KPI OPTIMISATIO

MISATION NOTES
 1. Introduction

1 OPTIMIZATIO N
1. What is Optimization?
2. Why do we use it?
3. Requirements for Optimisation
* Links are provided for every
3. Types of Optimization messages. To view the
detailed of
2 KPI KPI click the messages.
1. What is KPI?
2. Why do we use it?
3. Types of KPI

2. Paramiters

1 Immediate Assignment Success Rate

2 SDCCH Congestion Rate(Overflow)
3 SDCCH Drop Rate
4 TCH Assignment Success Rate
5 TCH Attempt Failure Rate Due to No TCH Assignment
6 TCH Congestion Rate(Overflow)
7 TCH Seizure Success Rate
8 Call Establishment Success Rate
9 BSS Call Setup Success Rate
10 TCH Call Drop Rate(including Handovers)
11 TCH Call Drop Rate (Excluding Handover)
12 Traffice Volume to Call Drops
13 TCH RF Lost Rate
14 TCH Handover Lost Rate
15 Handover Success Rate
16 Handover RF Success Rate
17 Intra-BSC Handover Success Rate
18 Inter-BSC Incoming Cell Handover Success Rate
19 Inter-BSC Outgoing Cell Handover Success Rate
20 Intra-BSC Handover RF Success Rate
21 Inter-BSC Incoming Cell Radio Handover Success Rate
22 Inter-BSC Outgoing Cell Radio Handover Success Rate
23 Dual-Band Handover Success Rate(900/850-1800/1900)
24 Dual-Band Handover Success Rate(1800/1900-900/850)
25 Call Success Rate
26 TCH Traffic Volume
27 SDCCH Traffic Volume
28 TCHH Traffic Volume
29 TCH Availablity
30 TRX Availability
31 SDCCH Availability
32 Radio Utalization
 3. Problems with Solutions

1 Problem-1
1. Reason
2. Solutions
2 Problem-2 Created by Amit Gupta
1. Reason aamitgupta@toshniwalcontrols.com
2. Solutions www.toshniwalcontrols.com
3 Problem-3
1. Reason
2. Solutions
4 Problem-4
1. Reason
2. Solutions
5 Problem-5
1. Reason
2. Solutions

4. Some Basic Definations

1 TA
2 ARFCN
900 Band
1800 Band
3
4
5
* Links are provided for every
messages. To view the
detailed of
KPI click the messages.

Note: This is just a tutorial material for KPI

Optimization and call flow. These contents which
we encounter in normal RF scenarios.
y Amit Gupta
a@toshniwalcontrols.com
niwalcontrols.com
 Introduction
Optimization

What is Optimization? Click to return to main page

‘The identification and rectification of

performance affecting problems within
the constraints of an existing network
infrastructure.’

Why do we use it? Click to return to main page

The goal of optimisation is to ensure the network is operating at optimum

efficiency and within the defined quality of service constraints.
This is achieved by implementing corrective action and procedures to rectify
network problems identified though analysis of performance management
monitoring parameters.

• Goal:
• Ensure optimum network performance within QoS constraints
• Process:
• Identify network problems through analysis of KPIs
• Implement corrective actions and/or procedures to rectify problems
• Monitor results of modifications
• Purpose:
• Maintain/improve QoS
• Reduce churn rate
• Attract new customers
• Maximise revenue-generating service
• Maximize efficiency of network functional elements

The reason this optimisation process is carried out is to:

• Maintain or improve quality of service
• Reduce churn rate by retaining existing customers
• Attract new customers
• Maximise revenue generating services by maximising efficiency of
functional network elements.

Requirements for Optimisation Click to return to main page

Network issues that may generate a requirement for optimisation include:

• Perceived reduction in network quality
 • Indications from network performance monitoring
• Subscriber’s experience of using the network
• Maximising the use of existing infrastructure
• operator wants to ensure best return on investment
• Introduction of new services
• maximise existing resources to accommodate new services such as GPRS
• Change in original design parameters
• Flawed original design information
• Original design information has changed
• Regardless of the initiating event, the optimisation procedures remain
generally the same

Types of Optimization Click to return to main page

1 Physical Optimization
2 Soft Optimization

KPI (Key Performance Indicator)

What is KPI? Click to return to main page

• KPIs are established by the operator as a benchmark against which to judge the performance of a network

• Which KPIs the operator decides to use will depend on:

• the nature of the network
• operator assessment of priorities for their business
• Counters implemented by vendors
• KPIs are generally based on two sets of data:
• Network statistics from the OMC
• Drive test statistics using test mobile equipment

Why do we use it? Click to return to main page

For Optimization, Utalizatiion of Site and Utalization of resources.

Types of KPI Click to return to main page

KPIs that are commonly used in routine monitoring can be classified according to the indicated
performance.

A. The CS(Call Switching) KPIs can be categorized into the following:

1 Accessibility KPIs
1 Immediate Assignment Success Rate
2 SDCCH Congestion Rate(Overflow)
3 SDCCH Drop Rate
4 TCH Assignment Success Rate
5 TCH Attempt Failure Rate Due to No TCH Assignment
6 TCH Congestion Rate(Overflow)
7 TCH Seizure Success Rate
8 Call Establishment Success Rate
9 BSS Call Setup Success Rate
2 Retainability KPIs
1 TCH Call Drop Rate(including Handovers)
2 TCH Call Drop Rate (Excluding Handover)
3 Traffice Volume to Call Drops
4 TCH RF Lost Rate
5 TCH Handover Lost Rate
6 Handover Success Rate
7 Handover RF Success Rate
8 Intra-BSC Handover Success Rate
9 Inter-BSC Incoming Cell Handover Success Rate
10 Inter-BSC Outgoing Cell Handover Success Rate
11 Intra-BSC Handover RF Success Rate
12 Inter-BSC Incoming Cell Radio Handover Success Rate
13 Inter-BSC Outgoing Cell Radio Handover Success Rate
14 Dual-Band Handover Success Rate(900/850-1800/1900)
15 Dual-Band Handover Success Rate(1800/1900-900/850)
16 Call Success Rate
3 Resource Utilization KPIs
1 TCH Traffic Volume
2 SDCCH Traffic Volume
3 TCHH Traffic Volume
4 TCH Availablity
5 TRX Availability
6 SDCCH Availability
B. The PS(Packet Switching) KPIs can be categorized into the following:
1 Throughput KPIs
1 Uplink RLC Payload
2 Downlink RLC Payload
3 Uplink EGPRS RLC Payload
4 Downlink EGPRS RLC Payload
5 Mean payload (kbytes) of the uplink data at the LLC layer
6 Mean payload (kbytes) of the downlink data at the LLC layer
7 Mean Downlink NS_PDUs throughput
8 Packet data rate on air interface
2 Transmission KPIs
1 Uplink RLC Data Retransmission Rate
2 Downlink RLC Data Retransmission Rate
 3 Uplink EGPRS RLC Data Retransmission Rate
4 Downlink EGPRS RLC Data Retransmission Rate
3 Accessibility KPIs
1 Uplink Assignment Success Rate
2 Downlink Assignment Success Rate
3 Uplink EGPRS Assignment Success Rate
4 Downlink EGPRS Assignment Success Rate
5 Mean inter-arrival time of packet access requests on CCCH
6 Uplink GPRS TBF Congestion Rate
7 Downlink GPRS TBF Congestion Rate
8 Uplink EGPRS TBF Congestion Rate
9 Downlink EGPRS TBF Congestion Rate
4 Resource utilization KPIs
1 Uplink PDTCH/PACCH utilization rate
2 Downlink PDTCH/PACCH utilization rate
3 PDCH occupation rate
4 Pre-empted Dynamic PDCH Carrying Packet Traffic Reclaimed SuccessRate
5 PDCH Allocation Success Rate
6 Downlink RLC Data Throughput Per PDCH
7 Uplink RLC Data Throughput Per PDCH
5 Retainability KPIs
1 Uplink GPRS TBF Drop Rate
2 Downlink GPRS TBF DropRate
3 Uplink EGPRS TBF Drop Rate
4 Downlink EGPRS TBF Drop Rate
6 End-to-End Delay KPIs
1 PING Delay
2 Mean Delay of PDP Activation
3 Mean Delay of Attachment
4 Cell Reselection Time for G Packet Services
5 Cell Reselection Time for G->G Packet Services
7 End-to-End Quality KPIs
1 GRPS Data Transmission Rate
2 EDGE Data Transmission Rate
Click to return to main page
 Click to return to main page

ance of a network
This describes the CS accessibility KPIs that mainly indicate the call success rate when a MS
accesses the network. Low accessibility KPIs directly lead to low user satisfaction.

This describes the CS Retainability KPIs that indicate the ratio of moving MSs to all MSs, the
moving frequency, and the success rate of handovers on the move. In addition, these KPIs
indicate the capability of providing continuous services. A low handover success rate may lead
to a high call drop rate. A low success rate leads to low user satisfaction.

This describes the CS Resource Utilization KPIs that are used to monitor the load of hot cells
and the network. These KPIs can serve as references for capacity expansion. The traffic volume
KPIs help to obtain the ratio of busy-hour traffic to idle-hour traffic, to evaluate the utilization
of system resources, and to adjust charges. The equipment availability KPIs help to know the
running status of equipment, such as the running status of channels. If these KPIs are low,
equipment and transmission may be faulty.

This describes the PS Throughput KPIs that are used to monitor the load of hot cells and the
network and to obtain service models. These KPIs can serve as references for capacity expansion.
The PS Throughput KPIs help to obtain the busy-hour PS traffic and the idle-hour PS traffic, to
evaluate the utilization of system resources, and to facilitate service assessment of carriers.

This describes the PS Transmission KPIs that indicate the quality of radio transmission links in
a cell. If the RLC data block retransmission rate in a cell is high, the quality of the radio
 transmission links in the cell is poor. Therefore, take corresponding measures, such as RF
optimization.

This describes the PS Accessibility KPIs that indicate whether MSs can easily access cells. Poor
PS Accessibility KPIs directly affect user satisfaction.

This describes the PS Resource Utilization KPIs that indicate the utilization of the network
resource and the busy states of services. Thus, these KPIs can be used to guide network
expansion.
eclaimed SuccessRate

This describes the PS Retainability KPIs that mainly involve the uplink and downlink TBF call
drop rates. These KPIs indicate the capability of providing continuous services by the network
and are directly related to user satisfaction. Thus, an increase in call drop rate directly leads to
a decrease in user satisfaction.

This describes the PS End-to-End Delay KPIs that indicate the service response speed of the
network. Long delay affects user satisfaction.

This describes the PS end-to-end quality KPIs. They involve the performance factors associated
with the terminals, the radio access network, and the core network. Now, the main performance
problem is concerned with the radio access network. Therefore, these KPIs indicate the end-toend
service data link bearing capability of the GPRS network, which are directly related to user
satisfaction.
 Paramiters
A. The CS(Call Switching) KPIs can be categorized into the following:

Accessibility KPIs

1 Immediate Assignment Success Rate Click to return to main page

Immediate Assignment Success Rate = Call Setup Indications (Circuit

Service) / Channel Requests (Circuit Service) x 100%

2 SDCCH Congestion Rate(Overflow) Click to return to main page

SDCCH Congestion Rate(Overflow) = Failed SDCCH Seizures due to

Busy SDCCH / SDCCH Seizure Requests x 100%

3 SDCCH Drop Rate Click to return to main page

SDCCH Drop Rate = Call Drops on SDCCH / Successful SDCCH

Seizures x 100%

4 TCH Assignment Success Rate Click to return to main page

TCH Assignment Success Rate = Successful Assignments / Assignment

Requests x 100%

5 TCH Attempt Failure Rate Due to No TCH Assignment Click to return to main page

TCH Attempt Failure Rate Due to No TCH Assignment = (TCH Seizure

Requests (Signaling Channel) + TCH Seizure Requests (Traffic
Channel) + TCH Seizure Requests in TCH Handovers (Traffic
Channel) - Σ(All TRXs of Cells)Successful Channel Assignments (TCH)) /
(TCH Seizure Requests (Signaling Channel) + TCH Seizure Requests
(Traffic Channel) + TCH Seizure Requests in TCH Handovers (Traffic
Channel)) x 100%

6 TCH Congestion Rate(Overflow) Click to return to main page

TCH Congestion Rate(Overflow) = (Failed TCH Seizures due to Busy

TCH (Signaling Channel) + Failed TCH Seizures due to Busy TCH
(Traffic Channel) + Failed TCH Seizures in TCH Handovers due to
Busy TCH (Traffic Channel)) / (TCH Seizure Requests (Signaling
Channel) + TCH Seizure Requests (Traffic Channel) + TCH Seizure
Requests in TCH Handovers (Traffic Channel)) x 100%
7 TCH Seizure Success Rate Click to return to main page

TCH Seizure Success Rate = (Successful TCH Seizures (Signaling

Channel) + Successful TCH Seizures (Traffic Channel) + Successful TCH
Seizures in TCH handovers (Traffic Channel)) / (TCH Seizure Requests
(Signaling Channel) + TCH Seizure Requests (Traffic Channel) + TCH
Seizure Requests in TCH Handovers (Traffic Channel)) x 100%

8 Call Establishment Success Rate Click to return to main page

Call Establishment Success Rate = Successful Assignments/(SDCCH

Seizures for Speech Service + Call Setup Indications (MOC Non SMS)
(TCHF) + Call Setup Indications (MTC) (TCHF) + Call Setup
Indications (Emergency Call) (TCHF) + Call Setup Indications (Call
Re-establishment) (TCHF) + Call Setup Indications (MOC Non SMS)
(TCHH) + Call Setup Indications (MTC) (TCHH) + Call Setup
Indications (Call Re-establishment) (TCHH)) x 100%

9 BSS Call Setup Success Rate Click to return to main page

BSS Call Setup Success Rate= ((Immediate Assignment Success

Rate x TCH Assignment Success Rate) x (1 - SDCCH Drop Rate)) x
100%

Retainability KPIs

1 TCH Call Drop Rate(including Handovers) Click to return to main page

TCH Call Drop Rate(including Handovers) = Call Drops on TCH /

(Successful TCH Seizures (Signaling Channel) + Successful TCH
Seizures (Traffic Channel) + Successful TCH Seizures in TCH handovers
(Traffic Channel)) x 100%

2 TCH Call Drop Rate (Excluding Handover) Click to return to main page

TCH Call Drop Rate (Excluding Handover) = Call Drops on TCH /

(Successful TCH Seizures (Traffic Channel) + Successful Incoming
Internal Inter-Cell Handovers + Successful External Incoming Cell
Handovers - Successful Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handovers -
Successful Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handovers) x 100%
3 Traffice Volume to Call Drops Click to return to main page

Traffice Volume to Call Drops = 60 x Traffic Volume of TCHs / Call Drops

on TCH

4 TCH RF Lost Rate Click to return to main page

TCH RF Lost Rate = (Call Drops on Radio Interface in Stable State (Traffic
Channel) + Call Drops on Radio Interface in Stable State (TCH Qua
Signaling Channel)) / (Successful TCH Seizures (Signaling Channel) +
Successful TCH Seizures (Traffic Channel) + Successful TCH Seizures in
TCH Handovers (Traffic Channel)) x 100%

5 TCH Handover Lost Rate Click to return to main page

TCH Handover Lost Rate = (Handover Drop Rate of TCH + Call

Drops in TCH Handovers (Traffic Channel)) / (Successful TCH
Seizures (Signaling Channel) + Successful TCH Seizures (Traffic
Channel) + Successful TCH Seizures in TCH Handovers (Traffic
Channel)) x 100%

6 Handover Success Rate Click to return to main page

Handover Success Rate = (Successful Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell

Handovers + Successful External Outgoing Cell Handovers) /
(Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handover Requests + Outgoing
External Inter-Cell Handover Requests ) x 100%

7 Handover RF Success Rate Click to return to main page

Handover RF Success Rate = (Successful Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell

Handover + Successful Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handovers) /
(Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handover Commands + Outgoing External
Inter-Cell Handover Commands) x 100%

8 Intra-BSC Handover Success Rate Click to return to main page

Intra-BSC Handover Success Rate = (Successful Internal Intra-Cell

Handovers + Successful Incoming Internal Inter-Cell
Handovers) / (Internal Intra-Cell Handover Requests + Incoming
Internal Inter-Cell Handover Requests） x 100%

9 Inter-BSC Incoming Cell Handover Succes Click to return to main page

Inter-BSC Incoming Cell Handover Success Rate = Successful

Incoming External Inter-Cell Handovers / Incoming External
 Inter-Cell Handover Requests x 100%

10 Inter-BSC Outgoing Cell Handover Succes Click to return to main page

Inter-BSC Outgoing Cell Handover Success Rate = Successful

Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handovers / Outgoing External
Inter-Cell Handover Requests x 100%

11 Intra-BSC Handover RF Success Rate Click to return to main page

Intra-BSC Handover RF Success Rate = (Successful Internal Intra-Cell

Handovers + Successful Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handovers) /
(Internal Intra-Cell Handover Commands + Incoming Internal Inter-
Cell Handover Responses) x 100%

12 Inter-BSC Incoming Cell Radio Handover Click to return to main page

Inter-BSC Incoming Cell Radio Handover Success Rate = Successful

Incoming External Inter-Cell Handovers / Incoming External Inter-Cell
Handover Responses x 100%

13 Inter-BSC Outgoing Cell Radio Handover Click to return to main page

Inter-BSC Outgoing Cell Radio Handover Success Rate = Successful

Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handovers / Outgoing External Inter-Cell
Handover Commands x 100%

14 Dual-Band Handover Success Rate(900/850 Click to return to main page

15 Dual-Band Handover Success Rate(1800/19 Click to return to main page

16 Call Success Rate Click to return to main page

Call Success Rate = SDCCH Congestion Rate(Overflow) x (1-

SDCCH Drop Rate) x (1 - TCH Attempt Failure Rate Due to No
TCH Assignment) x (1-TCH Call Drop Rate（including
Handovers）) x 100%

Resource Utilization KPIs

1 TCH Traffic Volume Click to return to main page

Call Success Rate = SDCCH Congestion Rate(Overflow) x (1-

SDCCH Drop Rate) x (1 - TCH Attempt Failure Rate Due to No
TCH Assignment) x (1-TCH Call Drop Rate（including
Handovers）) x 100%

2 SDCCH Traffic Volume Click to return to main page

SDCCH Traffic Volume = (Mean Number of Busy Signaling Channels

(SDCCH) (900/850 Cell) + Mean Number of Busy Signaling Channels
(SDCCH) (1800/1900 Cell)) / Number of Samples to Scan SDCCH States

3 TCHH Traffic Volume Click to return to main page

TCHH Traffic Volume = Mean Number of Busy TCHs (TCHH)

(900/850 Cell) + Mean Number of Busy TCHs (TCHH) (1800/1900
Cell)

4 TCH Availablity Click to return to main page

TCH Availablity = Mean Number of Available Channels (TCH) /

Mean Number of Dynamically Configured Channels (TCH) x 100%

5 TRX Availability Click to return to main page

TRX Availability = Available TRXs / Activated TRXs x 100%

6 SDCCH Availability Click to return to main page

SDCCH Availability = Mean Number of Available Channels (SDCCH) /

Mean Number of Dynamically Configured Channels (SDCCH) x 100%
7 Radio Utalization Click to return to main page

Radio Utalization = TCH Traffic Available / Radio Capacity * 100%

7 TRX Usability Click to return to main page

TRX Usability = Available TRX / Activated TRX * 100%

Click to return to main page
 Problems with Soluti

Question:-How to find the site is down or not? Click to return to main page
Ans:- When TRX Usability = 0%, that mean the Available TRXs = 0
Hardware faulty
Power Issue
Question:-TRX related problems. Click to return to main page
Ans:- When TRX Usability < 100%, that mean the Available TRXs < Activated TRXs
Hardware faulty
Power Issue
Question:-TCH related problems. Click to return to main page
Ans:- When TCH Availability < 100%, that mean the Available TCHs < Configured TCHs
Hardware faulty
Question:-SDCCH related problems. Click to return to main page
Ans:- When SDCCH Availability < 100%, that mean the Available SDCCHs < Configured SDCCHs
Hardware faulty
Mismatch Configuration
For 1 TRX = 1 Time slot = 7 SDCCH
For 2 TRX = 1 Time slot = 7 SDCCH
For 3 TRX = 2 Time slot = 14 SDCCH
For 4 TRX = 2 Time slot = 14 SDCCH
For 5 TRX = 3 Time slot = 21 SDCCH
For 6 TRX = 3 Time slot = 21 SDCCH
Question:-TCH Traffic related problems. Click to return to main page
Ans:- Check the TCH traffic should be less then 80% of Radio Capacity
Radio capacity
TRXs configuration
SDCCH configuration
If don’t match so take optimum configuration
Question:-CSSR down / CDR up problems. Click to return to main page
Ans:- Reasons
Swapping Remove the swaping
Hardware faulty Call to OMCR and Installation team and Op
TRXs Usability
TCH half rate / full rate configuration Half rate / Full rate configured through OMC
HO failure / HOSR
Interference change Down tilt, Orientation of the far site
RxQual
RxLev
bad Handove Margin
Radio Utalization
TCH drop rate
TCH blocking rate
SDCCH drop rate
SDCCH blocking rate
Overshooting of sites
Overlapping
 Path Imbalance
RACH success rate
Immediate Authontication Success rate
Question:-HOSR down / HFR up problems. Click to return to main page
Ans:- Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handover Requests
Successful Incoming Internal Inter-Cell Handovers
Incoming External Inter-Cell Handover Requests
Successful Incoming External Inter-Cell Handovers
Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handover Requests
Successful Outgoing Internal Inter-Cell Handover
Outgoing External Inter-Cell Handover Requests
Successful External Inter-Cell Handover
RxLev
RxQual
Interference
Bad HO Margin
RxLev difference HO
RxQual difference HO
TA emergency HO
PGBT HO
OM forced HO
BQ emergency HO
RSD emergency HO
Interference emergency HO
Load Sharing HO
Edge HO
Fast Moving MS HO
Overlaid / Underlaid HO
Neighbors are not define
Fake Neighbor
Power Budget
TA
Question:-TCH Drop Call Rate problems. Click to return to main page
Ans:- Reasons
Swapping
Hardware faulty
TRXs Usability
TCH half rate / full rate configuration
HO failure reasons / HOSR
Interference
RxQual
RxLev
bad Handove Margin
Radio Utalization
TCH drop rate
TCH blocking rate
Overshooting of sites
Overlapping
Path Imbalance
RACH success rate
 Immediate Authontication Success rate
Question:-Radio Capacity problems. Click to return to main page
Ans:- If Radio Capacity < TCH Traffic then try to increase Radio Capacity by
TRXs Configuration

Question:-How to Check the Swapping? Click to return to main page

Ans:- Lock the every sector one by one and drive all the routes covered by the complete site. Due to this we can find the
Question:-If call cant be orignating in a Site/Sector. Click to return to main page
Ans:- 1 If CGI defination are mismatch in BSC and MSC so call cant be orignated. For solving this match the
2 MS is at the location of Inter MSC Handover so define the neighbors of MSC1-BSC1-CGI1 to MSC1
Question:- If RxLev is very fluctuating. Like- ( -45, -93, -48, -90, -55, -89, -52, -94, -47, -90, -45, -88)
Ans:- Check the following parameters
Swapping
VSWR alarm
Conectors may be loss
Jumper may be loss
Banding of Antenna cable
Multipath signal

S-1
BTS Building

S-2 S-1
MS

Question:-Is Handover CGI dependent of BCCH dependent? Click to return to main page
Ans:- The Handover is BCCH dependent but only in case of Inter MSC handover the handover is CGI dependent.
 ms with Solutions Click to return to main page

onfigured TCHs

Hs < Configured SDCCHs

MCR and Installation team and Operator. So repair or change the hardware

Full rate configured through OMCR

own tilt, Orientation of the far site. Or change the frequency

e site. Due to this we can find the complete coverage area of every BCCH of the site. And solve it by using Tilt( E, M ), Orientation, and cab

gnated. For solving this match them in both the BSC and MSC.
s of MSC1-BSC1-CGI1 to MSC1-BSC1-CGI1 and vice versa at MSC level.
Click to return to main page

ndover is CGI dependent.

ing Tilt( E, M ), Orientation, and cable tracing.
 Some Basic Definations
TA (Timing Advance)

Timing Advance is needed to compensate for different time delays in the

transmission of radio signals from different mobiles. The maximum value of
Timing Advance sets a limit on the size of the cell. The TA value to use is
found initially from the position of the received RACH burst in the guard
period and is adjusted during the call in response to subsequent normal burst
positions.

Timing Advance is calculated from delay of data bits in the access burst
received by the base station - long guard period allows space for this delay
TA signal is transmitted on SACCH as a number between 0 and 63 in
units of bit periods
• TA value allows for ‘round trip’ from MS to BTS and back to MS
• Each step in TA value corresponds to a MS to BTS distance of 550
metres
• Maximum MS to BTS distance allowed by TA is 35 km

ARFCN (Absolute radio frequence channel number )

900 Band 4.2 890 915
UPLINK
ARFCN FREQUENCE
0 890.2
1 890.4
2 890.6
3 890.8
4 891
5 891.2
6 891.4
7 891.6
8 891.8
9 892
10 892.2
11 892.4
12 892.6
13 892.8
14 893
15 893.2
16 893.4
17 893.6
18 893.8
19 894
20 894.2
21 894.4
22 894.6
23 894.8
24 895
25 895.2
26 895.4
27 895.6
28 895.8
29 896
30 896.2
31 896.4
32 896.6
33 896.8
34 897
35 897.2
36 897.4
37 897.6
38 897.8
39 898
40 898.2
41 898.4
42 898.6
43 898.8
44 899
45 899.2
46 899.4
47 899.6
48 899.8
49 900
50 900.2
51 900.4
52 900.6
53 900.8
54 901
55 901.2
56 901.4
57 901.6
58 901.8
59 902
60 902.2
61 902.4
62 902.6
63 902.8
64 903
65 903.2
66 903.4
67 903.6
68 903.8
69 904
70 904.2
71 904.4
72 904.6
73 904.8
74 905
75 905.2
76 905.4
77 905.6
78 905.8
79 906
80 906.2
81 906.4
82 906.6
83 906.8
84 907
85 907.2
86 907.4
87 907.6
88 907.8
89 908
90 908.2
91 908.4
92 908.6
93 908.8
94 909
 95 909.2
96 909.4
97 909.6
98 909.8
99 910
100 910.2
101 910.4
102 910.6
103 910.8
104 911
105 911.2
106 911.4
107 911.6
108 911.8
109 912
110 912.2
111 912.4
112 912.6
113 912.8
114 913
115 913.2
116 913.4
117 913.6
118 913.8
119 914
120 914.2
121 914.4
122 914.6
123 914.8
124 915

1800 Band 4.2 1710 1785

UPLINK
ARFCN FREQUENCE
512 1710.4
513 1710.6
514 1710.8
515 1711
516 1711.2
517 1711.4
518 1711.6
519 1711.8
520 1712
521 1712.2
522 1712.4
523 1712.6
524 1712.8
525 1713
526 1713.2
527 1713.4
528 1713.6
529 1713.8
530 1714
531 1714.2
532 1714.4
533 1714.6
534 1714.8
535 1715
536 1715.2
537 1715.4
538 1715.6
539 1715.8
540 1716
541 1716.2
542 1716.4
543 1716.6
544 1716.8
545 1717
546 1717.2
547 1717.4
548 1717.6
549 1717.8
550 1718
551 1718.2
552 1718.4
553 1718.6
554 1718.8
555 1719
556 1719.2
557 1719.4
558 1719.6
559 1719.8
560 1720
561 1720.2
562 1720.4
563 1720.6
564 1720.8
565 1721
566 1721.2
567 1721.4
568 1721.6
569 1721.8
570 1722
571 1722.2
572 1722.4
573 1722.6
574 1722.8
575 1723
576 1723.2
577 1723.4
578 1723.6
579 1723.8
580 1724
581 1724.2
582 1724.4
583 1724.6
584 1724.8
585 1725
586 1725.2
587 1725.4
588 1725.6
589 1725.8
590 1726
591 1726.2
592 1726.4
593 1726.6
594 1726.8
595 1727
596 1727.2
597 1727.4
598 1727.6
599 1727.8
600 1728
601 1728.2
602 1728.4
603 1728.6
604 1728.8
605 1729
606 1729.2
607 1729.4
608 1729.6
609 1729.8
610 1730
611 1730.2
612 1730.4
613 1730.6
614 1730.8
615 1731
616 1731.2
617 1731.4
618 1731.6
619 1731.8
620 1732
621 1732.2
622 1732.4
623 1732.6
624 1732.8
625 1733
626 1733.2
627 1733.4
628 1733.6
629 1733.8
630 1734
631 1734.2
632 1734.4
633 1734.6
634 1734.8
635 1735
636 1735.2
637 1735.4
638 1735.6
639 1735.8
640 1736
641 1736.2
642 1736.4
643 1736.6
644 1736.8
645 1737
646 1737.2
647 1737.4
648 1737.6
649 1737.8
650 1738
651 1738.2
652 1738.4
653 1738.6
654 1738.8
655 1739
656 1739.2
657 1739.4
658 1739.6
659 1739.8
660 1740
661 1740.2
662 1740.4
663 1740.6
664 1740.8
665 1741
666 1741.2
667 1741.4
668 1741.6
669 1741.8
670 1742
671 1742.2
672 1742.4
673 1742.6
674 1742.8
675 1743
676 1743.2
677 1743.4
678 1743.6
679 1743.8
680 1744
681 1744.2
682 1744.4
683 1744.6
684 1744.8
685 1745
686 1745.2
687 1745.4
688 1745.6
689 1745.8
690 1746
691 1746.2
692 1746.4
693 1746.6
694 1746.8
695 1747
696 1747.2
697 1747.4
698 1747.6
699 1747.8
700 1748
701 1748.2
702 1748.4
703 1748.6
704 1748.8
705 1749
706 1749.2
707 1749.4
708 1749.6
709 1749.8
710 1750
711 1750.2
712 1750.4
713 1750.6
714 1750.8
715 1751
716 1751.2
717 1751.4
718 1751.6
719 1751.8
720 1752
721 1752.2
722 1752.4
723 1752.6
724 1752.8
725 1753
726 1753.2
727 1753.4
728 1753.6
729 1753.8
730 1754
731 1754.2
732 1754.4
733 1754.6
734 1754.8
735 1755
736 1755.2
737 1755.4
738 1755.6
739 1755.8
740 1756
741 1756.2
742 1756.4
743 1756.6
744 1756.8
745 1757
746 1757.2
747 1757.4
748 1757.6
749 1757.8
750 1758
751 1758.2
752 1758.4
753 1758.6
754 1758.8
755 1759
756 1759.2
757 1759.4
758 1759.6
759 1759.8
760 1760
761 1760.2
762 1760.4
763 1760.6
764 1760.8
765 1761
766 1761.2
767 1761.4
768 1761.6
769 1761.8
770 1762
771 1762.2
772 1762.4
773 1762.6
774 1762.8
775 1763
776 1763.2
777 1763.4
778 1763.6
779 1763.8
780 1764
781 1764.2
782 1764.4
783 1764.6
784 1764.8
785 1765
786 1765.2
787 1765.4
788 1765.6
789 1765.8
790 1766
791 1766.2
792 1766.4
793 1766.6
794 1766.8
795 1767
796 1767.2
797 1767.4
798 1767.6
799 1767.8
800 1768
801 1768.2
802 1768.4
803 1768.6
804 1768.8
805 1769
806 1769.2
807 1769.4
808 1769.6
809 1769.8
810 1770
811 1770.2
812 1770.4
813 1770.6
814 1770.8
815 1771
816 1771.2
817 1771.4
818 1771.6
819 1771.8
820 1772
821 1772.2
822 1772.4
823 1772.6
824 1772.8
825 1773
826 1773.2
827 1773.4
828 1773.6
829 1773.8
830 1774
831 1774.2
832 1774.4
833 1774.6
834 1774.8
835 1775
836 1775.2
837 1775.4
838 1775.6
839 1775.8
840 1776
841 1776.2
842 1776.4
843 1776.6
844 1776.8
845 1777
846 1777.2
847 1777.4
848 1777.6
849 1777.8
850 1778
851 1778.2
852 1778.4
853 1778.6
854 1778.8
855 1779
856 1779.2
857 1779.4
858 1779.6
859 1779.8
860 1780
861 1780.2
862 1780.4
863 1780.6
864 1780.8
865 1781
866 1781.2
867 1781.4
868 1781.6
869 1781.8
870 1782
871 1782.2
872 1782.4
873 1782.6
874 1782.8
875 1783
876 1783.2
877 1783.4
878 1783.6
879 1783.8
880 1784
881 1784.2
882 1784.4
883 1784.6
884 1784.8
885 1785
c Definations Click to return to main page

or different time delays in the

mobiles. The maximum value of
e cell. The TA value to use is
ed RACH burst in the guard
onse to subsequent normal burst

he access burst
space for this delay
en 0 and 63 in

stance of 550

890.2
requence channel number ) 894.6
 935 960
DOWNLINK
ARFCN FRENQUENCE
0 935.2
1 935.4
2 935.6
3 935.8
4 936
5 936.2
6 936.4
7 936.6
8 936.8
9 937
10 937.2
11 937.4
12 937.6
13 937.8
14 938
15 938.2
16 938.4
17 938.6
18 938.8
19 939
20 939.2
21 939.4
22 939.6
23 939.8
24 940
25 940.2
26 940.4
27 940.6
28 940.8
29 941
30 941.2
31 941.4
32 941.6
33 941.8
34 942
35 942.2
36 942.4
37 942.6
38 942.8
39 943
40 943.2
41 943.4
42 943.6
43 943.8
44 944
45 944.2
46 944.4
47 944.6
48 944.8
49 945
50 945.2
51 945.4
52 945.6
53 945.8
54 946
55 946.2
56 946.4
57 946.6
58 946.8
59 947
60 947.2
61 947.4
62 947.6
63 947.8
64 948
65 948.2
66 948.4
67 948.6
68 948.8
69 949
70 949.2
71 949.4
72 949.6
73 949.8
74 950
75 950.2
76 950.4
77 950.6
78 950.8
79 951
80 951.2
81 951.4
82 951.6
83 951.8
84 952
85 952.2
86 952.4
87 952.6
88 952.8
89 953
90 953.2
91 953.4
92 953.6
93 953.8
94 954
 95 954.2
96 954.4
97 954.6
98 954.8
99 955
100 955.2
101 955.4
102 955.6
103 955.8
104 956
105 956.2
106 956.4
107 956.6
108 956.8
109 957
110 957.2
111 957.4
112 957.6
113 957.8
114 958
115 958.2
116 958.4
117 958.6
118 958.8
119 959
120 959.2
121 959.4
122 959.6
123 959.8
124 960

1805 1880
DOWNLINK
ARFCN FREQUENCE
512 1805.4
513 1805.6
514 1805.8
515 1806
516 1806.2
517 1806.4
518 1806.6
519 1806.8
520 1807
521 1807.2
522 1807.4
523 1807.6
524 1807.8
525 1808
526 1808.2
527 1808.4
528 1808.6
529 1808.8
530 1809
531 1809.2
532 1809.4
533 1809.6
534 1809.8
535 1810
536 1810.2
537 1810.4
538 1810.6
539 1810.8
540 1811
541 1811.2
542 1811.4
543 1811.6
544 1811.8
545 1812
546 1812.2
547 1812.4
548 1812.6
549 1812.8
550 1813
551 1813.2
552 1813.4
553 1813.6
554 1813.8
555 1814
556 1814.2
557 1814.4
558 1814.6
559 1814.8
560 1815
561 1815.2
562 1815.4
563 1815.6
564 1815.8
565 1816
566 1816.2
567 1816.4
568 1816.6
569 1816.8
570 1817
571 1817.2
572 1817.4
573 1817.6
574 1817.8
575 1818
576 1818.2
577 1818.4
578 1818.6
579 1818.8
580 1819
581 1819.2
582 1819.4
583 1819.6
584 1819.8
585 1820
586 1820.2
587 1820.4
588 1820.6
589 1820.8
590 1821
591 1821.2
592 1821.4
593 1821.6
594 1821.8
595 1822
596 1822.2
597 1822.4
598 1822.6
599 1822.8
600 1823
601 1823.2
602 1823.4
603 1823.6
604 1823.8
605 1824
606 1824.2
607 1824.4
608 1824.6
609 1824.8
610 1825
611 1825.2
612 1825.4
613 1825.6
614 1825.8
615 1826
616 1826.2
617 1826.4
618 1826.6
619 1826.8
620 1827
621 1827.2
622 1827.4
623 1827.6
624 1827.8
625 1828
626 1828.2
627 1828.4
628 1828.6
629 1828.8
630 1829
631 1829.2
632 1829.4
633 1829.6
634 1829.8
635 1830
636 1830.2
637 1830.4
638 1830.6
639 1830.8
640 1831
641 1831.2
642 1831.4
643 1831.6
644 1831.8
645 1832
646 1832.2
647 1832.4
648 1832.6
649 1832.8
650 1833
651 1833.2
652 1833.4
653 1833.6
654 1833.8
655 1834
656 1834.2
657 1834.4
658 1834.6
659 1834.8
660 1835
661 1835.2
662 1835.4
663 1835.6
664 1835.8
665 1836
666 1836.2
667 1836.4
668 1836.6
669 1836.8
670 1837
671 1837.2
672 1837.4
673 1837.6
674 1837.8
675 1838
676 1838.2
677 1838.4
678 1838.6
679 1838.8
680 1839
681 1839.2
682 1839.4
683 1839.6
684 1839.8
685 1840
686 1840.2
687 1840.4
688 1840.6
689 1840.8
690 1841
691 1841.2
692 1841.4
693 1841.6
694 1841.8
695 1842
696 1842.2
697 1842.4
698 1842.6
699 1842.8
700 1843
701 1843.2
702 1843.4
703 1843.6
704 1843.8
705 1844
706 1844.2
707 1844.4
708 1844.6
709 1844.8
710 1845
711 1845.2
712 1845.4
713 1845.6
714 1845.8
715 1846
716 1846.2
717 1846.4
718 1846.6
719 1846.8
720 1847
721 1847.2
722 1847.4
723 1847.6
724 1847.8
725 1848
726 1848.2
727 1848.4
728 1848.6
729 1848.8
730 1849
731 1849.2
732 1849.4
733 1849.6
734 1849.8
735 1850
736 1850.2
737 1850.4
738 1850.6
739 1850.8
740 1851
741 1851.2
742 1851.4
743 1851.6
744 1851.8
745 1852
746 1852.2
747 1852.4
748 1852.6
749 1852.8
750 1853
751 1853.2
752 1853.4
753 1853.6
754 1853.8
755 1854
756 1854.2
757 1854.4
758 1854.6
759 1854.8
760 1855
761 1855.2
762 1855.4
763 1855.6
764 1855.8
765 1856
766 1856.2
767 1856.4
768 1856.6
769 1856.8
770 1857
771 1857.2
772 1857.4
773 1857.6
774 1857.8
775 1858
776 1858.2
777 1858.4
778 1858.6
779 1858.8
780 1859
781 1859.2
782 1859.4
783 1859.6
784 1859.8
785 1860
786 1860.2
787 1860.4
788 1860.6
789 1860.8
790 1861
791 1861.2
792 1861.4
793 1861.6
794 1861.8
795 1862
796 1862.2
797 1862.4
798 1862.6
799 1862.8
800 1863
801 1863.2
802 1863.4
803 1863.6
804 1863.8
805 1864
806 1864.2
807 1864.4
808 1864.6
809 1864.8
810 1865
811 1865.2
812 1865.4
813 1865.6
814 1865.8
815 1866
816 1866.2
817 1866.4
818 1866.6
819 1866.8
820 1867
821 1867.2
822 1867.4
823 1867.6
824 1867.8
825 1868
826 1868.2
827 1868.4
828 1868.6
829 1868.8
830 1869
831 1869.2
832 1869.4
833 1869.6
834 1869.8
835 1870
836 1870.2
837 1870.4
838 1870.6
839 1870.8
840 1871
841 1871.2
842 1871.4
843 1871.6
844 1871.8
845 1872
846 1872.2
847 1872.4
848 1872.6
849 1872.8
850 1873
851 1873.2
852 1873.4
853 1873.6
854 1873.8
855 1874
856 1874.2
857 1874.4
858 1874.6
859 1874.8
860 1875
861 1875.2
862 1875.4
863 1875.6
864 1875.8
865 1876
866 1876.2
867 1876.4
868 1876.6
869 1876.8
870 1877
871 1877.2
872 1877.4
873 1877.6
874 1877.8
875 1878
876 1878.2
877 1878.4
878 1878.6
879 1878.8
880 1879
881 1879.2
882 1879.4
883 1879.6
884 1879.8
885 1880
 Call Processing Summary
Note: In this presentation the BTS & BSC is considered together as BSS part.

MOBILE ORIGINATED CALL

MSC/
MS BSS
VLR

Channel Request

Immediate Assignment

CM Sevice Request
Complete Layer 3 Info
Authentication Request

Authentication Response
Cipher Mode CMD
Ciphering Mode Command

Cipher Mode Complete

Cipher Mode Complete
Setup

Identity Request

Identity Response

Call Proceeding
Assignment Request
Assignment Command

Assignment Complete
Assignment Complete

Initial Address Message

Address Complete Message

Alerting
Answer Signal/Answer Messag
Connect

Connect Acknowledge

MOBILE TERMINATED CALL

 MSC/
MS BSS
VLR

Provide Roaming Number

Roaming Number

Initial Address Message

Paging Command
Paging

Channel Request

Immediate Assignment

Paging Response
Complete Layer 3 Info

Cipher Mode CMD

Ciphering Mode Command

Ciphering Mode Complete

Cipher Mode Complete
Identity Request

Identity Response

Setup

Call Confirmed
Assignment Request
Assignment Command

Assignment Complete
Assignment Complete
Alerting
Address Complete Message
Connect

Connect Acknowledge Answer Signal/Answer Messag

 Click to return to main page

HLR PSTN

Initial Address Message (IAM)

ddress Complete Message (ACM)

wer Signal/Answer Message (ANM)

 HLR PSTN Click to return to main page

Send Routing Info

Routing Information

Initial Address Message (IAM)

ddress Complete Message (ACM)

wer Signal/Answer Message (ANM)