
. ,
.,
21.
. expressed by a Phrase
• The Subject

-
(. .)
. (.)
2.

3.

. ,,.. -
out from the following sentences the itali-
cized phrases used as subject. Define the composition of each phrase.

1.

. (.)
(. .)
4.
.
-
. .
5.
(.) 6.
(. .)

..,, ,..-,
7.

—
. (. .) 9.
(.-.) 8.

(.)
22.

Read

,
the following sentences. Find the phrases used as subject. State the

.
composition of each phrase and the case and number of the words it
is composed of.

, ...
I. 1. Ha
2.

, . , 4.
3.

5.
-

. ..
6.

. 1.

.
2.

,-
3.
4.

• NOTE
- The subject may be a phrase
consisting of a cardinal or col-
- lective numeral in the nomina-

21
.
--, tive

of
and noun in the genitive.
Nouns following the nominative
the numeral , or -
, -- e.g.:
take the genitive singular,

,
,.:, , .
,
,, , , ,-
. . from
Nouns following the numerals
to and

-,
also the numerals

(-
.. take the geni-

,.
etc.
-
,
tive plural, e.g.:

,
),-
Following any cardinal nu-
meral, adjectives and participles

-
(including substantivized ones)
take the plural, e.g.:

, .: ,
,,
.,
Following the numeral ,
, -- adjectives
or in
the feminine take either the gen-
plural or the nominative

,
itive
plural, e.g.:

.:
-- ,
—
—
Following the numeral ,
-
or substantivized

,, adjectives in the masculine or

, .
the neuter invariably take the

, .: genitive plural, e.g.:

22
 23. .. , .,
out the following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the re-
quired form. Point out the subjects.

1. 2 ()() (). 3

).
2.

( ().
), () - 93 (,). 153 127 (-

-
3. 4.

). ()
() ( () .
4

253
3
5.
138 (-

.
6.

.. .,
. . ).
124
7.
8.

24., - () .
,
Read the following sentences. Find the phrases used
and define the composition of each phrase. Note the gender,
as subjects
-
number and case of the nouns in these phrases.

... .
1.
., - 3. — 48
5.
2.
4. -

-
6. —

,
7.

• NOTE
Collective numerals occur
with nouns or substantivized ad -
jectives denoting male persons

, , and
and
also with
which
the
are
nouns
used only

.
in the plural, e.g.:

,,.: ,
,, - Feminine nouns denoting fe-
male persons or female living
a beings never occur with collec-

23
, -
.
, —-
live numerals. Collective
als are occasionally used
speech with nouns denot-
numer-
in col-

,
loquial

-
-
ing the young of animals, e.g.:

.:
, .
),
(, , -
-
.:
used
Collective

only in
numerals
cur with nouns (names of objects)
the plural,
also

e.g.:
oc-

,-
Collective numerals can also

,,
,
be
nouns
invariably
,,,
used with the personal
the pronoun
preceding the numer-
pro-

al and taking the nominative,

e.g.:

.: , .
,: Collective numerals also
in phrases like:
occur

, ,
-. --,- -
which are used to single out
number of individuals from
group.
Nouns and adjectives used with
a
a

, the nominative of a collective

numeral invariably fake the gen-

, 25.
.-
. .., itive plural.

out the
following sentences, putting the words in brackets in the required form.
Find the subject of each sentence.
-
24
 1. (). 2.
().
()
). 4.
3.

.
, ().
(-
().
.
.
5. 6.

.., ,, , -
26.

Read the following sentences. Copy them out, writing

.
the numbers in words. Where possible, use collective numerals. Put

() ()
the words in brackets in the required number and case.

(). 3 2

)( ) ( ) ()..
1.
2. 4 (). 3. 5
120/. 4. 3 (-

, ,,
5. 2 2

() . (),
.
6.

8.
. (
() 4

-
2

—
2

9.
3
2
7.

).
.
2 10. 2
11. 2 () 4 ().
.
{{{ -
27.

brackets.

1.
out the following sentences, supplying the
missing subjects. The part of speech to be used as subject is indicated in

•
... ...

adjective or participle used

,{
as a noun). 2. ...

• personal pronoun).

«»
3.
-
...

-
numeral, preposition *' with personal pronoun). 4.
• collective
... -
tive)
{- 5. ...

infinitive).
• cardinal numeral with noun in geni-
— -
25
,
. . .
Peculiarities in the

28.
Agreement of the Predicate with the Subject
• Some

. . Read the following sentences. Find the subject and the

predicate in each sentence. State what part of speech the subject is and

-
how the predicate agrees with it.

, . (.)
-
.
1. 2.

(.)
. (. .) 5.
(.)
(.)
3.
4.

,
, ,,
{, -
, , ,
{, ,,-
•

If

noun
NOTE

the subject is a collective

,
etc.) the predicate is

. .), invariably in the singular,

. -
... ()()()()-()-..
.
with

3.
1.
29.

the
out
subject.

1917
the following sentences,

2.
making the predicate agree

.
, ()
4.
(. .)
(. .)

.
,;, , , -
- 5.
6.

., , , ,
30.
Compose sentences,

,
using the collective nouns given below as subjects.

2
, 31. ..
.. , -
Read the following sentences. Define the

.
composition of the phrases used as subject. State how the predicate
agrees with the subject.

.
.
1.

(.)

,
3.

. . (.)

(.)
2.

(.) 4.
(. .) 5.

.. , (.)
(.)

8.
7.
6.

.
(.)
.
9.

,
,,,
(.)

,,-
-- , ,,
10.

,, . .
the
•

When
NOTE

words
the subject

lowed by the genitive case of a

noun, the predicate is generally
is

etc.
one of

fol-

,
,
in the singular, e.g.:

. .:

,- ,
!
. ,
-
When

genitive,

gular. In
the subject
nal numeral with a
the
{.)
(.)

predicate
either in the plural or in the sin-
some
only the plural or only the sin-
gular is used.
noun

cases,
is a

may
cardi-
in the

however,
be

.
-- If

definitive
such a subject contains the

demonstrative pronoun
pronoun
, or the
the

27
 , predicate invariably

,
is in the

.:
. . plural, e.g.:

,
once
.
.
32.

subject.
— .,
(.)

out the following sentences. Underline the subject

and the predicate twice. State how the predicate agrees with the

.. , ,
1.

. (. .)
(.)
2.

..
3.

(.) 4.
(. .) 5. -
(.) 6.
(.)
NOTE

-
•

If the subject is a noun or

pronoun in the nominative case

, ,
-
-
joined by the preposition
another noun or pronoun in the
instrumental
takes the plural, e.g.:
case,

.
the predicate
to

.:
, , .:
-
The predicate
plural

junction
if it

,
homogene-
refers

.
ous subjects joined by the con-
e.g.:
also
to
takes the

- .
.
.: Cf.:

—
, a - In this sentence the subject

object.
and is
is

an

28
 )
,- (, ,,
The
personal
(, ,
predicate

, )
used with

joined by the
a
pronoun in the singular

, .:
,
- -
preposition
noun
invariably
to a noun or
in the instrumental case,
in

.
the singular, e.g.:
pro-
is

- )
).
,
, ,, -- ,, ,, ,--
( —
, is
In

sition
ject.

In
this

the
sentence,
and the noun with the prepo-
{

meaning of
the

is
subject

the ob-

, .- -
are used.
the phrases

..
,. - In such cases the predicate
invariably takes the plural and

, ,
the whole phrase is the subject.

.
33.
out the following sentences, putting the words
in

(. .)
1. ()
brackets in the required form.

.() () -
-.
.,
2.
()
.
(. .) 3.
(. .) 4.
. (. .) 5.

()() , (. .) --
()

.
6.

, -
(.)
(.)
7.

() (.)
8.

..
, 34.

subjects joined by the conjunction

Model:
,
out the following sentences, replacing the homogeneous
by phrases as in the model below.
. 29
 1.

.? . . .. 2.
—

.
3.
4. 5.
-
,
.« . ,
6.

,
«»
1.,
35.

-
Read the following sentences, in which the subjects are
printed in italics. State the nature of the subject in each sentence and

'. !» -
the number of the predicate.

. «»,». ,.-...
/»,

(.)
(.)

4.
...
2.

« (.) 3.
—

«». , «»-
(.) 5.
6. «xopouio !» 7. —

« » , ..
,.
8.

9.
: «!»: (.)
(.)

,
10.

, ». «, . «,

.
11.

.» , ..
. .— (.)
(. .)

.
., , ,
,
, --
—

--
-
-
•

of speech
NOTE

The subject may be any part

(conjunctions,
used as a noun. Thus,
the unchangeable parts of speech
adverbs,
tions, particles, interjections)
be used as subjects,

Less frequently, the

preposi-

subject
is noun or pronoun in an ob-

30
 ,-
,
lique case* or substantivized

. - verbal form,

,
Topoe

.
Horo

a
- -
).
(
—
-,
3-
-

—
-
-

-
clause
of an
clauses,

for
In

tenses,
subject

all

the

past tense),
may
denoting
action,
also be a

or
the
even

the above cases the verb

takes the singular (the 3rd person
present
and the
whole
performer
several

and the future

neuter, for the

,
THE PREDICATE OF PERSONAL SENTENCE
• THE SIMPLE PREDICATE

. 36.
,., .
The Predicate expressed by a Verb

—
in the

,.
Indicative

out the following text. In each sentence underline the subject once
Mood

-
and the predicate twice. State the verb form of the predicate and
how it agrees with the subject. Retell the text, using the same forms
of predicates.

, , .--
..
. , .
,., , .
.
,
* i.e., any case, except the nominative.

31
, .- , - ,
,.
. .)
-

. 37. .,,
out the following
brackets in the present tense and
the subject.
sentences,
making
(.
,
,-
putting the verbs in
each verb agree with

() . (). (.) (.(), -

,
1.

,
(), () . .)
2.
3.

() .
(.) 4.

-
.
..
(. .)

, .()
5.
() ,
(. .)

,-
6.
(. .)

.., ,
38.

.
-, . -
Read the following sentences. Find the predi-
cates expressed by the verb
1.

(.) 2. -
, , (.) 3.
(. . .)
.
4.
(.) 5.
. : (.)

NOTE
•

-
In Modern Russian, the forms
and 2nd persons

,. --
of the 1st

1- 2- singular and plural of the verb

have fallen into disuse.

, express
being, the form
presence, existence,
is employed

. for both singular and plural,

32
 , -. - ,
39.
,-
. ., . -
Compose three sentences
with the verb and the subject in the singular and three sentences
with the verb and the subject in the plural.
40.

text.

,, , Read the following

Find the subject and the predicate in each sentence. Define the
form of the predicate verb and state how it agrees with the subject.

.
, ,...
,..
_

41.
,,. . ?!
(.

— . ,. .)

,,,
out the following text. Underline the subject of each sentence
once and the predicate twice. Define the form of the predicate and
state how it agrees with the subject.

...

.; , ,
-
;.)
. 42. .., (.

out the following sentences, putting the verbs in

brackets in the past tense and making them agree with the subject.

3—1919
,-
33
 () () ()
(), () , .
1. ( .. .)
2.
(.)
(). () .
3.
()
..
(.) 4.
(.-.)
(); 5.

().
(.)

: 43.
6.

(III).
(.)

(I),
, , (II),
out the fol-

.
lowing sentences, putting the verbs in brackets in the present tense

..
(I);
in the past tense (II); in the future tense (III). Make the verbs agree
with their subject.

()() ()
I. 1. (.)
3.
2.

() - .
(). ()
() .. ().
4.

, () . ,
()
II.

() ..
1.

().
5.
5.

3.
4.
2.

2.
3.
()() .'
III. 1.

, - . NOTE

,:
When the verb is in the 1st
or the 2nd person singular or
1- 2- present future

,
plural, or tense,
the subject may be omitted, since

- the verb ending clearly indicates-

the person and number,

. -
- a)

type
The

() if

is
subject

not
is

connected with
not

sentence of the above

omitted:'

the

34
;.,, )
--
preceding
paragraph,

() if it
context

is
and begins a

necessary to empha-

,, --
size that the performer of the
HO 1-M 2-M a action is of the 1st or the 2nd

-
person.
It should be borne in mind
that in the above cases the sub -

. - ject
loquial
is normally omitted in col-
and expressive speech

,, - and in the narrative style.

If the verb in the 2nd person
2- plural denotes an action per-
-
,
.
formed by one person, the subject
Horo

-.
TO
.:
is generally

?
.
retained, e.g.:

, .,44.

Read the following

,

,
sentences. Find the predicate of each sentence. State the aspect and
the form of the verb. Note the use of the particle which is part

past.

.
of the predicate and shows that the action took place in the distant

,1.

-
:
-
2.

.
...» «
,
.
..
3.
4.

5.
, . 6.
.
,,
7.

-
-
. NOTE
finite verb with the particle

3*
- denotes an action which
frequently recurred in the distant

35
, . ,, ,

.
-
.
past.
and
the
may

are perfective.
lend
expression
verbs with
greater
to
the
vividness
description,
particle
be used in the present
or the simple future tense if

In the past tense,

only imperfective verbs are used
with the particle
they

--
.
, .,
five

.
45.
sentences

46.

, ,
with the . . -
particle

Read the following

tences. State the composition of the predicates (printed in italics)
Compose

sen-
and

, .,
explain their meanings.

. , 1.

, ,.
(. .) 2.

(.) 3.

(.) 4.
. (.)

.NOTE
-
- perfective or imperfective

,. ,,
verb in the past tense with the
particle denotes an action

, ,
that began but was interrupted,

. , .47.

,, ..
the particle
Change the following sentences, using
to emphasize the fact that the action began but was
interrupted. Write down the new sentences.

1. Oh 2.
3.
,
-
,
. ..
, -
,
,
.
4.

,
5.

6.

, . ,
.
..
The Predicate expressed by a Verb

48.
in the Imperative Mood

Read the follow-

,
ing text. Find the sentences in which the predicate is a verb in the

.
imperative mood. Note that the subject in these sentences is omitted.

. ,
. . . ,., -

.
,. .
. , .,
,
.. , -
. . ,
,

.
—
—

—
.
,
—
,
., ,
- -
. : .- ,

37
 .. . ,-
. ( .)
,, --- .

The
erally
NOTE
subject
omitted
.

pronoun
if the
is gen -
predicate

. .. , ,
2-0 is a verb in the
imperative
2nd person
mood,
of the

.
49.
,
() : ()
()
) , ()
. ()
.()
()
,
()
,
()
(-
()
()
,
,.
ting the verbs in brackets in the

,
out the following text, put-
imperative. Read the new text and
then retell it, using the sama predicate forms as in the vtext.

, ()
()() () . ()
,
)
(). .
.
()() () .
», 50.
()()
.,,, ,,, -,« Compose short story on the topic 'Learn Foreign
(-

Languages,' using the imperative mood of the verbs in the following

,
,.
. ,
phrases:

51.
-

38
 .
,,.. .
omitted.

, I.

.
1.
2- Read the following sentences. Note that the
subjects of the verbs in the 2nd person of the imperative mood are not

. 2.

. ,,,»,? .
,
.
3. 4.
5. 6.

.
2.

«
.
«
,
,«, , ....
3.
1.

-
! — ,
(. . .)
(.)

-,
(.) 4. —

, ».! , ,
,— ». (. .) 5.
(.)
6. — —
(.) 7.
(.)
. NOTE

)
-:-
2- tive
The subject pronoun of a verb
in the 2nd person of the impera-
mood is used:
two persons or two
(a) if -
tions are compared or contrasted,

.:
,, - .
)
e.g.:

.
,
() if the sentence with the verb

--
. ,-
in mood conveys
the imperative
mild request, advice or exhor-
tation. Such sentences generally

.:
,
, ,. .
,
contain vocative, e.g.:

,
39
 , .-
.
Sentences of this
uttered with the intonation of a
type are

.,
request.

52.

53.

..,
pose ten sentences expressing requests.

Read the following text.

State in what form of the imperative mood the italicized predicates
are. Note that the subjects are not omitted.
Com-

— — .,
.,
—
,. (. .)

. NOTE
- When the predicate a verb

, , --
is

in the 3rd person of the impera-

3- tive mood with the particle

,
.. .-
or the subject is nor-
mally expressed, e.g.:

.:
54.

3- . , {.)
Read the

.
following sentences. Replace the predicate verb in each sentence by

tences.

40
Model: . .
a verb in the 3rd person of the imperative mood. Write down your sen-

—
 . . . .
55.
.. , --
.
.
lowing sentences. State the verb form of the predicate in each sen-
tence. Note that this type of sentence contains the subject; also note
word
Read the fol-

!!
the order.

! 1.
2.
!
!,
4.
3.

5. -
. NOTE

, .-
I
- ,.
In exhortations and solemn
wishes the particle is used
in preference to
In Modern Russian,

,
this particle

, . --- generally occurs

and
in the phrases

,;., The
1
particle
placed at the beginning of the
sentence and is immediately fol-
is general-

, . ., !
- lowed by the verb; then comes
the subject, which cannot be
omitted,

.
2.

5.
56.

1.

!
and state the form of the verb.

3.
!
out the
following sentences. Find the predicate in each sentence, underline it

4.
! 41
 ,
. . (.) 7.
,
,, -
(.-.)
. NOTE
-
,().
When the predicate is a verb
in the 1st person plural of the
1- imperative mood, it has the
meaning of urging the interlocu-

--- tor(s) to perform the action jointly

.. . .
57.
with
subject
icate.
the
is
speaker. Normally no
used with such a pred-

-
.
.
4.

8.
1.

6.
3.
Read
forms of the imperative
of these forms.

.... .
the following sentences.
calling

. 7.
for joint
Note the different
action.

5.
Explain the use

2.

-- -
. NOTE
In colloquial speech, the imper-
ative calling for joint action is

- frequently
word
formed
{),
by using the
which in
1-
- this case is a particle, with a

, ()
perfective verb in the 1st person
(- plural, future tense, e.g.:
), .:
.
In the case of imperfective
verbs the same form is obtained

42
 -)
.:
..
.
(),
-{)
by using the particle
with the infinitive,
(-
e.g.:

58.

the verb forms.

...
Read the following

.
sentences. Note the use of

...
1.

2.

3.

4.

I (2- ) -- -
. NOTE
The use of an imperfective or a
perfective verb (in the 2nd person)
in affirmative exhortative sentences
depends on whether the speaker

( ) ),
(-
—
.:
§- —
is

sult
e.g.:
interested

of the
in
such (imperfective) or in the
action
the action as
re-
(perfective),

.
59.
. —
-
.. The different
clear from the context.
connotations are

-
,
Read the following pairs of sentences. Note the differ-
ences in the aspect of the verbs. Justify the use of the given aspect

.
in each case.

. 43
 .. -
.
.,,
,. , , .
.
-

.- . ,
. ,
60.

; , . -
. -
,—
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the impera-
tive of either the imperfective verb (if the action is important as such)

,
or the perfective one (if the stress is laid on the result of the action).

1.

. - ...,

2.
.
...,

...

. -
.- ,
3.
...

. ...

,,-.- ,
,
. ,
...

4. ...,

...

44
 ,. , .-
. -. 61.
—
-
Read
:

.
the following sentences. Say which express warning and

. ,
sentences
which a request or prohibition.
1. He 2.

.
. .
,
.
3. 4.

8.
. 5.
6.
7.
, .
. NOTE

I -
, The imperative of an imper-
- fective verb preceded by the neg-
-
.
.
ative particle expresses prohi-

,
.: bition, e.g.:

He
He

- . verb
The imperative of perfective
preceded by the negative

.
particle expresses warning, e.g.

.: He
He —

--
-
The meaning of warning be

() {-
emphasized by adding the imper-

) { {;- ; {
;
ative form
to both perfective and imperfec-
',
;.{) {) ),
- ).
tive verbs

. .
In such cases the verb
).

,
loses its lexi-
cal meaning,

, 62.

the following sentences. Note that the aspects of the verbs, the kinds
Read

45
 -.
of the pronouns and the adverbs used in the sentences expressing pro-

. . ..-
hibition are different from those used in thesentences expressing warning.

. . ,- .- . -
. . . .-
. NOTE
-
-
The object or the adverbial
-
-
. ---
modifier in sentences conveying
prohibition may be a negative
pronoun or adverb. In the cor-

, -(
responding sentences conveying

-.(
warning, an indefinite pronoun
or adverb is used, e.g.:

.:
«prohibition).
•warning).

-
. .. .
63.
Change the following

.
sen-
tences conveying prohibition into sentences conveying warning.

1. 2.
3. 4.

.
6.
8.
..
5.
7.

46
, -
5

, . ..
The Predicate expressed by a Verb

64.

,
in the Subjunctive Mood

Read the

, ,
following text. Define the mood of the predicate verb in each sentence

,
and state how the predicate agrees with the subject. Retell the text,
using the same form of predicate as in the text.

.
, , , ?-
,
12

., .... -
. , . 4 —

35

44 , . 15,5

113 .
,
.-,-
, -
. NOTE
The subjunctive mood denotes
supposition,
ability of
possibility or
an action,
desir-

,
.:
, !
-
. .
mood
action,

of
predicate in the subjunctive
may
i.e.
express
an

the action, e.g.:

!.
action
by the speaker or the performer
desirable
desired

47
 ,
&
.:
it

. .
advice,
may also express a request or
e.g.:

65.
, . ,..
—
,
.. Read the following
-
-
sentences.

.
advice.

.,. 1 .

2.
Say which sentences express

, .
a wish

.. -
and which a request or

-
3.

.. !
4.
5.

-
.
6.

. -
. 7.
9.

12.
. ! .
8.

13.
10.

66.

.. .
.. . -
the Simple Predicate
• The Composite Forms of

Read the following

sentences. Note the form of the predicates (printed in italics).

,
Oh

?
1 .

,
. ,
.. , {.) 5.
2.
3.
4.
, -
-- .

fective
NOTE
The predicate may be
verb preceded by
a per-
some
, form of the verb joined

48
, .
, .., .:
,
., -
--
to
or
Such

verb
it

same form,
by the conjunction
.
predicate expresses an
unexpected, sudden action or deci-
sion. The principal verb and the
invariably
e.g.:
,

take
,

the

..
,.
67.

., .
Compose
fivesentences having as predicate a combination of a perfective verb
and the verb

68.

. ,..
Read the following sentences. Note the
form of the italicized predicates.

1. (.)
2. (.) 3.
—

,
(.)

,, - ,,,
4.

,
-
• NOTE
The predicate consisting
principal verb and the correspond-
ing form of the verbs of motion
(.)

of a

.
. ., etc. ex-
- presses a movement for the pur-
-
--
pose of performing the action de-

. noted by the principal verb. The

,
principal verb and the verb of
motion, which take the same
form, are merged together in

. , . 69.

Compose
verb preceded by the verb
speech.

,
five sentences with predicates consisting of a notional

4—1919 49
 • THE COMPOUND

70.

). )
(
NOMINAL PREDICATE*
-
.- (
Read the following
nominal

. , .
pairs of sentences with simple verbal and compound
predicates in the left-hand and the right-hand columns

..
respectively. Compare the pairs of sentences.

(.) (.)
. (.)

. .. .
(.)
(.)
.
-

.. - .., (.)
(.)
(.)
-
-

.
71.

,-. .
. out first the sen-
tences containing verbal predicates and then those containing nominal
predicates. Underline the predicates.

1. 2. -

-.
3.

. .
. . 5.
4.

-
-
, ..
7.

, .
, ,--
6.

10.
(. .)
8.

.-
9.

* compound nominal predicate is one including a noun, pronoun

J
or adjective as a component (nominal) part.

50
 .. .,
.
,-,
(.)
(.) 12.

.
72.
Read the following sentences. State
what part of speech is used as the nominal part of the italicized predi-

, ,,
.
cates.

1.

.
Ha
(.)
a
2. (.)

,
,
3.

., . ., (.) 4.

. ,« , (.) 5.
(.) 6.

-
,
(.) 7.

. —

. ..
(.) 8.

.73.
..
(. .)
».
(. .)
9.
10.
?

the

2.

. ,
1.

, ,,, .
. .
compound nominal

..- (.) 4.
out the following sentences. Underline
predicates. Note the case of the nominal part
in predicates with and without a link-verb.

. (. .)
(.) 3.
(.)

.
5.
(. .)
6.
7.

. ., . ,, - (.)

;
(.) 8.
(.) 9.

. (. .)
—
(.) 10.

(. .)

•
12.

NOTE
(.) 1 1 .

- verb
In the present tense, the link-
of the compound

1
. -
,. ,
- nominal
omitted.

up
predicate

Nouns and adjectives making

tlie nominal part
is generally

of the pred-

,, ,-
.
Oh

.:
.: icate
e.g.:

In
scientific
verb
then

some

present tense, e.g.:

take the nominative,

cases,
definitions,
is
particularly in

used even
the
in
link-
the

,, -.. .:
- in
Following the link-verb

nominal
nominal
either
the past
part

the
predicate
or
of

nominative
the
the
future,

may
compound

or
be
the

in
the

.
instrumental, e.g.:

,.. .
, , -
-
-
.:
The nominative case of the
nominal part of a compound nom-
inal
is a
predicate, especially
noun, emphasizes a perma-
nent characteristic of the subject.
Cf.:
if it

,,
,,
-,--- ,,,-
Oh

Following link-verbs other than

-: ,
(e.g.

. ,; ,,,-
.
etc.)

. . the nominal part of a compound

nominal predicate invariably

.
takes the instrumental case.

74.

out the following sentences, putting

52

I
).
1.

(),().(), ( ).(
the words in brackets either in the nominative or in the instrumental;

(.
give two variants where possible.

(-

...
2. 3.

).
4.
6.
5.
).
75.
, — out the following sentences.
Underline the subjects once and the predicates twice.

.
1.

.. . 2.

. -- 3.

. ,
4.

(
. ,
.)-,
76.
.
. ,
6.

—
Read the following sentences. Change them by using the link-verb
(The particles and §mo should be dropped.) Decide which
5.

-
part of the sentence should be the subject and which the predicate.

-
. 1.
—

. ,. . -
2.
.— 3.
—

. .. , ,-
4. — 5. —
6.
—

) .
77.

( out the following sentences, putting

the words in brackets in the required case.

1. Ha
2.
-

53
)) . . (
(-
().
( ). () (.
).
3.
4.
5.
-

.,
6.

8.

,. . 78.
7.
().
(. .)
—
. out the fol-
lowing sentences.
twice.
Underline the subjects once
Note the use of the dash.

.. and the predicates

2.
(.)
1.

3.

—
,. —
—
—
(.)
(. .)

-
. (..
4.
—
—
(.)
(.) 6.
5.
—
J 7. —
(.) 8. —
— . (.) 9.

• NOTE

--
,
If the nominal part of a com-

pound nominal predicate is a

noun or numeral in the nominative
-
, and the link-verb is -omitted, a

( ). ,
dash must be placed between the

,. -
subject and the predicate.
is also used
or the predicate

cate is
if either the subject
or both are the
infinitive of a verb. If the predi-
preceded by the
A dash

demon-
strative particle §mo, or

.
54
§, , this
the dash
particle.
is placed before
, 79.
—
.
.
out the following sentences. Underline the subjects
, . once and

,. .
the predicates twice. Insert a dash, where necessary.

1.
. (. (. .)
.
,.
2. .) 3.
4.

.
. ,,
(. .)

,,,.,..
5.
(.) 6.
-
(.) 7.

(. .) 8.

(. .)
80.

, ,
Read the following sen-

,
tences.
of

, .
Find the compound nominal predicates and state what parts
speech they are composed of.

.- -
, .
, ,. .
1.

(.) 2. (.) 3.

. (.) 4. (.) 5.
(.)
6.

(.)
, . (.) 8.
(. .) 7.

.
- • NOTE

The nominal part of a com-

,,
MOM pound nominal predicate may be
qualitative adjective in the
(-
). - complete or the short form. In
some cases, one of these forms is

. -
preferable to the other. Thus, in
sentences expressing a permanent
feature or quality of an object,

55
 . .

, .: , , the complete form should be pre-

.
ferred, e.g.:

, -,- -
.- ,
-
If

acterizing
circumstances,
more frequently
of
ative
a sentence expresses a tem-
porary quality of an object, char-

only the short form

if
it only in
the short form
used.

the adjective has a word

the given

The use
is
is

imper-

,
.:
81.

.
. §
which

, .
it governs, e.g.:

Read the following sentences. Explain the use of the complete and
short forms of adjectives in the compound nominal predicate.

.. " :
. .
. - .
-
.
.
.
-
-
. , ..
82.

,
the following sen-

.
tences, filling in the blanks with the required forms of the adjectives
from the right-hand column.

,
1 . .

...

2. ...

...

56
 ,
, .
. .,
3. ...

...

4. ...

.
,
...

,
5. ...

...

. .
6. ...

83.
, - ...

Read the following sentences, in which

the short form of the adjectives cannot be replaced by the complete

..
form, since such a substitution would change the meaning of the sen-
tence.

1.

. 3.
2.
4.

I
. , •

The
NOTE
short form
tives has a meaning
of some
different
adjec-
from

: .:
that of the complete
such cases the short form cannot
form. In

. ,.
be replaced by the complete form.

84.
. ..Cf.:

Read the

.
fol-

1.

, .
lowing sentences. Find the compound nominal predicates. State what
part of speech the nominal part of each predicate is.

(.-.)
(.).
--
.,
2.

.
(.)

.
4.

.
(.)
. (.)
7.
6.
(.) 5.

-
3.

(.)

57
( 85. , .-
.)
out the following sentences, supplying the missing simple verbal

,
predicates and the nominal parts of compound nominal predicates.
(The words to be supplied are given in the right-hand column.) Make

1.

..
the predicate agree with the subject.

...

...

,
2.

.
...

,
,
...

3. ...

.
...

4. ...

...

,
5.

6.
...

...
.
.. ,
,
...

7. ...

. .
. ,
...

.
...

8.

. ,
...

86. , ...

out the following sentences,

forming short past participles passive from the verbs in brackets and

.
.
making them agree with the subject.

() . (.) (. .)
()
1.

(),
.
2.
3.
.
().
()
) ,
5.
4.

7.
() 6.
(-
58
 , ... -
-

,
87.

,.
Read the fol-

,.
lowing sentences. Find the predicates and state what parts of speech
they are composed of. Note the order of the component parts in the

-
compound nominal predicates.

(.) 2.

.,. .! -
1.
-

., —
(.)

(.)
(.)
4.
3.

(.) 7.
—
(.) 6.
5.

—-
-

,
, , ,,
,, , ,
, ,
, ,, -
- of
. NOTE
Sometimes
the predicate
quality contains the words
,
the nominal
expressing
part

-- a

.:
,
,, ,
, , ..,

- lose
form
their
etc.

single
word expressing the
which, in such cases,
lexical meaning
group with
quality, e.g.:
-
and
the

.
. , ,--
-
-
(. .)

pal
In such

adjective.
meaning
sentences,
is
the
contained in the
princi-

. ,. ..
, 88.

, ,
predicates. Use the
the predicatives.
. . Compose
words
five sentences with compound nominal
etc. as part of

89.

Read the following sentences. Find the compound nominal predicates.

1.

(. .) 2. — . (.)
State what part of speech their nominal part is.

3.

59
 .. .-
....
-
(.) 5.

(.) 7.
(. .)

(. .)
(.)
(.)

8.

9.
4.

,, .
,
6.

; -
. .. (. .)
.10.

,
(.) (.)
•
NOTE
compound

-,
nominal predi-

,
cate expressing comparison is of-

,,, ,, , ,,
ten joined to the subject by one

,- of the conjunctions

. , ,. . .
- etc.
placed
In such cases, no
before the
comma
comparative
is

.
30M conjunction.

90.
{,

,. —. . ,
.).
Describe each of the objects named below by comparing it to the other
object of the pair; use various comparative conjunctions {,

; ;
etc.). Write down your sentences and explain their meaning.

; ;; - —

.. , .
Model:

; ; .
—
; —
—
—
—
—
—
— —

of

(.)
91.

. Read the following sentences. State what

speech the italicized predicates are composed of.

1.

. .
parts
-

.
2.
(. .) (. .)

.
3. 4.

(. .) 5. (.) 6.
(.)
60
,
-, -
-
-
. NOTE
The link-verb of
nominal predicate containing the
complete form of an adjective
or participle as its nominal part,
compound

: -
, ,
, ,
, , , - may be semi-notional verb denot-

,- , --
w5mw,np«wmM,

,
ing motion orstate:

,
,
, ,
, , ,
,, ., ---
,
^
, , , ,
,
, ,
,
,
,,
, In this case, the verb loses

,..
its principal lexical meaning, as
CKoe the main meaning of the predicate

92.
. is contained in its nominal part,

out the following

sentences. Underline the compound nominal predicates and state

. , .; -
what parts of speech they are composed of.

.. ..1 .
—
(. .) 2.
(.) 3.

?.-
(.) 4.
(.) 5. (.)
6. (.)
7.

.
8.

,
Compose
93.

five

.,
:
sentences with compound nominal
verbs denoting motion or state as link-verbs.

94.
(.)

.-
predicates,
(.)

using

61
 . . Read the following
nouns in oblique cases with prepositions, which are part
senfences. Copy out the
of the compound

..
nominal predicates.

4.
(. .)
1.

.. .
6.
(.)
(.)
3.
5.
(. .)
—
(.)
2.
(.)

. NOTE

,
. , , ,- (.)
.:
-
-
The nominal part of a com-
pound nominal predicate may be
noun in an oblique case with
preposition, e.g.:

(- .)

,-
(.)
- The nominal part of a com-
pound nominal predicate is often

.:
, , ,
a set expression, e.g.:

,,
.
, .,
95.
, , () ()
()
..

out the following

sentences. Underline the compound nominal predicates and state what

., .. . .
parts of speech they are composed of.
1.

. ,.---
. (.)

. (.)
2. 3.
(.) 4. 5.
(. .) 6.

. (.)

(.)
7.

10.
(.) 9.
8.

(.)

, 96.

95. Compose six sentences with compound nominal

predicates, using the phrases written for Exercise 95 as their nominal
part.

62
 ..,,, .
97. -
, ,
,, .
2. .
State what
is composed

. ,-
1. Oh
Read the following
sentences.
parts of speech the nominal part of the italicized predicates
of.

(.) 3.
(.)

, .
— (.) 4.

. (.) 5.
(.) 6.
(.)
. NOTE
-

. .
-
. -
-
The nominal part of a com-
pound nominal predicate may be
a noun with an adjective or a
meral in the genitive. The geni-
tive case is used irrespective
-
of

. ,( ,
whether there is link-verb or
not.

, )
-

i
,(
2.(
-
.
),
98.

1.

( ,. . ), , (.)

).
3.
out the following sentences,
putting the words in brackets in the required case.

. (.) 4.
(
). (.)

(
(.) ). 7.( ),
(
(.) 5.

(.) 8.
(.) 6.

. . :,-
). (.)
• THE COMPOUND
VERBAL PREDICATE
99.
out the following sentences. Underline the com-
pound verbal predicates.
1.

. (.) 2.

63
 ,
.
,
.-
,
(.) 3.
(.-.)
.
,
4.

,
. ,., (. .) 6.
(.) 5.

.,. , ,,
(.) 7.

. (.) 8.

(.)

. ,
9.

(.) 10. , . -
., —
(.)

.
. . 100.

Read the following

sentences, which contain sim-
ple or compound verbal predicates. Explain what additional meaning
-
-
. .-
,
is conveyed by the auxiliary verbs.

.. .,
1.

2.

.
. . . .5.
3.
4.
--

-
6.

• NOTE

, , . , ,
. --
Not infrequently the auxiliary
verbs of compound verbal predi-

,,,,, , , ,
, , cates are verbs showing how the

, , , action
verbs

etc. They
proceeds
are
in time.

are invariably followed

These

. . by an imperfective infinitive.

64
THE , -
. , a
-
.- The verb
followed by
a
an
noun denoting an
infinitive
action.
is never
but by

, .
)
101.

(, )
) ,
out the following sentences,
choosing the correct infinitives from those given in brackets.

(,
(, )
.
. ) ,
1. Ha
(,
(, ) ) ..
(.) 2. 3.

.
4.

.
(,
5.
(,
(, ). 6. -
102.
7.

,..
sentences, replacing the simple verbal predicates
out
8.

the following
by compound ones

.
of the same meaning.

-.
.
1. 2.

.
. . -
4.
3.

.
5. 6.
7.
8.

, ,
, .- , ,,, . NOTE

The verbs

are used only as part of compound

I
, .:
5—1919
verbal

.
predicates, e.g.:

65
),
.
- ,, -
:
( -
- with

position),
direct
in the accusative
e.g.:
object
without
(
a
noun
pre-

,
,,,,- , ., - In all other cases the reflexive
verbs

.:
..103.
are used, e.g.:

out the follow-

ing sentences. Explain the use of the italicized reflexive and non-reflex-
-
ive verbs.

. (.) ,
.
. .
. . , --
., .. -
,, -
(.)
&,
. (^.)
.
(.)
(.-.)

(.)
(.)

(.)
-

. 1.

(,
)
104.

(,)
sentences,

)
. (,(, (,
). .
)
.
(.)
-
- 3.
(.) 2.
out the following
choosing the correct verbs from those given in brackets.

(.)

(, ).
4. 5.
6.
(.)
66

I
.
. , 105.

Read the following sentences containing simple and com-

pound verbal predicates. State what additional meaning the auxiliary
-
..
2.

, , .
I. 1. Oh
3.
.
verbs or their equivalents eive to the compound verbal predicate.
-. -.
.
.
4.

. --
..... .
. 5.

II. 1. .
.- 2.

3.

4. -

-
,
. NOTE

,
:, , , -
is
The function

modal verbs, that

of auxiliary verbs
frequently fulfilled by so-called
is to say, by

,
T. e. verbs denoting:

: ,
,: -
)

- , () the ability, possibility, in-

,, , ,
, ,, , -
. .;
clination, wish
perform an action:
or
, intention

etc.;
to

,:
) () desire to perform an ac-

, ,, ,,,
. .; tion:

5*
)
,- . .
- ings:
,
etc.;

() mental processes and feel-

etc.

67
 -
- - containing
may
compound

include
one
verbal

eitlier
of these
a
predicate
verbs
perfective

. , or an imperfective
depending on whether the speaker
infinitive,

,, , -
interested in the action

..
is as
.: such or in its result. Cf.:

106.
., .
out the .
) )
following sentences, choosing the infinitives of the required aspect
from those given in brackets. Where possible, use both the infinitives

.
and write down both the variants. Explain the difference in the use of

)
the perfective and the imperfective verbs.

. (,
)
(,
(,.
).
).
?
1.

(,,
).
(,
),
Oh

(,(,
-
7.
5.
6.
4.

(,
3.
2.

-
.
107.

. .. -
out the following sentences,

.
supplying the auxiliary verb to suit the sense.

6.
1. Ha

...
5.
3.
...

...

. . 4.
...
2.
...
...

{, , , ,
. NOTE
-
- The short form of adjectives

, , ,, {, ,.).
,
as
etc.)

an auxiliary verb.
is frequently used

express the past and the

future tenses and also the sub-

68
 --
.
junctive and imperative moods,
the auxiliary verb is used
in the appropriate tense and

, , .
mood. E.g.:
:.
.
108.
.
{,
.
.
I.

, -
)
.

. ,.
lowing sentences. Underline the predicates. Point out the component
parts of the compound verbal predicates. Explain how the tenses of
predicates of this type are formed.

.
out the fol-

-. .
Give variants of these sentences, changing the time of the
action.

.-
2.
1. OH

. 4.
5. --
3.
 ,
.
THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

THE ATTRIBUTE
• ATTRIBUTES AGREEING

WITH THE WORD QUALIFIED

.
.
.
109.

,
. ,
,. --
Read the following

, , -,
-; Find the attributes and the words they
text.
qualify. State how the attributes agree with the words they qualify.

-
-

,
.,
.
...

.
... ... ,
.
,- ,
...

.
. -
.)
how
110.
.. . , (.
Read the following text. State
the attributes agree with the words they qualify. Note the position
of the attributes in relation to the words they qualify.

70
 . ... -
.-
...

.
.
, ,
.
..
; - -
--
- ;
...
,

.
-
, 6;;

--
,^
---
. .;
... ( . .)
, -
• NOTE

, , ,
,
111.
.
ing sentences,
they qualify.
.:
.
. .)
making the attributes

- (,
;
Attributes

it,

in brackets
which
the word they qualify
precede e.g.:
agree with
generally

out the follow-

agree with the nouns

)(
3.
1.

) (, )()
; () .
(.) 2. (-
(.)

71
. ...
) ,() , .
)
()
(, -
() (.) 4.

,
5.

(). .
() , (,)
() (, ,
6.

() ()
- 7.

8.

(.)

( .) .
112.
;() ,
, , .,
.
the following text, making the attributes

()
nouns they qualify. Retell the text.

() ,
Ha
in brackets agree

()
out
with the

),.( )(,).--
()
.
()
.
(
.()
.
239,5
2 611 000

() .
-

()

, 113. .. ( .) 1 200000
.
-
.
,-.., . ---
Read the following sentences. Find the attributes and state
what parts of speech they are. Note the position of the attributes in
relation to the words they qualify and in relation to one another.

1.

(.) 2.
(.)
4.

72
. . 6.
3.
(.)
5.
, ,... (.) 7. ,
. ,
.
13.
10.

12.
(.)
(. .)
9.
8.

.- ...
.
(.) .

,
,,,
-- -
-
-
•

attributes,
jective
adjective,
NOTE

word is qualified by two

one a qualitative ad-
and the other a relative
the
before the latter,
former
e.g.:
is placed

.:
114.

tences.
...
Note the use of the possessive adjectives
-, -, -;
, .
Read the following
ending in
-; -««or-oe as attributes agreeing with the word they qualify. Give the
-
- -
-, -,
sen-

. .
nouns from which these adjectives are derived.

. . . ..(.)
1.

2. 3.

. . 4.

. ,
. ,
5.
6. 7.

.
, --
8.

115.

out the following sentences.

73
. ,
Substitute attributes expressed by adjectives for those expressed by the

,
nouns in the genitive.

.
Model:

.
. ..
1.
3.
2.
4.

. .. . 7.
6.
5.

8.

,
, , --
•
9.

NOTE
Attributes expressed by ad-

. ,- .
jectives are called attributes with

,--
a agreement, and attributes ex-
pressed by oblique cases of nouns
— are called attributes without ag-
reement.

116.
-

;,
,,
.
, ,
. .,
,,,,,,
,
)
),
Give qualitative and relative adjectives to qualify the following

,,
nouns. Compose six sentences, using the phrases thus obtained.

. .,
117.
Read the
following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of speech
-

. (.)
they are. What questions do they answer?

. (.)-
I. 1.

.
2.

.
.
3.
(. .) 4.

.
.
5.

7.

74
6.
.
,
, .
. .
II. 1.

.
2.
3.
,- -

,, --
4.
(.) 5.

• NOTE

- Attributes
tives in the
which
compound form
are adjec-
of the

, comparative or the superlative

,
, ,
,
- . .:
-
degree generally precede the words
they qualify, e.g.:

However, attributes which are

,
adjectives in the compound form

,
,
. ,
.- .:
of the comparative degree may
follow the word they qualify, e.g.:

, ,, ,,.,
118.

,
Compose sentences, using the

., . . -
following adjectives attributively.

119.

.
Read the fol-

- .
lowing sentences. What questions do the attrilputes answer? What parts
of speech are they?

(.)

.
4.
1.
2.

. . ...
51.(.)
(.) 3.

7.
8.
9.
, 5.

...
.... 10.
(.)
(.)
(. .)
6.

(. .)

(. .)
75
 120.

attributively.

, 121.
..,.. Compose five sentences, using participles
-
-
.
Read the following

. ..
sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of speech they are.

. .
Note the position of the attributes in relation to one another.

1.

- 2.
-

.
3.

. 5.
4.
6.

7.

- - .
.. .--
? .
.
. ,--
14.
15.
13.
10.

12.
9.

11.
8.

Ho
,
,, ,
(, -
--
- noun
•

placed
NOTE
word is qualified
attributes one of which
(demonstrative,
definitive or possessive, including
, , ), at the
the latter
beginning of
by several
is a pro-
indefinite,

is generally
the
, , ),
§ ,- . ,
group of attributes, e.g.:

.:
.- ..
122.
,

-,.
Read the following sentences. Note the position of the italicized attri-
butes in relation to the words they qualify.

1. 2.
3.

76
 -
- .
. . - .- 6.
. 4.
5.

7.

-
-,
,-- -, -, -, -,
•

ifying
NOTE

Attributes with agreement qual-

the indefinite pronouns

,- , - , - .
etc.

. ., generally follow these pronouns,

.
e.g.:
.:
.
,
,
,
,,,,
,,
,
,
.,

,,
123.

,
1.

.
,, .
-,
,
,
groups of words given below.
a

,
, , -
sentence.

-
, ,
Bear in
Compose sentences out of the
mind the place of attributes in

3.
2.

. .
, ,
-
4.
,, ,
-.
.
5.

-
6.

.. ..
124.

ing sentences. Note the attributive use of the pronouns

Read the
and .
follow-

3.
I. 1.

. 4.
2.

..
;
5. 6.
(.)
7.

.
8.
.
, ... (.)
(.) 9.
,-
.
10.
(.)
. 1. 2. 3.

77
, .-
• NOTE
The pronoun indicates that

, the object qualified

the subject of the sentence which
may be expressed either by a
belongs to

noun or a personal pronoun of

.: : . -
any person and number. But, as a
rule, is not used as an attri-

bute to the subject. You cannot

say:

- .
You must say:

, - ' '',
» § «- .
-
as
when
The pronoun
an
it
attribute to
has the meaning of
or
can be used
the subject
*
e.g.:

»,« .:
... .
. .
125.

. Read the following sentences.

1.

. . .
. . ..,
Note the difference in the use

-
.
-
of the pronouns

5.
and

4.
2.
3.

126.

. ,.
.

78
1.

...
.
sentences, filling in the blanks with the pronoun

. . .
...
-
...
out the following
or

...
as
required by the sense. Underline the subject in the clauses containing

. " , 3.
4.
5.
2.
,
...
. , ., ,.-
,
...

6.

. . ... ... 7.

., . -
... (. .)

,, 127.

the pronouns
,
,,, Compose
as attributes.
eight sentences, using

128.
Read the
following sentences. Note the use of the pronouns and mom as
attributes.

I.

. . .
. ., —
-- —

, . . .
1949

.
- ,(.)
. .
2.
. 1.

. (.) . (.) 3.

,.
4.

.. (.) 5.
(.)
-
129.
.
. . ,,.
out the following sen-
tences, filling in the blanks with the pronoun mom or in the
required form.

1. ...

...

2. ...

. 3.
...

... 4.
-
79
 .
.,. 5.
...

.., ...
-
,.
,
6.

.
...

.
.
... 7. ...

... 8.
...

, ,-,., --
, ,-,
130.
Compose sentences, using the following words

.
. .,
as attributes.

,-, , ,

.
131.

Read the following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts
of speech they are. What question do they answer?

(.)
1.

.
.. . 4.

. (.)
3.
2.

--
.. (). .-,
5. 6.
(.) 7.

8.
9.

,-. 132.

Read the following

,, ,.. ,
sentences. Define the form of the
nouns and adjectives used with the numerals

1.
.
.
(.)

.
. .
2.

5.
6.
(.) 7.
. (.) 3.

-
4.

.
8.
9.
. 10.

80
 .. - -.
,-
11.
12.

•
NOTE
-

- An
ifying
attributive
feminine noun
adjective

, and
qual-
fol-

,,
--
lowing tiie numeral or
may take either the nomi-

, . native or the genitive

is
if

the subject or the direct object.

the noun

,, ,.
,
, ,
,
-. ,
, , 133.

,
out the following text,

, -
filling in the blanks with these adjectives to suit the sense:

, ..
. . 200 1915
,
, ,
... ...

20 ... —
1953 1954
—93
.
170 000
596
.
.
...
...

. -
1953 — 1954

, ,. ,
,
, .. ,
200 ...

,, ,
900 ...

- 34
53

...
...

7 ...
116 ...

, ,, .-
226 40 ...

. 134.
Compose
,
sentences, using the following phrases.

6—1919 81
 ..
.,135.

filling

. ,
-
-
in the blanks with attributes to suit the sense.
out the following sentences,

.
.
.
1.

,, - -
...
...

3.
2.
...
...

...

.
... 4. ...

... 5. ...

,
136.
...

.
out the text, filling in the blanks with
attributes to suit the sense.

. . ...

.
,..,...
...

. , -
... ...

:
, ...
...

...

...
...

...

.
.
... ... ...

(, ,
...

137. . .),
Describe your room (institute,
factory, city, etc.), using various kinds of attributes.

.
.. 138.
AGREEING WITH THE WORD QUALIFIED

the attributes with

Read the following
agreement and those without agreement.
• ATTRIBUTES NOT

-
sentences. Point

-
-
out

..
. .
1.
2.
3.

, -
..
4.

. 5.

7.
8.
6.

(.) 9.
-
82
 .., 139.
.
. (.) (.) 10.

Read the following

State what parts of speech the italicized attributes without
-
sentences.
agreement
are.

.
, .
,. .1.

2.

. ,
(.) 3.

.. . -
4.
5.

7.
(.) 6. -
8.

- NOTE

--
•

Attributes without agreement

are frequently the genitive of

, ,
.
, .:
nouns
.
preposition
the material
is made,
with

.
the

of
e.g.:
preposition
The genitive with
generally
which an object
the
denotes

, ,, — The genitive with the prepo-

,
.: sition

In both these
.
denotes purpose, e.g.:

cases the noun

.
in the genitive can be replaced
- by an adjective, e.g.:
.:
,
-- noun in the dative with the

,
, .: ,
no

-
preposition no is used to denote
profession, kinship or other kinds
of relations, e.g.:

, .
6* 83
 .
.,
140.

.
Replace the attributes without agreement

,, ,
-

,
in the following phrases by attributes with agreement.

,
,; ,. , , Model: —

.. . 141.

sentences by
Replace the attributes with agreement in the following
attributes without agreement. Compose sentences with
the phrases thus obtained.

Model: . —

, , , ,
- , , ,-
,
,. . -
142.

sentences, filling
,.
in the blanks with attributes
out the
with
-
or
following
without

. . . -
agreement.

1. ... 2.

, -
... 3. ,..

,..
4. ... 5.
... 6.
... ... 7.

143. 142, -

,
144.
.
Read the following sentences. State

.
attributes without agreement are.
Compose five sentences, using the
genitive of nouns as attributes (use the sentences in Exercise 142 as
models).

what parts of speech the italicized

What questions do they answer?
.-
84
1.

(.) 2.
. (.) 3.
,. ,. , -
. .
(.) 4.

8.
(.)
.
6.
.
, 7.
(.)

.
5.

-
-- •
NOTE

Nouns in the prepositional case

, with the preposition are used

as attributes without agreement

,
to denote the clothes one is wear-

, .: ,
ing, e.g.:

.
. ..,145.

case with

146.
Compose
the preposition
six sentences, using nouns in the prepositional
as attributes without agreement.

.-
without

]
1.

. .-
Read the following
agreement
sentences. State
are. What
what parts
questions
of speech the attributes
do they answer?

(.) 2.

^-
[-
4.
.. . (.) 3.

(.)
- (.)

7. - .
« .
.
5.
(.)

».
6.

8.
(. .)
-

85
 -
--
• NOTE
noun in the instrumental case
with the preposition used as an

,
attribute without agreement de-

, .:
, ,.. -
notes some characteristic fea-
- ture, property or quality of the
object, e.g.:

147.
out the follow-
ing sentences, filling in the blanks with attributes without agreement

.
to suit the sense.

.
1.
... 2.

4.
3. ...
...

... 5.
. - ...

.
6.

«
. 7.
...
...

...
, . 8. 1-
».

, ,
148.

,
,,, ,,,,,
,
sentences out of the groups of words given below. Bear in

, , .
.
place of attributes with and without agreement.

, , -
Compose
mind the

,,.., 1. ,
2.

,
3.
, . ,
, 4. ,
,

,. , , ,-
149.

,,,,.
Supply an attribute

,,
without agreement to each of the following nouns and compose sentences
with the phrases thus obtained.
-

,
150.
Compose sentences, using the following

;,
phrases as attributes.

a) ,
 ;
. .
,
, ,
,-
)
)

. 151.

. , ,
Replace the italicized constructions
model.
by
out the following sentences.
attributive phrases as in the

,
... , ,,-
. Model:
—
Hfi-

. , -
1.

.
2.

,
. , -.
4.

—
3.

5.
6.

. 152.

. .
out from the following sentences the italicized nouns

.
qualified

1.
by attributes with agreement. Substitute attributes without
agreement for the attributes with agreement.

Model: — .
. 2.

..
3.

153.
.
,
4.

Substitute attributes without agreement for the italicized

constructions.

^,
-

. ..
Model:

,
, ,
—
1.
2.
3. , 87
 .
, . ,154.

of attributes.
Describe friend of yours,

---
using various kinds

.
.
155.

,,.--
Read the following sentences. Note the italicized attributive
infinitives. Copy them out together with the words they qualify.

1.

. (.) 2.

.
(.)

.,
3.

(.) 4.
. (.) 5. -
8.

, (.)

.
6.

(.)
. (. .)
. --
7.
(.)

. , ,.
9.

... -
(. .)
... 10.

, ,, ,.
156.
Compose sentences, using the following phrases:

157. .,
DETACHED ATTRIBUTES
• UNEXTENDED

,-
(I) —
(II), Read the following sentences. Explain in which

,
cases the unextended attributes are detached (I) and in which not de-
tached (II).

I. 1.

88
,,,
,, .,,
-
. (.) 2.
(.)

,
3.

, . ,
.
,, .,. --
, , (.)
5.
.
4.

- (.) 6.
( .)

...
-
. 1.

(. .) 2.

.
-
•

Parts
3.

NOTE
of the sentence uttered

. . -
with an emphatic intonation to
stress their particular importance
are
sentence.
called detached
In
parts of the sentence
from the
writing
parts

rest of the sentence

of
detached
the

are set off

by

-
),
commas.

.
: --
-
—
(-
-
less
The parts

principal
of the sentence
are most frequently detached are
attributes, adverbial modifiers (ex-
tended or unextended)
frequently— objects
parts of the sentence.
Unextended attributes are
tached if:
which

and— much
and the

de-

) (a) two or more unextended

attributes follow the word they

; qualify;

)
; - from
a
(b)

phrase;
the
the
attribute
word it
is separated
qualifies by

89
;
:

,
)
)
,
. -- - word
(c)

(d)
the attribute qualifies
sonal pronoun;
the attribute preceding the
it qualifies has a
per-

causal

,. ( ,?
or concessive meaning. The mean-
ing of such attributes is similar
to that of clauses of cause or
concession and, therefore, they
- are detached. Cf .

.:

. (, ?
• Why
did he look weak?)

-
:)
, weak?)

; ,- detached
(a)
• Why

Unextended attributes

followed by the word

if:

the attribute
did he look

is
are

immediately
it qualifies;
not

: ..
) (b) the attribute cannot be
separated from the word it qual-
.: ifies, e.g.:

, .
You cannot say:

) () the attribute qualifies an

-
-
indefinite pronoun.
Note that unextended attri-

. - butes with and without agreement

,
are used as detached attributes
chiefly in works of fiction and
in poetry.

.
.
90
.
-
-158.

Read the following

,
sentences, paying attention to your intonation.
 .
Copy out the

, ,
sentences, replacing the detached attributes by non-de-

-
.
tached ones. Read the new sentences with the proper intonation.
Model:

.
.—

, ,, ...
,
1.

.,
,
- (.) 2.

.
3.

159.- ,
(.)

. ..
Read the
following sentences with the proper intonation. Copy out the sentences,
replacing the non-detached attributes by detached ones. Read the

,
.. ,
new sentences with the proper intonation.
Model:
— ,
, -
... ,
1

,-
-
.

(.) 2.
(.) 3.

, . .
4.

. (.) 5.

,., . ,,,,
160.

,
Read
the following sentences. Find the attributes and state what parts of
speech they are. Explain the cases where the attributes are detached.

, ., , -
1.

(.) 2.

, ..
(.) 6.
(.) 3.

(.) 5.

, (.)
(.) 4.

7.
.,. -
-

91
 ,
., , 161. -
out the following sentences, replacing the italicized
nouns by personal pronouns and making their attributes detached.

..-
.
1.

--
.
2.

. . -
,, .. -
3.

4.
.

2.
162.

I. 1.
,. .
missing punctuation marks.

,
, ... -, (.) 3.
Supply the

-
-
(. .)

.; .- (.)
4.

5.
(.)

.
6.

. 1.

. -
- -
(.)

,. .
2.
(.)
3. -
(.) 4.

92
, (.) 6.
 ,
. .
.
. (.)
163.
7.

.,,
Read the following
appositives.
. DETACHED APPOSITIVES

, .
sentences. Point out the cases of detached
(.)

-
(.)

,
I. a) 1.

2.

- ,,.,. (. .)
(.)
3.
,, -
.. , ,
4.

. )
(.)
1.

(.)

,,
,
2.

.
, . .
, .
,-
1.

(.) 2.
(.). 3.
(. .)
,

,
(. .)

- - NOTE

, ,, .
Appositives which are the names
of kinds of plants or species of
pa- animals are not set off by com-
.:

, , -
.
mas,

they
e.g.:

Such appositives and the words

are in apposition to are
merged together in speech. Note
-
,, -
-
that the words and
preceding the name, rank

, .:
, or appointment of the person

off

,
concerned are likewise never
by commas, e.g.:
set

93
 , ,.
164.

, out the following sentences.

,, ,. ,,,,
Explain their punctuation and the cases
1. ,
(.)
of apposition.

,,
2.

, .,,
3. !
. ,

, ,
(.)

4.

,. ,
,-,? -
—
—
—
(.)
(.)

5.
— -
. .- , ,
(.) -
:«», ... ,-
6.
(.) 7.

(.) 8.

. ,
,.
165.
..
-
. ,
XVIH
10.
(. .)

out the following

9.

;
sentences, adding to the italicized words detached appositives from

-
the list given below.

. —

^
Model:

;
;, . . . -
.. .
94
1.

4.
3.
2.

5.
-
1)
,
:
; ,.; ,.-
166.

3)
Using Exercise 163 as
163

2)

model, compose three pairs of sentences to

illustrate the following cases of detached appositives: (1) with a perso-
nal pronoun; (2) with a proper noun; (3) with a common noun.

.
167.

,
out the following

, ,
, .,,,
, -
sentences. Underline the words used to join the appositives to
words they qualify.

.
the

-.
1.

(.) 2.
—

,
(.) 3.

. , .
. ,, 5.

, ,. , ,
,
,
(.) 4.

(.)
-
6.

,
, . ,-
(.) 7.
(. .)

(.)
8. -

• NOTE
-
,-
Appositives are frequently joined
to the words they qualify by

, - conjunctions or conjunctive words

which give the appositives vari-

(.
, 1—3),

4, 5).
-
(.
-
ous additional
causal

sentences 4,5).

these
Among
meaning
or specify the qualified

the
meanings,

most
conjunctions
e.g.
(see sentences 1-3),
word

common
and conjunc-
a

(see

of

tive words are the following:

95
 ;, ; ; ;, ; ;,
,;
;; ; ,,
, , , -'

, , ( ,
. .

.:
?
etc.

meaning
e.g.:
an
the conjunction
appositive

it is
joined
has
by
causal
invariably detached.

. .168.
.
awarded

, first prize?)

',

;
; ,
; ,, Combine
•

each of the following

pairs of sentences into one with an appositive, using the conjunctions
Why was

. .
he

-
-
.
or conjunctive words no etc. as required

..
by the sense. Write down your sentences.

.
.,
1.

-
2.
3.

.-
. . 4.

,
169.

. ,
out the following sentences, substituting detached appositives joined

.
(or not)

1.

,
by conjunctions for the clauses.

-
-
Bee
2.

;
; ;;
170.

,; ,; -
, ,; ; ; ;-
. . Compose ten sentences containing appositives

,;
. . ,; by conjunctions or phrases
joined to the words they qualify

etc.

171.

96
. Copy out the following sentences, supplying the missing punc-
tuation marks. Underline the words in apposition. Read the sentences

.,
aloud.

, 1 . ,
. (.) -
-
. , ,
2.
-
,
. , . . (.) 3.
-

.
5.

.
(.)
(.)

,
(.)
,.
, 6.
4.
(.)

. .
, ., ,
---
7.

(.) 8.

.
9.

. (. .) 10.
(.)

.
, ,. . THE OBJECT

.
5.
172.

. -^ . .
out the following sentences. State what parts of speech the italicized
objects are and define their case.

1.

-
.. ,
.
3.
4.

. -
9.
8.
2.

7.
6.

(. .) 10.
, 11.

7—1919 97
«»
173.
Read the following
. . ..- .. 12.

sentences. Point out the direct objects.

1.

. . .. -
3.
4.
2. -

.
.
.. , --
7.
6.
5.

.)
. - 9.
8.

174.

. .
.-
(.

out the
following sentences. Note the use of abstract nouns as direct objects
of transitive verbs preceded by the negative particle.

.
..
1.
2. , .
.,
,.
3.

.
4.

5.

.. -
. «
6.
(.) 8.
7.

», —
.
,,
9.
(.) 10.
(.)
. NOTE

-- Abstract nouns following tran-

sitive verbs preceded
tive particle
by the nega-
generally take the
- genitive, concrete nouns either

98
 , ;
, ., —
-- the
e.g.:
genitive or the accusative,

. . ,
.:

,. -
175.

1.
. out the following sentences, putting the predicate in
the negative form. Explain the changes in the case of the object.

.... ., 4.
5.
2.
3.
-

.
176.
Read the following sentences. Note the
position of the object in the sentences.
I. 1) -
., .
The direct object generally follows the verbs it is
an adjunct

.
1.
to.

3.

,. .
2.
-
2)
.
the direct object is a pronoun, it may

3.
I. .
.
either precede or follow the verb.

2.
4.

.
II. 1)

. .
The direct object either precedes the indirect or the
prepositional

1.

2)

.
, . ., object or follows it.

2.

If the indirect object

-

. .
is
a pronoun in the dative it generally precedes the direct object.

1. 2.
3. 4.

7* 99
 . .
.177.

. ..
Read
the following sentences. Point out tlie direct, tlie indirect and the
prepositional objects. State the position of the object in each sentence.

1.

-
..-
(. .) 2.

(.)
3.
-
.
4.
(.) 5.

. ..
(.)
6.

. . - (.)
(.)
8.
7.

,,,,,,,
9.
(.)

., ,,,
. ,
,
178.

, . Compose sentences out of the words given

below. Bear in mind the position of the object in the sentence.

, ,. ,,,
1.

,
, ,
3.
2.

.
, 4.

- . ,

,
5.

,
. ,
179.
.
.
6. ,
-
,.
out the following sentences. Point
out in each sentence the part of the sentence the object is an adjunct

..
to and state what part of speech it is. Define the case of the object.

(.) 2.
1. .-
. . . -
3. 4.
.
.
. .. -
11.
5.

12.
7.

10.

(.)
. 9.

13.
6.

-
8.

(.) 14.
(.)

100
, - • NOTE

.
The object is generally an ad-
K .:
,, ,
juncl to a verb, e.g.:

,, , . 180.
.:

.:
,
the following sentences, supplying objects.
or verbal noun, e.g.:

However, it may refer to an

.
adjective which governs a def-
inite case, e.g.:

Complete

1. Bee ... 2. ...

., , ,., ,
3. ... 4. ... 5.
... 6. ... 7.
... 8. ...

.
181.
Supply objects to the following words and compose
some sentences with the phrases thus obtained.

.
... ..
.
. .
182.

out the following sentences. State the cases of the objects

of the italicized verbs. Memorize these verbs.

1.

. 3.
(.) 4.
2.
-
-
-
,
(.) 5.

.
for
183.
. (.)
Supply objects to the following verbs. Compose a pair
each group of verbs.
. (. .) 6.
7.

-
of sentences

101
,
,
,
;
,
,
,
,,
,
,
,
,
,,
)
) ,
,
,
,
,
,
;
,,
-
,
,
,
,
;,,;;.,.,.
;)
)
,
, -,
,
.184.
-
does the choice of the case depend on?

I.

.
.
.
. .-
out the following sentences.
State the case of each of the objects following the italicized verbs. What

2.

. .-.
3. 4.

5.

185.
. ., ,
. -- (. .)
9.
8.

(.)
(.)
(.)

Complete the following sentences,

6.
7.

inserting
prepositions where necessary.

1. ... 2.
...

...
3.
5.
... 7.
-- ...

...
4.
6.
...

. , . ,. .
8. ... 9.
... 10. ... 11.
...

186.
Read the following text and then retell it,

-
using objects.

102
.
.
, .., ,
. .,. .
. .
, . .-
. ... .-
.
. , .
.) (.
.
.
.
,, , , -,
. ..
187.

,.,
188.
Compose sentences, using the following words as objects.
-,
Read the following
,,

phrases. In which instances

—
is the
genitive case used as an attribute, and in which as an object?

.
.
1.

2.

. .,.-
.
189.
3.

Underline the infinitives used as objects.

out the following sentences.

..
I. 1.

2.
4.
3.
--
103
 (.)
II. 1.
,. , .
,
:. --
,
,..
2.

(.)
.
-
,.,
NOTE

,
.

An infinitive used as an object

is invariably an adjunct to a verb,
while an infinitive used as an
attribute qualifies a noun,

An infinitive used as an object

generally denotes an action to be

, .: -
,
carried out by some person(s)
on the order, request or advice
of some other person(s), e.g.:

(-
(
• it was
the teacher who asked us, but was we who had to bring

,
it

, ., ,.
the copy-books).

• friend gave me that

advice, but it was I who was to go to the rest-home).

190.
—
Read the following sentences. In which cases is the infinitive used as
an object, and in which as part of a compound verbal predicate?

, , 6"
1.

,
3.
, . . (.) 2.
(.)
-
-

1Q4
 . . ,-
,.
(.) 4.

, (. .)

.
191.

following sentences,
used as objects.

.
Model:

.
.
, substitute

-
infinitives for the italicized
In
nouns
the

.
1.

. 3.
.. . - 2.
. 4.

. ,, , -
5. 6.

9. . 8.
7.

,. , .,.-
192.
Compose sentences, using the following phrases.

.
193.

.
Analyse
the following sentences. State what parts of speech the attributes and

-
the objects are.

1,

. . - -
..
2.
(.) 3.

—
4.
! (. .) 5.

(.) 6.
—
--
., .. (.)

194.

Find the detached objects. State by what

• DETACHED OBJECTS

Read the followingsentences.

words they are joined to the
-
words they are adjuncts to.

105
,
1.

,
,
.
,,
,.
.
-. , (.) 2.

-
3.
-

,
4.

(.)

, ,
7.
.
,
.
, ,
, 6. , ,
-, -
,, , -
(. .) 8.
.
(.)

(.-.)
!
-
5.
(.)
-

,, ,- , ,,, -
» NOTE

, ,, )
Objects consisting of nouns with
prepositions or adverbs used as
(, -
) ,
prepositions
(, , are invariably

, ..
, detached, e.g.:
.:

marks.

2.

5.
195.
. (.-.)

,,
.,
,
. ,.
out the following sentences, inserting the necessary punctuation

1. Ha

. 3.
4.

196.

ing detached objects with the prepositions

.
,, ,
. Compose sentences contain-
-
106
,, 197.

. , ,
,,
-

.
, Replace the following sentences by

,, . , -
sentences of the same meaning with the prepositions

,.
, without changing the meaning.

1.
2.

,. ,
3.
4.

. , . -
5.

, 6.

., 198.

italicized
. . -
• ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS

Read the following

adverbial modifiers answer?
text.
What
What
.
questions do the
parts of speech are they?

.
. , .
-
,,,.
,
:. ,
,,
;
. .
. .
...

.
, . . ,.
. ,, , - .-.
,
-
.
.
107
;
, .. . ,,-
. .
. . .)
199.

. , (.
.-
Read the following sentences. Point out the adverbial
modifiers of time. Note the prepositions used to denote time,

. -
-
.
(.)

..
(.)
(.)
1955

(.)
1.

..
4.

(.)
7.
2.
3.

8.
6.
200-
..
.,(.)--
--.5. 7

....
9.
—
10. (.) 11.
(.)
. --
.. , .
12.
13.
14. 15.

200.

Read the

1 .

. . ..
following sentences. State what parts of speech the adverbial modifiers
are. Note the word order in the sentences and the position of the adver-
bial modifiers of time.

3.
2.

-
. 7.
4.
. . 6.
5.

108
. , -- may
. NOTE
Adverbial
occur
modifiers
either at the
ning or at the end of the sentence.
of time
begin-
,, . .:
is
an adverbial modifier of time
placed at the beginning of the

,
sentence, it is generally followed
by the subject, e.g.:

.
; ; ;;
;.;
201.

filling in
out the following sentences,
the blanks with adverbial modifiers of time from the list
given below.

..
1953
1.

. , ... 2. ...

-
. ,, ,
3. ...

4. ... 5.
... 6. ...

. ,
7. ...

202.

. . ,,,,
, ,
Compose sentences, using words and constructions denoting time;
Join them by the prepositions c, ,
,,,,
203.
. -
1. Oh
. .
. (.) ..(.)
Read
following sentences.
Point out the adverbial modifiers indicating approximate time.
the

2.

. 6.
(. .) 3.

. . (.)
5.

,
(.) 4.

7. -

,,
9.
8.
.
. NOTE

-- the
indicate approximate time,
prepositions and ,
, .:, which are similar in meaning, are

, c, used,

. e.g.:

109
 ,, -
, The preposition is used
:

to

, .
denote period of about one
hour, one week, one month, etc.

,
, ,
. .
, It is

riod of
not used to indicate a pe-
about two, three or more

: . .,
- hours,
example,

,
weeks, months, etc. For
you may say:

-: / But you must say:

.
).

(
6 ( and not:
Approximate time can also be
denoted by inverting the word

. .:(
,
order in the sentence. Cf.

• exact time)

204.
., , • approximate time)

,. .-
Compose sentences, using the

. ,
following phrases as adverbial modifiers of time.
,
205.

1. Ha
. out the following sentences, filling in the
blanks with adverbial modifiers of time.

... 2. ... -
. .
.
3. ... 4. ...

5.
-

..., ,
... 6.

10.

206.
... 7.

,... (,
... 9.
• day, month, year).
...
... 8.

Read the following sentences. Point out the

adverbial modifiers of place. What questions do they answer? State the
prepositions used in denoting place.

1.

. (.) 2.
-
 .
.-- -
.. . . - (.)
(.)
3.
4. -
7.

..
.
..
.
(.)
(.) 6.
5.

(.)
.(.)
(.)
(.)
(.)

(.)
11.
8.
9.
(.)

10.

., .
.
12. 13.
(.) 14.
(.)
15. (.)

; ;
; ;
207.

; ; ; out the following sentences,

ing in the blanks with words and phrases from those given below.

- ; ; .. ; ;
fill-

. 1.

....
...

... 3. ...
2.
4. ...

-
5. ...

6.

. -
., . .
...

... 8. ...
7.
9.

..
... 10. ...

. ... 12. ...-

208.
.
. -. -.. .. -
Read the following sentences. State what parts of speech the adverbial
modifiers of place are. Point out their position in the sentence.

1. 2.
3.
4.

10.
. .
.
- . - 9.
6.
8.

11.
5.
7.
-

111
., , -
.:
- may
or at
.

Adverbial
NOTE

be either
modifiers
at the
the end of the sentence.
sentences with the normal word or-
of place
beginning
In

..
CTOHTB der adverbial modifiers of place are
at the end of the sentence, e.g.:

,
HO
,-
,, a
sentence contains
an adverbial modifier of place
both

and an adverbial modifier of time,

the latter is generally placed at
the beginning and the adverbial

, .
— modifier of place at the end of
.: the sentence, e.g.:

,, . .:
- If

adverbial
predicate
sentence

fore the subject,

.
is
begins
modifier of place,
generally placed be-
e.g.:
with an
the

,, . -
,, ,, ,-,
209.

, ,,
,,
,, Compose
sentences,

; , ., ..
, -
using the following words and phrases as adverbial modifiers of place.

.
210. --
Read the following
cause.
Name
1.
What
the prepositions used in expressing cause.

(.)
(. .) 2.

.
,
sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers of
questions do they answer? What parts of speech are they?

..
4.

112
. 3.

(.) 5.
(.)
, ... - --. (.)
6.
7.
(.) 8.

...-
9.

- 10.

-
11.

. NOTE

, - As adverbial modifiers of cause

we most often use nouns preceded
by the prepositions -, , ,
-, , .
,,,.
, , - -
The preposition - 'owing to,*

, -
-, .. .:
- 'because
a cause
of is used
preventing
in expressing
or hinder-

,, -
ing an action, e.g.:

-
, (,, - is
The
used only
preposition
if
'out
the speaker means
of*

, .
.
that some feeling (respect, love,
pity or compassion, hatred, curi-
. .)
. - osity,
action,
etc.) causes a deliberate

,,
: e.g.:

Oh
.
-
,,,
,
(,
- ,
-
-
. .)

.:
is

some
Unlike
'with',
used
'for*

if

ity, joy, pity or

etc.)
the preposition
the preposition
the speaker means that
feeling (love, hatred, curios-

causes an Impulsive
compassion, fear,
action,

. ».
e.g.:

8—1919
 :
, ,-, , .
,
- ous
but
The preposition

is
with the
is synonym -
preposition
used only in the phrases:

,, .
CO

.:
- used
The

internal
in

state, e.g.:
preposition
expressing
but also
not
an
cause bringing about an action or
may
only an
be

external

, --
.
The preposition is chiefly

,-
used in expressing an action
caused by some negative feature in

., , - - in
person's character. In this case,
the subject of the sentence must
be the word denoting the person
question. For example, one

: .
.
may say:

:
, ,-- But one cannot say:

:.,.
,., no
no
no
no
ing
The preposition
in the following phrases
cause:

no
is also used
express-

, 211.

1.

3.
-
.- .
out
the following sentences. Note the different use of the italicized noun-

.
.
and-preposition phrases.

2.
-
-
14

I
 . ..
-.
4.
. .
.,
5.

. -

; -
6.

.
; ;-212.

and-preposition phrases.

;
—
Compose sentences, using

—
— -
the following noun-

— -—
,
. 213

. .
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one,
replacing the italicized constructions and sentences by adverbial modi-

.^, .
fiers of cause.
Model:
,— . -
... ,
.. ,
1.

3.

.
.. . 2.
4.
5.

. ;-
6.
7.

;; ;
214.

; ,;;; .-
Complete the following sentences,
using the words from the list below with the required prepositions.

. .
1. ... 2.
... 3. ...

4. 5. 6.

.
... ...

8. ...

...
... 7. ...

9. -
8* 115
,,
,. -
- ,,,,,, -
215.

words given below as adverbial modifiers

Compose sentences,
of cause.
using the

.. ,
, , .
216.

.. ..
Read the following

they are.

, 1.
sentences. Point out the adverbial modifiers of
manner. What questions do they answer? State what parts

(.)
of speech

-
, . . (.)
2.
(. .) 3. (.)
4.
5.

7.

,
(.) .. ,. 8.
(.)
(.) 6.
(.)

-
,
. .
9.

: .
(.) 14.
15.
(.) 10.
(.) 12.
(.) 11.
(.) 13.
. ..
--
, -. (.)
(.)
16.
-

(.)
(.)
. 17.
(.) 18.

. NOTE
-.
, -
- An adverbial modifier of man-

*
expressed by an adverb end-

, .: -0, ing in - generally precedes the

.
predicate, e.g.:

.
116
,
.:
,
, -
-
However, if
emphasize the
fier,

.
after
it should
it

the verb or at the end of

is necessary to
adverbial
be placed either
modi-

. .
the sentence, e.g.:

, .: - In some cases such an inver-

!!
sion results from the emotinal
attitude of the speaker to the
tact in question, e.g.:

.
,
,
-,
-
-
-
-0
An

may
adverbial modifier of
which is an adverb ending
also occur at the beginning
of the sentence. In that case
man-
in

the

^
subject generally follows the pred-
.:
- icate, e.g.:

..
,-
, .:
, ,-
-

,.
manner
a noun
with
or a
an

or
noun,
the predicate,
is
adverbial
an adverb formed from
in the instrumental
without
it

e.g.:
a
generally
modifier

preposition
follows
of

case

-
(.)

-
.
,
,
an adverbial modifier of

, -
.
manner is a noun, it may be
placed at the beginning of the sen-
tence for the purpose of emphasis.
In such cases the subject general-

117
 , , . . .:
1 follows the predicate, e.g.:

, , .. -
,
217.

,.,,,,,,,. .
Compose sentences, using

, , ,
the following words and phrases. Where necessary, change the form

.
of the words. Bear in mind the position of the adverbial modifier of

,
manner in the sentence.

.,, ,,,
,.
1. 2. ,

. ,
3. ,
,
, ,
5. , , 4.
6. -

;
; ;;; ;
; ;
218.

in the blanks with

; .
words and phrases from the
out the following sentences, filling
list given below.

-
, .
.
5.

. ,
1.

. . ...,
... 4.

...
...

...

8.
2.

... 6.

...
...

. --
... 3.

7.
9.

,,,,
... 10. ...

219.

,,,,-,.-,
,.,
Compose sentences, using the following words as adver-
bial modifiers.

.
220.

. ,^
Read the following sen-
tences, substituting adverbial modifiers of manner consisting of nouns
with or without prepositions for the italicized constructions.

Model: .- -
—
 1. , ,
,. .. , ..
,
2. 3.
4.

,.
7.

, . , 221.
. 6.

,, , ., Compose
lowing words and phrases as adverbial modifiers.
5.

sentences,
-
-,-
using the fol-

,
222.
. -
Read the following

;
sentences. Note the use of the

.
infinitive as an adverbial modifier of

! ... .
purpose.
1 .

(.) 2.
(.)

.
3.

-
.
(.)
4. 5.
(.) 6.

. .. - 9.
10.
8.
7.

,, , , - , ,
, , , , , ,,, ,
, -
• NOTE
After the verbs of motion

, ., ,,, -
,
, ., etc. and

, .
-
also

,
after
, the verbs ca-

,-
- tive
modifier
may
etc. an
be used as an adverbial
of purpose.
infini-

An adverbial modifier of pur-

Hoe pose expressed by an infinitive

119
 ,, .:
generally

..
follows the predicate

,
which it modifies, e.g.:

,. -
.
,
-
pose
may
adverbial
expressed
precede the
modifier of pur-
by an infinitive
predicate. In

., . .
that case the infinitive bears
.:

, 223.
. the logical

out
stress,

the following sentences,

e.g.:

supplying infinitives used as adverbial modifiers of purpose.

.
1. ... 2.
3.

.
...

, .
30 ...

4.
5.
. ... 6.
...

...

,,,,,,., -
224.
.
7.

Compose
verbs as adverbial modifiers of purpose.
...

sentences, using the following

. 225. - MODIFIERS

).
• DETACHED ADVERBIAL

,
(

. ,
Read the following sentences containing detached
adverbial modifiers (printed in italics). State the composition of the

, .. - ,
italicized phrases.

1. -
. (.) 2.
(.-.) 3.
-
(.)
, -(.) 4.

5,
6.
.^ , .-
pA -- ,
,.,,
,- -
•

sion joined
NOTE
Adverbial

,
modifiers of conces-
by the conjunctions
are
detached and are set from the

- ,,,
off

, , rest of
Extended
the sentence by commas.
adverbial modifiers

,
of cause containing the words
CO
-
,. , , , ,
etc.
. .; -
, and adverbial modifiers
dition containing the words
of

,
,,.
, . ,,, ,,,
226.
- ,
may also be detached.

, .;
modifiers

227.

. . . .
. .
Compose sentences with detached adverbial
joined by the words

Read the following unextended sentences. Make them extended by

..
•
,
REVISION EXERCISES

supplying some secondary parts of the sentence and write them down.

.
.

. -
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.

. , 7. 8. 9.

3.
,..
228.

. .. ; ;
the functions of the infinitives.

1 .

(.) 2.

(.)
(.) 5.
—
Read the following

4.
sentences. State

-
(.)

(.)

121
,:..,
6.

. (.). 8.
,
, ,
.
-
-
(.) 7.

,
—

(.) 9.

-
.
1 1 .

229. , . 10.

. -
. ..
,
Compose sen-
tences, using the following infinitives as attributes or adverbial modi-

,. , , .. .
fiers of purpose.
Model:
—

230. out

? ()
who?
? ()
the analysis charts of the following sentences.

(subject)
Model:

what was she doing? (predicate)

 . ..--
,, .,.
(.)

.
3.

. ,
(.) 4. 5.

,
(.) 6.

-- 7,

.
8.

150
(.)9. 18 1950
-
. 231.
..
.
,; . -
-
,
.
Read the following text. Analyse the sentences.

,, - .,.- , - ,
:- ,,
., . ...
.
-
,- -
-
, (. .)
.., -
• SPECIFYING

232.
,
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

Read the following sentences. What

-
ques-

. ,
tions do the italicized parts of the sentence answer? State what parts

,
.,
3.
,,
I.

, , .-
, ,
,.
of the sentence these

-,
1.

-
- (.) 4.
words specify.

(.) 2.

5.
(.)

123
 ,. ^ (.)
-
, .,
II. 1.

-
,,.,, ,
2.

,
3.

. ,-
,,
,
4.

, ,
, .,
.
,,- 5.
(.)

. , , -- (.) 6.

.. .
III.
(.)
-
1.
2.
3.
—
— , —-

, ,-- .-. tence

parts
•
NOTE

Specifying
may
of
or secondary.
parts of the
be adjuncts to any ottier
the sentence,
sen-

principal
Most frequently they
are adjuncts to adverbial modifiers

.
. ,, .
233.
—
- of place or time;

of the sentence.
very rarely, to
the object or the principal parts

out the following sentences, inserting the necessary

punctuation marks. Underline the specifying parts of the sentence
What questions do they answer?
(. .)
1.

2.
, ; -..- (.)
3.

. ,.
-.
(.)

, -
4.

5.
;. 6.
(.)

... (.)

,
7.

8.
. (. .)
(.)

,. , ,,, .
234.
. out the following
- sentences, supplying speci-
fying words from the list given below.

1. ...

-
. .
(.)

,.;. ,,
2.
... 3.
... 4.
...

235.

out the following sentences, sup-

.
plying specifying parts of the sentence, which should be the answers

( ?,
,.
to the questions given in brackets. Read the sentences, making pauses
before and after the specifying parts of the sentence.
Model:

.
Ha
of?)
—
• what particular kind

-
-
125
 .( ?. {,?
1.

{ -
? where exactly?)

{ ? {.
2. when

.
•

exactly?) 3.

?
what particular kind of?)
4. • when exactly?)

, ,
?
5.
in

. .
what particular manner?). 6.

- what particular kind of?)

•
{-

,; ;,, ; ,
236.

..,,
Compose sentences, using the fol-

.
lowing phrases containing specifying words.

237.
Read the following sen-

.
Explain how the specifying parts of the sentence are joined

,
tences.

. , .,
to the words they specify.

1. Bee
, —

«», ,
2. ,

, , ,.
, - 3.

4.

238.
. (. .)

Compose

,.
four sentences, using specifying parts of the sentence joined to the
words they specify by mo
 , ELEMENTS*
-INDEPENDENT

. , ? --
.., 239.
•VOCATIVES (DIRECT ADDRESS)

,
Read the following sentences. State what parts
of speech the italicized vocatives are.

,?- .
1.

.
2.,
-
—
— —
...
—
—

, !..
- ...
.
3.
—
, , !— .—
(.)

—
—
—
4. —
,,
!!..
—
—

, !
—

(.)
!
-
(.)

,,
- • NOTE

,
,
Vocatives are generally nouns
in the nominative; however, ad -
jectives, participles in the com-
OHo plete form, pronouns or interjec-

* i.e.,
- tions
frequently
may also be used. Most
vocatives are first

words that have no grammatical connection with any part

of the sentence in which they stand.

127
.
, .-
,-
names, patronymics and surnames.

may

-
Vocatives be not only
unextended but also extended
(when they contain other words

,, (.
,,4).

,,-
explaining them; see sentence 4).

,,The nouns

-
.,
and some
others frequently lose their prop-
er lexical meaning when used
as vocatives.
One can address not only peo-
, -
.
, — - ple but also objects, mainly poetic-
ally.

( -- - - of
Vocatives
the
stand and are set
or an exclamation
do
sentence
not
in
off
mark
form
which they
by commas
(if
part

they

). are pronounced
pression)
sentence.
from the
with special ex-

Vocatives
rest
are
of the
uttered

.
.. -
in a higher pitch and a pause
is made before and after them.

240.
Read the

,, ,,, !.
following sentences with the correct intonation. Point out ^the unex-
tended and extended vocatives.

.,
1. !.,
— (.)
2.

3.
-..
, (.-.)

128
4.
(.)

.!
 !,! , !
.!
5. ,, , (.)
—
(.-.)
.
,. « .
241.

.?
Read the following sentences with and
without vocatives. Take care that your intonation is correct.

. -
1. (. .)
«
?» —
,
,
»,
: ..
.
».!
«,
,
».
—
(. .) 2.

—
(.)
(.)
4. «,
3.
(.)
—

,
.. . .
?»
242.
« (.)

—
5.

,
,
(.)

-
! out the following sentences. Read them with the

-
correct intona-

. ,
tion.

1.

(.) , !,.
Explain the use of the punctuation marks.

(.)
-
,
2. 3.

.!! ,! .,-
, , (.) 4.
-

!, !! ,
(.)
,
5.
—

7.
, .. (.) 6.

(. .
(.)
.)

tences.

,,
243.

Explain the use

containing vocatives.

1.

9—1919
of

!,
Read the following sen-
the punctuation marks in the sentences

(.) 2. ,
-
129
- !.!..,
, (.-.) 3.

?
,, , ;
4.
(.)

. ,,
(.)
5. , !.. (. .)
6.
... (.)
244.
out the following sentences, setting off
the vocatives from the rest of the sentence by the proper punctuation
marks.

1.

..
., (.) 2.
(.)
-
..
3.

... (.)
4.
. (.)
6. .
5.

, .— ».
. (.)
(.)
(.) 7. «—

, ., .
. 245.

vocatives, using these words:

Compose sentences with and without

PARENTHETIC WORDS

. .
, ., ,, -
246.

and phrases printed

, -
Read the following
in italics.
iexi. Note the parenthetic words

-
180
,
,
., .. ,
, ,,- , ^-
to,

,, , , ,( .)
-
--
.
247.
1, 4,
.
,
7.
.
.

, , , Read the following

,. , ,,,-
sentences. Analyse sentences 1, 4, 7. State what meanings the itali-
cized parenthetic words and phrases add to the sentences.

,
.
1.

,
. ,
,, -
, ,- (.) 3.
(.) 2.

. ., , ,
. . , -

.
-,
,
,
,,
,
;
;.
-:
-,
,
,
;
,
-,
,
(. .)

-, , -
-
, -
4.

(.) 6.
(. .) 7.

,
(.) 5.
-
-
-
-
, (.) 8.

, . . (. .)
(.)

10.
9.

,.
(.)

• NOTE
As parenthetic words are not
parts of the sentence they do
not answer any questions.

9*
131
 -
,: ,, ,,
Parenthetic Words and phrases

:,,
may be used:
:
,
,
)
,
-
-
. .
(a) to denote
authenticity of a statement:

,
, -
the degree
-
of

,, , ,
,:
)

,- , , ,,,-
, ,
(b)
attitude
in the
to
to
express
etc.

an
what has been stated
sentence:
emotional

, ,
,, ,,-,
) -
-, ,
, ,, -
,
. .

-
(c)

information:
to denote
no
the source
etc.

of
no

, ,, ) :
,
, ,,, ,
. .

, (d) to
etc.
indicate the manner of

, , -
expressing one's thoughts: -

:,,,,-,,,,--- ,,,,,-,, ,,-

,
)
. .
, -
(e)

tween the parts

etc.

to denote the relations

of a statement:
be-

-
. .,

:
,, - , , ,
)
. .

{),
, ,
{),
. .
(f)

persons:

etc.
in addressing
{),
a
etc.,

etc.

person
-
or
{),

, - Parenthetic words and phrases

are most
press
frequently used to ex-
the degree of authenticity
() - of a statement (a) and the rela-

(). tions between the parts of a

statement (e).

132
;
5)
,,:.;;;-
248.

3)
1)
4)
out from the sen-
tences below the parenthetic words they contain, arranging them in
2)

,
groups according as they denote: 1) supposition, 2) certainty, 3) grief

-
or regret, 4) the source of information, 5) the relations between the

,-, , , ?
1.

,
parts of a statement.

. .-
.- (.) 2.
-
?
4.

,,
(. .)

.
, ..,, ,,,-
, , --
3.

(.) 5.
...
, -, , (.) 6.
(.)

,6,
,
—
,
,
(.)

,,
7.

,,, ,.. - , (.) 8.

(.)
.
.
9.
(.)
10.

249.
(.)
-
,,.
,
tences, replacing the

;
from the

;
. , ; ;;,
list
parenthetic words and
given below.
Model:
out the following sen-
phrases by synonyms

..

,,
-

. ;.
1.

. ,
, -
, 2.

.. 5.
, ,
,4.
3.

. 133
. .
, .,. ,
250.
Read the following sentences. Define the compo-

,
sition of the parenthetic phrases.

-
-
1.

. ,
2.

,,
.
,, .. - 4.
3.

,, .. -
,
5.

8.
6.
7.

,,, ,
,,, , ,
, ,
,- -
,
•

The
NOTE
phrases

-
-
. :,, ..
, used in parentheses always

,
require an attribute or an object
- to complete their meaning. You
cannot say:

. .
:
, . .-
, 251.
You must say:

. ,, {,. .-
. Read the
following sentences. Write several variants of these sentences, insert-

..
ing the parenthetic words and phrases given in brackets. Supply a
context for each sentence.
Model:
). —

-, , (, ,
I.

,
-
2.

(
134
, , ).
).
1.
2.
3. §-
 , ,
(, (,).
).
(). 4.
, ,,
-
5.

NOTE

.-
•

Parenthetic words and phrases

: ,^, .
.
are never joined to the sentence
by conjunctions. You cannot say:

:
. ,,
,
,, .
.
You must say:

,.,.
252.

253.
, ,
Compose

, .-
sentences, using the following parenthetic words:

,, .
Read these pairs of sentences. State in what way the sentences of each

.
pair differ from each other as regards their
structure.

, ,. .. 1.
meaning and syntactical

, , .
. 2.

3.

.
4.

5.

6.
, ,. .
135
 NOTE

,
•

,
, ,
<-
.:
a
There are
words which

, ).
and

(=,
are

tence,
used as
in
greatnumber of
some sentences
parenthetic
in others as part of the sen -
words,

.
e.g.:

, (
). ^^

.
Such sentences also differ in
that they are pronounced with

254.
, different intonations.

.. . .
Change
the following sentences with no parenthetic words and phrases into
sentences with such words and phrases without adding any new
words. What is the difference between the given sentences and the
new ones?
1. Ha
3.
. - 2.

6.
. 5.
4.

, - NOTE

-
•

, , ,
-,, -
Memorize these words, which

,
, ,
^: -,
, - ,,, VL . ,.,
-
are

,
invariably parenthetic:
etc.,
--
eo-

,
.
tic

2.

136
255.

words,

[Link]
,

.
{),
., ,
inserting the missing

.
-, -,,
.
. (.)
{),

out the sentences containing parenthe-

commas.

5.
(.)3.
(.)
(. .)
4.
 ...
,, , ,
(.) .-
6. 7.

(.-.)
, ,. ...
-
.

.
256.

.
Read the following

.
sentences and analyse them. Insert the missing punctuation marks.

1.

(.)

;
:.2. ,
(.)
.
3.

4.

, , ,, ,
257.

.
.., ,
(.) 7.
6.
5.

-
,
-

.
using the words and phrases

, ,,
Compose

as parts of the sentence, and then as parenthetic words.

six sentences,

..
first

,, ,, -
Model:
,
258.

. .

. . .,.,
Give several variants of the following sentences, using parenthetic

—,.
words expressing supposition, certainty, joy, grief, the source of the idea,
etc.

Model:

. ,
. 1.
3.
.
.
2.
. 4.
-
,
,. -., ,
259.
AFFIRMATIVE, INTERROGATIVE
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

.
AND

-
,
«
matory

.»
Point out the affirmative, interrogative and excla-
sentences in tlie following text. Read them aloud with
the correct intonation.

.» «
, .
. . ? : ,-
.
, , — !
., ,! ,.: ,-
.,, ,. ,!
—
—
,? ,—
?
61»
« —
—
—
. —

, ! ,
,
138
:, ,
,,,
:
, , , .?
—

, . ,.
.
—
,( .)
...

.? .? .

? ?
260.
Read
the following sentences. Note the position of the interrogative words

1 .

?
and the word order in the sentences.

??
2.

??
, -
3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9.

.
,,,,,
261.
Compose
,
., ??,.
interrogative sentences, using these words:

, -

? ? ?
262.
. Read ,
?
the following sentences.
Note the position of the interrogative particles .
1. 2.

. -
3. 4.
(.) 5.

.
(.) 6.

,
263.
Change the following

?? ? ? -
interrogative sentences into affirmative ones. State the difference in
the intonation.

?
I.

.
1.

4.
1.

3.
,
2.

? --
, ? 2.
3.

139
! ,!,
.
1.
.
264.

!-
clamatory sentences. Note the use of the
. words
Read the following
and
-ex-

!! ! !,! ,!
(.) 2. (.)
3.
(.) 4. ,
,
!
!
. .,
(.) 5.

! ! (.) 6.

.! - 265.

with the word

1. ...
or

!!.
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks

... -
! -

. -
2. ... ...

,, 266. .
...
3.

Read the following

...

!
sentences with the correct intonation. Where possible, read the same
sentence first with the intonation of a statement, then, of a question,
and finally, of an exclamation.

?
. .
,
1. 2.

.. ..
3. 4.
5. 6.
—
7.

. 8.

; ;? ;?
!
267.
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with words from
the list given below.

; : ;;.

8.

140
1.

...
...

...
??? ? !? 5. ...

7.
9.
...
2.

...
...

6.
3.

-
4.
...

...
. ! ,
268.

!
press.

!! Read
.
the following sentences. State what emotions they ex-
-

!!
?! -
1.

2.

4.
?! ! 3.

(,
),
], -
(
\ ( .:
•

press
tion,
NOTE
Exclamatory sentences may ex -
various emotions (admira-
indignation, surprise), e.g.:

? \?! (
\ admiration)
•

indignation)

-
•

• command)

. 269. . •
surprise)

,,, ,...:
.——,
marks at the
out the following text, putting interrogation or exclamation
end of the sentences, as required by their purpose.
—

,, , . ..)
!
—

. . 270.- Read the following

(.

,
text, supplying the missing punctuation
marks.
— —
—
— —
—
, —
, -
—
— - — -
— —
141
 , —
,,
—
—,
—
—
—
—
, —

—
—

, , -
—
,
—

»
:
—

,« —

(.
—
—
...
—
- .)
 KINDS OF
SENTENCES ACCORDING TO THEIR COMPOSITION
* .

, ,
, SENTENCES

SONAL SENTENCES DENOTING PHENOMENA OF NATURE, NATURAL

CALAMITIES, THE STATE OF THE SURROUNDINGS OR THE EN-
• IMPERSONAL

.
-
IMPER-

271. .-.!
VIRONMENT

by an Impersonal Verb
• The Predicate expressed

Read the following

. , ,-
sentences. State the form of the predicate verb in the italicized imper-
sonal sentences.

, .. .!.. Ax, (.)

. ,
1. 2.

. « ?». (.)

,
3.
(. .) 4. —

... , -
--
(.) 5.

, -, , -
. .) «»
, ... . (.) 6.

.
(. 7.
(.) 8.
(. .)
*

This chapter deals with impersonal, indefinite-personal, generalizing-

personai, nominal and elliptical sentences.

143
-. - 3-
• NOTE
The verb in an impersonal sen-
tence takes the 3rd person singular
in the present tense, or the neuter

.
,
.
.
, 272.

.- II III.
- gender in the past tense.

is
In impersonal
no subject.
sentences there

,
out the following sentences. Underline the predicates in the impersonal

,.
sentences. Note the compound predicates in the sentences given in II

..,., : . -
and III. Explain the meaning of the auxiliary verbs forming part of

,
the predicates.

,I. 1.

3.
2.

.
... ,,, --
6.

. , ,, .
II. 1.

III. 1.
4.

2.
(.)

(.
3.
.)
5.

,, ,- tence
•

If
NOTE
the predicate
denoting a
is an impersonal verb, it cannot

have an object but may have an

of a
state of nature
sen-

adverbial modifier (see the im-

(. personal sentences in Exercise

-
-
- 272). 272).
The predicate of an imper-

. sonal sentence
The function
may
of
be compound.
the auxiliary

144
 , -- verbs
noting
may be
the
filled
beginning,
by verbs de-
the con-

, -- ) ,- -
tinuation or the end of an action
(in this case the principal verb is
an imperfective infinitive) or by
words indicating possibility or

,
obligation (in this case the prin-
( cipal verb is an infinitive, gen-
erally of the perfective aspect).
).
, ..
273. -
-

,,,,., , ,
Compose sentences, using
the following impersonal verbs as predicates. The predicate in your
sentences may be either simple or compound, it may be in the past,
the future or the present tense.

, .
,. . ,,-
274. -
Predicate expressed by a Personal Verb

-
used in an Impersonal Sense

Compare the sentences

given in the left-hand and right-hand columns; analyse them.
• The

-
-
, : : ,,,.
... (.
—
(.)

.)
-
«. ! - .
«, , .
», (.)
—
— .
10—1919 145
 . -- . ,. , -

..
.
.
,
,. . ,( ).-- (.)
(.)

.
, ,. .
275.

, ,.. ;
276.
. Model:
Compose pair of sentences (one per-
sonal and the other impersonal) with each of the following verbs:
—

out the

. , -
following sentences. Find the

-
Analyse these sentences.

.
impersonal sentences; underline them.

.
. , , ,. -
.
1 . . .

...
-
,
.
.
6.
(.)

, .,.
... (. .)
4.
3.

,
2.

.
(.)

(.)
5.

(.)

,
--- sonal
• NOTE
the predicate of
sentence is a
an imper-
transitive

,. . .
-
verb used in an impersonal sense,
the
direct
transitive
object.
verb retains its

146
 . ,
.
.
277.

,
276, out the
verbs from the impersonal sentences in Exercise 276 and compose

278. -
sentences with them.

. Read the following sentences. Analyse the

impersonal sentences. State the meaning of the objects in the instru-

. , -.
mental case.

, ,,,.,.,-
., -
1.

(. .) 2.

(.) 3. -
(.)
. (.)
4.

.
, .. ,. ,
. - 5.
(.) 6.

.
279.

.
. -
-
7.
(.)

Read the following sentences. Change the italicized impersonal

sentences into personal ones according to the model. State whether

.
the meaning of the sentences has changed. Write down the new sentences.
Model:
. —
1.

,, :;.«»
.
.
(- .) 2. 13

(.)
(.)
, 3.

4.

, ,.
. ..
. ,
(.

(.)
.)
7.
5.
6.

10*
280.

, , . (.)
Read the

147
following sentences. Change them into impersonal sentences, where
possible,

. ,1. .
by replacing the subject by an object in the instrumental and
the personal form of the verb by an impersonal form.

,.. .- (.) 2.

.
3.

4.

.
.
, .- 5.

, -
6.

, 7.
(.)

.,
281.

-
. .-;
Read the following sentences. Change the personal sen-

.
tences into synonymous impersonal ones by replacing the subject by
an object in the accusative and the short form participle passive by an

-
impersonal verb.
Model: —
.
1.

.
. .
2.

..
3.
4.
--
,
5.
6.

282.
, .
.
(.)

..
out the following sentences,

-
5.
1 .

.
changing the personal sentences into impersonal

. ..
2.
4.
6.
ones where possible.

?>,

-
. 8.
7.

148
,-. if
.

being.
NOTE
personal sentence cannot be
changed into an impersonal one
its subject denotes a living
, 283. .
-.
:

.--
,
-
Read the following sentences.
Point out the impersonal sentences containing an object in the instru-
mental. Note the form of the predicate verb.

-
.
, . 1 .

- [] -
. ,
(. .) 2.

,
,
.
.-
.
», ,.. , .
, (.) 3.
(.)
—
4.
(.) «
, , ,.,-
5.
—
(. .) 6.

7.

. ,.
.
.. ., (.) 9.
(.)
(. .)
8.

10.
(.)

---

,
,
,,
«»)
, ,,
.

(
---
•

An
predicate

sense
NOTE

impersonal sentence

of
is
(. .)

the intransitive

''),
cannot be changed into a personal
(all in

or
whose
verb
the

-
, one in spite of the fact that

.,,
it contains an object in the in-

- strumental, since the object does

- not indicate the performer of

. ..
the action. If the parallel per-
sonal construction is at all pos-
sible, it has a different meaning,
.: Cf.

149
,
,
- In the second sentence if is

.; - merely stated that there is a

smell like that of flowers in the
TOB (ho ). room (but there may be no flow-
ers in it at all),

284.
, -
. Read

-
the following sentences. Change the italicized impersonal sentences
into personal ones where possible, and write them down.

1.

. (.) ,
, - . ,
2.

--
,
. []
,-, ,,. ,
. -
.
(.) 4.

(.)
(.)

5.
3.

.
, , - —
7.
6.

; ; ;
285.

;(.)

, .,., .,,,- .
-
.
with the required form

, .
1. ...

... (.)
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks

3.
of the verbs given below.

(.) 2.

. . .

, .. ,
4.
...,

(. .) 5.
(.)

., , .
...

., ,, ., ,, ,,.,.
4.

150
286.

1.
Compose impersonal

3.
,
, ,
,
sentences, using the following words:

5.
,
2. ,,
,
 .
,,,, .
287.

of the following verbs:

Compose an impersonal sentence with each

.... ,
288. -
• The Predicate expressed by an

Adverb

Read the following

,
sentences. Find the predicates

, ,
in the italicized impersonal sentences and clauses. Point out the second-
ary parts of the sentence which modify the predicate. Note the tense

,,
I.

, ,
1.

, .
.
of the predicate.

2.

.
. , , ,.
3.

, , , ... .
- (. .) 4.
5. -

,,. .,
(. .)
. 1.

.
(.) 2.

.
. ,. .
(.) 3.

(. .) 4.
(.) 5.
(.)
NOTE

--
•

, TO

,,
. -
., , , , al

time
the predicate of an imperson-
sentence
the
is

sentence
expressed by the link-verb

etc.
form.
in
In
the
the
an

present
adverb, the
refers

appropriate
tense
,
to

tense
is

the

151
 -,.
,
link-verb is omitted,

- predicative adverb express-

,
-
-
-
- ing
surroundings
verbial
state of
can
modifiers
nature
take
and
only
or the
ad -
cannot

,, ---
it

take an object, differing in tiiis

from predicative adverb ex -

pressing state experienced

,
. ., ,
by person or persons, which

,.
invariably requires an object in
the dative denoting the person(s)
who experience(s) the state ex-
pressed by the adverb.

289.

. .
.
out the following sen-
tences, substituting impersonal sentences for the personal ones accord-

.
.. .... .-
ing to the model. Explain the changes in the meaning of the sentences.
Model: —

.
1. 2.

.
3. 4.

,
5.

.
6. 7.

-
.
8.
9.

.
. , ,290. , -
10.

-,
.
-

. - out the following sentences. Underline the adverbs ending

.
1.. -
in -0 and state what parts of the sentence they are.

, , - -, 2.

.
, ,.,,
.
291.
4.
...
6.
5.
3.

Compose personal and impersonal sentences

152
 ,,, .
..
with the words
fiers or predicatively.

.
used as adverbial modi-

^. ,
.
Model :

292.

: , , .,-
Read the following sentences and find the im-
personal clauses in them. State what parts of speech the predicatives are.

1 -
,
.

.
,

,
2.

,
,
, . .
-
,,
(.)

, ,
-
3.

;
, .,
4.
5.

,
. .,
293. - ,
Read the following sentences. Where

.
possible, replace the predicative adverbs in the impersonal clauses by

whether the meaning

.
impersonal verbs of the same root as in the model given below. Say
of the sentences has changed.

. — -
- Model:

, , 1.
..
, , . .. , :-
3.
. --
-
, (.)

5.
4.
2.
(.)

. ,
6.

:.. , ... -
.
. 8. - 7.

9.
-
, .
12.
10.

153
 ,
,,
-
,
• NOTE

-
-
-, If

expressing
used
adverbs

witli
a
the
ending
state of
in

link-verb
-o

nature are
and

,-.
or
they
ive
verbs
may
or
of the same
in some
be replaced by perfect-
imperfective impersonal
root.
cases

These

,,, verbs correspond the

to either
-

, .: -
comparative or the positive degree
of an adverb with the link-verb
or , e.g.:

,
,, ,
-
-
=
=

- An

fective
only
adverb with the link-verb

if it
verb
be replaced by

is
of the same
used with the particle
per-
root

..
giving perfective meaning,
e.g.:
.:

.
SENTENCES
, - In
tution

EXPRESSING THE PHYSICAL

other
is
instances
possible.
no substi-

• IMPERSONAL

OR PSYCHICAL

,.
,. , 294.

italicized impersonal
STATE OF A PERSON

by an Impersonal Verb
• The Predicate

Read the following sentences. Note the

verbs expressing the physical state of a person.
Define the case of the word denoting the person experiencing the state.
-,
.
expressed

154
. 1 . «».,
. (.) (.) 2.

-
?» — « ,, []
...
:
, ». ..
«,
,
3.

— (. .) 4.

.
,,.
295.

verbs:
Compose impersonal sentences with impersonal

The Predicate expressed by a Personal Verb used

296.
. in

Find the predi-

.
an Impersonal Sense

, ,, ,. -
cates in the italicized sentences and clauses; point out the secondary
parts of

.- the sentence depending on them.

.
I.

.. 1.

,
2.

,. . . . --. :
3.
4.

. 5.
.

,, . (.) 6.
7.
(. .) 8. []

, ^,
(.)

. .-
, ,
II. 1. 2.
... (.)
. 3.

.
7.

.
.
(. .) 6.

8.
, ,
{
,
,..
(. .) 4.
(.)

--
5.

(.)
-

(.)

155
,
,
,
-- al
•

state of a
verb,
NOTE
the predicate of an imperson-
sentence describing a physical

it
person is

requires an object in the

a transitive

, ,
. ,-
-
accusative which denotes the per-
son experiencing
the part of the body that hurts.
In the latter instance, the person
may be
case
e.g.:
with
the

denoted by the genitive

the preposition
state or

y,

, .:

, -
,, -
the predicate of an imperson-

,
al sentence is an intransitive
verb, the person experiencing
the state is denoted by an object
-

,
in the genitive case preceded by
the preposition and the part

, -
, —
,
?-
of

question
contains
the body that

an
?
adverbial modifier answering the
If

adverbial
hurts

the
by

sentence
modifier
an

.. ,
-
.
denoting the part of the body
that hurts, the transitive verb
.:
,.
becomes intransitive, e.g.:

297.

,
where necessary.

- Ho
.. , :
()
, -
out the following impersonal sentences,
putting the words in brackets in the required case. Use a preposition

, - ()

.
1.

. -
., .
()(.)
(.)
3.
2.
() -
, -
4.
(.)
)
5. ()
7.
6.
() . ()
8. (-
156
.
.
,
, ,
,
, -
298.

pressions,
9.

1.
. (.)
which occur
(). 10.

Memorize the following

in impersonal sentences.

()
()
set ex-

,
.
, , ,
. , ( ), ()

.
,II.

. ,
299.

..
Compose sentences with each of the above expressions.

Change the following impersonal sentences into personal

-

.
ones, replacing the adverbial modifiers of place by subjects and the
impersonal verb forms, by personal ones.

. 1.
Model:

2.
— Sxo
3.

. .
-. , -
The Predicate expressed by an Impersonal Verb with the

300.
--
Particle

, -
,,
., , -
.
Read the following sentences. Note the italicized imper-
sonal predicate verbs. State from what personal verbs they are formed,
and how the performer is denoted if denoted at all.

!;
2.
I.

, ,, 1. (.)

-
,
,, , (.) 3.

, ,
4.

.
5.
. - (.)

(.)
». (.
II. 1.
,.
« ? ?..»
.
.) 2.
3.
— «
.
157
5. «.!. «., ,[ ],?» .
, 4.
...
— , (.)
—
—

-
(. .) 6. (.)

«, -
- ,.
-,
-
-
an
from
state
•
NOTE
Unlike personal verbs, the cor-
responding impersonal verbs with
the particle
tion or
action
the
of the
for
-
physical
express
disinclination to perform
reasons

person
or
inclina-

arising
psychical
concerned,

, -- In impersonal sentences of this

, ..
, type,
son
the word denoting the per-
experiencing the state in-

. ,, 301.
variably takes

Read the following sentences. Replace the italicized impersonal sen-

the

.
«
tences by personal ones, changing the structure of each sentence accord-
dative case,

1 .

,,— . , ,
ingly. State whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.

, 6\ 2. , —

:
».
, ,
«:
,,».
3. -
4.

,
. . ,
.
(. .)
.
302.
.
6.
(.)
(.) 5.
— (. .)

-
158
 .

.
::
Read the following sentences. Copy out the
italicized personal verbs and change them into impersonal ones. Com-

..
pose some sentences, using the new verbs.

1. Oh
2.

: . 4.

.. .
-
3.

.
5. 6.

: 7. -

,, - • NOTE

,. -
Hoe
- Bear in mind that impersonal
verbs expressing spontaneous ac-
tions are always imperfective.

,
,
.
303.
• The Predicate

, .
. -
expressed

.-
by an
used Adverbially
Adverb or Another Word
-

.
Read the following sentences. Find the predicate in the italicized
impersonal sentences. Note the case of the word denoting the person
experiencing the given state. Explain why different cases are used to
denote this person.

.
: , ,,
I 1 . (. .)

.
2. ... (. .) 3.

: . .
-
—
(.)
-

., - -
4.

7.
, (. .)
. (. .)
(. .)
6.
5.

II. 1.

. 2.

159
.. ., , --
,
:-,.
(.) 3.
(.) 4.
5.

,
-
-
,- -
• NOTE
in an impersonal sentence

,, -, ,
.,
an adverb expresses
rienced
denoting
dative,

the
by
the

adverb
person,
person
state expe-
the
takes

used
word
the

with

, , --
If is

.
the word
(), (used rarely), the

,
word denoting the person takes the

-. , ,
304.
(
. genitive with

).
the preposition

-
.

,(),,.. , )..
out the following sen-
tences, putting the words in brackets in the required case (with or with-
out a preposition). Note the form of the predicative adverb.
()
1 .

2.
(.)
( 3.

),
4.
,
: ,.- ,,-
(.)
5.
(-
-

,
()
«, !» — ()
(. .) 6.
-
. (. .) 7.

, ,,, . ,
,,, , - ()

,
, ,
.
160
(. .) 9.

... (. .)
()
(. .) 8.

()
. 305. ,. . -- Compare the sentences in
the left-hand and the right-hand columns. Note the case of the italicized

TOT
.
,.. .
pronouns. Explain the difference in the meaning of the sentences.

-
- .
-
-

. ..
,
, !. , . -
,
,
, -
-
,
.
• NOTE

The sentences in the right-

hand column express a state of

,,-
,
, .: -
the surroundings,

preposition
with
place,
panies
the
and not a
state experienced by a person;
therefore, the personal pronoun
in the genitive
is

adverbial
case with
closely connected

which frequently accom-

such pronouns and speci-
modifier
the

of

(?)
fies

(e , them, e.g.:

).
,
. .:
-
- A
genitive
sition
personal

possessive pronoun
bial
mon
case
may

modifier of place
noun. Cf.:
pronoun
with the prepo-
be replaced by a
if
in

the adver-
is a
the

com-

11—1919 161
 306. .., . —
=

-
- ..
out the following sen-

1.

.
tences. State what part of the sentence the italicized adverbs are.

. 2.

.
..
4.
(. .) 3.

. 5.
- -
-

, . --
6.

. 7.

.:.,,
8.
9. 10.

• NOTE
- Not all adverbs ending in -

H - ial
be
modifiers
Some adverbs
used
and
both as adverb-
predicatively.
are used only pre-
B dicatively. For example, you can-

: Oh -.
not say:

-.
You should say:

-
, 307.

).
,,., , , -
(,

,,,,,
Compose some sentences with the following

.
adverbs, using each adverb in a personal sentence and the corresponding
impersonal sentence (where possible).

., 308.

. Read the
following sentences. Note the italicized predicates consisting of the set

.
...
-,. -
expression
expression.

1 .
no

(.)
3.
and a link-verb. Explain the meaning of the

2.

162
 . , .
(. .)

,
,
,
309.

. , Read the following sentences. In the italicized sen-

-
-
.,
tences substitute the expression no for the predicative adverb.

,
, .
1. Oh

(.) 2.
—
-
-
(.)

Compose
310.

311.

,
- ..
three sentences with the expression

.
no .
Read the following sen-
.

,
Note the

,
tences. italicized predicates in the impersonal sentences.

.
1.

« ., -
2.
(.) 3.

?» » (
,-,-
4.

. , ).
-, - — «, •

,«.; .:».-.
it is also possible to say:

(.) 6.
5.

(.)
»
). (
7.

sible to say:
— «,
• it is also pos-

, ,- • NOTE
,
,
. -
. .
in
The constructions

Russian
etc.

and
frequently occur
are peculiar
They express
to

-
colloquial speech.

.
B

11*
one's
tion
refusal
owing to
to perform
one's
engaged in some other occupation.
an
being fully
ac-

163
 .

-
-
,),
The above phrases are used

). (- as predicates (or as part of predi-

cates) in impersonal sentences.

. 312.
. (
.
Answer these questions (or exhortations) in the negative, giving
the reasons for the refusal. Make use of the phrases given in the right-

: ?.
hand column.
Model: He
, —
.
1

2.
?
,,
3.
? ?

-
4.

?
.,
5.

313. ,.
.; ; : ;. ;
-
Compose
impersonal sentences, using the following set expressions predicatively.

. .. .
Model:
five

314.

:: «.
out the following sentences. Point out the impersonal sentences
and analyse them. Underline their predicates.

,! . --
1.

(.)
, 2.
!» — ,-
164
—
3.
!
 .)... (.
(3.

,. 4.

.. ,,,
.) 5.
(. .) 6. -
(. .)

,
,
. --
-
• NOTE

the predicate
al sentence,
infinitive

it
of an
generally
is part
imperson-
follows
of

,.,
— Gp.:
-
-
the adverb.
an
placed
sentence
between
infinitive
ject,
impersonal
at

it
and
If

the

will
an

pause is made
and the adverb, the
infinitive
construction
beginning

become the sub-

and the sentence will turn
of
in
is

the

.
.
into a personal one. Cf.:

, . —
- - The second sentence is a personal

,,
Hoe. one, the infinitive being the
a — subject and the adverb the predi-

.
315.
cate.

out the following impersonal sentences and analyse them. Under-

, . ,:
line the predicate in each sentence.

.. . .
. . 1.

3.
(.) 4.
2.

6.
5.

165
,,, ,
EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY,
• IMPERSONAL
INEVITABILITY,
SENTENCES
NECESSITY,
-

-
DESIRABILITY AND OTHER MODAL MEANINGS

. ,
, ; ,..
(,
expressed by an

316.
Impersonal Verb,

.).
or a
Impersonal Sense with an Infinitive
Personal
•
Verb

sentences. State the meaning of the italicized verbs

The Predicate
used in an

.
Read the following
(obligation, inevitability, desirability, permission, etc.). Point out

.
the synonymous verbs.

,, ,
2.

.
1.

(.) 3.
-. -

,., , ,..
4.

(.) 5.

(.)

.
6.

-
,,.
(. .)

.
,. ,
7.
(.) 8.
9.

,
,

,
.
,

. (.) 11.
(.) 10.
,
(. .)
317.

. . - out the pairs of personal and impersonal sen-

tences containing the same verb, arranging them in two columns and
underlining their predicates.

166
.
, ..
1.

4.
.
. 7.
3.

..
.
.. .-
6.
2.

5.

8.

11.
. 9.
10.

, ,, ,
12.

-- ,,, , •

In
NOTE
impersonal sentences the
-

,
verbs
are
invariably auxiliaries and part of

. . compound predicates
the principal meaning
by an infinitive,
is
in which
expressed

,. ,..,
318.

impersonal sentence with each of the

Compose one personal and one
verbs given below.

.
319.

. --
containing the verbs
whether there

, ,', -
is any difference
Model:
and
Change the italicized personal sentences
into impersonal ones. State
in their meanings.

. 1 .

2.

, ,.
--
3.

, . (.).
. 4.

, .
5.

5 320.

167
 .
infinitives.
Copy out the sentences given in the left-hand and the
right-hand columns. Underline their predicates. Note the aspect of the

. .
. .
. - . -
. - .
.. - . . -
• NOTE

, If the verb used in

.??
an impersonal sentence is pre-

.- ceded by the negative particle,

requires an imperfective
it

infini-

. tive.

6.
1.
321.

???
swers to the questions.
Read the following

??? ?
8.
3.
5.
sentences. Give negative an-

2.
4.

7.
9. -
322.
(. ). Change the following affirmative
- sen-

. . ..
tences into negative ones (see note below).

.
1 . 2.
3. 4.

. . 5.
--
, .
6. 7.
8.

168
,
• NOTE
the verb used in

, ,
an impersonal sentence is pre-
-
. ceded by the negative particle,
requires an imperfective
it

infini-

.
,
323.

;
tive.

out the following sentences,

(, )
(, ).
)) -
choosing the verb of the required aspect from those given in brackets.

1.

(,
(, ,.
3.
(.)
-
2.

-
.
.. -
324.
(. .)
4.

.
I, 1. Read the fol-
lowing sentences containing the verb in the impersonal clauses
and sentences. Note the different meanings and uses of this verb in I,

.
and ni.

,.
2.
I.

. ,, 1.

1.

(.)—
3.
.

2.
,
...
?—
-
.
3.
4.
. . (.)

(.)
III. 1.

,
, —

;(.) -
. . .
-
,
.
2.

, 3.

169
- .- , -
• NOTE
- The impersonal clauses con -

, -
taining the verb given in
324, III, Exercise 324, III, are set gram-
matical constructions with a mean-
ing of time and condition. Their

no
.- . meaning
clauses

The
is close to
joined by the conjunction

infinitive used
that

with
of

the

. verb
fective one.
is invariably per-

325.
.
:
Change the following
personal sentences into impersonal ones with the verb
to the model below.

Model: 1. .:.- —
according

2. .. —

».
.

.. . 2.

5.
. 4.
«- . 3. -
-
.
326.
Change the following sentences into

. . ..
impersonal ones with the verb according to the model below.
Model: 1. —

.. . : ,
2. —

1.

. . -
3.
2.

-,.4.
5.
6.

170
 . -
.
327.

. ,
, ,,.,.-
lowing sentences into impersonal sentences with the verb
cording to the model below.
Model:
—
Change the fol-
ac-

..
1.

2.

, 3.
4.
. , .- 5.

. .,. ..
328.
• The Predicate expressed by a Predicative Adverb
Infinitive

Read the following

with an

. .,
sentences. Find the predicate in the impersonal clauses and sentences.
State its form and meaning.

(.)
3.
I. 1 .

2.
:?
Ha

(.)
(.)
4. —
.
-
:
1. 2.

. —
-
, . . .
— , (.)
. (.)
3.
4.

,
, , ,.:
1.

, ,
,. 1.
(.)
-
,. .. , ,,
(.) 2.
, (.)
,
, (.) 4.

(.)
(.) 5.
3.

171
,,
,
,, )
:
.:
-
-
,
•

necessity
NOTE
adverbs
or
denote
obligation:

() they are generally used with

an infinitive, e.g.:
possibility,

( ,
),.:
)
-
() the
person (if
word
there is
indicating
one)
the
takes the

,
,. , ) ,, , , , , , -
, .: ,, .- ,.,
dative, e.g.:

.
() the link-verb expressing the
tense invariably follows the words

, etc., e.g.:

., . . .^
329.
Read the following sentences, putting their predi-

.
.. , .
2.
3.
, ?
cates into the past tense.

1.

5.
Model:

4.
—

-
. ... 330.

into the future tense.

Read the following sentences, putting their predicates

,
Model: —

.. . 1.

3.
4.
2.

,
, -- verb
• NOTE
In colloquial speech,

in impersonal sentences
is
the link-
frequently omitted
and clauses

172
. ,-
,
of the above type, the tense of
the predicate being determined
.:
.
,
by the context, e.g.:

.
. ; ;.; ;
331.

out the following sentences, replacing the predicative adverbs by the

synonymous impersonal verbs given below.

-
,
()

.. ,
1. .
--
2.

. 3.

, , -
4.
5. ,
. 332.
6.

. —

. out the following impersonal sentences,

placing the negative particle before the predicate and substituting im-
perfective infinitives for the perfective ones.

. . . — -
..
Model:

.
1.

. 3.
2.
-
-
, . .
4. 5.

,
6.
7. -
. 8.

,,. - NOTE
.

If the predicative adverbs

. .
and are preceded by the
negative particle, they require
an imperfective infinitive,

,333.
Read the
following questions and give negative answers to them, using complete
impersonal sentences.

173
 1.
? ?
? ?? 2.

-
? ?
3.

?,
4. 5.
6.
7.

334.
, ,., .- ,
8.

...,.
,
, , , ,
following sentences, substituting the words
for where possible. Note how the aspect
-
out the

of
the infinitive changes.

3.
1.

, 2.

4.
5.
. NOTE

'
•

« », «
-
», ', * ', *
used in the sense of '
« »,
; «-
is

infinitive;
sense of
followed
''
followed

by
by an imperfective
used
is

perfective
in the
generally
infini-

^>, - tive (see Exercise 336), though

-
- , there are cases where imperfective

,
infinitives are used,

(.

, ., 336).

335.
out the following sentences,

(, .,
) ).
choosing the correct verb from those given in brackets.

(,
,
1.
2.

174
3.

(,-
,), .
).
(,
. ):
(,
. -
4. )
(, )
5.
6.
-
(-
,(,(, .
)). .,, -

, ,.
7.
8.
9.

. 336.
.-
. .
the word

-
in the left-hand
Compare the pairs of sentences
and the right-hand columns. Explain the meaning
in them. Note the aspect of the infinitives.

.
,.
-
of

. . . .-
,, . ,,
337.
Read the following sentences. Find the predicate

.
in the impersonal sentences.

. . , , ,,
1.

-- 2.

..
3.

(.)
(.)
5.
6.
4.
, (. .)

,
,
NOTE

,
•

, , , ,,
- .
In impersonal sentences the

.
words

, etc. are generally used

infinitive; is
with an
an exception
and can also be used without an
.: infinitive. Cf.:

175
 , . .

,
, .:
- The structure
sonal sentences
incomplete,

{).
e.g.:
as
of such imper-
is

. ,
., ,
.,
338.
Compose
In
denoting
takes
these

the
the

,
sentences

dative.

sentences, using the phrases given below:

person
the word
invariably

-
339.
(
. ,
.
-
).
an
•
Infinitive
The Predicate expressed by

Read the following sentences. State the meaning of the infinitive sen-

. , ?.! .-.
tences (obligation with a shade of necessity; strong desire or obligation
with a shade of inevitability).
I. 1. 2.
3.

!
4. 5.

(. .)
. !
-
,(.)!... !,- ...-,-
2.
!
. 1.

4.
3.

,
(.)

,
, ,.
HI.

., 1.

-
(.) 2.

. .
340. - out
(.)

the following sentences,

the personal sentences by impersonal ones.

176
Model:
(.

. !
3.
. .)

—
replacing
 1.
.
..
.
;- -

, ,
,
2. 3.
4.

• NOTE

- In impersonal sentences ex -

,..
pressing
action,
acter,
commonly
stands
sentence
the

at

also
the
its

or
be
inevitability
predetermined char -
verb
used
the
is

and
beginning
clause.
used
most

Other
in the
of
of

invariably

verbs
an

the

same

,
meaning.
In such sentences the infinitive

..,!
bears the logical stress, e.g.:
.:
341.
Read the following sentences. Explain
the meaning of the italicized infinitive sentences and clauses.

\ : ...
,
I.

.,
\ \
1.
- .)

,
(. 2.
3.

!-
(.)

:.
.
, 1. (.) 2.

, , . (.).
3.
—
(.) 4. ,
.., (.)
, ,-
,
-- • NOTE
The predicate expressed by
perfective
the particle
to indicate
infinitive

the
is
preceded by
generally used
impossibility of
a

12—1919 177
 .,
, -- performing
by the

predicate
the
infinitive,
action

expressed
denoted

by an

,
- ...
,
,
, -- ,
imperfective
by the particle
is

action
will,
necessary

for
performed.
some
infinitive

to
is

show
denoted by the infinitive
used

reasons,
preceded
when
that

not

-
it

the

be

. 342.

. .
Read the following sentences.
sonal sentences and clauses into impersonal ones.
Model:
Change the

—
per-

., 1.

.
- . 2.

. :
3.

.
4.
5.
1
343.

. . ,
impersonal infinitive ones.

.
Read the
following sentences. Change the impersonal sentences and clauses into

. —

.
Model:

.
! . ,.
.
1

.
. 2.
3.

*
4.
5.
6.

. NOTE
7.

- Unlike impersonal sentences and

,
17$
-- clauses with the verb
preceded by the particle and
followed or preceded by an infin-
 ,
, .-
-

- .,-- , itive, infinitive sentences and

,
clauses express greater certainty

,
that the action denoted by the
infinitive preceded by the negative
particle will not take place.

344.

. ,
out the following
sentences, replacing the italicized predicative perfective infinitives

.
with the particle by predicative infinitives of the imperfective as-

: :
pect. Complete both the variants of the sentences with clauses giving

.—.
the reasons why the action expressed in them cannot be performed.

.
Model:

..
.? ,.
1. 2.
3.

5.
?345.

whether the particle

1.

?
He

4.
3.

?
Read the following
has a negative meaning.

2.

• NOTE
sentences. State

?,
-

,,, ,
In interrogative impersonal sen -
- tences, an infinitive with the
particle expresses doubt, un-
certainty, indecision if it stands

- at the beginning of the sentence

..
a and is immediately followed by
. the particle . In such sentences

..
the particle has nega-
tive meaning. The infinitive used
is invariably of the perfective
aspect.

346.
Read the following
-
sen-

12* 179
 . ,? , ? -?
tences,
model.
--
changing the given construction for another as in the

?,
? ,
?,,
1

, ?
.

?
,
-
-
Model:

4.
—

3.
2.

5.

.
347.
- 6.

346,

: ??, , - .
out the sentences given for Exercise 346, placing the particle
before the infinitives. Change the aspect of the infinitives accordingly.
Model:
—

,, - •
NOTE
the infinitive in an impersonal
sentence containing the parenthetic
phrase
,
is preceded

,- by the particle it should be

.
of the imperfective aspect, unlike

,
, , ?
348.
.
.
the infinitive in an impersonal sen -
tence containing the

Read the following

particle

sentences. Define
.
-
?
the shades of meaning that the particle gives them.

? ?
1. Ho
. (. .)
6.
5.
2.

? -
? 7.
4.
3.
-
-

-- •
NOTE
an interrogative impersonal

, , --
sentence begins with

lowed by the particle

infinitive with
personal
pronoun in the dative case fol-
the
expresses the
,
180
 ^

,
. a — -- - speaker's
is

ses
impossible;

The
!
obligation,
in! Iha! !he adion
sometimes

infinitive used in the

it expres-

above

, impersonal sentences generally

?
is

-
, .:
of the imperfective aspect,
may
but

,? .-
HO perfective infinitives also
occur, e.g.:

349.
? .
,
out the following sentences, omitting the particle . Note how the

? ? -
meaning of the sentences changes.

?
,
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.

:
Hoe
--
- ,
349, -
-
• NOTE
the particle
given in Exercise 349
« in the sentences

they acquire the opposite meaning,

i.e. they express the speaker's
tainty that the person
is omitted,

cer-
concerned

. ,
.
is able to perform the action,

,
,
.
350.

Read the following sentences. Note the italicized impersonal

sentences containing an infinitive used predicatively. State in which
.- --
cases the particle gives the sentence a meaning of obligation and in

2.
1 .

, , -.
which a meaning of strong desire or advice.

.., —
(. .)
181
!.. (. .)
-..., .)
,,
.
.:- 3. ...
-...
. ,
, .. «
, «, (. 4.
(.) 5.

.
(.)..«
.
--
».
7.

,
!
6.
», —

. ,.
. ,,,
-
(.)
(.)
9.
8. », —
10.

, -- •

cle
NOTE
(.)

an infinitive with the parti-

expresses
in an impersonal sentence
wish of the speaker

,
, .:,
a and not advice given to another

.,
.
person, it generally does not

,
require the name of the person
in the dative, e.g.:

351.

lowing sentences. Explain the meaning

. Read the
of the infinitive sentences
. -
-
fol-
with
the particle

. . 1.

5.
.
Change them into the negative, replacing the

. ..
perfective infinitives by imperfective ones preceded by the negative
particle.

2.

6.
4.
.. 3. -
7.

-
.
182
352.

1.
. 4. -. .
Read the following sentences and explain

He 2. He .
their meaning.

. 5.
3. -
: —
. 7.
. ,. ,. -
6.

(.)
—

, -
, ,-
• NOTE
In infinitive sentences
es expressing
and claus-
apprehension that an

,
undersirable action should take
place, the infinitive is invariably

. of the perfective aspect,

, .
353.

Compose

, , -
five impersonal infinitive sentences expressing apprehension
that an undesirable action should take place.

. 354.

. . Read the following sen-

,
-

.
.!... .-
tences expressing apprehension. Compare the sentences containing the
particle

.
.
1. He
with those not containing it. State which person the action
expressed by the verb may refer to.

2.
. He
3.
4.
.. .

• NOTE

-
Infinitive sentences generally

,- express the speaker's apprehension

concerning himself while personal
,

.
.
sentences with the predicate verb
in the past tense express apprehen-
sion concerning some other person.

- Sentences of the type

imply warning.
 , , , ,
355.,,, 354. Compose sentences with the follow-

.. ,. -
ing words. Bear in mind the note to Exercise 354.

, ,
2. ,,
1.

.
,,
., 3. ,,, .
356.

. ,!
following
peratives. State
order or command.
sentences.
which

Model:
Replace
of the

\ ,-
the
two forms
italicized infinitives by im-
expresses a more categoric

—
Read the

-
: « 1.

! « !»
, \!
:
-
.
«!»
(.) 2. , —
(. .) 3. «-

. , !»
(. .)
(. .) 5.
4.
—

-
, .- , -
,
—

-
•
NOTE
(.)

In infinitive sentences, the per-

son to whom the categoric order

. or command
not named,
is given is generally

, !
357.

which frequently occur in slogans

Read the following
and appeals.
infinitive sentences

!! !
..
, 1. 2.
3.

. 358.
4.

Read the following sentences. Replace them by imper-

sonal infinitive sentences. Read the new sentences aloud.

m
-
 1.

,,. . ,--- 2.

.
? . !.,, ,-
.
3.
4.

! -
5.

,
6. 7.

.
8.

, 10.
9.

... ,,
, ,
IMPERSONAL SENTENCES EXPRESSING NEGATION

Predicate

359.
expressed by One of the Words
-
• The

..-
Read the following

, ,-
sentences. Note the ital-

,
icized predicates. Point out the objects of the predicate and state
their meanings.

,
. :
1.

(.)
2.

, ;
..
?
,
? -
.,
(. .) 3.

; ,
(.) 4.

—
-

, .. -
—
,
(. .),
—

. ,
360.
, 6.
(.) 5.

(.)

, .-
,- ...
Read the following

1 .
sentences. Find the negative impersonal sentences.
Note which conjunctions introduce the co-ordinate objects in the genitive.

(.)
(.)
3.
2.

, -
. 185
 : , ,
,
. . ,
. ... ,
«...»
. : -
-
,
-
-
(.) 5.
(.) 4.

, . (.)
(.)
(.) 7.
6.

• NOTE

, , - , ,
If the predicate of an imperson-

, al sentence is or

... ,-,
it

an object in the genitive which

necessarily requires

denotes the thing or person whose

absence is stated in the sentence.

,
..)
361.

1.

,
Ha

-...
,
. ., , ..,-
what predicate could be supplied

,,, ,, , 2.
out the following sentences. State
to them.

-. ,
3.

,
(. 4.
—

,),-(.)
• NOTE

,
.- ,
( , junction)

may
The
the object in the genitive
preceded by the particle (or con-

ing the function

the negation;
,
be omitted.
particle
the word

it
of the predicate

emphasizes
shows the com-
is

fill-

.
186
plete absence of
by the noun
what is

in the genitive.
expressed
 362.
,.
.
,
, , -
,
sentences. Change
Read the following
the personal sentences and clauses into impersonal ones, replacing their
—-

.
predicates by

Model:
as required by the tense of the

. ..
predicate, and their subjects by objects in the genitive.

..-
. .,
2.
1.

- . 4.
3.

. ..
5.
6.
7. 8.

? ?
-
363.

?
negative answers to the following questions.

?
Give

?
1. 2.

? 6.
3.
5.
4.

NOTE

., - -
•

, of
Sentences in which the presence
some object(s) is

invariably impersonal, while sen -

denied are

tences in which the presence of

, .: some may be

,
person(s) is denied

..
either impersonal or personal, e.g.:

. - *
. ..
364.

out the following sentences, substituting negative

impersonal sentences for the personal sentences with the predicate pre-
ceded by the negative particle.

1. 2.
3.

187
 ..
4. . 5.
6. Moji
-
-
,
•

onymous
NOTE
Impersonal
with
sentences
personal
are syn-
ones

, -
.
,
:.
HO

,-
only
of

be.
if

If
they express the absence
person from the place where
he was expected or supposed to

express such absence,

the sentence does
it is invar-
not

« ».
.
iably personal. For
sentence:

' '.
example, the

,
means In this

. - case the personal sentence cannot

.
; ;
365.

; ; .
be replaced by an impersonal one.

.,
1

.
.
.

. -
. ,
out the following sentences, replacing the verb
by the verbs given below.

2.

. .
3. 4.
5.
, '.

366. ,

.
out the following sentences,

.,
substituting impersonal sentences for the personal ones where possible,

Oh

.
1. 2.

. 5.
6.
4.

.
. .
3.

.- 7.

.,
8.
9. -
10.
. 11.

18
, ..,., -

-
367.

Read the following sentences.

?
Give negative answers to the questions. Where possible give two an-

?
swers: one expressed by a personal sentence, and the other by an imper-
sonal one.

? ?
?, .1 .

368. -
3. . 5.
2.

.
4.

. ,, .?
Read the
following sentences, Give negative answers to these questions, replacing
words by the particle .
the italicized

Model: "? —
?, ?
,1.

.
369.
? 4.
3.
2. -

. . --
out the following sen-

. .
tences, changing the personal sentences into impersonal ones according

,...
to the model.
—
1 .
Model:

3.
2. -
4.
5.

-
, , ).{, , ){, , -
• NOTE

, -
In Russian the construction

generally

.,
is

preferred. In isolated cases the

.: . . personal construction
is more idiomatic, e.g.:
is used, which

370.
out the following sentences, changing
-
the affirmative sentences into negative ones.

189
..
2.
1.

3.
. ..-
.
4. 5.

-
6.

• NOTE

- In changing an affirmative sen-

, .:
,
-- -
-
tence in which the subject
pronoun or
one, the definitive pronoun
be replaced by a negative pronoun
in the genitive case, e.g.:
is

into a negative
the

must

- .
Affirmative sentence

,
Negative sentence

.
,
«- ,
.:
-
-
».
-
means
The genitive
pronouns
incomplete

things but not

If
'she

the pronoun
.
has
of
and
negation,

all
the

some
of
e.g.:
negative
denotes

of
them.'
is used
the

in

-- affirmative sentences with a per-

-
{)

)- {,
sonal pronoun or noun specifying

{ ), - ), its meaning
the pronoun or noun takes
the genitive with the preposition
( in negative impersonal (and
also personal) sentences, e.g.:

, .:

190
. .
Affirmative sentences

. ^
Negative sentences

.
 .
,
.
371.

ing the personal sentences

out the following sentences, chang-
or clauses into negative impersonal ones.

., -
1.

.
.. .
,
.
Model: Bee

3.
2.
.
4. 5.

.
, ,,
372.

.
Read the following sentences. Copy out the italicized predicates.

,
1.
2.
.
. 3.

.
,
, -
. -
4.

.
7.

.
,
(. .)
9.
8.
. 6.

:,
5.
,

.
• NOTE

,.
. -
In the
tences and
above impersonal sen-
clauses the predicates
printed in italics which are in fact
set expressions; in
are no
such cases there
corresponding personal

, {, -, constructions
tive particle.
without

This type of predicate can take

the form of
future tense {). ,
the
the nega-

present, past or

). ,
191
 373. ..-
The Predicate expressed by an Intransitive Verb preceded by
Particle

--
«^
tlie

,, . Read the following

Note the predicate verb in the italicized impersonal sentences or clauses
and point out the secondary parts of the sentence which are its adjuncts.

. . . (.)
sentences.

. :
1.

.
2.
3.

(. .) 4. -

. .. ,, 7.
5.
6.

,
(. .)

,,,
,. - ,,
- ,,- -
- ,
• NOTE
The meanings of the verbs

,, -
and number of

. -
others
verb
are close to
Therefore,
that of
negative
the

,
374.
.- ..
.
sentences
generally
ject in

sonal sentence.

Read
the
with

,-
impersonal,

sponding to the subject

these

genitive case

the following sentences.

,
verbs
their

of
corre-
a per-
are
ob-

. .
Compare the pairs of sentences in the left-hand and the right-hand
columns. Note that the sentences in the right-hand column are im-
personal.

-
192
 .
, .- ,
. -
-
-

,,-
. - ,
NOTE
: .
•

Sentences of the type:

He
-
.
, , ,
sentences.
375.
. .
po-
are also possible, but the construc-
tion with the genitive
the more literary of the two.

.
case

Read the following

Copy out the italicized verbs from the personal sentences
-
is

,
1.

.
-,. .
and clauses. Compose an impersonal sentence with each verb, using the
negative particle

.,
.
-
-
2.

5. -
. ... , .
3.

,
6.
4.

.
7.

376.

out the following sen-

-
..
tences. In the impersonal sentences and clauses underline the
predicates and their objects. State what parts of speech the predicates
and objects are.

1.

,, (. .)
(.)
3. .-
2.

13—1919 193
,
.
. ,;
;
.
(.) 4.
, , -
,
(.) 5.

, ;, ,,
^.
:
.,
,
6.

(.)
. ... (.) 7.
(. .)

NOTE
-
•

CO

,
, )
. -
-
-
(
-
or
The predicate
personal

without
sentences
in

short form of the adjective

negative im-
may

(or an infinitive formed

from the same root) with
link-verb. Such

of the word denoting

or
sen-
tences must contain the genitive
the thing
,
be the

-
.
,
,
whose presence or existence is
denied,

,
377.

). ,
adjectives

378.

sentences. State
Compose

.
,,.
,
what predicates could be supplied
Read
(
four impersonal sentences, using predicatively the
(with or without a link-verb).

the
to the italicized
following
sen-

,
tences.

,
1.

... (.)
. .,
, ,
,. , . ,
3.

194
.
2.
4.
.,. (.)
4.
,.
. ..
379.

1.
3.
2.
out the following

.
sentences, changing the personal sentences into negative impersonal ones.
-

.,
NOTE
:
•

. -
Sentences of the type of:

are also possible, but impersonal

constructions are more frequently
used.

-
.. ,
The Predicate expressed by a Relative, Interrogative or

380.
noun or an Adverb with an Infinitive

I
Negative Pro-

II. Read the following sentences. Note the

-
,
predicates in the impersonal sentences and clauses. State

-
italicized

:
what parts of speech the predicates in I and II are composed of.

3. .
I.

« ,.
,
1. Ha
.
, ..,.
!»
(.) 2.

(. .)
4.

(.) 6.
:
. , ^ ..
,
7.
. (. .) 5.
—

8.

. 1.

... . (.)
(.) 2.

(.) 4.
. (. .)
3.

.
13* 195
 ,
•
NOTE
- impersonal sentence with
negative pronoun or adverb

--
, ,
can be replaced by a complex

, , ,.
sentence, the principal clause

, .:
denying the presence
son, object, place, time,
of a per-
cause,

. -., .
e.g.:

-, .
. -
(
(
-)
-
),--
—

of
The

adverb
verb
tense
an impersonal
taining a
is
of the
sentence
pronoun or
negative
expressed by the link-
(in the past tense) or
(in the future tense),
predicate
con-

which

.
invariably follows the pronoun
or the adverb. In the present tense
-

)
)
the link-verb is omitted.

., .
(
381.

,
the following personal sentences. Change them into impersonal ones
according to the model given below, substituting negative adverbs
(or pronouns) with the particle
, for the negative adverbs (or pronouns)
—
(-
Read

.
.
with the particle and infinitives for the finite verbs. Explain
how the meaning of the sentences changes.

.
. — .
,..
Model:

1.
3. .
1. .
2.
4.

10.
.
5.

8.
9.
. , 7.
6.

.
196
 •
NOTE

- ,
{, Negative pronouns and adverbs
{,
.
with the particle

.,
CO

,
,
. .)

, -
-
containing
,
etc.)

the words
can
and clauses
impersonal sentences
be used in

, ,. ,.
Negative

,
adverbs and pronouns with the

-{,
, . .) - particle {, etc.)

.
. )382.

,. .,
- (
are never used

out the following sentences, fill-

ing in the blanks with negative pronouns (or adverbs) with the particle
or to suit the sense.
with the words

, , - ... ,
1.
... 2.

. ,
... 3. ...

4.
... 5.
...

( ).
383.

. Read the following sentences. Answer these questions,

.:
using impersonal sentences with negative pronouns (or adverbs).

}
?,?. .? ?
5.
6.
1.
Model:

4.
?
7.
3.
? . —

2.

-
-- ?
384.

?
Read the fol-
lowing sentences. Write negative answers to these questions, using
impersonal constructions.

1.
2. 3.

197
6.
?
-? ?.
) .) -? 5.
4.

-
(
. (
385.

. ..
with the particle

.. .,
,
the following sentences. Replace the negative adverbs (or pronouns)
by adverbs (or pronouns) with the particle
that the sentences remain impersonal.
Model:
so

—
Read

, .
.
1.

.. 3.
4.
2.

6.
5.

. .-
386.
7.

, }
Write answers to the following

?? ? ?. ??.?
questions as in the model given below. Read the questions and ans-

.
wers aloud.
Model: —

?
1. 2.
3. 4.

?
5.
(.) 6.
7.
8. 9.

. . , - REVISION EXERCISES

,,
387.

Read the following texts. Analyse the italicized im-

. ,
personal sentences and clauses and state what part of speech their pred-
icates are.

I.

198
;
, ,
;
... ,
, .,,
,
, ,
, ,, ,,
, - ,,-
,
, ,
,,
.
.
,
,
, ;
-,
II.

,-
,. , ,-
,
, .,. ,,
,
-
--
'^,-
., ,, ,;-,
III.

,,-
, , '^, ,'^--
, ).,
388.
...
.(

,-
(. X .)

-
out
the following sentences, putting the pronouns and nouns in brackets in

,
the required case (with or without a preposition).

()
.. .)
1. (Oh)
(.

3.
2.
, ()

199
 .
,, - , 4.

, ( ., .
()

,), , ,
()
... )...( (.)
6.
5.

, ., .
()
(. .)
.
7. 8.

-
,; .
! .. , ,
(. .)
()

()
9. ()
()
(.)
...
10.

,,
12.
,
(.) 11.

()
(.)
«». « «
389.
», »,
.- :»,«»,
«-

,
Write composition on one of the following topics: 'A Thunderstorm,'
'A Hot Summer Day,' 'A Winter Morning,' 'A Warm Spring Day,' 'The

,,,,
,,,
Beginning of Autumn.' Make use of impersonal sentences and clauses

, ,
in your composition, using some of the following words and phrases

, ,
as predicates.

,
,
,,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,,
-, ,
, ,
,,
,
,
,, ,,;-,
, ,

.
200
 .-.. ,-
390.

,. , , ,
sentences.
-- INDEFINITE-PERSONAL SENTENCES

tences. State the form of the predicate verbs.

, . (. .),
Read the following
Analyse the italicized indefinite-personal clauses and sen-

, , .
1.

:
,—
,
.
, .. , ,
,
(.) ,.
2.

(.) 3.
-

-
4.

. (.)
(.)
6.
5.

(.)

,- , - •
NOTE
The action
indefinite-personal
of the verb
sentence gen-
in an

Moe

. -
-
erally involves
number of persons. However, in
an indefinite

-
Ho some instances, it may also

HO
, . involve one person, who is
either unknown to the speaker or
whom the speaker does not want
to mention.
The predicate of an indefinite -

,-
personal sentence is invariably
3- either verb in the 3rd person

.,
plural, present or future tense,

391.
BO
. .
or
ral.
past tense verb

Read the following sentences.

in the plu-

-
Say why the performer of the action is not named.

201
 ,..,!» , «-.-
.«»., 1.
2.

4.

.
, ! .,. 3.
— «?» —

- . ,..-
«
5.

7.
». « 6.

— «?» —
8.
».

,
392.

,
Read the following sentences. Find the indef-
inite-personal sentences and clauses.

,,..
[]
1.

,. : - 2.

. ,, , - . 5.
6.
4.
?» (.) 3.
«

. (.)
—,

,
NOTE

,
•

.:
.
-- ?.- .
-
e.g.:

are
Sentences with the verb

origin;
verb
only by
indefinite-personal
Modern Russian, the
in
in this meaning is
not associated with any agent. Cf.:

?
-
.:

-. 393.
Read
definite-personal sentences and clauses.

202
.
the
?
following text. Find the in-
 -.. , .
,, .. .
,. ,., ,,
:. «

-,
-.
...»
. .) (.

-
394.

. .. Read the following sentences. Substitute

indefinite-personal sentences and clauses for the personal sentences and
clauses.
-

, .
Model:
— -

., .,, , --
1.

. , -

,
2. XX
3.
:

-. ,.,-
395.
.,,
4.

5.
-
- ..., - -, . out the following sentences, replacing
the personal sentences and clauses by indefinite-personal ones.

1. 2.

- 3.

.: - , :--
lycTb 4.
5.

6. -
203
,, , , , , .,
, .,
396.

Compose
-
indefinite-personal sentences witii
different tense forms of these

. -
verbs.
tiie following verbs, using

. -, 397.

. . .
Read the following personal sentences. Change them into in-

-
definite-personal ones by replacing the subject

.
modifier of place.
by an adverbial

»
—
, -
Model:

.
.
1.

« 2.

..
3.

4.

-,
.
5.
6.

.. 7.

,-
8.
VI

-- •

In
NOTE

colloquial
nite-personal
speech,
sentences
indefi-
express -

,
. --- ing an action performed by the

, speaker
express
mand or
himself

order
are
strong request,
or a
used.
a
repetition
They
com-

, .:
! ! !
of previously given answer, e.g.:

, "?
-
204
! , ?
1.

!
5.
4.
3.
2.

.
.
in
398. -
- ..
. ,
Read the following indefinite-personal sentences, whicli are used
official

..
announcements or notices. Try to remember some other

,
indefinite-personal sentences of this kind and write them down.

1. 2.

.
, -
3.

399.

Read the following sentences and write them down. Explain

in what way the sentences in the left-hand column differ from those
in the right-hand column.

. - -
. -
-

-
. -
.
«. ». « ».
-
. .
.

,
,
.
.
.
-
-
-
•

of
not
in
NOTE
The sentences in
hand column imply
the action,
specify
though
a

The sentences
him.
the left-hand column do not
the

they
right-
performer
do

, ,.
even imply any performer; in
this case it is the result of the

400.
,
-.
action that
its performer.
is important and not

Read the
,
205
 . ,. .
following sentences. Where possible change the personal sentences in
which the predicate is a verb in the passive form into indefinite-personal
ones.

Model: — npodatbm

3.
1.

..
.
2.

.
, .
4.

6.
5.

(.)
.
,
.

, , -- -
• NOTE

Personal sentences in which

the predicate is a verb in the pas -

,
, .-
sive form can
indefinite-personal
be changed
ones
they contain no object in the in-
into
only if

. ) .
.
,--
401.
- (,
strumental case denoting a defi-
nite agent,

Read the following sentences. Where possible change the

.
indefinite-personal sentences into personal ones by replacing the active

. .
construction by the passive one. Note the tense and the aspect of the
verb.

—
mom

!
Model:

!..
, 1.

(.)
4.
2.
3.
. -
-
206
-
- .. ,
,
, ,
402.

. ,
GENERALIZED-PERSONAL SENTENCES

Read the following proverbs and

sayings, which are in fact generalized-personal sentences. State the verb
--

,
form of the predicate and in what way these sentences differ from in-

. .
definite-personal sentences.

. ,
1.

, . -
-
2.
—

.
3.

. ,!.
,
10.
12.
. , ... —

9.
5.
4.

7.

.
8,
6.

(.)

-
13.

NOTE
-
•

common

-
The most

-
forms of
--

. .,
the predicate in generalized
sonal sentences are the 2nd person
2- singular and the imperative,

,. , ,
403.
I,

. Read the following sentences. State in what

, -
.,
way the generalized-personal sentences in differ from those in II.

,
I

-
I. 1.

,. , ,, ,-
— (.)

, . . 3.

,
2.

,
-
. , ,
(.) 5.
,
(.) 4.

, -
-
207
,
7.
., , 6. ,
, .
-
...

.
8.

, ,
, .,. . -
, -

,
II. 1.

, . ,
, , ,, . .,
, -. —
(.)
(. .
3.
.) 2.
—

,
-.. , , (.)
4.

(.)

-
-
,-,
NOTE

,. ---
•

In the generalized-personal sen-

tences and clauses given in Exer-
403, I, cise 403, I, the action of the pred-
Hoe

, -
-
icate
son.
verb may involve any per-

.; - . ,
In the generalized-personal sen-

, - 403, II,
tences and clauses given in Exer-
cise 403, II,

only the speaker and

the action involves
is a recur-
K - rent one.

, 404.
( ). -
.
.-
Read

, .,
the following generalized-personal sentences. State whether the action
they express involves only the speaker or any person. Define the
additional shades of meaning introduced by the particle

1.

-, , 2.

208
 , :, . , .-
-
?»
4. « ?
«.», « .». : «- — «1» (.)
, (. .) 3.

on one
405.
»,

-
, . ,
of the following topics:
Write composition
*A Trip to the Forest,' 'A Trip to the
Mountains,' 'A Trip to the River.' Use generalized-personal sentences

, ,.
with the particle

406.

) (, -
, . out the follow-
ing generalized-personal sentences. State the meaning (advice, warning,

.
,.
possibility or impossibility of an action, an enforced action, dependence
of one action on another) of the italicized predicates.

.
1.

, a

. - (.)

,
2.
(.)

.
3.

:, ,., , .
(.)
(.) 5.
4.
—
—-
—

. (.) ,
.) - , .. (.)
(.)
. -
6.

9.
. (.) 7.
8. (-
10. —

-
- • NOTE
Note the following set expres-

),
.
(
- sions (printed in bald-face italics),
which are frequently used in

.
TO

-- colloquial speech. These

sions were originally generalized-
expres-

, , .. -
personal sentences,

14—1919 209
 ,
, , , . .,
,
. ., Expressions containing the word

-
express liigh degree of an
attribute.
The expressions -
*
« »,
-
mean
«
».
..
matter what you say,' 'for all

your quibbling.'

,,, : , -
407.
Read the following texts. Find the
generalized-personal sentences and clauses and analyse them.

, -
., ,, ,, ,
I.

—
,

,. ..) , ,
,
- : —

,,. , ,.)
-
II.
, ., , - (.
-
...
... , .,
(.
III.

,,
,
..)
—

(,
210
cribe
408.
, -- - -
I.

any part of the day (the morning,

(, ,.,-
Des-
the afternoon, the eve-
ning or the night) and the feelings generally associated with them by
)
.

.
-
man. Use two-member* generalized-personal sentences with the subject
in your description.
II.

.
,
Describe laboratory experiment or technologic-
al process. Use generalized-personal sentences with the subject
in your description.

409.

,( 2-
) -,
-
3-
, 1- .

- ,. ! . -
Remember some Russian proverbs that you know, which are in fact
generalized-personal sentences with all possible forms of the predi-
cate (the 2nd person singular, the 3rd person plural, the imperative,
the 1st person plural). Write them down.

410.

Read the following sentences. Copy out first the indefinite-personal sen-

!
, ,1.

, ,
. --
.
tences, then the generalized-personal sentences.

, ,
(.)
,,? ., , ., .
(.)
. 5.
(. .)
3.
2.

(.)
—
4.

(. .)
(. .)

, ,
6. 7.

. .
., , -
(.)
(.) .
.
,
... (.)
411.
8.
9.

* i.e., comprising subject and predicate. Sentences in which

there is only the subject (with or without the secondary parts of the
sentence) or only the predicate (with or without the secondary parts
of the sentence) are called one-member sentences.

14* 211
 .
Read the following
proverbs and sayings. Define the types of the simple sentences and the
clauses and state the form of the predicate in each sentence. Give the

,
meaning.

.
.,, ... - ,
proverbs and sayings used in your native language with the same

. -

. . ,, .. -
1. 2.
3.
—

.
4. 5.

.
.
9.
8.

11.0
7.
6.
—
10.

,
.412.

, ; ,. ,
I.

,
Read the following

. ,
ing to their composition.
text. Define the type of the sentences accord-

,, ,,
,, , , , , . -
;
-
,
, , . .); , ,
, ,, ,- ,
, , .
(.

, .
,
II.

, , ,
,
,,, - , -
- 1

. - ., .)
,

212
(.
 .. ,
.
• NOMINATIVE
SENTENCES

,, ,
413. -
-
, Read the following

,
text.

. . ,.
?
Note the

.,.
. , ,. —
italicized nominative sentences. Analyse the nomina-
tive sentences containing several words,

. .)
,;, •

Besides
(.
NOTE
the subject,
may
nomi-

.-
native sentences contain ob-
- jects and attributes modifying
the subject, but never adverbial

-- modifiers;
bial
if there were an adver-
modifier, the sentence would

,
be a two-member one.

.
In some cases the definition

- of the type of a sentence depends

,:
()
,:
-
on

butes
whether
are understood
(or
subject or as adverbial

.
its

For example, the sentence:

secondary
either
objects) modifying the
as
parts
attri-

modifiers,

. 414.
-
,
. ber one.
be understood either as a one-
member sentence or as a two-mem-

.
sentences, making
given below.
them extended by adding attributes

Model: .
, —
. . ..
out these nominative
as in the model

213
 .. .
.. .. ......,.
.
?>
..
in the

.
415.

owing sentences. Explain what meaning the particles

nominative sentences.

.. . .!
1.

(.) 3. (.) 4.
(.)
Read the bl-
and

2.

.
have
-

,- . -, ... -
7.
(.) 5. (.) 6.
... (.)

; ; ,,
... (.)
(.) 8. -
-

..
,-
• NOTE

. - The and have

,. .
particles
demonstrative meaning.
refers to the nearer object(s), and
— more remote
a to the

-
one(s).

.
416.
Read the
follow-

, ,
ing sentences. Define the type of the sentences given in the left-hand
and the right-hand columns.

,. - ,. -
..
,
,
. , . . .
. , .
417.

Read the following text and give it a

sentences. Define the types of the other

2
.
title.
?—
Point out the nominative
one-member sentences.
-
 ,
, .
,-,
.,,, -
. ,,, ,,-
, ,
...

. ,,
, —

;
; ., - - —

,
-
,
-, .
. ,
- -,
—
...

. ,418. - (. X .)

.
know.
419.
Give
nominative sentences.

Remember
description of your room, using, among others,

the titles of some pictures by any artists

-
you

.., , SENTENCES
• ELLIPTICAL

-
.
420.

.
tences.

.—— 1.

—
—
—
—
—

?
.,
,
?
, .
Note the

? .
?—
,
Read the following sen-
italicized elliptical sentences. What parts of the sen-
tence could each of these elliptical sentences be completed with?

215
 — ,: ,.. .
2.

?» — « . «« ?» ---
». 4.
3.
(.)

— <^,
».
)
, (-- •
NOTE
In colloquial speech (particu-

, ---
larly, in conversation), there fre-
quently occur sentences in which
- one or another part is omitted
by the speaker because it is un-
. necessary to mention it. Such

. .
,.. --
- parts can easily be supplied from
the context or
Sentences of this type are called
elliptical.
the situation.

:
421.

»».«?» «, ?»?»:«,
Read the following text. Point out the
elliptical sentences
missing parts.

—«
—«
—
«,and say which words could be used to supply the

—
...» — «
?» ». ?» —
,
«».

, (
— «
- ject
•
NOTE
Sentences
—«

implied
(.

in
.)
which the sub -
by the form of

.
is

1- 2- -- the verb (the imperative, the

or 2nd person singular or plural,
1st

..
present or simple future tense) are
-
), - complete sentences,

422.
Read thefollowingsentences. Find the elliptical sentences.

216
 ,
. . ,.
, ,. ?.
1.

.
,.
.
2.

. ,
3.
,
.
4.
5.

, 423. -

. . . ?
Read the following interrogative sen-
tences. Give answers to them, using first complete sentences, then ellip-

?
tical ones. Make your elliptical answers as brief as possible.
Model: — \.

?-
2.

?? ?
5.
?.., .
1.

424.
2.
4.
6.
3.

??? ? ?
Read the following interrogative sen-
Answer them in one word. Say what part of the sentence
tences. this
word would be if your answer were a complete sentence.

2.

.
1.

425.
,
4.
5. ?
-
. --
3.

.
.. - ?
.1

? Read the following questions and answers. Note that the answers
are in fact subordinate

2.
OH

4.
clauses.

—
3.
—
—
—

NOTE

-
•

Answers expressed by subor-

dinate clauses are elliptical sen-

217
-, - tences of
frequently
special type
occur in
which most
colloquial

.:
.,?
(- (-
.
,
speech.
principal
words
In complete answers,
clause consists
of the questions.

(-
of
E.g.:
the
the

.
question)

, elliptical answer).
complete answer).

? , ?.? -
using
426.

1 .
first

5.
3.
Answer the following questions,
complex sentences, then only subordinate clauses.
2.
4.

, .?.?.
427.
, Read the follow-
ing dialogue, replacing the complete sentences by elliptical ones so

?
that the meaning of the sentences does not change.

! —

.
A.

.—

?
.?? .
.—
.—
.—
.—
.—
.—

,, . .—
.—
. ?.,
,
,

218
.—
.—
, ,-
 —
A.
.—
., ? -
.—
.—
,. ,?.. ?:
.—
.—
.— ,, ..
.., . . . , 17- 52.

,
.—

pose
428.

,
dialogue, using elliptical sentences.

.
.
, Com-

.
429.

. .? .
Read the following sentences first with
the intonation of a statement, then of a question, raising the voice on

?
the word which is the principal one in the question. Answer each of the
questions in one word.
Model:
—-

.. ,
1.
—
. -
2.
—

,
3.

.
1. 2.

.,
3.

-
430.

—
—-
-
out the following sentences. Find the elliptical sen-
tences and underline: the sentences whose missing part is clearfrom the
preceding or the following sentences once, the sentences whose missing

.
part is clear from the situation twice, and the sentences whose missing

.! ...
part is clear from the same sentence with a wavy line.

, ,
. !,
—

,
1

,
.

(. .) 2.
—
219
 . ,, , . (. .)

,
3.
... (.) 4.

,
.
(.)
: «?»
,
« , ?»
. (.)- ,
- , (.)
5.
6.

-.. ,
— —

--
-

, 7.

...
. .,, ,
...
,
431.
(.)

..
Read the following sen-

,.
tences.

.
Give reasons for the use of the dash in the italicized elliptical
sentences and clauses. What parts of the sentence could be supplied

,. ;.:,-
to replace the dash?

,.,
1 .

(.) 2.
— — (. .)
3.

, : «, (. .) 4.
—
—

?
5.
—
(.)
.
-
!» (. .)

)
• NOTE

( If the missing part of a sentence

, (mostly the predicate)

in speech
is indicated
by a pause, it is marked

. TO

- -
in writing by a dash; if no pause

,.
made in speech, no dash is

.
is

- used to mark the missing part

, TO
of the sentence.

. 432.

Read the following sentences. Find the elliptical sentences and

clauses and replace them by complete ones. Define the type of each of
the sentences and clauses according to their composition.

220
-.,, .,!,
3.

,,
.
(.)

. ,
1.

, ,
.?..-
,
.
? .-
.
4.
.
...
2.

, —

, ., .
6.
(. .) 5.

(.)
(.)

, NOTE
•

(, ,-
-
- According to their composition

-,
-).
. .
-
elliptical sentences
as one-member
ber sentences (impersonal,
native,

.
may
and

indefinite-personal,
eralized-personal).
be classed
two-mem-
nomi-
gen-

,
433.

.
according to

1. Ha
its composition.

(.) 2.

. , ,,
,
Read the following
sentences. Find the elliptical sentences. Define the type of each sentence

,, .
. ,
. - (. .) 3.

., ,, .-
, .... -(-
.
.)

,
4.

. (. .)
(.)
. 7.
5.

(.) 6.

221
 — :, «,,,;- —
...»
...
,. 434.
(. .)

(. .
8.

.)
., . —

Read the following text. Find the elliptical sentences. Say what parts

sentences.

.
could be supplied to each sentence. Retell the text, using elliptical

;-
...
.?
.
.
;
,
.
, -

,. ?, , -
,
— , —
, — ,
, ,
. ., ?,
,
—
—
,
—
—
—
—
. ? , ?. .
— ...
—
-.
—
—
—
.
?
, !. ,
?
. .
...
— ...

—
—
222
, —, ,, —
, .- .
?! ,—
—
.
-
- ..
—! —
!
. . .
— —
(. .)

;
435.

..
, ,, ,. ,,- .
Define the type of each simple sentence.

-
these sentences.

1949
Read the following text.
Find the principal parts of

. , , , -
.
,
.
,
, , —.,
.
: «, ,
,,,!
—
-
,.
.. .
.
. ...»
, ,
,
,
.

-
?
-

,
— ..) ,
(.
 CO-ORDINATE PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

. . , -
,
436.

., .
, ,
of the sentence
of speech they are.

,.,. ,. ,,;,,-.
(.)
1.

5.
(.)
the
Read the following
italicized

2.
co-ordinate

(.)
(. .)
sentences. State

3.
parts are and

4.
[]
what parts
what parts

, ., . -
,. , , (.) 6.
(.) 7.

.
,
(.) 8.

(.) 9. (. .)

.
. :
437.

the sentence.

. -.
Read the following text. Point out the co-ordinate parts of

, , ., .
.
, .,

224
 .
,,.
, - —

. ,
,
.
, : ., ,
. ,-
—

(. .)

438.
•

.-. .
CO-ORDINATE PARTS OF THE SENTENCE JOINED BY
COPULATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

,
Read the following sen-
tences. Point out the co-ordinate parts of the sentence and the copulative
conjunctions that joint them.

?
I. 1. (.)

-
.-
II. 1

: ,
.

.
,: , ,
(.)

,
2.

2.
III.

, ,
. .-1.
(.).

(.)

.
. » ,
IV.

-
1.

2.
(. .)
,
-
NOTE
- The copulative conjunction

-
15—1919
. is

tion
synonymous with the conjunc-

limits
. Unlike
the series
,
of
generally
co-ordinate

225
 , , .- . .
parts of the sentence,
say, it
that
indicates that the speaker
is to

- ,-.
means only the enumerated things

, -
or facts and nothing else. Not
infrequently

or .
is

correlative limiting particle

mainly occurs
-
used with the

.
. . 439.
in colloquial speech and in lit-
erary works whose style is similar
to folk poetry,

Read the following sentences containing the copula-

.
tive conjunctions and da. Note the stylistic difference between the
sentences containing these conjunctions.

(-
. , ...
). 1 .

,. ,
-
2.
—
.

.. , . ,,,,,-
(.-.) 3.

4. . , (. .) 5.
(. .)

.,
(.) 6.
7.
(.) 8.

(.)

440. - . .
Read the following sentences and compare
the sentences containing the conjunction once or several times. Point
out the cases where the co-ordinate parts of the sentence are given more
emphasis.

- .
., .,
-
. (.)
-
,
226
 , , .- .
,,
- (.)
,
,. , , ,
, . (.)
• NOTE

.-- ,
the
usual
ation.
the

latter
words

is

intonation
of
joined without the conjunction
uttered
of
series

with the
an enumer-
are

.,, 441.
-
-
The repetition
tion
series
before each
of
of the

co-ordinate
the sentence gives greater promi-
nence to each part.

,
conjunc-
member
parts

-
of a
of

. .
out the following sentences containing co-ordinate parts,

. ,,
inserting the conjunction

.
,, . ,, , ,
tion changes.

.
first before the last member of the series,
then before each member. Read the sentences and note how the intona-

1. Ha
2.
rope

. 4.
3.

442.
...
conjunctions

I.

,
., .- ., ,.-
. and

,
Read the following
... .

-
sentences. Explain

,
the use of the

-
15^ 227
 . , , , -
,., .
,, , ,
.
, ; ,
. ;
II. 1. (.) 2.

(. .) 3.

. (.)
• NOTE
(.) 4.

, ,
, -- The conjunction which is
synonymous with the conjunction

-
-
.
, is used in sentences whose pred-

.
.
443.

,
Read the following
icate

of
is

the
is

sentences.
in

series.
the negative form;
placed before each

Change them
member

into

,,.
,
negative ones.

,
.
,. .
1.

,,
.
,,.,..
3.
4.
2.

. --
5.
6. 7.

, ,,,,
.
8.

444.

Use affirmative
out the following sentences, completing them.
or negative forms of the predicate to suit the sense.

, 1.

...
... 3.
... 5. , ... 6.
...

...

, 2.
4.
 445.
...
, . out the following sentences, filling in the blanks
.
.-
,
.,
3. , 1.

,, . . ,
, . ,
with the conjunction

4.
...

...
or ...

2. ...

...

5.
...

...

...
...

, .
... ... ... ...

, ...

.
... ...

446.
... . Compose two sentences with

.
co-or-
.

,. . .,
dinate parts, using the conjunctions and ...

, -
447.
Read the following sentences. Point out the copulative conjunctions.

1. -
2.
3.

... -,
, is
•
NOTE
The conjunction
chiefly
...
used in bookish, par-

-
.
B

.. -448.
-
ticularly

ordinate
scientific,
imparts more equality to the co-
parts,

,
language; it

.
3.

,.,
, ....
the conjunction

, 1.

-
- 5.
.
...
Read the following
.
sentences.

2.
Change them, using

4.
-
-

449. ... . Compose

two sentences with the conjunction ... .
229
-. ,.
, 450.

. --

.
— Read the
following sentences. State the aspect of the co-ordinate predicate
verbs. Point out first the sentences expressing simultaneousness and
then those expressing consecutiveness of actions.

I.

, .
..
.) .
.,
II. 1. .
.
( .

-
[]
.
,.. ,.,,
2.

,
.
, .
III. 1.

,
(. .)
:
(.) 2.
-
IV. 1.

,
(.)

(.) 3.
(.) 2. ,-
. (.)
451. .
. . .
, - -

.
:
Read the following text. De-
fine the aspect of the verbs and state whether they denote simultaneous

,
or consecutive actions. Retell the story in writing.

.
!» —
230
, , «-
 ,. , .,
,.
.
:
!! .
- . «!»
—
. , .. -, — -

.
.
, ., -
. , -
.
,
. (. .)
--
:
.
452.

1) 2) --
Compose two sentences containing co-ordinate imperfective verbs
expressing (1) simultaneous, (2) consecutive actions, and two sentences
containing co-ordinate perfective verbs expressing consecutive actions.

453. ,, .-
• CO-ORDINATE PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

.
JOINED BY DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Read the
following texts. State which parts of the sentence are joined by the

.,I.

,
italicized disjunctive conjunctions.

, . 231
.
,,
. -,
,, , -
, .)
,. , ,
II.

.
(.

(. .)
-

,
• NOTE
... The conjunction

-
...

repeated before each member of a

. series indicates a succession of ob-

jects, phenomena, or actions.

,, ,-
... ,
,
... - The conjunctions
mo ... mo

objects,
are repeated be-
fore each member of a series of
qualities or
/no...

phenomena
mo,

. . -
(whose reality is doubted) enume-
rated in an exclusive sense.

,-
.

,
454.

.
... Read the following
and tense of the verbs joined by the conjunction mo... mo.

,, ;
, .
. , ,
State the aspect
text.

.
,
... ,
-
• NOTE
Co-ordinate
by the conjunction
(.

predicates
mo...
joined
mo may
.)

,. -
be either imperfective or perfec-
tive verbs in any tense form or
perfective
tense only.
predicates
verbs
In
express
in
all
the
cases
repeated
future
the
con-

232
 --
. secutive actions, the predicate

,
in the future tense referring to
the future, to the past or to the

,
. , -
-
present,

, 455. , - .
, ,. .
out the following sentences. Where possible substitute perfective

,,
verbs for the imperfective ones and vice versa without changing the
tense of the verbs.

;, I. 1.

.
,
(.) 2.

. , ,
(.)

,
3.

,
. (.),
(. .) 4.

. II. 1.
2.

. .
,
., . , ,
3.

, -
4.

,
. , ., ,
456.
-

)
(, )
.
,
,
,1.)
(, ,
(,-
)-
2.

.
TO
out the following sentences, choosing

3.
)
the verb of the perfective or the imperfective aspect from those given

-
in brackets. Put the verb in the required form. Wherever possible use

(,
) .
verbs of both the aspects.

(,
(-

233
,
.
)
) ,(, )(,(, -
-
,). . (, ),
,)
457.
-
4. (-

...

( ). (
stories, employing the conjunc-
Write two short

.
tion mo... mo and perfective verbs in the future tense used with a
past tense meaning (in the first story) and with a present tense mean-
ing (in the second story).

, 458. {),
, .-

-, ,.. ,! ..-
...
tions (), . Read the following sentences with the conjunc-
Point out the cases where these conjunctions
can be replaced by the conjunction mo... mo without changing the mean-
ing of the sentence.

1.

, , -
(.) 2.

(.) 3.
(.) 4.
(.)

{), : • NOTE
(), «
,
The conjunctions

,; - may:

.
)

)
- () indicate repetition of actions
or phenomena,
() have an exclusive sense,

.
.
, - —
{)
;- in
The conjunction
erally occurs

Both
in poetry
colloquial speech.
these
either be used singly or
{)
and

conjunctions
gen -

may
repeated.

234
 , .
. ,
459.
... (.)
out the following sentences, filling in the
().

-
blanks with the conjunction mo... mo or

,
, ,
.
1.

, , ... ... ... (.)

,.
... ...

.,
... (.) 3.

,.
...

(.) 4. ...

(. .)
... ... (.)
460.

....
...
,,, ...
the fol- . Read -
lowing sentences. Which of them are more explicit, those given in the
left-hand column (with the conjunctions mo... mo,
in the right-hand column (with the conjunctions mo....
or those
mo,
,)
.:,,
mo ... mo )?

. ,:.
.
...
,
, ,.
461.
., (),
.
. , ... , ... .
-

, -,.,. - -
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the conjunc-
tions mo... mo, (),
... ... , Explain
how the meaning of the sentences will change if one conjunction is re-
.
placed by another.

. . , ,
1.

- : -
-
-
...

... ...
...

(.) 2.
(.-.) 3.

,
, .
... ...

, (. .) 4. ...

,
... 5. ...

... 6.
... ... .
235
 .
...
462.
... , , ().

:
...

-
Compose two sentences with the conjunction mo... mo and one sentence
,

.; -
with each of the conjunctions mo... nemo, mo ... mo
().
, 463.

, 1)
2)
Read the following
sentences. Point out the co-ordinate attributes enumerating: (1) sim-

,
mena.

., ,
ilar qualities of an object or phenomenon characterizing it from the
same standpoint; (2) different qualities of similar objects or pheno-

, .
, ,
.
, -
2.

,
1 .

-. . 3.

,
4.

, ,.
.. :
,., , ,
5.
6.
7.
8.

.,
9.

464.
. Supply
co-ordinate attributes chosen from those given in the right-hand column
to the nouns in the left-hand column. Compose two sentences with the
-
phrases thus obtained.

236
. ,.,465.

out the following sentences, supplying

-
..
co-ordinate attributes. Remember that in writing co-ordinate parts of the
sentence are always set off by commas.

..
4.
1.

. 3.

.
.
. 2.

6.
5.
.
-

,
466.
Read the following text. Find the co-ordinate and
non-co-ordinate attributes.

. -
-
.
, .: «,-
-
.
., ,-
!»

. ,
.)- (.
NOTE
-

, - •

Attributes are non-co-ordinate if

,
, - a
one of them
tached to
and forms with it
complete sense-unit,
other is
is

the word

used
very closely

to
it

a
while the
qualify
at-
qualifies
kind of

this
-
, .: unit, e.g.:

.
237
{
; —
— - ( is one notion,

.
and merely qualifies
.)
{ {
it).

— -
). sense-unit
qualifies the
).
complete

-
. --
ify
Non-co-ordinate attributes qual-
the
standpoints.
object from different

-
Non-co-ordinate attributes can-
not be joined by the conjunction

.. ,
,
. 467.
can.
while co-ordinate attributes

Supply non-co-ordinate attributes chosen

from those given in the right-hand column to the nouns in the left-hand
column. Compose some sentences with the phrases thus obtained.

468.

. , - out the sentences with co-ordinate

.
first
attributes, and then the sentences with non-co-ordinate attributes,
inserting commas where necessary.

-
. (.)
1.
2.
,, -
(.)
3.

7. - . 6. .. .
. (.) 5.

.
4.

238
 . ., -
, .
8.

. ,
9.
10.

469.

.
.
ordinate attributes.

. . . .
out the following sentences, supplying non-co-

. --
1. 2.

4.
5.
3.
5. -
470.
Compose two sentences with co-ordinate
and non-co-ordinate attributes.

.
. ,
471.
- -
• GENERALIZING WORDS AND CO-ORDINATE PARTS
OF THE SENTENCE

Read the following sentences. What parts

, . : :,
of the sentence are the italicized generalizing

,
ing non-co-ordinate parts?

,
words and the correspond-

,
.

. (.-.)

,
2.

,.
.
. ., ,:-
:
(.-.) 3.
-
-
, , , . (.) 4.

, , -
- (.)
: , -. . ,
. .
5.
,, — (.) 6.

.,
—
472.

239
 , :, ., : .-
Read the following sentences. Find the generalizing words and the co-
ordinate parts of the sentence. Explain their agreement.

,
1. Oh

, , - (.) 2.

(.)
: - : ,, . (.)
,
3.

,
4. ,
.; , ,
,: , - -
, , .: . , ,
(.) - 5.
(.) 6.

-, .
, -
. (.)
—

NOTE

, --
•

the pronoun or
is used as generalizing word,
it takes^ythe singular, its case
depending on its function in the
; sentence (see Exercise 472, sen-
(. tences 3, 4).
472, 3, 4).

the pronoun or

--
used as an attribute of a gen-

,
is

K — eralizing noun, it agrees with the

latter in gender, number and case

, -
(see Exercise 472, sentence 6).

,
240
473.
472,
(.
6).

. ,-
 .
.
:: , Read the sentences in the left-hand and the right-hand
columns. Account for the gender, number and case of the pronouns

, ,
., - ,,-,-
and

,
,
,
-
- — , -

.- .:,- — —

,., , ,
: - -

, - ,,
- , -
, .,
:
-
:
.
474.

; -: ,
Supply the required form

-
of the pronoun or .
Read the following sentences.

,,,, . ,
-
1.

, - ...

(.) 2.

, ., --
. (.) 3.
— ...

,,,. ,,,
— ...

-
...:

- 4.

. .
475.
^ -- out the following sentences, filling

16-1919 241
 ,
,,, -
the blanks with the pronoun

,
or Smo in the required form.

, , :
Note the punctuation.

,
,
—

(.) ;
, . ,, .
1.

2.
(.) 3.
...:

...:

,,--
—
.
:, .,, , -J
...

(.) 4.

, , :
...

, (.) 5.
. ...

(.)
,
.
6.

(.) 7.
— ...
...

, .
NOTE

,
•

, - sentence
co-ordinate
follow
parts
the
of
generalizing
the

.:
,, , .: words,
e.g.:
colon is put before them,

,, , —^
. .:
precede
dash
co-ordinate parts of the sentence

is
the
put
generalizing
after them,
words,
e.g.:

,
,: ,
jie

.:
a
,
—
a -
,
If

tence
co-ordinate
follow
words and are followed by other
parts of the sentence,
put before them and a dash after
them,

,.
e.g.:
the
parts of

a
the sen-
generalizing

colon is

—
.242
 .
.
.
,.
476.

1.
!
tuation marks.
out the following sentences. Insert the missing punc-

,. .
. - (.) 2.

(.)
(.)
4.
3.

., .
(.) 5.
6.
.
477.
out the

1..
following sentences, supplying generalizing words to the co-ordinate
parts of the sentence. Insert the missing punctuation marks.

2.
--
. 3.
. . -
,
4.

, . 5.

-
478.
.
.
out the following sentences,

.-.
izing words.

1. ,
supplying co-ordinate parts of the sentence to the italicized general-

,
, --
2.

. . 5.
4.
3.

and
479.

co-ordinate
. Compose four sentences with generalizing words
parts of the sentence.

16»
 • CO-ORDINATE PARTS OF THE SENTENCE JOINED

.., ,
BY ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

a • Use
of the Conjunction a to join co-ordinate Parts of the Sentence

480.
.

, ,,,.. , .,
Read the following sentences. Note the negative particle preceding one

,
of the

I.

, co-ordinate

1.
parts of the sentence joined by the conjunction a.

(.) (.)

.., ,, ,
,- ,..
2. 3.

(.) 5.
(.) 4.
, -
(.)
II. 1. 2.

, ,
,
.
, - -
-
•

dinate

or
NOTE
The conjunction
parts
noting objects, actions,
of

phenomena excluding
joins co-or-
the sentence de-
qualities,
each

, , - - other. The co-ordinate part

sentence that expresses the object,
of the

,
HOM, action, quality or phenomenon
to be excluded is preceded by the
, ,
.,
,
particle e.g.:

.:
,
,.
481.

. ,,
out the following sentences, supplying co-ordinate parts of the
sentence to the italicized words.

244
Model: §my
, ...
,,
, ,,
,
1. ... 2.

482.
...
. . .

5.
3.

, . . . . 4.
...

?, ??
? ?
Write answers to the following questions, using the conjunction a and
both the co-ordinate parts of the sentence mentioned in the question.

,
1. 2.
3.

-
.
4. 5.

. 483.
. ,
..
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with
the conjunction a or w. Insert a comma before the conjunction where
necessary.

...
1.

...

...

.
.
...
3.
2.

4.

,
.
.
.
. ()
,
groups

1.

,
,
,
484.

,,,
of

-
.
Read the following
words joined by the conjunction a.

(.)
(.)

3.
2.
sentences. Point out the

. -
--
4.

(.)
. (.)
5.
6.

NOTE

-.
•

, - The

noting
object
conjunction
co-ordinate predicate
different
or person.
actions
In
may
groups
of
join

sentences
de-
an

.
17—1919
»
-
with
different
the
actions
conjunction
are
these
contrasted,

245
. 485.
.
,,, -
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks with
the conjunction a or u. Insert a comma before the conjunction where
necessary.
.
... . -
1. ...

...

. -. -
2. ...

3. ...

...
-
...

4. ... -
...

486. ,

. ,, ...
with the conjunction a,
dinate parts of the sentence.
Model: — — 1.
Compose sentences
using the following pairs of words as co-or-

2.
-
.
 ,- !. 4. ,
•
NOTE

-
-
The conjunction may be used

: 1) , -
, .:- ,.
to join

of
(1) to
the two
co-ordinate
sentence with three principal mean-
ings:
parts

express the idea that one

excludes the other, e.g.:

phenomena
of the

or objects

., a
He

2)

, , -, .
3)
, .:
,
.:
Avoid using the conjunction
in such cases.
(2)
actions,

or
er,
(3)
to contrast
e.g.:

to show that one action

phenomena contradicts the oth-
e.g.:
two different

He a

The conjunction used in

CM.
. ( this case
the conjunction
is close in
.
meaning
(For the dif-
to

.
490.) ference between these conjuncti-
ons, see Note to Exercise 490.)

489.
Compose three sentences with co-
-
ordinate parts joined by the conjunction a used with each of its three
principal meanings.

of the Conjunction to join co-ordinate Parts of the Sentence

,- • Use

490.
. byRead
ordinate parts joined

17*
1.

.
the following sentences, which contain co-
the conjunction .
(.) 2.
, -
247
,^
3.

,
,
. , ,.,
.
.
- , (. .)

.
(.) 4.

, , -
, , ..
(.) 5.
(.)
, (.) 7.
(.)
6.

8.
(.)

, ,,- --
to
•

The
NOTE

join
conjunction
co-ordinate
is

parts
used
of

.
the sentence denoting actions,
qualities or circumstances that

( ),
do not exclude one another
is the case with the conjunction a)
but either take place simultane-
(as

-
ously or coexist.

,
Frequently one of a number
of co-ordinate parts of the sen-
na tence expresses a positive quali-

,, ,
a ty or action, and the other a nega-
Hoe. tive one. In that case the word

,
to be emphasized comes first,

.: e.g.:

491.
,
tences with co-ordinate parts of the sentence joined
. -
, Compose sen-
by the conjunction
HO, using the following pairs of words:

—
—
—

248
—
— •

— .
 ,
, ,,, - -
492.
.-
out the following words, supplying
co-ordinate parts to the italicized words.

1. Oh ... 2.
-

.,
... 3. ... 4.
— ... 5.
...

493.
Compose five sentences with the
,
conjunction HO joining homogeneous co-ordinate parts.

, ,,.. , -
494.
. out the following sen-
.

-,
tences, filling in the blanks with the conjunction a or

,
1.

,. -
. ...

... , (.) 2.

,
(. .) 3.

, ...

.. .
4.

.
...

(. .) 5. ...

, , . 495.
7.
(.)
6.

State what conjunctions could be used to join the following pairs of

words if they were used as co-ordinate parts of the sentence. Com-
...

,...

pose some sentences with these pairs of words and conjunctions.

I. — II. —
— —

III.
- —
—
—
—

—
IV. —
—
—
—

V.
() — -
249
 . 496. ,,
. , -
. ..
,
out the following sentences, filling in the blanks
with the conjunction a, or .
Insert a comma before the conjunction
where necessary.

.
.
.
1. Oh
...
...

...

4.
(.) . .
, . ... ----
5.
3.
2.

...
... (.)
...

...
...

6.
7.
...

... (.) 8.

,, .
...

(. .)
.
9. ...

-
. . ,,,
10.

.
...

...

! ...

—
(. .) 11.

.
... ... (. .)
12. ...

(.)
497.

. - ,
,
. ,,. , -
. 1. ,
, ,
Read the following sentences. Note that the conjunctions a,
non-co-ordinate parts of the sentence.

3.
2.
, join

»,
», ««
498.
4.

»;
». « », «. - Write
composition on one of the following topics: 'A Spring Day,' 'An
Autumn Day;' 'Visiting an Exhibition,* 'Visiting a Theatre,* 'Visiting
: «-

a Museum.' Use co-ordinate parts of the sentence joined by copulative

and adversative conjunctions.

1
 LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS

.
. —— .. . — ..
. —
. — .—
.
. .. —.
.
. ..
—.
. .
.
.
—
—.
.., — ..
.
.. ——— ... .
.—— ..
A.
.
. .
3..
—
—.
—.
— 3.

.
.
.
—.
—.
.
. . .
.
.—
.
—.
.—
—

.
.
—.
—.
—.
.
.
—.
—.
—
.
. — . .
. —.
.
..
—.
—.
—. .
.
.
—.
—.
—.
.
B.

.
—.
—.
—.
.
.
—.
—.
—.
.
. —.
—. .
. — —. .
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
—.
—.
—.
—.
—.
.—.
—.
—.
.
. .—.
.—.
.
.
.
—.
—.
.-. — .
—.
—.
. .—, .
-
251
.
. —.
. — .
.
.
.
—.
—.
.
.
—
.
.
—.

--- . -
—. —.

.
.
—.
. .—.
—.
.-.
.
—.
—. --
—.
.-. — . . —.
—.
.—.
. —

. -
.-. — .
. —— .. . —.
—.
-. — .
.
..—. ,
.—.
—.
.-. — . .
. —.
. —.
—. .
.
—.
—.
.
.—.
. —.
—.
—.
.
.
.
—.
—.
—.
.—.
.
.
.
—.
—.
.
.
.
—.
—.
—.
—.
. —.
—.
,. — .
. —.
,
. .
.
. —.
—.
—
.—.
—.
 CONTENTS
5

Foreword

.
7

.,
, . The Subject .
Sentence

• .
.

«
The Principle Parts of ttie

,
,. .
Subject expressed by a Noun
The Subject
The

ex-
9

, ..
pressed by a Pronoun . 10

The Subject expressed by an Adjective

or Participle 17
The Subject ex-
pressed by an Infinitive 19
The

.
Subject expressed by a Phrase 21

Some Peculiarities in the Agreement of the Predicate

with the Subject 26

,. -
The Predicate of a Personal

.
Sentence 31

The Simple Predicate 31

The Predicate expressed by a

Verb in the Indicative Mood . . 31

253
 ,. -
,. . -
in the Imperative
The Predicate expressed by
Mood
a Verb
37

The Predicate expressed by a Verb

..
in the Subjunctive Mood ., 47
The Compo-
site Forms of the Simple Predicate ...... 48

The Compound Nominal

.
Predicate 50

The Compound Verbal

Predicate 63

. .. The Attribute
Sentence
The Secondry Parts of the

. 70

. . .Word

the
Qualified

Word Qualified
Attributes agreeing with the

Attributes not agreeing with

Unextended Detached
70

82

.
. ...
Attributes 88
Detached Appositives .... 93

The Object 97

Detached Objects 105

Adverbial Modifiers 107

Detached Adverbial Modifiers 120

,
.. . Revision Exercises

Specifying Parts of the Sentence

Independent Elements

Vocatives (Direct Address)

Parenthetic Words : .
121

123

127

130

254
,.,.
. Affirmative, Interrogative and Exclamatory
-Sentences 138

,,.,
Kinds of Sentences (according
to their composition)

Impersonal Sentences 143

Impersonal sentences

.
denoting phenomena of nature, natural calamities, the
state of the surroundings of the environment

expressed by an Impersonal Verb

....
The Predicate

-
143

.
143

.
, ..
The Predicate expressed by
used in an Impersonal Sense

by an Adverb
a Personal Verb

The Predicate expressed

145

151

Impersonal Sentences
expressing the Physical or Psychical State of a Person 154

The Predicate
expressed by an Impersonal Verb

. The Predicate expressed by a

-
Personal Verb
154

used in an Impersonal Sense 155

-.
The Predicate expressed by an Impersonal Verb with

. -

,, ,
the Particle 157

,
.
Possibility,
The Predicate expressed by an
Adverb or another Word used Adverbially ....

Impersonal Sentences expressing

Inevitability,
Other Modal Meanings
Necessity, Desirability
-
and
159

166

255
 . -
.. The Predicate expressed by an Impersonal
Verb or a Personal Verb used in an Impersonal Sense
with an Infinitive
- 166

, ..
The Predicate expressed by a Pre-
dicative Adverb with an Infinitive 171
The Predicate ex-
pressed by an Infinitive 176

Imper-
sonal Sentences expressing Negation
, , , 185

, ,
The Predicate expressed by One of the Words
185

. . The Predicate expressed by an Intran-

-
sitive Verb preceded by the Particle «e 192

.
The Predicate expressed

-... tences

tences
by a Relative, Interrogative or Negative
an Adverb with an Infinitive

Revision Exercises
Pronoun or

Indefinite-Personal

Generalized-Personal
Sen-

Sen-
195

198

201

207

. .
Nominative Sentences
Elliptical Sentences

Sentence
Co-ordinate Parts

Co-ordinate Parts of the Sentence joined by Copu-

of the

-
213
215

lative Conjunctions . 225

256
.
Disjunctive
Co-ordinate
Conjunctions
Parts of the

.
Sentence joined by
231

Generalizing Words and Co-ordinate Parts of tlie Sen-

tence

. Co-ordinate Parts of Sentence joined by Adver-

- 239

-
tiie

sative Conjunctions 244

. Use
a
Conjunction a to join Co-ordinate
of the

-
.
Parts of the Sentence 244

. Use of the
Parts of the Sentence
Conjunction to join Co-ordinate

List of Abbreviations
247

251
u^
 PG Belevitskaia-Khalizeva, V
2375 S
13 Exercises in Russian syntax
v.l

Erindale
College