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Causality: The Impulse Response H (N) of An Ideal Low Pass Filter With Frequency Response

This document discusses the properties of ideal and causal filters. It begins by showing that an ideal low pass filter is non-causal, as its impulse response h(n) is non-zero for negative n. It then presents Paley-Wiener theorem, which provides a necessary and sufficient condition for a filter to be causal based on the integral of the log of its frequency response. Specifically, if this integral is finite, the filter can be made causal by associating a phase response. However, ideal filters remain non-causal. The document goes on to discuss designing linear phase FIR filters using windowing methods, and how window size affects the resulting frequency response and presence of ringing effects. It concludes by mentioning

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Sujith Kumar
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155 views3 pages

Causality: The Impulse Response H (N) of An Ideal Low Pass Filter With Frequency Response

This document discusses the properties of ideal and causal filters. It begins by showing that an ideal low pass filter is non-causal, as its impulse response h(n) is non-zero for negative n. It then presents Paley-Wiener theorem, which provides a necessary and sufficient condition for a filter to be causal based on the integral of the log of its frequency response. Specifically, if this integral is finite, the filter can be made causal by associating a phase response. However, ideal filters remain non-causal. The document goes on to discuss designing linear phase FIR filters using windowing methods, and how window size affects the resulting frequency response and presence of ringing effects. It concludes by mentioning

Uploaded by

Sujith Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Causality : The impulse response h(n) of an ideal low pass filter with frequency response

characteristic

1|w|<w c
H(w) = {
0 w c <|w|< π

The impulse response of the filter is

π
A plot of h(n) for w c= is shown below . For a s/m to be causal h(n) should be zero for n<0.
4
Hence ideal low pass filter is non causal and practically not realizable.

The necessary and sufficient condition that a frequency response characteristic H(w) must satisfy
inorder for the resulting filter to be causal is Paley Wiener theorem
π

∫ ¿ ln ⁡∨ H ( w ) ∨¿∨dw<∞ ¿
−π

Conversely if |H(w)| is square integrable and if above integral is finite ,then we can associate a
phase response θ(w) with |H(w)| , so that the resulting filter frequency response

H(w)=|H(w)|e j θ (w)

Ideal filters are non causal and hence physically unrealizable for real time signal processing

Design of Linear phase FIR filters using windows : In this method we begin with desired
frequency response specification H d (w) and determining corresponding unit sample response h d
(n). Indeed h d(n) is related H d ( w ) through fourier transform
The unit sample response h d(n) obtained from above equation is infinite in duration and must be
truncated at some point ,say at n=M-1 ,to yield an FIR filter of length M. Truncation of h d(n) to
a length of M-1 is equivalent to multiplying h d(n) by a rectangular window defined by

w(n) = {1n=0,1,2 … . M −1
0 Otherwise

Thus the unit sample response of FIR filter becomes

Multiplication of h d(n) with w(n) is equivalent to convolution of W(w) with H d (w).W(w)


frequency domain representation of window function ,that is

Thus the convolution of W(w) with H d (w) yields frequency response of FIR filter H(w)
The magnitude response of the window function is illustrated in figure for M=31 and M=[Link]
4π
width of main lobe is .The characteristics of rectangular window play a significant role in
M
determining the resulting frequency response of FIR [Link] convolution of W(w) with H d (w)
has effect of smoothing on H d (w).As M is increased W(w) becomes narrower and smoothing
provided by W(w) is reduced .The larger side lobes of W(w) results in some undesirable ringing
effects in FIR frequency response of filter. The undesirable effects can be reduced by using
windows that do not contain abrupt discontinuities in their time domain characteristics

Gibbs Phenomena :

The truncation of fourier series introduces ripples in frequency response characteristics of H(w)
due to the non uniform convergence fourier series at a discontinuity .The oscillatory behavior
near pass band edge of the filter is known as Gibbs phenomena

Refer DSP textbook (Proakis third edition ) pg No 667-678 for

Appoximation of derivatives

Impulse Invariant Transformation

Bilinear Transformation

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