Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report
Similarity Found: 28%
Date: Wednesday, November 17, 2021
Statistics: 265 words Plagiarized / 942 Total words
Remarks: Medium Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Selective Improvement.
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CLAMSHELLS Concrete and its precursor, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), is the most
used building material in the construction industry. Clamshell concrete has properties
such as density, water absorption, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. In
this experiment, they have concluded that seashell concrete with 6% of clamshell ash as
replacement of OPC is known as the optimum replacement percentage.
(Ong, B.P., et. al., 2019) Snail and clamshells are waste materials from Snail and Clam
after removing the edible part. They are often dumped as waste to the environment and
cause environmental pollution. Snail shell, Clamshell, and Snail/Clamshell mixtures
became a partial replacement for cement in this work because of their pozzolan nature.
The results revealed that the Snail-Clam mix mortar mold had higher comprehensive
strength than the snail or clamshell molds at partial replacements by weight. (Ketebu, O.,
et. al., 2017) Marine shell wastes have been popular as recycled material for many types
of construction. If processed into shell ash cement, it can be substituted or blended with
Portland cement for concrete works. Binag, N.
(2017) observed there is a need for frequent quality monitoring of the products. Other
local government units and their constituents, or communities with an abundant supply
of shells, should establish a collection of shell wastes that can be negotiated with the
cement industry.
They should develop their local production of shell wastes whose ash can be blended
with cement for consumption or start-up business. (Binag, N., 2017) When the shells of
aquatic animals (oyster, mussel, and mollusk) undergo pulverization, they can be a
partial substitute for Portland cement. Pulverized shells can also be usable in masonry
cement mortar due to their similar physical, chemical, and mechanical properties,
particularly their workability, specific gravity, and compressive strength.
For recommendations, the cement industry and local government entities with a surplus
of shells establish innovative recycling processes through laws. (Binag, N., 2016)
MASONRY CEMENT MORTARS & MORTAR ADDITIVES An article was published by
Deboucha, W., et. al. (2021), on the tensile and bonding properties of a novel
mortar-based composite made up of mineral additives, blended cement mortar, and a
stainless-steel grid with three mineral additives (silica fume, fly ash, and blast furnace
slag).
The developed mortar presents mechanical performances equivalent to traditional
mortars without additives. They have found that for mortar formulations containing
mineral additives such as fly ash or blast furnaces slag, adequate adherence between
constituents was obtained. (Deboucha, W., et. al., 2021) In the experiment conducted by
Hamdy, G., et. al.
(2019), they employed lime, silica fume (SF), and polypropylene fibers (PPF) as an
addition to mortar mix and constructed ten samples to study their impact on the
mechanical qualities of brickwork subjected to severe environmental conditions. The
bond strength for mortar with polypropylene fibers (PPF) additives showed much higher
values after six months for all percentages compared to the 28 days bond strength,
indicating better long-term bond strength by using PPF as an additive.
They concluded that for all the studied mortar types, the brick-mortar tensile bond
strength after six months was 2–4 times higher than the values after 28 days depending
on mortar composition and exposure conditions, demonstrating the development of
bond with age. (Hamdy, G., et. al., 2019) RELATED STUDIES CLAMSHELLS The seashells
are high potential materials to become partial cement replacements and filler in
concrete.
The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in them is more than 90% and is similar to that found in
the limestone dust used in Portland cement production. Seashell ash could be produced
as a cement-like material where the particle size will be the same or finer than cement. It
could also reduce environmental impact by using different types of a seashell to
eliminate environmental waste. (Mohammad, W.A.S.B.W., et. al.,
2017) The experimental study of Tayeh, B., et. al. (2019) shows that incorporating
seashell ash resulted in reduced early compressive strength of concrete. The
compressive strength increased with age due to hydration of calcium oxide, but it
remained less than control samples, especially at high percentages of replacement. They
determined that concrete containing seashell ash had acceptable strengths for a variety
of structural and plastering purposes.
Moreover, using shells in concrete is beneficial in terms of waste reduction and
environmental sustainability. (Tayeh, B., et. al.,2019) MASONRY CEMENT MORTARS &
MORTAR ADDITIVES The experimental study of Gupta, S., et. al. (2018) used biochar as
an additive in cement mortar as it is considered an efficient method of carbon dioxide
sequestration.
Their research sought to improve the mechanical strength and decrease the
permeability of cement mortar. The use of saturated biochar causes carbonation, which
impacts the development of porosity and mortar strength. (Gupta, S., et. al., 2018)
Calcium-rich additions can be employed, but additional study is needed to determine
the optimal amount.
In the future, the use of nanoparticles will broaden the range of geopolymer materials
used in general buildings. Mineral admixtures can be used in combinations as hybrid
admixtures to enhance the properties of geopolymer paste, mortar, and concrete. The
study focused primarily on the effects of mineral admixtures on the properties of fly
ash-based geopolymer mortar and concrete. (Jindal, B.,
2019) In construction, mortars are building materials that fill the gaps between blocks of
a structure; these materials typically comprise fine aggregates, a binder, and water.
Wood ash was used as a partial replacement for lime and experimented with by Arcenal,
K., et. al. (2019) to eliminate waste in the environment and help become more practical
building material.
The study found that the air content, initial and final setting times, 7- and 28-day
compressive strengths of the mixed mortars had been considerably affected by the
presence of wood ash. (Arcenal, K., et. al.,2019)
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