Structural Design of

Iconsiam Magnolia
Waterfront Residences

K.C.S. & ASSOCIATES Co., Ltd.

Dr. Karoon Chandrangsu

Magnolia Waterfront Residence

The total height is 320m. and the
width of the building is around
20m which is also considered as
very slender building.

2
 Main Requirements of
Structural Design
1) Building structure must be able to resist earthquake forces from ground acceleration
as stipulated in the Thai Standard for Seismic Resistant Design (2009)

2) Building structure must be able to resist wind loads in accordance with the new
revision of ministerial act which is higher than the current building design code.

3) Horizontal movement or building drift shall not exceed H/500 (H = height of

building) under any lateral loads which means building occupants will not perceive any
building movement under maximum lateral loads.

In addition, inter-storey drift shall not exceed .0025h (h= storey height) under
earthquakes in order to prevent damages which may occur on non-structural
components.

4) Fire rating of main building structural components shall be at least 3 hours.

5) Foundation of building shall be designed not to have more than 15mm settlement
throughout the building life in order to prevent cracking of masonry walls.
3

Structural Analysis

Structural analysis was carried out in 3D

d
using reliable and internationally-accepted
structural software such as ETAB and
STAAD.

Structural system in this building can be

divided into 2 sub-systems, namely PLAN (TYP.)

i) Gravity load resisting sub-system which

transfers gravity load from top of building
down to the foundation

ii) Lateral load resisting sub-system which

sustains the lateral loads such as wind and
earthquake.

4
Key Structural Components
1) Foundation
Cast-in-place Bored Piles with diameter
ranging from 1.20 to 1.80 m. is used.
These piles are designed to be seated
on a very dense sand layer at the depth
of 62 m. underground.

FOUNDATION PLAN PILING DETAIL 5

Key Structural Components

1) Foundation

Foundation consists of reinforced

concrete footing and the mat footing
for central lift core and main columns.
H = 4.8 m. to 6.0 m.

PLAN

4.8 m. 6.0 m.

SECTION 6
Key Structural Components
1) Foundation

SECTION

FOUNDATION PLAN

Mat Foundation

8
Key Structural Components
2) Basement

This building has 2 level of basement floors with total excavation depth of 6.1 meters.
Structural components for basement consists of
2.1) Pile wall 18m long with 0.8m diameter and 1 layer of bracing system
2.2) cast-in-place reinforced concrete retaining wall
2.3) reinforced concrete flat slabs.

STEP 1 STEP 2

Key Structural Components

3) Superstructure

- Columns and lift cores are reinforced concrete. These

elements are designed not only to sustain gravity loads; but
also to resist lateral loads.
- Along with the post-tensioned slab, these columns and lift
cores are designed to act together as a rigid frame to
sustain lateral loads such as wind load and earthquake

3.1) Podium floors

- Floor plates are designed as a bonded post-tensioned flat

slab system. The slab has a thickness of 25 cm. in general
with band beams spanning along the longer span.
- Less formwork is needed in constructing post-tensioned
flat slab system compared to the traditional reinforced
concrete beam-slab system and construction time is less
than other type of slabs as well.
10
Key Structural Components

3.2) L05M floor (transfer floor)

L05M floor consists of

1 . Large-scale linked beams

To tie all podium columns with tower
columns and main lift core. These beams FL. 5M PLAN
link all columns together and create a big
footprint for the building to withstand
lateral loads.

2. Transfer beams
Served as support for some parts of the
lift core which do not go all the way down
to the foundation

3D VIEW 11

3.2) L05M floor (transfer floor)

12
Key Structural Components

3.3) Tower floors

Similar to podium floors, floor plates is

designed as a bonded post-tensioned flat
slab system.

The slab has a thickness of 25 cm. in

general with X shaped beams linking two
front columns and the central main core.
These X shaped beams make the building TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
more rigid in withstanding wind loads.

With PT slab system, partitions can be

constructed anywhere on the slab; hence,
organization of area usage is flexible.

POST-TENSIONED PROFILE 13

Structural design standards

A. Governing Building Code:

-Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) Building Control Law

-Thai standard for Seismic Resistant Design (¤¥Ÿ-1302, Year 2009), issued by the
Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning, Ministry of Interior

-Thai standard for Wind Calculation and Building Respose (¤¥Ÿ-1311, Year 2007), issued
by the Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning, Ministry of Interior

B. Structural Design Code:

-Building Code Requirement for Reinforced Concrete, American Concrete Institute (ACI
318-02)

-Standard of Practice in Reinforced Concrete Design, Engineering Institute of Thailand

(E.I.T), 4thedition
-Standard of Practice in Steel Design, Engineering Institute of Thailand (E.I.T), 2thedition
-American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC 1989)
14
 Design Loads

1) Service loads

Service loads used in the design of this building are in compliance with Bangkok
Metropolitan Administration (BMA) Building Control Law as well as actual functions of
each area. These loads can be listed as follows:

Residential space SDL = 250 kg/sq.m. LL = 200 kg/sq.m.

Parking area SDL = 0 kg/sq.m. LL = 400 kg/sq.m.
M&E area SDL = 1000 kg/sq.m. LL = 500 kg/sq.m.

15

Design Loads

2) Lateral Loads

2.1) Wind load

Wind loads used in the design of this building are in compliance

with Thai standard for Wind Calculation and Building Response
(¤¥Ÿ-1311, Year 2007), issued by the Department of Public Works
and Town & Country Planning, Ministry of Interior.

Two methods used:

- Static Wind Load using Detailed Procedures
- Wind Tunnel Method

16
Design Loads: Wind
300

• Static Wind Load using Detailed Procedures Pressure - Wind X

Pressure - Wind Y
– Dynamic wind load is simplified to static load applied Bangkok Code

on buildings 250

– Load is applied as force on each floor at the c.g. of

projected area
200
– 50-year return period wind is specified
• Factors considered in the calculation of wind load:

Elevation (m)
– Height of building 150

– General Shapes (Width x Depth)

– Locations (possibility of Typhoon)
– Terrain (City, Coastal, etc.) 100

– Possibility that wind can come at any directions

– Vortex shedding (partially) 50

– Torsional effects of building

0
0 100 200 300
Pressure (kg/m2)

17

Design Loads: Wind

• Vortex Shedding
– At low wind speed, shedding occurs
simultaneously on both sides of
building, resulting in balancing of
lateral forces. Building sways in the
direction of the wind.
– At high wind speed, shedding occurs
alternately on left and right sides,
resulting in sways in both along wind
and across wind directions (building
twists)

18
Design Loads: Wind

• Directional combinations of wind

Load Combinations for Detailed Procedure
Case Description WX WY WXL WYL WXMT WYMT
WX1 1(Along Wind) + 0.4(Perpend. Wind) + 0.4(Moment) 1.00 0.40 0.40
WY1 1.00 0.40 0.40
WX2 (0.4+0.6/Cg)(Along Wind) + 1([Link]) +1(Moment) 0.66 1.00 1.00
WY2 0.69 1.00 1.00

• Consider 2 limit states

– Ultimate (1.6 of 50-year return period wind ~ 500-year return period wind)
– Service (0.75 of 50-year return period wind ~ 15-20-year return period wind)
• Acceptance criteria for static wind load
– Obtained from static analysis in ETABS
– Structural members can resist wind forces under ultimate limit state without
failing
– Under service limit states, deflection must be less than Z/400 (Z = Elevations)
to avoid damages to nonstructural components (partition walls, façade) and to
reduce perceptions of occupants
19

Design Loads: Wind

• Factors NOT directly considered in the calculation of static wind load:

– Aerodynamics of buildings (round vs. sharp corners, textures)
– Building deformation under wind (negligible for short buildings)
– Local wind effects,
– Effects of nearby buildings, local effects of vortex shedding
– Perception of people to the vibration of building under wind

• Wind tunnel tests can capture these effects

20
Design Loads: Wind

• Wind Tunnel Test for Structural

Loadings using High Frequency Force
Balance (HFFB) method
– Lightweight model
– Measure forces at the base
– Model terrains around buildings
and nearby buildings
– Wind is applied from all directions
(magnitude in each direction
depends on wind climate study)

60

40

20
Fy [MN]

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

-20

-40

-60

Wind Direction [deg] 21

Design Loads: Wind

• Acceptance Criteria
– Structural members can resist wind forces under ultimate limit state without
failing
– Under service limit states, deflection must be less than Z/400 (Z = Elevations)
to avoid damages to nonstructural components (partition walls, façade) and to
reduce perceptions of occupants
– Acceleration must be within acceptable limits to avoid discomfort to
occupants

22
 Special Structural Systems for
Lateral Loads
Special structural systems are required in order to sustain wind loads

1) Wall shaped columns and large central lift core

2) Outrigger floors on L26M and L42M

23

Special Structural Systems for

Lateral Loads
• Effects of Outriggers Trusses
– Outrigger trusses link the
columns in the front and in
the back so they effectively
deform together

24
Special Structural Systems for
Lateral Loads
• Outriggers Condo C1

3D VIEW

25

Special Structural Systems for

Lateral Loads
• Effects of Outriggers Trusses
– lateral sway can be
significantly reduced by
adding outrigger floors
PLAN
300
300
250

250
200

200
Elevation (m)

Elevation (m)
150

150
100

100
50

50
Ry
Rx
0

0
0.0060

0.0050

0.0040

0.0030

0.0020

0.0010

0.0000

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

Total Drift Ratio Displacement

WITHOUT WITH Outrigger MODEL 3D

Outrigger Displacement 26
Design Loads

2) Lateral Loads

2.2) Seismic load

Normally, building in Bangkok will be analyzed and designed to resist the

earthquake-induced forces as stipulated in the Thai code for Seismic Resistant
Design (¤¥Ÿ-1302, Year 2009), issued by the Department of Public Works and Town
& Country Planning, Ministry of Interior.

As specified in the code, Bangkok is corresponding to Zone 5 and the ground

acceleration generally ranges between 5-12 % of gravity, depending on the
geometry and structural system of the building.

27

Design Loads: Earthquake

Thai Department of Public Works

standard earthquake

• Response Spectra method

• Nearest fault is in Karnchanaburi
province capable of generating
5.5-6.0 Richter earthquake and
predicted 7.5 Richter maximum
• Consider soft soil in Bangkok
regions
• Maximum considered
earthquake has a return period
of 2500 years (2% chance of
exceedance in 50 years)

28
 29

Design Loads: Earthquake

• Spectra acceleration in DPT standard for Bangkok zone 5

– Due to flexibility of the building, the building is not severely excited by
ground motions

0.20
0.18 Mode 3
UX 7%
0.16 UY 3%
Spectral Acceleration (g)

RZ 44%
0.14
0.12 Mode 2
0.10 UX 43%
UY 6% Mode 1
0.08 RZ 10% UX 9%
0.06 UY 46%
RZ 1%
0.04
0.02
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Period (second)

30
Design Loads: Earthquake

• Acceptance Criteria for Earthquake

– Structure can resist the load without failure
– Deformation of top and bottom of a column on each floor should not
be more than 1-2% of the floor height. This is to avoid instability of the
structure and severe damage of the column.

• Additional considerations
– Structural members must be designed and reinforced such that it can
deform plastically without losing too much strength

31

Column Shortening

• Elastic shortening
(Instantaneous)
• Creep (Time-Dependent)
• Drying Shrinkage (Time-
Dependent)

32
 Column Shortening
Sensitivity Analysis 120

100
Thickness PR2 149

80

% change of settlement
f'c

Settlement (mm)
60
109
40

20 load
RH
0 69
RH
-60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60%
-20
load f'c
-40 Thickness
120
-60 PR2 149
29
100 % change of variable

80
% change of settlement

60

Settlement (mm)
109
40

20 reinforcement ratio
0 69
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200%
-20
reinforcement ratio
-40

-60 29
% change of variable

33

Column Shortening
…°ŠÁ­µš´ ʊ®¤—

…°ŠÁ­µš´ ʊ®¤—

…°ŠÁ­µš´ ʊ®¤—

…°ŠÁ­µš´ ʊ®¤—
…°ŠÁ­µš´ ʊ®¤—
„µ¦®—­´ ʜ¨Š

„µ¦®—­´ ʜ¨Š

„µ¦®—­´ ʜ¨Š

„µ¦®—­´ ʜ¨Š
„µ¦®—­´ ʜ¨Š

ʼnL4,4

ʼnL3,4 (at 10yr) ʼnL4,4 (at 10Yr) 

ʼnL3,3

ʼnL3,4
ʼnL2,2

ʼnL2,3

ʼnL2,4 (at 10 yr)

ʼnL2,4
ʼnL1,1

ʼnL1,4 (at 10 yr)

ʼnL1,2

ʼnL1,3

ʼnL1,4
L1,0

L1,1

L1,2

L1,4 (at 10yr)

L1,3

L1,4

×îćéĒúąÙüćöÿĎÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜßĆĚîìĊęǰ4 đÿøĘÝ

ĂćÙćøêćöĂčéöÙêĉ ßĆĚîìĊęǰ1 (t1) ßĆĚîìĊęǰ2 (t2) ßĆĚîìĊęǰ3 (t3) ßĆĚîìĊęǰ4 (t4) èǰđüúćìĊęǰ10ðŘ (t10 yr)

Shortening = reduction in the length of the column

34
 Column Shortening
Shortening of
First Floor Column

(ʼnc,14)t +(ʼns,1)t
ʼne,14
(ʼnc, 13)28 +(ʼns,1)28
ʼne,13
(ʼnc,12)21 +(ʼns,1)21
ʼne,12
(ʼnc,11)14 +(ʼns,1)14
ʼne,11
0 7 14 21 28 t Time (days)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

35

Shortening in C1 Building

• Columns
PR9
450×5250
mm×mm
LR7 PR7

PLAN
PR2
700×5850
(mm×mm)

36
Scenarios

• Range of parameters used

Parameter Best case Worst case

Relative Humidity (RH) 80% 50%

Elastic Modulus Ec (MPa) 4700 f c' 3200 f c'  6900

Specific creep ( H c ) 0.435 0.725

Ultimate shrinkage strain ( H s ) D 0.0005 0.0008

37

Shortening in C1 Building
Axial Strain &
Story Shortening

Worst Case

Best Case

floor to floor floor to floor floor to floor

1.3 m. 3.45 m. 3.65 m.
PLAN
38
Shortening in C1 Building
Cumulative
Shortening

Worst Case

Best Case

PLAN
39

Settlement

• During construction, floor level is

corrected for shortening that is occurred
before the construction
ʼnz,4 at 10 yrs

ʼnz,34
ʼnz,3 at 10 yrs

ʼnz,23 ʼnz,24 ʼnz,2 at 10 yrs

ʼnz,12 ʼnz,13 ʼnz,13 ʼnz,1 at 10 yrs

×îćéĒúąÙüćöÿĎÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜ ĀúĆÜÝćÖÖŠĂÿøšćÜßĆĚîìĊęǰ4 đÿøĘÝ

ĂćÙćøêćöĂčé öÙêĉ ßĆĚîìĊęǰ1 (t1) ßĆĚîìĊęǰ2 (t2) ßĆĚîìĊęǰǰ(t3) ßĆĚîìĊęǰ4 (t4) èǰđüúćìĊęǰ10ðŘ (t10 yrs)

Settlement = Change in the elevation of the floor 40

Settlement
Settlement at each
level
Worst Case

Best Case

PLAN At the time building

10 Years
is finished
41

Settlement

• Differential settlement

PR9

LR7 PR7

PLAN
PR2

42
Differential Settlement

Worst Case

Best Case

PLAN At the time building

10 Years
is finished
43

Floor Settlement

• Level 44
Y

-200 -185 -169 -154 -138 -123 -108 -92 -77 -62 -46 -31 -15 0 E-3

Settlement at 10 years - Worst case

Y

-200 -185 -169 -154 -138 -123 -108 -92 -77 -62 -46 -31 -15 0 E-3

Settlement at 10 years - Best case 44

Stress in Slab

X
• Level 44

-25.0 -21.2 -17.3 -13.5 -9.6 -5.8 -1.9 1.9 5.8 9.6 13.5 17.3 21.2 25.0

Tensile Stress at 10 years - Worst case

Y

-25.0 -21.2 -17.3 -13.5 -9.6 -5.8 -1.9 1.9 5.8 9.6 13.5 17.3 21.2 25.0

Tensile Stress at 10 years - Best case 45

Effects of Differential Settlement

• High stress on the slab Æ provide additional

reinforcement to control cracking

• Unleveled floor Æ Compensation during construction

46
Compensation

• Front column settles more than the lift cores at the

back, so the front should be raised.
• Left side has slightly smaller shortening due to
smaller loads
• 3-planes for floor formwork

47

Compensation
Differential Settlement

3D VIEW

48
Compensation

• 3 planes

-200 -185 -169 -154 -138 -123 -108 -92 -77 -62 -46 -31 -15 0 E-3
49

Monitoring
Objective :

1. To monitor the deformation of the raft foundation

during construction of superstructure.
2. Evaluate potential and rate of settlement.
3. Information data for superstructure and existing
structure stability.

50
Monitoring

• Site monitoring and record keeping to see whether

the model is under- or over- predicted the actual
settlement so adjustments can be made
• Requirements
– Accuracy around 0.5 mm
– Fixed target at ~5 floors, 2-3 points per floor
– Reading is taken early in the morning (small
thermal expansion)
– Reading taken every week

51

Monitoring
Total two (2) types of instruments are proposed to
install at this stage as listed below.

1. Settlement marks
Precise leveling, the optical survey
instrument with 0.01 mm resolution such as
SOKKIA SDLlX, shall be used in cooperated with
Invar staff.
The results shall be presented in both
tabulate table and graphical plotted of
settlement with time on each monitoring
points.

52
Monitoring
2. Target Prism
The robotic total station SOKKIA
NET05AX, with angle accuracy 0.5sec and
distance measurement accuracy ±(0.8+1ppm x
D) mm shall be used in cooperated with target
prism or target prism sheet.
The results shall be presented in both
tabulate table and graphical plotted of
movement with time on each monitoring
points.

53

Monitoring
Number of Instruments and Monitoring Sequency

54
Monitoring
Instruments Location

55

Monitoring
Instruments Location

56
 57

Thank You

58